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Summability Theory and
Its Applications
Summability Theory and
Its Applications
Feyzi Başar
İnönü University, Turkey
Second edition published 2022
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
and by CRC Press

4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
© 2022 Feyzi Başar
First edition published by Bentham Books 2012
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot
assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have
attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders
if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please
write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized
in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying,
microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the
publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright.com or contact the
Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. For works that are
not available on CCC please contact [email protected]
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
ISBN: 978-1-032-27536-9 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-032-25949-9 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-29415-3 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003294153
Typeset in Latin Modern

by KnowledgeWorks Global Ltd.
This study is dedicated to the memory
of respected Professor Emeritus Ekrem Öztürk
who was the supervisor of the author during his
master’s and doctoral degree research.
Feyzi Başar
Contents
Foreword xv
Preface to Second Edition xvii
List of Tables xxi
List of Abbreviations and Symbols xxiii
Author xxvii
Chapter 1 Infinite Matrices 1
1.1 PRELIMINARIES 1
1.1.1 Some Problems Involving the Use of Infinite Matrices 2
1.2 SOME DEFINITIONS 3
1.3 SOME CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES OF INFINITE MATRICES 4
1.4 SOME SPECIAL INFINITE MATRICES 6
1.5 THE STRUCTURE OF AN INFINITE MATRIX 7
1.6 THE EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION OF A LOWER-SEMI MATRIX 8
1.7 SEMI-CONTINUOUS AND CONTINUOUS MATRICES 8
1.8 INVERSES OF INFINITE MATRICES 9
1.8.1 Inverses of Lower Semi-Matrices 9
Chapter 2 Normed and Paranormed Sequence Spaces 15
2.1 LINEAR SEQUENCE SPACES 15

2.2 METRIC SEQUENCE SPACES 16
2.2.1 The Space ω 16
2.2.2 The Space `∞ 16
2.2.3 The Spaces f and f0 17
2.2.4 The Spaces c and c0 17
2.2.5 The Space `p 17
vii
viii Contents
2.2.6 The Space bs 18

2.2.7 The Spaces cs and cs0 18
2.2.8 The Space bv1 18
2.2.9 The Spaces ω0p , ω p and ω∞
p
19
2.3 NORMED SEQUENCE SPACES 19
2.4 PARANORMED SEQUENCE SPACES 22
2.4.1 The Spaces `∞ (p), c(p) and c0 (p) 23
2.4.2 The Space `(p) 23
2.4.3 The Spaces ω∞ (p), ω(p) and ω0 (p) 24
2.4.4 The Spaces bs(p), cs(p) and cs0 (p) 24
2.5 THE DUAL SPACES OF A SEQUENCE SPACE 25
Chapter 3 Matrix Transformations in Sequence Spaces 37
3.1 INTRODUCTION 37
3.2 INTRODUCTION TO SUMMABILITY 38
3.2.1 Summability 38
3.3 CHARACTERIZATIONS OF SOME MATRIX CLASSES 41
3.4 DUAL SUMMABILITY METHODS 49
3.4.1 Dual Summability Methods Dependent on a Stieltjes Integral 49
3.4.2 Relation Between the Dual Summability Methods 50
3.4.3 Usual Dual Summability Methods 51
3.5 SOME EXAMPLES OF TOEPLITZ MATRICES 53
3.5.1 Arithmetic Means 53
3.5.2 Cesàro Means 53
3.5.3 Euler Means 54
3.5.4 Taylor Matrices 55
3.5.5 Riesz Means 55
3.5.6 Nörlund Means 56
r
3.5.7 A Matrices 56
3.5.8 Hausdorff Matrices 56
3.5.9 Borel Matrix 57
3.5.10 Abel Matrix (cf. Peyerimhoff [317, p. 24]) 57
Contents ix
Chapter 4 Matrix Domains in Sequence Spaces 59
4.1 PRELIMINARIES, BACKGROUND AND NOTATIONS 59

4.2 CESÀRO SEQUENCE SPACES AND CONCERNING DUALITY
RELATION 63
4.2.1 The Cesàro Sequence Spaces of Non-absolute Type 64
4.2.2 The α-, β- and γ-Duals of the Spaces ce0 and ce 66
4.2.3 The Characterization of Some Matrix Mappings Related to
the Space ce 68
4.3 DIFFERENCE SEQUENCE SPACES AND CONCERNING DUALITY
RELATION 69
4.3.1 The Space bvp of Sequences of p-Bounded Variation 71
4.3.2 The Dual Spaces of the Space bvp 74
4.3.3 Certain Matrix Mappings Related to the Sequence Space bvp 80
4.4 DOMAIN OF GENERALIZED DIFFERENCE MATRIX B(R, S) 82
4.4.1 Domain of Generalized Difference Matrix B(r, s) in the
Classical Sequence Spaces 83
4.4.2 Some Matrix Transformations Related to the Sequence
Spaces `b∞ , cb, cb0 and `b1 87
4.4.3 Domain of Generalized Difference Matrix B(r, s) in the
Spaces f0 and f 89
4.4.4 The Sequence Spaces fb0 and fb Derived by the Domain of the
Matrix B(r, s) 91
4.4.5 Some Matrix Transformations Related to the Sequence Space
fb 94
4.5 SPACES OF DIFFERENCE SEQUENCES OF ORDER m 98
m m m
4.5.1 Dual Spaces of `∞ (∆ ), c (∆ ) and c0 (∆ ) 103
4.5.2 Matrix Transformations 110
m
4.5.3 ∆ -Statistical Convergence 113
4.5.4 Paranormed Difference Sequence Spaces 118
4.5.5 The Space of p-Summable Difference Sequences of Order m 123
(m)

4.5.6 Certain Matrix Mappings on the Sequence Space `p ∆ 128
4.5.7 v-Invariant Sequence Spaces 130
4.5.8 Paranormed Difference Sequence Spaces Generated by
Moduli and Orlicz Functions 132
x Contents
4.6 THE DOMAIN OF THE MATRIX Ar AND CONCERNING DUALITY

RELATION 136
4.6.1 The Sequence Spaces arp , ar0 , arc and ar∞ of Non-absolute
Type 137
4.6.2 The Inclusion Relations 138
4.6.3 The α-, β- and γ-Duals of the Spaces arp , ar0 ,
arc and ar∞ 140
4.6.4 Some Matrix Mappings on the Spaces arp and arc 143
4.7 RIESZ SEQUENCE SPACES AND CONCERNING DUALITY
RELATION 148
t
4.7.1 The Riesz Sequence Spaces r (p), r0t (p), rct (p) and t
r∞ (p) of
Non–absolute Type 148
4.7.2 Matrix Mappings Related to the Riesz Sequence Spaces 155
4.8 EULER SEQUENCE SPACES AND CONCERNING DUALITY
RELATION 165
4.8.1 Euler Sequence Spaces of Non-absolute Type 165
4.8.2 Certain Matrix Transformations Related to the Euler
Sequence Spaces 173
4.8.3 Some Geometric Properties of the Space erp 180
4.9 DOMAIN OF THE GENERALIZED WEIGHTED MEAN AND
CONCERNING DUALITY RELATION 183
4.9.1 Some Matrix Transformations Related to the Sequence
Spaces λ(u, v; p) 188
4.10 DOMAINS OF TRIANGLES IN THE SPACES OF STRONGLY
C1 –SUMMABLE ... 195
4.10.1 Matrix Transformations on w0p , p
w and p
w∞ 198
4.10.2 The β-Duals of w0p (U ), wp (U ) and w∞
p
(U ) 204
4.10.3 Matrix Transformations on the Spaces w0p (U ), p
w (U ) and
p
w∞ (U ) 208
4.10.4 Conclusion 210
4.11 CHARACTERIZATIONS OF SOME OTHER CLASSES OF MATRIX
TRANSFORMATIONS 211
4.12 CONCLUSION 218
Chapter 5 Spectrum of Some Particular Matrices 221

