Magneto Optical Devices

Introduction
For a very long time, magneto-optics has been utilized to study the electrical
characteristics of materials. Magneto-optics had very few applications up until
recently. However, advancements in optical signaling and communications.
This interplay between light and matter has sparked a resurgence in interest
thanks to processing, optical sensors, and optical recording.
There are many new applications emerging, some of which are widely used.
Similar to microwave technology, optical communications require
nonreciprocal hardware, such as isolators or circulators. These gadgets can be
produced in bulk or with guided optics. On the basis of the magneto-optical
characteristics of ferrimagnetic crystals and optical fibers, current and magnetic
field sensors have been shown.
Following extensive research on optical beam-addressable memories (either

holographic or bit-by-bit recording), the rewritable magneto-optical disk is
quickly becoming the industry standard in both the consumer and computing
sectors. The multitrack magneto-optic readout of magnetic tapes is another
potential use for magnetic recording. This method of reading could have a
significant impact in the future since it enables the creation of digital video
recorders with no moving parts other than the magnetic tape's slow motion. This
technique for reading magnetic information from a medium can be used for both
fundamental research into high-temperature superconductors as well as the
imaging of abnormalities in nondestructive testing. Modulators and other more
traditional devices can be made using the magneto-optical effects. Garnet films
with striped domains provide a phase-grating structure that can diffract light. A
magnetic field from outside the system can also change the angle of diffraction
and the magnetic-domain spacing. This property has been put to use in
deflectors. The creation of transmission-mode magneto-optic displays and the
production of light modulation lines for optical printing applications have both
been made possible by Faraday rotation in magnetic garnets. These garnet
materials exhibit magnetooptical modulation at microwave frequencies due to
the propagation of magnetostatic waves, which could be used to create
microwave versions of devices that operate at lower frequencies for spectrum
analysis and other comparable tasks.
In support of his hypothesis that magnetism has an impact on all matter,
Michael Faraday found the first magneto-optical phenomenon on September 13,
1845.
Transparent materials have the ability to rotate the plane of polarization of

linearly polarized light by an amount proportionate to distance when the
material is exposed to a magnetic field, a property that now carries his name.
Light moves in the Faraday configuration along the applied magnetic field. This
finding provided significant support for light's electromagnetic nature. Kerr
found the identical effect in reflection 31 years later. Zeeman first noticed the
impact of an applied field on light emission in 1896. In support of his
hypothesis that magnetism has an impact on all matter, Michael Faraday found
the first magneto-optical phenomenon on September 13, 1845. When spectral
lines are seen in the direction of an applied magnetic field, Zeeman discovered
that some of the lines break into two circularly polarized components, with a
frequency shift on either side of the zero-field frequency. The three spectral
lines divide into one with a linear polarization parallel to the magnetic field and
two with a linear polarization perpendicular to the magnetic field when seen in a
direction perpendicular to the magnetic field. Moreover, on either side of the
middle line, these two components have a frequency shift. The Voigt or Cotton-
Mouton effect is the name for the linear birefringence that corresponds to the
transverse Zeeman effect. With the aid of the Lorentz classical electron theory,
these effects, which imply circular birefringence, linear birefringence, and
dichroism, may be comprehended. However, it took the advent of quantum
theory to provide an explanation for the splitting of spectral lines into a number
of components by a magnetic field, which was discovered after the Zeeman
effect and is frequently referred to as the anomalous Zeeman effect.
The magnetooptical effects can be broken down into the following categories
with a more precise definition. Along with the previously stated Faraday and
Cotton-Mouton effects (which are inversely proportional to the square of the
magnetic field or magnetization), the Kerr effect is another phenomenon that
has received substantial research and device application. This phenomenon also
stemmed from the same place, but it involved the scattering of electromagnetic
waves off of or near a surface. Another phenomenon to highlight is the
magneto-plasma effect. This phenomena, which is connected through the
plasma resonance and the cyclotron resonance, has a similar origin to the Hall
effect at high frequencies.
The following are included in a broad definition of the magneto-optical effect.
In addition to the Zeeman effect, other resonances mentioned here include the
electron spin resonance, ferromagnetic resonance, antiferromagnetic resonance,
cyclotron resonance, and magnetic Raman resonance. With the aid of a
microwave at a specific frequency, which is the same as the Lamor frequency,
spins precess around the applied field in a process known as ferromagnetic
resonance. This frequency is typically in the microwave range. The magneto-
optical effect may also involve the Raman effect. Due to this action, two
magnetons with opposing wave velocities are excited at various sublattices in an
antiferromagnetic material.
Due to the distinctive physical characteristics of magneto-optic materials, it is

feasible to build devices with a variety of particular functions that are not
conceivable with ordinary photonic devices. The fact that the linear magneto-
optic effect may create circular birefringence and is nonreciprocal, in contrast to
other optical effects in dielectric media, is the most important of these qualities.
One or both of these two features are used by all effective magneto-optic
devices. Polarization control, optical isolation, optical modulation, and
magneto-optic recording are among these technology's crucial applications.
References
1. Castera, J. P., & Suzuki, T. (2007). Magneto‐Optical Devices. The Optics
Encyclopedia: Basic Foundations and Practical Applications.
2. Liu, J. (2005). Magneto-optic devices. In Photonic Devices (pp. 289-356).
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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Introduction

Following extensive research on optical beam-addressable memories (either

Transparent materials have the ability to rotate the plane of polarization of

Due to the distinctive physical characteristics of magneto-optic materials, it is

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