CHAPTER – 1

Chemical Reactionsand Equations

q Chemical Reaction : – Whenever a chemical change occurs we can say that
a chemical reaction has taken place

eg – Food gets digested in our body

– Rusting of iron.

q Chemical Equation :– A chemical reaction can be expressed symbolically

by using chemical equation

eg magnesium is burnt into air to form magnesium oxide can be represented

as

Mg + O2 →  MgO
– We can observe or recognise a chemical reaction by observing change
in state, colour, by evolution of gas or by change in temperature.

q Physical state of the reactant and products are mentioned to make chemical
reaction more informative. eg we use (g) for gas, (l) for liquid, (s) for solid
and (aq) for aqueous.

q Balancing Equation :– We balance the chemical equation so that no. of

atoms of each element involved in the reaction remain same at the reactant
and product side.

eg Fe + H2O → Fe2O3 + H2 can be written as

3 Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) → Fe2O3(s) +4H2(g)
q Combination Reaction :– The reaction in which two or more substances
combine to form a new single substance

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 eg CaO(s) + H2O(l) 
→ Ca(OH)2 (aq)
Calcium Water Calcium hydroxide
oxide (slaked lime)

Quick lime

– Ca(OH)2 slaked lime is used for white washing walls. It reacts will CO2 to
form CaCO3 and gives a shiny finish to the walls.

Ca(OH)2 CO2 
→ CaCO3 H2O (l)
(aq)+ (g) (s)+

Calcium Calcium

hydroxide Carbonate

– Burning of Coal

C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + heat + light

– Formation of water

2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l)

q Exothermic Reactions :– Reaction in which heat is released along with the

formation of products.

eg. CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

– Respiration is also exothermic reaction.

– De composition of vegetable matter into compost.

q De compositon Reactions :– The reaction in which a single substance

decomposes to give two or more substances. De composition reactions can
be of three types

Thermal Decompositon :– When a decompositon reaction is carried out by

heating

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– Silver bromide behaves similarly
Sunlight 2Ag(s) + Br (g)
2Ag Br  
→ 2

– The above two reactions are used in black and white photography.

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– Endothermic Reactions – The reactions which require energy in the form
of heat, light or electricty are called Endothermic Reactions.

2Ba(OH)2 + NH4Cl → 2BaCl2 + NH4OH

– Displacement Reaction : The chemical Reaction in which an element

displaces another element from its solution

Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → FeSO4 + Cu(s)

Copper (aq)
Sulphate Iron Sulphate

– The nail becomes brownish in colour and the blue colour of Copper Sulphate
solution fade.

– Other examples Zn(s) + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu(s)

(aq) (aq)

Copper Zinc
Sulphate Sulphate

Pb(s) + CuCl2 → PbCl2 + Cu(s)

(aq) (aq)

Copper Lead
Chloride Chloride

– Zinc and lead are more reactive elements than copper. They displace copper
from its compounds.

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– Double Displacement Reaction : The reaction in which two different atoms
or group of atoms are mutually exchanged

eg. Na2 SO4 + BaCl2 

→ BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl
(aq) (aq) (aq)

Sodium Barium Barium Sodium

Sulphate Chloride Sulphate Chloride
A white substance is formed due to above reaction. The insoluble substance
is called precipitate.

Precipitation Reaction – Any reaction that produces a precipitate is called a

precipitation reaction.
eg. Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI → PbI2  +2KNO3
(aq) (aq) (aq)

Lead Nitrate Potassium Lead Potassium

Iodide Iodide Nitrate
– Oxidation : Oxidation is the gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen
eg. 2Cu + O2  Heat → 2CuO

When Copper is heated a black colour appears. If this CuO is reacted with
hydrogen gas then again Cu becomes brown as reverse reaction takes place
CuO + H2  Heat → Cu + H2O

– Reduction : Reduction is the loss of oxygen or gain of hydrogen.