5.2 SUBDIVISIONS OF THE SPECTRUM 222
5.2.1 The Point Spectrum, Continuous Spectrum and Residual
Spectrum 222
Contents xi
5.2.2 The Approximate Point Spectrum, Defect Spectrum and

Compression Spectrum 222
5.2.3 Goldberg’s Classification of Spectrum 224
5.3 THE FINE SPECTRUM OF THE CESÀRO OPERATOR IN THE
SPACES c0 AND c 226
(1)
5.4 THE FINE SPECTRA OF THE DIFFERENCE OPERATOR ∆ ON
THE SPACE `p 231
(1)
5.5 THE FINE SPECTRA OF THE DIFFERENCE OPERATOR ∆ ON
THE SPACE bvp 234
5.6 THE FINE SPECTRA OF THE CESÀRO OPERATOR C1 ON THE
SPACE bvp 238
5.7 THE SPECTRUM OF THE OPERATOR B(r, s) ON THE SPACES c0
AND c 243
5.7.1 The Generalized Difference Operator B(r, s) 244
5.8 THE FINE SPECTRA OF THE OPERATOR B(r, s, t) ON THE
SPACES `p AND bvp 252
5.8.1 The Fine Spectrum of the Operator B(r, s, t) on the Sequence
Space `p , (1 < p < ∞). 252
5.8.2 The Spectrum of the Operator B(r, s, t) on the Sequence
Space bvp , (1 < p < ∞) 261
5.9 CONCLUSION 264
Chapter 6 Core of a Sequence 265
6.1 KNOPP CORE 265

6.2 σ -CORE 301
6.3 I -CORE 304
6.4 FB -CORE 311
Chapter 7 Double Sequences 317

7.2 PRINGSHEIM CONVERGENCE OF DOUBLE SERIES 320
7.2.1 Absolute Convergence 321
7.2.2 Cauchy Product 328
7.3 THE DOUBLE SEQUENCE SPACE Lq 336
7.4 SOME NEW SPACES OF DOUBLE SEQUENCES 341
7.5 THE SPACES CS p , CS bp , CS r AND BV OF DOUBLE SERIES 348
7.6 THE α- AND β -DUALS OF THE SPACES OF DOUBLE SERIES 351
xii Contents
7.7 CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME CLASSES OF

FOUR-DIMENSIONAL MATRICES 355
7.8 BINOMIAL SPACES OF DOUBLE SEQUENCES 357
7.8.1 Dual Spaces of the Binomial Spaces 360
7.8.2 Characterizations of Some Matrix Classes 365
7.9 CONCLUSION 367
Chapter 8 Sequences of Fuzzy Numbers 369
8.1 INTRODUCTION 369

8.2 CONVERGENCE OF A SEQUENCE OF FUZZY NUMBERS 370
8.2.1 The Limit Superior and Limit Inferior of a Sequence of Fuzzy
Numbers 378
8.2.2 The Core of a Sequence of Fuzzy Numbers 382
8.3 STATISTICAL CONVERGENCE OF A SEQUENCE OF FUZZY
NUMBERS 386
8.3.1 Statistical Convergence of a Sequence of Fuzzy Numbers and
the Statistical Convergence of the Corresponding Sequence
of α-Cuts 387
8.3.2 Statistically Monotonic and Statistically Bounded Sequences
of Fuzzy Numbers 388
8.3.3 Statistical Cluster Points and Statistical Limit Points of a
Sequence of Fuzzy Numbers 393
8.3.4 The Statistical Limit Inferior and the Statistical Limit
Superior of a Statistically Bounded Sequence of Fuzzy
Numbers 395
8.3.5 Further Results 400
8.3.6 Relation Between Statistical Cluster Points and Statistical
Extreme Limit Points 401
8.4 THE CLASSICAL SETS OF SEQUENCES OF FUZZY NUMBERS 404
8.4.1 Preliminaries, Background and Notations 406
8.4.2 Determination of Duals of the Classical Sets of Sequences of
Fuzzy Numbers 411
8.4.3 Matrix Transformations Between Some Sets of Sequences of
Fuzzy Numbers 417
8.5 QUASILINEARITY OF THE CLASSICAL SETS OF SEQUENCES OF
FUZZY NUMBERS 428
8.5.1 The Quasilinearity of the Classical Sets of Sequences of Fuzzy
Numbers 431
Contents xiii
8.6 CERTAIN SETS OF SEQUENCES OF FUZZY NUMBERS DEFINED

BY A MODULUS 434
8.6.1 The Spaces of Sequences of Fuzzy Numbers Defined by a
Modulus Function 435
8.7 CONCLUSION 439
Chapter 9 Absolute Summability 441
9.1 BACKGROUND, PRELIMINARIES AND NOTATIONS 441

9.2 ABSOLUTE SUMMABILITY OF SEQUENCES AND SERIES 442
9.3 INCLUSION THEOREMS 447
9.4 SUMMABILITY FACTORS THEOREMS 451
9.4.1 An Application of Quasi Power Increasing Sequences 455
Bibliography 463
Index 489
Foreword
This book is actually timely and is intended for graduate and research students who
have an interest in sequence spaces, summability methods and their applications.
The author of the book, Professor Feyzi Başar, is one of the renowned researchers in
this field, whose conscientiousness is reflected in the organization the contents of the
book.
Professor Başar has successfully tried to capture the spirit of this emerging and
fascinating discipline in his book and present the width and depth of the topics
intelligently. His survey starting from the very basic definitions highlights the progress
and developments of the subject in a well-organized manner in order to motivate the
readers.
This book covers many interesting studies on sequence spaces, e.g., topological
properties, matrix transformations, matrix domains of triangles, spectrum, core and
fuzzy study. So, it would attract researchers from various fields.
Two other books on this subject are also worth mentioning here: One by A. Wilan-
sky (Summability through Functional Analysis, North-Holland Mathematics Studies
85, Amsterdam-New York-Oxford, 1984) and the other by J. Boos (Classical and
Modern Methods in Summability, Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 2000).
Chapters 5–8 of this book make it different from the other two books on this topic,
which cover the most recent work on sequence spaces. The presentation by Professor
Başar is very simple and straightforward.
This book also provides the basic tools for researchers using directly or indirectly
the notion of sequences and series and their convergence problems using modern
summability methods. Professor Başar has given emphasis on the use of soft analysis,
which makes the subject matter easily comprehensible. This book is a Bible of modern
summability methods.
Professor M. Mursaleen
Aligarh Muslim University
xv
Preface to Second Edition
This second edition is a corrected, revised and reprinted version of our original text-
book. Besides, we also introduce the domain of four-dimensional binomial matrix
in the spaces of bounded, convergent in the Pringsheim’s sense, both convergent in
the Pringsheim’s sense and bounded, and regularly convergent double sequences, in
Chapter 7.
In Chapter 9, after giving the concepts related to the absolute summability of
sequences and series, it is investigated some properties of absolute summability meth-
ods. Additionally, some inclusion and summability factors theorems are given together
with the general absolute inclusion theorem involving a pair of triangles.
We are particularly grateful to Professor Bilâl Altay, Department of Mathemat-
ical Education, İnönü University, Malatya, Türkiye, who have carefully read the re-
vised form of the textbook and a number of suggestions for corrections. We express
our thanks and gratitude to Professor Malkowsky, Department of Mathematics, State
University in Novi Pazar, Serbia, who provided us the proof of Part (b) of Theorem
2.5.6 at our request. Finally, we wish also to thank Professor Serkan Demiriz, Depart-
ment of Mathematics, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Türkiye, for sending
the required TEX document related to the domains of four-dimensional matrices in
some spaces of double sequences. I must express my thanks and gratitude to my
dear colleague Prof. Dr. Rifat Çolak, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sci-
ence, Fırat University, Elâzığ, Türkiye, who was the editor of the first edition of the
book. Finally, I would like to express my sincere thanks to Professor Callum Fraser,
Editor of Mathematics Books of CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, who decided
to include the second edition of the book among the CRC Press/Taylor & Francis
Group publications without delay and thanks to Mansi Kabra from the Editorial De-
partment, who quickly handled the bureaucratic procedures related to the printing
process.
ORIGINAL PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION

This book is intended for graduate students and researchers with a (special) interest
in spaces of single and double sequences, matrix transformations and matrix domains.
Besides Preface and Index, the book consists of eight chapters and is organized as
follows:
The book Infinite Matrices and Sequence Spaces of Cooke is fundamental for
referring to the theory of infinite matrices. So, we introduce the required definitions
and topics related to infinite matrices in Chapter 1.
xvii
xviii Preface to Second Edition
In Chapter 2, certain normed and paranormed sequence spaces are studied, and
the α-, β-, γ- and continuous duals of the spaces `∞ , c, c0 and `p of all bounded,
convergent, null and absolutely p-summable sequences are determined together with
some other sequence spaces isomorphic to them. Additionally, a table of the α-, β-
and γ-duals of certain normed sequence spaces is given.
In Chapter 3, the matrix transformations in sequence spaces are studied and the
characterizations of the classes of Schur, Kojima and Toeplitz matrices together with
their versions for the series-to-sequence, sequence-to-series and series-to-series matrix
transformations are given.
Chapter 4 is devoted to the domains of some particular summability matrices,
with a special emphasize on the Cesàro, difference, mth -order difference, Euler, Riesz,
Cesàro and weighted mean sequence spaces, and other spaces derived in this way.
Also, the Schauder bases of those spaces, their α-, β- and γ-duals, and the charac-
terizations of some classes of matrix transformations are given.
In Chapter 5, the spectrum and the fine spectrum of the Cesàro operator C1 , the
difference operator ∆(1) , the generalized difference operator B(r, s) and the operator
generated by the triple band matrix B(r, s, t) acting on the sequence spaces c0 , c, `p
and bvp with respect to Goldberg’s classification are determined, where 1 ≤ p < ∞.
In Chapter 6, the Knopp core, σ-core, I-core and FB -core of a sequence are
studied. Also, a short survey for the results related to the core of a sequence is given.
In Chapter 7, the fundamental results on double sequences and related topics are
given. In particular, the concept of convergence of double series in the Pringsheim’s
sense is defined, certain spaces of double sequences are introduced, and their α- and
β-duals are determined. Additionally, some classes of four-dimensional matrices are
characterized.
Chapter 8 is devoted to the sequences of fuzzy numbers. After presenting the
fundamental facts concerning convergent sequences of fuzzy numbers, some results
on statistical convergence of sequences of fuzzy numbers and related results are given.
Also the α-, β- and γ-duals of the classical sets `∞ (F ), c(F ), c0 (F ) and `p (F ) of all
bounded, convergent, null and absolutely p-summable sequences of fuzzy numbers
are determined, and the classes (µ(F ) : `∞ (F )), (c0 (F ) : c(F )), (c0 (F ) : c0 (F )),
(c(F ) : c(F ); p), (`p (F ) : c(F )), (`p (F ) : c0 (F )) and (`∞ (F ) : c0 (F )) of infinite
matrices of fuzzy numbers are characterized, where µ ∈ {`∞ , c, c0 , `p }. Finally, the
quasilinearity of the classical sets of sequences of fuzzy numbers is investigated.
Feyzi Başar
April 2011, İstanbul
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
During the preparation of the present text, a number of friends, colleagues and stu-
dents have helped and made useful comments and suggestions. The author wishes
to express his warmest thanks to Professor Mohammad Mursaleen and Professor
Syed Abdul Mohiuddine, Department of Mathematics, Aligarh Muslim University,
Aligarh, India, for their valuable help on the α-, β-, γ- and continuous duals of
Preface to Second Edition xix
certain sequence spaces in Section 2.5. We also thank Professor Mikâil Et, Depart-
ment of Mathematics, Fırat University, Elâzığ, Türkiye, for his valuable help related
to difference sequence spaces, especially on the difference sequence spaces of order
m, in Section 4.3. We benefited a lot from Professor Celal Çakan’s knowledge on the
core of a sequence in Chapter 6. So, the author thank Professor Çakan, Department
of Mathematical Education, İnönü University, Malatya, Türkiye, for his valuable
help. We also express our sincerest thanks to Professor Maria Zeltser, Department of
Mathematics, Tallinn University, Narva mnt. 25, Tallinn, Estonia, who kindly sent
us personal copies of valuable document concerning spaces of double sequences. We
are also especially indebted to Professor Salih Aytar, Department of Mathematics,
Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Türkiye, for his valuable help on preparing
Sections 7.1–7.3. The author also thank to Dr. Özer Talo, who is among his best
graduate level students, for his careful reading and helpful corrections concerning
Chapter 8. He would also like to thank Professor Bilâl Altay, Department of Mathe-
matical Education, İnönü University, Malatya, Türkiye, who is his best student and
collaborator, read in detail the whole manuscript, added required changes, corrected
the errors in the TEX files and suggested numerous improvements. The author is
particularly grateful to Professor Eberhard Malkowsky, Department of Mathematics,
Fatih University, Büyükçekmece/İstanbul, Türkiye, for his careful reading and mak-
ing several valuable suggestions and corrections, preparing the main TEX file and
helping in correcting both the language and mathematical contents across the book.
The author expresses his gratitude to Sara Moqeet and Sarah A. Khan, As-
sistant Managers, e-books Publications Department, Bentham Science Publishers,
for their kindly cooperation and also sincerely thanks Professor Mohamed Bakari,
Department of American Culture and Literature, Fatih University, Büyükçekmece/
İstanbul, Türkiye, for his valuable help. Finally, he would like to extend his sincer-
est thanks to Professor Rifat Çolak, Department of Mathematics, Fırat University,
Elâzığ, Türkiye, for his careful redaction of the whole of the text and several sugges-
tions, which improved the presentation and readability of the book.
Feyzi Başar
April 2011, İstanbul
List of Tables
2.1 The α-, β- and γ-duals of certain sequence spaces 34
4.1 The domains of some triangle matrices in certain sequence spaces 61

4.2 The characterization of the class (λ1 : λ2 ) 84
4.3 The characterization of the class (λ
b : µ) 88
4.4 The characterization of the class (λU : µ) 209
5.1 State diagram for B(X) and B(X ∗ ) for a non-reflective Banach space
X. 225
5.2 Subdivisions of spectrum of a linear operator. 225
5.3 Spectrum and fine spectrum of some triangle matrices in certain se-
quence spaces. 227
xxi
List of Abbreviations and
Symbols
A0 : transpose of a matrix A
A : conjugate of a matrix A
A0 : conjugate transpose of a matrix A
|A| : determinant of a matrix A
Ak : k th column of the matrix A = (ank ), i.e., Ak = (ank )∞
n=0 for all k ∈ N
An : nth row of the matrix A = (ank ), i.e., An = (ank )∞
k=0 for all n ∈ N
A−1 : inverse of a matrix A
F : associative field of matrices
x[n] : nth section of a sequence x = (xk )
{(Ax)n } : A-transform of a sequence x
Ax : {(Ax)in }∞
i,n=0
A(−1) : right inverse of a matrix A
(−1)
A : left inverse of a matrix A
0
A : right zero-divisor of a matrix A
0
A : left zero-divisor of a matrix A
tr(A) : trace of a matrix A
χ(A) : characteristic of a matrix A
C1 : Cesàro mean of order 1
C (m) : Cesàro mean of order m
Er : Euler (Euler-Knopp) mean of order r
E1 : original Euler matrix
Tr : Taylor matrix
Rt : Riesz mean generated by the sequence of coefficients t = (tk )
Nt : Nörlund mean generated by the sequence of coefficients t = (tk )
H(µ) : Hausdorff matrix associated with the sequence (µn )
GWM : generalized weighted means
|A| : absolute A summability
|C1 | : absolute Cesàro summability of order 1
|C1 |k : k th order |C1 | summability
|C (m) | : absolute Cesàro summability of order m
|C (m) |k : k th order C (m) summability
|N t | : absolute Nörlund summability
|N t |k : k th order absolute Nörlund summability
|Rt | : absolute Riesz summability
xxiii
xxiv List of Abbreviations and Symbols
|Rt |k : k th order absolute Riesz summability