– Redox Reaction : The reaction in which one reactant gets oxidised while
other gets reduced

eg. ZnO + C → Zn + CO

MnO2 + 4HCl → MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2

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– Corrosion : When a metal is attacked by substances around it such as
moisture, acids etc.

eg. Reddish brown coating on iron.

(ii) Black coating on Silver.

– Rancidity : When fats and oils are oxidised they become rancid and their
smell and taste change.

– Antioxidants are added to foods containing fats and oil.

EXERCISE
(Question Bank)
(1 Mark)

Answer the following questions very breifly

1. What happens when the milk is left at room temperature during summer?
2. Write a chemical equation when magnesium is burnt in air to give magnesium
oxide.
3. A substance under goes chemical reactions to produce simpler products,
what type of reaction is this?
4. Why do copper vessels lose their shine when exposed to air?
5. Which gas is produced by the action of dilute hydrochloric acid on zinc
granules?
6. Fe2O3 + 2Al → Al2O3 + 2Fe
The above reaction is an example of which type of reaction.
7. Name the type of reaction in which energy is absorbed.
8. Why does the colour of copper sulphate solution change when an iron nail is
dipped into it?
9. Give an example of decomposition reaction which proceeds by absorbing
electric energy.

10. Why do we balance the chemical equation?

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Answer the following questions briefly (2 mark)
1. Write down the observations which indicate the occurence of a chemical
reaction.
2. Why is respiration considered as an exothermic reaction? Explain.
3. Transfer the following statements into Chemical equations and then balance
them.
a) Hydrogen gas combines with nitrogen to form ammonia.
b) Potassium metal reacts with water to give potassium hydroxide and
hydrogen gas.
4. Identify the substances that are oxidised and the substances that are reduced
to the folllowing reactions.
1. Na + O2 
→ Na2O
(s) (g) (s)

CuO + H2 
→ Cu + H O
2 (l)
(s) (g) (s)

5. What happens when silver chloride is exposed to sunlight? Give one practical
application of this reaction. Write the equation also.
6. Why is the bag used for potato chips flushed with nitrogen gas?
Answer the following questions in detail (3 marks)
1. Write down the balanced chemical equations for the following reactions.
a) Zinc Carbonate(s) → Zinc Oxide + Carbon Dioxide(g)
b) Aluminium(s) + Chlorine(g) → Aluminium Chloride(s)
c) Magnesium(s)+ Water(l) Heat →
 Magnesium Hydroxide(l)+ Hydrogen(g)

2. Choose combination, displacement and double displacement reactions out of

the given reactions.

i) MnO2 + 4HCl(l) → MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O

(s) (s) (g) (l)

ii) CaO + CO2 

→ CaCO3
(s) (g) (s)

iii) 2AgCl(s) → 2Ag(s) + Cl2

(g)

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3. What happens when CO2 is passed through slaked lime? Write the balanced
(g)
chemical equation. Write the type of reaction that has occured.

Explain the following questions detail (5 marks)

1. Balance the following chemical equation and identify the type of reaction they
represent

KClO3 → KCl + O2

NH3 + O2 → NO + H2O

Na2O + H2O → NaOH

Na + H2O → NaOH + H2

FeCl3 + NaOH → Fe (OH)3 + NaCl.

2. Define various types of chemical reactions. Write one chemical equation for
each type.

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 Chemical Reactions & Equations

IN CHAPTER QUESTIONS

PART - 1

Q1. Why should a magnesium ribbon be cleaned before it is burnt in air?

Ans. Magnesium is an extremely reactive metal. When stored, it reacts with oxygen to form a layer of
magnesium oxide on its surface. This layer of magnesium oxide is quite stable and prevents
further reaction of magnesium with oxygen. The magnesium ribbon is cleaned by sand paper for
removing this layer so that the underlying metal can be exposed to air.