PSM : pair of summability methods
ω : space of all sequences with complex entries
φ : space of all finitely non-zero sequences
`∞ : space of bounded sequences
f : space of almost convergent sequences
f0 : space of almost null sequences
c : space of convergent sequences
c0 : space of null sequences
`p : space of absolutely p-summable sequences
bs : space of bounded series
fs : space of almost convergent series
f s0 : space of series almost converging to zero
cs : space of convergent series
cs0 : space of series converging to zero
bv : space of sequences of bounded variation
bvp : space of sequences of p-bounded variation
ω0p : space of sequences that are strongly summable to zero of index
p ≥ 1 by the Cesàro method of order 1
ωp : space of sequences that are strongly summable of index p ≥ 1
by the Cesàro method of order 1
p
ω∞ : space of sequences that are strongly bounded of index p ≥ 1
by the Cesàro method of order 1
λα : α-dual of a sequence space λ
λβ : β-dual of a sequence space λ
γ
λ : γ-dual of a sequence space λ
λ∗ : continuous dual of a sequence space λ
λf : f -dual of a sequence space λ
rα
λ : rα-dual of a sequence space λ
λrβ : rβ-dual of a sequence space λ
rγ
λ : rγ-dual of a sequence space λ
λrN : rN -dual of a sequence space λ
θ : zero vector in a linear space X
`∞ (p) : space of sequences (xk ) such that supk∈N |xk |pk < ∞
c(p) : space of sequences (xk ) such that |xk − l|pk → 0, as k → ∞
c0 (p) : space of sequences (xk ) such that |xk |pk → 0, as k → ∞
space of sequences (xk ) such that k |xk |pk < ∞
P
`(p) :
(ak ∗ bk ) : Cauchy product of sequences (ak ) and (bk )
(akl ∗ bkl ): Cauchy product of double sequences (akl ) and (bkl )
Pm,n Pm Pn
:
Pi,j=0 Pi=0
∞ P∞
j=0
i,j : i=0 j=0
[A, p]0 : set of sequences which are strongly summable to zero by A = (ank )n,k∈N
[A, p] : set of sequences which are strongly summable by A = (ank )n,k∈N
[A, p]∞ : set of sequences which are strongly bounded by A = (ank )n,k∈N
L(R) : set of all fuzzy numbers on R
List of Abbreviations and Symbols xxv
W : set of all closed bounded intervals A with endpoints A and A

[u]α : α-level set of u ∈ L(R)
supp(u) : set of real numbers t such that u(t) > 0
u 6∼ v : neither u v nor u v
BSFN : a bounded sequence of fuzzy numbers
δ(K) : natural density of a set K
Λx : set of all statistical limit points of the sequence x = (xk ) ∈ ω(F )
Γx : set of all statistical cluster points of the sequence x = (xk ) ∈ ω(F )
xk ∼ ∞ : x = (xk ) is definitely divergent
A : sequence of infinite matrices Ai = {ank (i)}
Bx : {(Bx)im }∞i,m=0
FB : space of all FB -convergent sequences
F0B : space of all FB -null sequences
st : space of all statistically convergent sequences
kAk supn,i∈N k |ank (i)|
P
:
core{x} : core of a bounded sequence x = (xk )
K-core(x): Knopp core of a sequence x = (xk )
Kn : set {k ∈ K : k ≤ n}
δ(K) : natural density of K
Λx : set of all statistical limit points of a sequence x = (xk ) ∈ ω(F )
Γx : set of all statistical cluster points of a sequence x = (xk ) ∈ ω(F )
A0x : set of statistical lower bounds of a sequence x = (xk ) ∈ ω(F )
I(Γx ) : set of all I-cluster points of x
ω(F ) : set of all sequences of fuzzy numbers
`∞ (F ) : set of bounded sequences of fuzzy numbers
c(F ) : set of convergent sequences of fuzzy numbers
c0 (F ) : set of null sequences of fuzzy numbers
`p (F ) : set of absolutely p-summable sequences of fuzzy numbers
bs(F ) : set of bounded series of fuzzy numbers
cs(F ) : set of convergent series of fuzzy numbers
cs0 (F ) : set of series of fuzzy numbers converging to zero
FI (b) : set of all I-convergent and bounded sequences
D∞ : Hausdorff metric on the set `∞ (F )
Dp : Hausdorff metric on the set `p (F )
F (X) : set of fuzzy sets such that α-level sets [u]α = {t ∈ X : u(t) ≥ α} are
non-empty for every α ∈ (0, 1]
(c : c) : class of conservative matrices
(c : c; p) : class of Toeplitz (regular) matrices
(λ : µ)% : class of %-multiplicative matrices
(cs : c; p) : class of γ-matrices
(`∞ : c) : class of Schur (coercive) matrices
rad(X) : radical of an algebra X
δij : Kronecker delta which is = 1 if i = j and = 0 if i 6= j
e(k)
: sequences whose only non-zero term is a 1 in k th place for each k ∈ N
∅ : empty set
xxvi List of Abbreviations and Symbols
(AB)ij : ith row and j th column entry of the matrix product AB