Q2. Write the balanced equation for the following chemical reactions.
(i) Hydrogen + Chlorine  Hydrogen chloride
(ii) Barium chloride + Aluminium sulphate  Barium sulphate + Aluminium chloride

(iii) Sodium + Water  Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen

Ans. (i) H2(g) + Cl2(g)  2HCl(g)

(ii) 3BaCl2(aq) + Al2(SO4)3(aq)  3BaSO4(s) + 2AlCl3(aq)
(iii) 2Na(s) + 2H2O()  2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)

Q3. Write a balanced chemical equation with state symbols for the following reactions.
(i) Solutions of barium chloride and sodium sulphate in water react to give insoluble barium
sulphate and the solution of sodium chloride.
(ii) Sodium hydroxide solution (in water) reacts with hydrochloric acid solution (in water) to
produce sodium chloride solution and water.

Ans. (i) BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)  BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

(ii) NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O()

PART - 2

Q1. A solution of a substance 'X' is used for white washing.

(i) Name the substance 'X' and write its formula.
(ii) Write the reaction of the substance 'X' with water.

Ans. (i) The substance 'X' is calcium oxide. Its chemical formula is CaO.
(ii) Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to form calcium hydroxide (slaked lime).

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 Chemical Reactions & Equations

CaO(s) + H2O()  Ca(OH)2(aq)

Calcium oxide Water Calcium hydroxide
(Quick lime) (Slaked lime)

Q2. Why is the amount of gas collected in one of the test tubes in Activity 1.7 double of the amount
collected in the other? Name this gas.

Ans. Water (H2O) contains two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen. Therefore, the amount of hydrogen
and oxygen produced during electrolysis of water is in a ratio of 2 : 1. During electrolysis, since
hydrogen goes to one test tube and oxygen goes to another, the amount of gas collected in one of
the test tubes is double of the amount collected in the other.

PART - 3

Q1. Why does the colour of copper sulphate solution change when an iron nail is dipped in it?

Ans. When an iron nail is placed in a copper sulphate solution, iron displaces copper from copper
sulphate solution forming iron sulphate, which is green in colour.
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq)  FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Iron Copper sulphate Iron sulphate Copper
(Blue colour) (Green colour)
Therefore, the blue colour of copper sulphate solution fades and green colour appears.

Q2. Give an example of a double displacement reaction other than the one given in Activity 1.10.

Ans. Sodium carbonate reacts with calcium chloride to form calcium carbonate and sodium chloride.
Na2CO3(aq) + CaCl2(aq)  CaCO3(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
Sodium Calcium Calcium Sodium
carbonate chloride carbonate chloride
In this reaction, sodium carbonate and calcium chloride exchange ions to form two new
compounds. Hence, it is a double displacement reaction.

Q3. Identify the substances that are oxidised and the substances that are reduced in the following
reactions.
(i) 4Na(s) + O2(g)  2Na2O(s) + O2(g)
(ii) CuO(s) + H2(g)  Cu(s) + H2O()

Ans. (i) Sodium (Na) is oxidised as it gains oxygen and oxygen gets reduced.
(ii) Copper oxide (CuO) is reduced to copper (Cu) while hydrogen (H2) gets oxidised to water
(H2O).

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 Chemical Reactions & Equations

EXERCISES

Q1. Which of the statements about the reaction below are incorrect?
2PbO(s) + C(s)  2Pb(s) + CO2(g)
(a) Lead is getting reduced.
(b) Carbon dioxide is getting oxidised.
(c) Carbon is getting oxidised.
(d) Lead oxide is getting reduced.
(1) (a) and (b) (2) (a) and (c)
(3) (a), (b) and (c) (4) all

Ans. (1) (a) and (b)

Q2. Fe2O3 + 2Al  Al2O3 + 2Fe The above reaction is an example of a

(1) Combination reaction.
(2) Double displacement reaction.
(3) Decomposition reaction.
(4) Displacement reaction.

Ans. (4) The given reaction is an example of a displacement reaction.

Q3. What happens when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to iron filings? Tick the correct answer.

(a) Hydrogen gas and iron chloride are produced.

(b) Chlorine gas and iron hydroxide are produced.

(c) No reaction takes place.
(d) Iron salt and water are produced.

Ans. (a) Hydrogen gas and iron chloride are produced.The reaction is as follows:
Fe(s) + 2HCl(aq)  FeCl2(aq) + H2 

Q4. What is a balanced chemical equation ? Why should chemical equations be balanced ?

Ans. A reaction which has an equal number of atoms of all the elements on both sides of the
chemical equation is called a balanced chemical equation.
The law of conservation of mass states that mass can neither be created nor destroyed. Hence,
in a chemical reaction, the total mass of reactants should be equal to the total mass of the products.
It means that the total number of atoms of each element should be equal on both sides of a chemical
equation. Hence, it is for this reason that chemical equations should be balanced.

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 Chemical Reactions & Equations

Q5. Translate the following statements into chemical equations and then balance them.
(a) Hydrogen gas combines with nitrogen to form ammonia.
(b) Hydrogen sulphide gas burns in air to give water and sulphur dioxide.
(c) Barium chloride reacts with aluminium sulphate to give aluminium chloride and a
precipitate of barium sulphate.
(d) Potassium metal reacts with water to give potassium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.

Ans. (a) 3H2(g) + N2(g)  2NH3(g)

(b) 2H2S(g) + 3O2(g)  2H2O() + 2SO2(g)
(c) 3BaCl2(aq) +Al2(SO4)3(aq)  2AlCl3(aq) +3BaSO4(s)
(d) 2K(s) + 2H2O()  2KOH(aq) + H2(g)

Q6. Balance the following chemical equations.

(a) HNO3 + Ca(OH)2  Ca(NO3)2 + H2O
(b) NaOH + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + H2O
(c) NaCl + AgNO3  AgCl + NaNO3
(d) BaCl2 + H2SO4  BaSO4 + HCl

Ans. (a) 2HNO3 + Ca(OH)2  Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O

(b) 2NaOH + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + 2H2O
(c) NaCl + AgNO3  AgCl + NaNO3
(d) BaCl2 + H2SO4  BaSO4 + 2HCl

Q7. Write the balanced chemical equations for the following reactions.
(a) Calcium hydroxide + Carbon dioxide  Calcium carbonate + Water
(b) Zinc + Silver nitrate  Zinc nitrate + Silver
(c) Aluminium + Copper chloride  Aluminium chloride + Copper
(d) Barium chloride + Potassium sulphate  Barium sulphate + Potassium chloride

Ans. (a) Ca(OH)2 + CO2  CaCO3 + H2O

(b) Zn + 2AgNO3  Zn(NO3)2 + 2Ag
(c) 2Al + 3CuCl2  2AlCl3 + 3Cu
(d) BaCl2 + K2SO4  BaSO4 + 2KCl

Q8. Write the balanced chemical equation for the following and identify the type of reaction in
each case.
(a) Potassium bromide(aq) + Barium iodide(aq)  Potassium iodide(aq) + Barium
bromide(s)
(b) Zinc carbonate(s)  Zinc oxide(s) + Carbon dioxide(g)
(c) Hydrogen(g) + Chlorine(g)  Hydrogen chloride(g)
(d) Magnesium(s) + Hydrochloric acid(aq)  Magnesium chloride(aq) + Hydrogen(g)

Ans. (a) 2KBr(aq) + BaI2(aq)  2KI(aq) + BaBr2(s) ;Double displacement reaction

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 Chemical Reactions & Equations

(b) ZnCO3(s)  ZnO(s) + CO2(g) ; Decomposition reaction

(c) H2(g) + Cl2(g)  2HCl(g) ; Combination reaction
(d) Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq)  MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) ; Displacement reaction

Q9. What does one mean by exothermic and endothermic reactions? Give examples.