I : unit matrix
D(T ) : domain of a linear operator T
R(T ) : range of a linear operator T
Ker(T ) : kernel or null space of a linear operator T
rσ (T ) : spectral radius of an operator T ∈ B(X)
T∗ : adjoint of a bounded linear operator T
B(X) : unit ball in a normed space X
S(X) : unit sphere in a normed space X
L(X : Y ) : set of linear operators from a space X into a space Y
B(X : Y ) : set of bounded linear operators from a space X into a space Y
B(X) : set of bounded linear operators on a space X
σ(T, X) : spectrum of a linear operator T on a space X
ρ(T, X) : resolvent set of a linear operator T on a space X
σp (T, X) : point (discrete) spectrum of a linear operator T on a space X
σc (T, X) : continuous spectrum of a linear operator T on a space X
σr (T, X) : residual spectrum of a linear operator T on a space X
σap (T, X): approximate point spectrum of a linear operator T on a space X
σδ (T, X) : defect spectrum of a linear operator T on a space X
σco (T, X): compression spectrum of a linear operator T on a space X
N : set of natural numbers, i.e., N = {0, 1, 2, . . .}
Nr : set of integers which are greater than or equal to r ∈ N
Q : set of rational numbers
R+ : set of non-negative real numbers
R : set of real numbers, the real field
C : set of complex numbers, the complex field
Re[z] : real part of z ∈ C
Im[z] : imaginer part of z ∈ C
Rn : n-dimensional Euclidean space
Cn : n-dimensional complex Euclidean space
2
N1 : set of all pairs of positive integers
N2 : set of all pairs of non-negative integers
F : collection of all finite subsets of N
{0, 1} N×N
: set of all double sequences consisting of 0’s and 1’s
[a] : integer part of a number a
Dx : derived set, the set of limit points, of a sequence x
Author
Dr. Feyzi Başar has been Professor Emeritus since 2016, at İnönü University, Malatya,
Turkey. He has published three e-books for graduate students and researchers and
more than 160 scientific papers in the field of summability theory, sequence spaces,
F K-spaces, Schauder bases, dual spaces, matrix transformations, the spectrum
of certain linear operators represented by a triangle matrix over some sequence
spaces, the α-, β- and γ-duals and some topological properties of the domains of
some two- and four-dimensional triangles in certain spaces of single and double se-
quences, sets of the sequences of fuzzy numbers and multiplicative calculus. As of
April 2021, 5746 citations to Professor Başar’s research and publications were made
(see https://scholar.google.com.tr/citations?hl=tr&user= uhWs28gAAAAJ). He has
guided 17 MA and 10 Ph.D. students, and served as a referee for 142 international
scientific journals. He is a reviewer of Mathematical Reviews since 2007 and Zentral-
blatt MATH, and a member of editorial boards of 21 scientific journals. He is also
a member of scientific committees of 17 mathematics conferences, delivered talks
at 14 different universities as an invited speaker and participated in more than 70
mathematics symposiums with papers.
xxvii
CHAPTER 1
Infinite Matrices
The book Infinite Matrices and Sequence Spaces of Cooke is fundamental for referring
to the theory of infinite matrices. So, we introduce the necessary definitions and topics
related to infinite matrices in the present chapter.
Keywords: Infinite matrix, addition, product and scalar multiplication of infinite
matrices, unit matrix, left and right inverse of a matrix, transpose of a matrix, lower
and upper semi-matrix, orthogonal and unitary matrices, semi-continuous and con-
tinuous matrices, left and right zero-divisors of a matrix.
1.1 PRELIMINARIES
Following Cooke [111], we start by giving a short survey related to infinite matrices.
An infinite matrix A = (aij ) of complex numbers is a double sequence of complex
numbers defined by a function A from the set N × N into the complex field C, where
N denotes the set of natural numbers, i.e., N = {0, 1, 2, . . .}. The complex number
aij denotes the value of the function at (i, j) ∈ N × N and is called the entry of
the matrix in the ith row and j th column. We wish to emphasize, shortly, on the
differences between finite and infinite matrix theories.
The addition and scalar multiplication of the infinite matrices A = (aij ) and
B = (bij ) are defined by A + B = (aij + bij ) and αA = (αaij ), where α is a scalar.
The product AB of the infinite matrices A = (aij ) and B = (bij ) is defined by
X
(AB)ij := aik bkj for all i, j ∈ N (1.1.1)
k
provided the series on the right-hand side of (1.1.1) converge for all i, j ∈ N, where
(AB)ij denotes the entry of the matrix AB in the ith row and j th column. For
simplicity in notation, here and in what follows, the summation without limits runs
from 0 to ∞. Since the series on the right-hand side of (1.1.1) may diverge for some,
or all, values of i, j; the product AB of the infinite matrices A and B may not exist.
A large number of theorems had been established for finite n-square matrices.
However, the corresponding theorems for infinite matrices are rarely obtained from
them by letting n tend to infinity.
DOI: 10.1201/9781003294153-1 1
2 Summability Theory and Its Applications
1.1.1 Some Problems Involving the Use of Infinite Matrices

(a) Consider the following system of an infinite number of linear equations in in-
finitely many unknowns x0 , x1 , x2 , . . .
X
aik xk = yi for all i ∈ N. (1.1.2)
k
If we construct an infinite matrix A = (aik ) with the coefficients aik of the

unknowns xk and denote the vectors of unknowns and constants by X and Y ,
then (1.1.2) can be expressed in matrix form as follows:
AX := Y (1.1.3)
Define the infinite matrix B such that the pth row is zero except bpq which is
1. Then, the pth row of BC is the same as the q th row of C. Similarly, if the
elements of the q th column of C are zero except cpq which is 1, then the q th
column of BC is the same as the pth column of B. Hence, IA = AI = A, where
I = (δij ) is called unit matrix and is defined for all i, j ∈ N by
(
1 , i = j,
δij := (1.1.4)
0 , i=6 j.
Let us suppose that the left inverse (−1) A of a matrix A exists, such that
(−1)
AA = I. Then, under certain conditions, if we multiply both sides of (1.1.3)
on the left by (−1) A, we obtain the solution of (1.1.3) as X = (−1) AY .
(b) A very important application of infinite matrices is used in the theory of summa-
bility of divergent sequences and series which is considered in Chapters 2–7.
A simple example of this is the Cesàro mean of order 1 which is the well-known
method of summability and is defined by the matrix C1 = (cnk ), as follows:
(
1
n+1 , 0 ≤ k ≤ n,
cnk := (1.1.5)
0 , k > n.
The C1 -transform of a sequence x = (xk ) is the sequence y = (yn ) defined by

n
1 X
yn := (C1 x)n = xk for all n ∈ N.
n + 1 k=0
One can easily see that the C1 -transform of the sequence x = {(−1)k }, which
is obviously bounded but divergent, is the null sequence
1 + (−1)n

y = (yn ) := .
2(n + 1)
Infinite Matrices 3
(c) A further important application of infinite matrices is the Heisenberg-Dirac

theory of quantum mechanics. Here, two basic problems consist in solving two
linear equations in infinite matrices:
(i) For a given matrix A, the quantization equation which is in the form AX −
XA = I.
(ii) For a given matrix A and a diagonal matrix D, the equation is in the form
AX − XD = 0.
1.2 SOME DEFINITIONS

The matrix obtained from an infinite matrix A by interchanging rows and columns
is called the transpose of A = (aij ) and is denoted by A0 = (a0ij ) so that a0ij = aji for
all i, j ∈ N.
The zero matrix 0 is the matrix whose entries are all equal to zero. Thus, it
is obvious that A0 = 0A = 0. But, AB = 0 does not imply A = 0 or B = 0.
Indeed, this does not follow even for the simplest types of matrices, such as diagonal
matrices. To see this, define the diagonal matrices D = diag(d0 , d1 , d2 , . . .) and E =
diag(e0 , e1 , e2 , . . .) by di = 0 when i ∈ {1, 3, 5, . . .} and di 6= 0 when i ∈ {0, 2, 4, . . .};
and ei = 0 when i ∈ {0, 2, 4, . . .} and ei 6= 0 when i ∈ {1, 3, 5, . . .}. Then, it is
immediate that DE = diag(d0 e0 , d1 e1 , d2 e2 , . . .) = 0 although neither D nor E is the
zero matrix.
The diagonal matrix αI is called a scalar matrix whose leading diagonal entries
are all equal to α.
If every row of a matrix A contains only a finite number of non-zero elements,
then A is said to be row-finite. If the same is true with respect to every column,
then A is said to be column-finite. Thus, if A = (aij ) is row-finite, then aij = 0 for
j ≥ qi , where qi is a function of i. If aij = 0 for j ≥ q, then A is called a row-bounded
matrix, where q is independent of i. Similarly, if aij = 0 for i ≥ r, then A is called a
column-bounded matrix, where r is independent of j.
If aij = 0 for j > i, A = (aij ) is called a lower semi-matrix or lower triangular
matrix . The matrix C1 of arithmetic mean defined by (1.1.5) is an example of a lower
semi-matrix. Similarly if aij = 0 for j < i, A = (aij ) is called an upper semi-matrix
or upper triangular matrix.
A matrix A = (aij ) is said to be symmetric if A0 = A and skew-symmetric if
A0 = −A, that is aij = aji and aij = −aji for all i, j ∈ N, respectively.
The conjugate A of a complex matrix A = (aij ) is the matrix A = (aij ), where
aij is the conjugate of the complex number aij in the usual sense.
0
A matrix A = (aij ) is said to be Hermitian if A = A and skew-Hermitian if
0
A = −A, i.e., aij = aji and aij = −aji for all i, j ∈ N, respectively.
From the above definitions, it is easy to see the following relations:
(i) (A) = A, (ii) (A0 )0 = A, (iii) (A0 )0 = A,

0 0 0 0 0 0
(iv) AB = A B, (v) (AB) = B A , (vi) (AB) = B A .
The results given by (i)–(iii) are trivial. The result (iv) follows from the fact that the
P P
series k αk and k αk with complex terms are both convergent or both divergent.
To prove (v), it is not hard to see by taking into account the definitions of matrix
product and the transpose of a matrix that
(AB)0ij := (AB)ji = b0ik a0kj = (B 0 A0 )ij

X X
ajk bki =
k k
holds for all i, j ∈ N. The result (vi) follows by combining the facts (iv) and (v).
If AB = I, then B is called a right inverse of A which is denoted by A(−1) , and
A is called a left inverse of B which is denoted by (−1) B.
If A and B are both different from 0, and if AB = 0, then B is called a right
zero-divisor of A, and A is called a left zero-divisor of B which are denoted by A0
and 0 B, respectively.
P
When the sum converges i aii is called the trace of the matrix A and is de-
noted by tr(A). This concept is used in some applications of the quantum theory of
radiation.
1.3 SOME CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES OF INFINITE MATRICES

Since the product of two diagonal matrices D = diag(d0 , d1 , d2 , . . .) and E =
diag(e0 , e1 , e2 , . . .) is the diagonal matrix
DE = diag(d0 e0 , d1 e1 , d2 e2 , . . .) = diag(e0 d0 , e1 d1 , e2 d2 , . . .) = ED,
multiplication is commutative for diagonal matrices.