Ans. Chemical reactions that release energy in the form of heat, light, or sound are called
exothermic reactions.
Example: Reaction of sodium and chlorine to yield common salt
1
Na(s) + Cl2(s)  NaCl(s) + 411 kJ of energy
2
In other words, combination reactions are exothermic.
Reactions that absorb energy or require energy in order to proceed are called endothermic reactions.
For example: In the process of photosynthesis, plants use the energy from the sun to convert
carbon dioxide and water to glucose and oxygen.
Sunlight
6CO2(g) + 6H2O()   C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g)
Glucose

Q10. Why is respiration considered an exothermic reaction ? Explain.

Ans. Energy is required to support life. Energy in our body is obtained from the food we eat. During
digestion, large molecules of food are broken down into simpler substances such as glucose.
Glucose combines with oxygen in the cells and provides energy. The special name of this
combustion reaction is respiration. Since energy is released in the whole process, it is an exothermic
process.
C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g)  6CO2(g) + 6H2O() + Energy
Glucose Oxygen Carbon Water
dioxide

Q11. Why are decomposition reactions called the opposite of combination reactions ? Write equations
for these reactions.

Ans. Decomposition reactions are those in which a compound breaks down to form two or more
substances. These reactions require a source of energy to proceed. Thus, they are the exact opposite
of combination reactions in which two or more substances combine to give a new substance
with the release of energy.
Decomposition reaction
AB + Energy  A + B
Electrolysis
2H2O()   2H2(g) + O2(g)

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 Chemical Reactions & Equations

Combination reaction
A + B  AB + Energy
2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O() + Energy

Q12. Write one equation each for decomposition reactions where energy is supplied in the form of
heat, light or electricity.

Ans. (a) Thermal decomposition

2FeSO4(s) 

 Fe2O3(g) +SO2(g) + SO3(g)
Ferrous Ferric Sulphur Sulphur
sulphate oxide dioxide trioxide
(b) Decomposition by light
2AgCl(s) Light 2Ag(s) + Cl2(g)
 
Silver chloride Silver Chlorine
(c) Decomposition by electricity
Electricity
2Al2O3(aq)   4Al(s) + 3O2(g)
Aluminium oxide Aluminium Oxygen

Q13. What is the difference between displacement and double displacement reactions? Write equations
for these reactions.

Ans. In a displacement reaction, a more reactive element replaces a less reactive element from a
compound.
A + BX  AX + B ; where A is more reactive
than B
In a double displacement reaction, two atoms or a group of atoms shift places to form new
compounds.
AB + CD  AD + CB
For example,
Displacement reaction-
CuSO4(aq) + Zn(s)  ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

Double displacement reaction-

Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq)  BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

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 Chemical Reactions & Equations

Q14. In the refining of silver, the recovery of silver from silver nitrate solution involved displacement
by copper metal. Write down the reaction involved.

Ans. 2AgNO3(aq) + Cu(s)  Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)

Silver nitrate Copper Copper nitrate Silver

Q15. What do you mean by a precipitation reaction? Explain by giving examples.

Ans. A reaction in which an insoluble solid (called precipitate) is formed is called a precipitation
reaction.
For example,
Na2CO3(aq) + CaCl2(aq)  CaCO3(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
Sodium Calcium Calcium Sodium
carbonate chloride carbonate chloride
In this reaction, calcium carbonate is obtained as a precipitate. Hence, it is a precipitation reaction.
Another example of precipitation reaction is
Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq)  BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
Sodium Barium Barium Sodium
sulphate chloride sulphate chloride
In this reaction, barium sulphate is obtained as a precipitate.

Q16. Explain the following in terms of gain or loss of oxygen with two examples each.
(a) Oxidation

(b) Reduction

Ans. (a) Oxidation is the gain of oxygen.

For example,

(i) CO2 + H 2 CO + H 2O
Addition of oxygen – oxidation

(ii) 2Cu + O 2 2CuO

Gain of oxygen – oxidation

In equation (i), H2 is oxidized to H2O and in equation (ii), Cu is oxidised to CuO.

(b) Reduction is the loss of oxygen.

For example,

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 Chemical Reactions & Equations

(i) CO2 + H 2 CO + H 2O
Removal of oxygen – reduction


(ii) CuO + H 2 Cu + H 2 O
Loss of oxygen – reduction

In equation (i), CO2 is reduced to CO and in equation (ii), CuO is reduced to Cu.

Q17. A shiny brown-coloured element 'X' on heating in air becomes black in colour. Name the element
'X' and the black coloured compound formed.

Ans. 'X' is copper (Cu) and the black-coloured compound formed is copper oxide (CuO). The equation
of the reaction involved on heating copper is given below.
2Cu + O2 H eat
 2CuO
(Shiny brown) (Black)

Q18. Why do we apply paint on iron articles?

Ans. Iron articles are painted because it prevents them from rusting. When painted, the contact of
iron articles from moisture and air is cut off. Hence, rusting is prevented. Their presence is essential
for rusting to take place.

Q19. Oil and fat containing food items are flushed with nitrogen. Why?

Ans. Nitrogen is an inert gas and does not easily react with these substances. On the other hand, oxygen
reacts with food substances and makes them rancid. Thus, bags used in packing food items are
flushed with nitrogen gas to remove oxygen inside the pack. When oxygen is not present inside
the pack, rancidity of oil and fat containing food items is avoided.

Q20. Explain the following terms with one example each.

(a) Corrosion

(b) Rancidity

Ans. (a) Corrosion- Corrosion is defined as a process where materials, usually metals, deteriorate
as a result of a chemical reaction with air, moisture, chemicals, etc.
For example, iron, in the presence of moisture, reacts with oxygen to form hydrated iron oxide.

4Fe + 3O2 + nH2O  2Fe2O3.nH2O

Hydrated iron oxide

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 Chemical Reactions & Equations

This hydrated iron oxide is rust.

(b) Rancidity - The process of oxidation of fats and oils that can be easily noticed by the change
in taste and smell is known as rancidity.

For example, the taste and smell of butter changes when kept for long.

Rancidity can be avoided by-

(1) Storing food in air tight containers.

(2) Storing food in refrigerators.

(3) Adding antioxidants.

(4) Storing food in an environment of nitrogen.

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 Govt High School Sangareddy
E-CONTENT FOR CLASS X SCIENCE
CHAPTER-1
Chemical reactions and Equations
PREPARED BY
Mallika Arjuna Sir
CHEMISTRY
Chemical Reaction

It is a process in which one or more substances are formed

as new substances
And it cannot be reversed by physical methods

Chemical reaction involves

• Change in state
• Change in colour
• Change in temperature
• Evolution of gas
Chemical Reactions happen in our daily life
• Digestion of food

• Respiration

• Rusting of iron

• Formation of curd

• Burning of wood

• Burning of fuel
Reactants : The substances which take part in chemical
reaction are called reactants
Products: The substances which are formed during chemical
reaction are called products

When Magnesium burns in air gives Magnesium oxide

Magnesium + Oxygen(air) --🡪 Magnesium oxide

Reactants- Magnesium and Air

Product- Magnesium oxide
 Chemical Equation
A chemical reaction can be represented by a chemical equation
It involves use of symbols of substances of reactants and products ith
mention of their physical states.
When Magnesium ribbon burns in oxygen ( air ) gives Magnesium oxide
Mg(s) + O2(g) ------------🡪 MgO(s)

Solid –(s)
Iiquid-(l)
Gas-(g)
Aqueous-(aq)

Aqueous solution: It is solution in which water is solvent

What is the need of balancing a chemical
Equation?
Law of Conservation of Mass : It states that matter
can neither be created nor be destroyed during a
chemical reaction.
So the number of elements ( atoms ) involved in a
chemical reaction should be same on reactants
side and product side
How to balance a Chemical Reaction?