P
But in general, the products of matrices are not commutative, since k aik bkj is
P
not equal to k bik akj for every i and j, even assuming that both series converge for
every i and j, in general. In fact, AB may not exist when BA exists. For example,
if bij = 0 when j ∈ N1 , then BA = (bi0 a0j ) which exists for arbitrary bi0 and A; but
(AB)ij = k aik bkj = 0 when j ∈ N1 and (AB)i0 = k aik bk0 , so that AB does not
P P
exist if the last sum diverges.

The sum of two matrices always exists and is commutative and associative, i.e.,
A + B := B + A and A + (B + C) := (A + B) + C.
The distributive property
A(B + C) := AB + AC, (A + B)C := AC + BC
holds provided that if AB and AC exist, then also A(B + C) exists and is equal to
AB + AC. But, A(B + C) may exist when AB and AC do not exist. For example,
this holds if aij = 1 for all i, j ∈ N, bij = di + 1, cij = di − 1 for all j ∈ N with i di
P
converges.
It is not hard to see from the above note on diagonal matrices that the multi-
plication of finite number of diagonal matrices is associative. The similar result also
holds for the lower semi-matrices.
Infinite Matrices 5
But, the multiplication of infinite matrices is not associative, in general. For

example, if aij = cij = 1 for all i, j ∈ N, and if
!  
X X X X
bij 6=  bij  (1.3.1)
j i i j
then, (AB)C 6= A(BC), where {(AB)C}ij and {A(BC)}ij are given in the left and
right-hand sides of (1.3.1).
As an example of a matrix satisfying (1.3.1), we can define the matrix B =
(bij )i,j∈N by


 0 , i=j=0
2−i , j = 0, i ∈ N1 ,


bij := −2−j , i = 0, j ∈ N1 ,


 (i−j) (i+j−1)!

2i+j i!j! , i, j ∈ N1 .
Then, it is easily seen that
 
∞ ∞
!
X X X X X X
bij = b00 + bi0 = 1 and  bij  = b00 + b0j = −1.
j i i=1 i j j=1
Consider the set S of infinite matrices such that

(a) S contains the scalar matrices.
(b) Every finite product of the elements of S exists and is associative.
(c) S is closed under the finite sum and finite matrix product.
Then, the set S is called an associative field F of matrices.
Diagonal matrices, row-finite and column-finite matrices form associative fields.
The positive integral powers of a matrix A may be defined by induction as
A2 := A · A, A3 := A2 · A, . . . , An := An−1 · A.
A non-zero matrix A is said to be idempotent, if A2 = A.
If p is the least positive integer such that Ap = 0, then the non-zero matrix A is
said to be nilpotent with index p.
It is trivial that I is idempotent. Besides, the matrix A = (ank )n,k∈N whose only
non-zero element a13 is nilpotent with index 2.
A is called orthogonal matrix, if A0 A = AA0 = I.
0 0
U is called unitary matrix, if U U = U U = I.
If A and B are orthogonal, AB(AB)0 and (AB)0 AB exist and are associative,
then by taking into account the hypothesis A0 A = AA0 = I and B 0 B = BB 0 = I it
is easy to see that
AB(AB)0 = ABB 0 A0 = AA0 = I
(AB)0 AB = B 0 A0 AB = B 0 B = I,
that is, AB is also orthogonal.
1.4 SOME SPECIAL INFINITE MATRICES

(i) Let P be the matrix obtained from unit matrix I by changing its pth and q th rows,
where p, q ∈ N. Then, P A can be found from A by changing its pth and q th rows.
The matrix P is called a permutator. Permutators for columns can be derived in a
similar way, with AP instead of P A. Indeed, if P is the matrix obtained from unit
matrix I by changing its pth and q th columns, then AP can be obtained from A by
changing its pth and q th columns.
(ii) Consider the matrix E = (eij ) defined by
(
1 , i = j = 0 or j = i + 1, i ∈ N1 ,
eij :=
0 , otherwise.
Then, the matrices EA and AE 0 correspond to the matrix A without its second row
and second column, respectively. In fact, if EA = (fij )i,j∈N and AE 0 = (gij )i,j∈N ,
then
(
X a0j , i = 0,
fij = eik akj :=
k
ai+1,j , i ∈ N1
and
(
ai0 , j = 0,
aik e0kj :=
X
gij =
k
ai,j+1 , j ∈ N1 .
A matrix such as E is called a selector. More generally, if E is the matrix derived

from the unit matrix by omitting its pth , q th , rth , etc. rows, then EA is the matrix
derived from the matrix A by omitting its pth , q th , rth , etc. rows. Therefore, we can
formulate this, as follows: Let f (i) be an increasing function such that f (i) ∈ N for
all i ∈ N. Consider the matrix E = (eij ) defined by
(
1 , i ∈ N,
ei,f (i) :=
0 , otherwise.
Then, E is called a row-selector. In this situation, EA is obtained from A by omitting

the rows whose suffixes are missed by f (i).
(iii) F is called combinator, if its only non-zero off-diagonal element is fmn . If all
the diagonal elements of F are equal to 1 and fmn = r, then F A is obtained from
A by adding r times of the nth row to the mth row. Then, the entries of the matrix
F A = (gij ) are given by
(
X aij , i 6= m,
gij := fik akj :=
k
am,j + ranj , i = m.
The concept of the combinator can be generalized. The matrix F derived by