Fe + H2O --🡪 Fe2O3 + H2

2 Fe + 3 H2O ---🡪 Fe2O3 + 2H2

Elements LHS RHS

Fe 1x 2

H 2x 2x

O 1x 3
 Types of Chemical Reactions
1. Combination Reactions

2. Decomposition Reactions

3. Displacement Reactions

4. Double Displacement Reactions

5. Precipitation Reactions

6. Redox Reactions
Combination Reactions
These are the reactions in which two or more substances
combine to form a single product.
A + B ---🡪 AB
Addition of water to quick lime

CaO + H2O ---------------🡪 Ca(OH)2

Burning of Coal

C(s) + O2(g) ---🡪 CO2(g)

Formation of Water
H2(g) + O2(g)---🡪 H2O(l)
Decomposition Reactions
These are the reactions in which a single
substance breaks down into two or more
substances.
AB-------🡪 A + B

Decomposition can be effected by

Heat ( Thermal decomposition)

Electricity ( Electrolysis)

Light (Photolysis)
Decomposition by Heat (Thermal Decomposition)

Decomposition of Ferrous sulphate

Heat
2FeSO4(s) ---------------🡪 Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g)
(green) (red) (Smell of burned Sulphur)

Decomposition of Lead nitrate

Heat
2Pb(NO3)2 ---------------------🡪 2PbO + 4 NO2 + O2
( brown fumes)
Decomposition by Electricity ( Electrolysis)

Decomposition of Water (Electrolysis of water)

Electricity
H2O (l) --------------🡪 H2(g) + O2(g)

H2 and O2 formed in the ratio 2:1

Decomposition by Light ( Photolysis)

Silver chloride exposed to sunlight

sunlight
2AgCl(s) -------------------------🡪 2Ag(s) + Cl2(g)
white grey

Photosynthesis
sunlight

6 CO2 + 6H2O --🡪 C6H12O6 + 6O2

Displacement Reactions
These are the reactions in which a more reactive
element displace a less reactive element from its
solution.
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) ----------🡪 FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Double Displacement Reactions
These are the reactions in which new compounds are formed by
the mutual exchange of ions between two compounds.

Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) ----🡪 BaSO4(aq) + 2 NaCl(aq)

(sodium Sulphate) (Barium Chloride) (Barium sulphate) (Sodium chloride)
(precipitate-white)
Precipitate-It is an insoluble substance formed.

Pb(NO3)2 + 2 KI ----🡪 PbI2 + 2 KNO3

(lead nitrate) (potassium iodide) (lead iodide) (potassium nitrate)
( yellow ppt)
Redox Reactions
Reactions in which oxidation and Reduction together takes place

Oxidation: Addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen from a

substance

2Cu + O2 ----🡪 2CuO

Reduction :Removal of oxygen or addition of hydrogen to a

substance

CuO + H2 ----🡪 Cu + H2O

REDuction + Oxidation = REDOX reaction

Oxidation in Daily Life
(i)Corrosion
Destruction of a metal by the action of environmental conditions

Rusting of iron (Hydrated ferric oxide)

Tarnishing of silver ( formation of black coating on silver )
Verdigris on copper ( Green coating on copper)

(ii) Rancidity

The oxidation of fats and oils when exposed to air is known as

rancidity . It leads to bad smell and bad taste of food
Exothermic Reactions :These are the reactions which take place with
the liberation of energy
is liberated.
Ex : Burning of Coal
C (s) + O2(g) ----🡪 CO2(g) + heat
Burning of Natural gas
CH4(g) + O2(g) -----------🡪 CO2(g) + H2O(g) + heat
Respiration
C6H12O6 (aq) + O2(g) -----🡪 CO2(g) + H2O(l) + energy
Endothermic Reactions :These are the reactions which takes place
with the absorption of energy.
heat

CaCO3(s) -----------------🡪 CaO(s) + CO2(g)

light

2AgCl (s) --------------🡪 2 Ag(s) + Cl2(g)

Thank
You
Chemical Reactions &
equations
Power Point Presentation