replacing the rth row of the unit matrix by the numbers c0 , c1 , c2 , . . . such that k ck
P
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
My meals were sent to me by the sisters. They were not, of course,
luxurious. In all those nine weeks I saw no one, received not a letter,
a paper, a postal card. I saw only landscape and the bayonet
flashing in the sun.
Finally, Mr. Hawkins, the attorney for the miners, was allowed to visit
me. Then on Sunday, Colonel Davis came to me and said the
governor wanted to see me in Denver.
The colonel and a subordinate came for me that night at nine
o’clock. As we went down the hall, I noticed there was not a soldier
in sight. There was none in the elevator. There was none in the
entrance way. Everything was strangely silent. No one was about. A
closed automobile waited us. We three got in.
“Drive the back way!” said the colonel to the chauffeur.
We drove through dark, lonely streets. The curtains of the machine
were down. It was black outside and inside. It was the one time in
my life that I thought my end had come; that I was to say farewell
to the earth, but I made up my mind that I would put up a good
fight before passing out of life!
When we reached the Santa Fe crossing I was put aboard the train.
I felt great relief, for the strike had only begun and I had much to
do. I went to bed and slept till we arrived in Denver. Here I was met
by a monster, called General Chase, whose veins run with ice water.
He started to take me to Brown Palace Hotel. I asked him if he
would permit me to go to a less aristocratic hotel, to the one I
usually stopped at. He consented, telling me he would escort me to
the governor at nine o’clock.
I was taken before the governor that morning. The governor said to
me, “I am going to turn you free but you must not go back to the
strike zone!”
“Governor,” I said, “I am going back.”
“I think you ought to take my advice,” he said, “and do what I think
you ought to do.”
“Governor,” said I, “if Washington took instructions from such as you,
we would be under King George’s descendants yet! If Lincoln took
instructions from you, Grant would never have gone to Gettysburg. I
think I had better not take your orders.”
I stayed on a week in Denver. Then I got a ticket and sleeper for
Trinidad. Across the aisle from me was Reno, Rockefeller’s detective.
Very early in the morning, soldiers awakened me.
“Get up,” they said, “and get off at the next stop!”
I got up, of course, and with the soldiers I got off at Walsenburg,
fifty miles from Trinidad. The engineer and the fireman left their
train when they saw the soldiers putting me off.
“What are you going to do with that old woman?” they said. “We
won’t run the train till we know!”
The soldiers did not reply.
“Boys,” I said, “go back on your engine. Some day it will be all right.”
Tears came trickling down their cheeks, and when they wiped them
away, there were long, black streaks on their faces.
I was put in the cellar under the courthouse. It was a cold, terrible
place, without heat, damp and dark. I slept in my clothes by day,
and at night I fought great sewer rats with a beer bottle. “If I were
out of this dungeon,” thought I, “I would be fighting the human
sewer rats anyway!”
For twenty-six days I was held a military prisoner in that black hole.
I would not give in. I would not leave the state. At any time, if I
would do so, I could have my freedom. General Chase and his
bandits thought that by keeping me in that cold cellar, I would catch
the flue or pneumonia, and that would settle for them what to do
with “old Mother Jones.”
Colonel Berdiker, in charge of me, said, “Mother, I have never been
placed in a position as painful as this. Won’t you go to Denver and
leave the strike field?”
“No, Colonel, I will not,” said I.
The hours dragged underground. Day was perpetual twilight and
night was deep night. I watched people’s feet from my cellar
window; miners’ feet in old shoes; soldiers’ feet, well shod in
government leather; the shoes of women with the heels run down;
the dilapidated shoes of children; barefooted boys. The children
would scrooch down and wave to me but the soldiers shooed them
off.
One morning when my hard bread and sloppy coffee were brought
to me, Colonel Berdiker said to me, “Mother, don’t eat that stuff!”
After that he sent my breakfast to me—good, plain food. He was a
man with a heart, who perhaps imagined his own mother imprisoned
in a cellar with the sewer rats’ union.
The colonel came to me one day and told me that my lawyers had
obtained a habeas corpus for me and that I was to be released; that
the military would give me a ticket to any place I desired.
“Colonel,” said I, “I can accept nothing from men whose business it
is to shoot down my class whenever they strike for decent wages. I
prefer to walk.”
“All right, Mother,” said he, “Goodbye!”
The operators were bringing in Mexicans to work as scabs in the
mines. In this operation they were protected by the military all the
way from the Mexican borders. They were brought in to the strike
territory without knowing the conditions, promised enormous wages
and easy work. They were packed in cattle cars, in charge of
company gunmen, and if when arriving, they attempted to leave,
they were shot. Hundreds of these poor fellows had been lured into
the mines with promises of free land. When they got off the trains,
they were driven like cattle into the mines by gunmen.
This was the method that broke the strike ten years previously. And
now it was the scabs of a decade before who were striking—the
docile, contract labor of Europe.
I was sent down to El Paso to give the facts of the Colorado strike to
the Mexicans who were herded together for the mines in that city. I
held meetings, I addressed Mexican gatherings, I got the story over
the border. I did everything in my power to prevent strike breakers
going into the Rockefeller mines.
In January, 1914, I returned to Colorado. When I got off the train at
Trinidad, the militia met me and ordered me back on the train.
Nevertheless, I got off. They marched me to the telegrapher’s office,
then they changed their minds, and took me to the hotel where they
had their headquarters. I told them I wanted to get my breakfast.
They escorted me to the dining room.
“Who is paying for my breakfast?” said I.
“The state,” said they.
“Then as the guest of the state of Colorado I’ll order a good
breakfast.” And I did—all the way from bacon to pie.
The train for Denver pulled in. The military put me aboard it. When
we reached Walsenburg, a delegation of miners met the train,
singing a miner’s song. They sang at the top of their lungs till the
silent, old mountains seemed to prick up their ears. They swarmed
into the train.
“God bless you, Mother!”
“God bless you, my boys!”
“Mother, is your coat warm enough? It’s freezing cold in the hills!”
“I’m all right, my lad.” The chap had no overcoat—a cheap cotton
suit, and a bit of woolen rag around his neck.
Outside in the station stood the militia. One of them was a fiend. He
went about swinging his gun, hitting the miners, and trying to prod
them into a fight, hurling vile oaths at them. But the boys kept cool
and I could hear them singing above the shriek of the whistle as the
train pulled out of the depot and wound away through the hills.
From January on until the final brutal outrage—the burning of the
tent colony in Ludlow—my ears wearied with the stories of brutality
and suffering. My eyes ached with the misery I witnessed. My brain
sickened with the knowledge of man’s inhumanity to man.
It was, “Oh, Mother, my daughter has been assaulted by the soldiers
—such a little girl!”
“Oh, Mother, did you hear how the soldiers entered Mrs. Hall’s
house, how they terrified the little children, wrecked the home, and
did worse—terrible things—and just because Mr. Hall, the
undertaker, had buried two miners whom the militia had killed!”
“And, Oh Mother, did you hear how they are arresting miners for
vagrancy, for loafing, and making them work in company ditches
without pay, making them haul coal and clear snow up to the mines
for nothing!”
“Mother, Mother, listen! A Polish fellow arrived as a strike breaker. He
didn’t know there was a strike. He was a big, strapping fellow. They
gave him a star and a gun and told him to shoot strikers!”
“Oh, Mother, they’ve brought in a shipment of guns and machine
guns—what’s to happen to us!”
A frantic mother clutched me. “Mother Jones,” she screamed,
“Mother Jones, my little boy’s all swollen up with the kicking and
beating he got from a soldier because he said, ‘Howdy, John D.
feller!’ ’Twas just a kid teasing, and now he’s lying like dead!”
“Mother, ’tis an outrage for an adjutant general of the state to shake
his fist and holler in the face of a grey-haired widow for singing a
union song in her own kitchen while she washes the dishes!”
“It is all an outrage,” said I. “’Tis an outrage indeed that Rockefeller
should own the coal that God put in the earth for all the people. ’Tis
an outrage that gunmen and soldiers are here protecting mines
against workmen who ask a bit more than a crust, a bit more than
bondage! ’Tis an ocean of outrage!”
“Mother, did you hear of poor, old Colner? He was going to the
postoffice and was arrested by the militia. They marched him down
the hill, making him carry a shovel and a pick on his back. They told
him he was to die and he must dig his own grave. He stumbled and
fell on the road. They kicked him and he staggered up. He begged
to be allowed to go home and kiss his wife and children goodbye.
“We’ll do the kissing,” laughed the soldiers.
“At the place they picked out for his grave, they measured him, and
then they ordered him to dig—two feet deeper, they told him. Old
Colner began digging while the soldiers stood around laughing and
cursing and playing craps for his tin watch. Then Colner fell fainting
into the grave. The soldiers left him there till he recovered by
himself. There he was alone—and he staggered back to camp,
Mother, and he isn’t quite right in the head!”
I sat through long nights with sobbing widows, watching the candles
about the corpse of the husband burn down to their sockets.
“Get out and fight,” I told those women. “Fight like hell till you go to
Heaven!” That was the only way I knew to comfort them.
I nursed men back to sanity who were driven to despair. I solicited
clothes for the ragged children, for the desperate mothers. I laid out
the dead, the martyrs of the strike. I kept the men away from the
saloons, whose licenses as well as those of the brothels, were held
by the Rockefeller interests.
The miners armed, armed as it is permitted every American citizen
to do in defense of his home, his family; as he is permitted to do
against invasion. The smoke of armed battle rose from the arroyos
and ravines of the Rocky Mountains.
No one listened. No one cared. The tickers in the offices of 26
Broadway sounded louder than the sobs of women and children.
Men in the steam heated luxury of Broadway offices could not feel
the stinging cold of Colorado hillsides where families lived in tents.
Then came Ludlow and the nation heard. Little children roasted alive
make a front page story. Dying by inches of starvation and exposure
does not.
On the 19th of April, 1914, machine guns, used on the strikers in the
Paint Creek strike, were placed in position above the tent colony of
Ludlow. Major Pat Hamrock and Lieutenant K. E. Linderfelt were in
charge of the militia, the majority of whom were company gunmen
sworn in as soldiers.
Early in the morning soldiers approached the colony with a demand
from headquarters that Louis Tikas, leader of the Greeks, surrender
two Italians. Tikas demanded a warrant for their arrest. They had
none. Tikas refused to surrender them. The soldiers returned to
headquarters. A signal bomb was fired. Then another. Immediately
the machine guns began spraying the flimsy tent colony, the only
home the wretched families of the miners had, spraying it with
bullets. Like iron rain, bullets fell upon men, women and children.
The women and children fled to the hills. Others tarried. The men
defended their homes with their guns. All day long the firing
continued. Men fell dead, their faces to the ground. Women
dropped. The little Snyder boy was shot through the head, trying to
save his kitten. A child carrying water to his dying mother was killed.
By five o’clock in the afternoon, the miners had no more food, nor
water, nor ammunition. They had to retreat with their wives and little
ones into the hills. Louis Tikas was riddled with shots while he tried
to lead women and children to safety. They perished with him.
Night came. A raw wind blew down the canyons where men, women
and children shivered and wept. Then a blaze lighted the sky. The
soldiers, drunk with blood and with the liquor they had looted from
the saloon, set fire to the tents of Ludlow with oil-soaked torches.
The tents, all the poor furnishings, the clothes and bedding of the
miners’ families burned. Coils of barbed wire were stuffed into the
well, the miners’ only water supply.
After it was over, the wretched people crept back to bury their dead.
In a dugout under a burned tent, the charred bodies of eleven little
children and two women were found—unrecognizable. Everything lay
in ruins. The wires of bed springs writhed on the ground as if they,
too, had tried to flee the horror. Oil and fire and guns had robbed
men and women and children of their homes and slaughtered tiny
babies and defenseless women. Done by order of Lieutenant
Linderfelt, a savage, brutal executor of the will of the Colorado Fuel
and Iron Company.
The strikers issued a general call to arms: every able bodied man
must shoulder a gun to protect himself and his family from
assassins, from arson and plunder. From jungle days to our own so-
named civilization, this is a man’s inherent right. To a man they
armed, throughout the whole strike district. Ludlow went on burning
in their hearts.
Everybody got busy. A delegation from Ludlow went to see President
Wilson. Among them was Mrs. Petrucci whose three tiny babies were
crisped to death in the black hole of Ludlow. She had something to
say to her President.
Immediately he sent the United States cavalry to quell the gunmen.
He studied the situation, and drew up proposals for a three-year
truce, binding upon miner and operator. The operators scornfully
refused.
A mass meeting was called in Denver. Judge Lindsay spoke. He
demanded that the operators be made to respect the laws of
Colorado. That something be done immediately. It was. The Denver
Real Estate Exchange appointed a committee to spit on Judge
Lindsey for his espousal of the cause of the miners.
Rockefeller got busy. Writers were hired to write pamphlets which
were sent broadcast to every editor in the country, bulletins. In
these leaflets, it was shown how perfectly happy was the life of the
miner until the agitators came; how joyous he was with the
company’s saloon, the company’s pigstys for homes, the company’s
teachers and preachers and coroners. How the miners hated the
state law of an eight-hour working day, begging to be allowed to
work ten, twelve. How they hated the state law that they should
have their own check weighman to see that they were not cheated
at the tipple.
And all the while the mothers of the children who died in Ludlow
were mourning their dead.
CHAPTER XXII
“You Don’t Need a Vote to Raise Hell”
After the operators had refused to accept the President’s terms for
peace, the strike went on with its continued bitterness, suffering,
patience. Strikers were killed. Gunmen were killed. John R. Lawson,
an official of the Union, active in behalf of the rank and file, was
arrested and charged with murder. It was an easy matter in the
operator-owned state to secure a conviction. I took a train and went
to Iowa to see President White.
“President Wilson said that this strike must be eventually settled by
public opinion,” said I. “It’s about time we aroused a little. We’ve got
to give this crime of convicting an innocent man of murder a little
publicity.”
“You’re right, Mother,” said he. “What do you think we ought to do?”
“I want to hold a series of meetings over the country and get the
facts before the American people.”
Our first meeting was in Kansas City. I told the great audience that
packed the hall that when their coal glowed red in their fires, it was
the blood of the workers, of men who went down into black holes to
dig it, of women who suffered and endured, of little children who
knew but a brief childhood. “You are being warmed and made
comfortable with human blood!” I said.
In Chicago, Frank P. Walsh, Chairman of the Industrial Commission,
addressed the meeting. Garrick Theater was crowded. He told them
of the desperate efforts of the operators to break the spirit of the
miners by jailing their leaders.
We held meetings in Columbus and Cleveland and finally held a
mass meeting in Washington. By this time the public opinion that
President Wilson referred to was expressing itself so that the long-
eared politicians heard.
Through the efforts of men like Ed Nockels, labor leader of Chicago,
and others, John Lawson was released on bonds. Ed Nockels is one
of the great men who give their life and talents to the cause of the
workers. Not all labor’s leaders are honest. There are men as cruel
and brutal as the capitalists in their ranks. There is jealousy. There is
ambition. The weak envy the strong.
There was Bolton, secretary of the miners in Trinidad, a cold-blooded
man, a jealous, ambitious soul. When Lawson was arrested he said,
“He is just where I want him!”
I was at headquarters in Trinidad one morning when two poor
wretches came in and asked him for some coal. Their children were
freezing, they said.
Bolton loved power. He loved the power of giving or refusing. This
time he refused. A fellow named Ulick, an organizer, was present. I
said to him, “Go with these men and see what their condition is. Buy
them coal and food if they need it,” and I gave him money.
One of the men had walked over the hills with his shoes in tatters.
The other had no overcoat and the weather was below zero. Ulick
returned and told me the condition of these miners and their families
was terrible.
I am not blind to the short comings of our own people, I am not
unaware that leaders betray, and sell out, and play false. But this
knowledge does not outweigh the fact that my class, the working
class, is exploited, driven, fought back with the weapon of
starvation, with guns and with venal courts whenever they strike for
conditions more human, more civilized for their children, and for
their children’s children.
In this matter of arousing public opinion, I traveled as far as Seattle.
The Central Trades Union of Seattle arranged a monster mass
meeting for me. I told those fine western people the story of the
struggle in their sister state. I raised a lot of hell about it and a lot of
money, too, and a yell of public opinion that reached across the
Rockies.
The miners of British Columbia were on strike. They sent for me to
come and address them. I went with J. G. Brown. As I was about to
go on the boat, the Canadian Immigration officers asked me where I
was going.
“To Victoria,” I told them.
“No you’re not,” said an officer, “you’re going to the strike zone.”
“I might travel a bit,” said I.
“You can’t go,” said he, like he was Cornwallis.
“Why?”
“I don’t have to give reasons,” said he as proudly as if the American
Revolution had never been fought.
“You’ll have to state your reasons to my uncle,” said I, “and I’ll be
crossing before morning.”
“Who is your uncle?”
“Uncle Sam’s my uncle,” said I. “He cleaned Hell out of you once and
he’ll do it again. You let down those bars. I’m going to Canada.”
“You’ll not put a boot in Canada,” said he.
“You’ll find out before night who’s boss on this side the water,” said
I.
I returned to Labor Headquarters with Brown and we telegraphed
the Emigration Department, the Labor Department and the Secretary
of State at Washington. They got in touch with the Canadian
Government at Ottawa. That very afternoon I got a telegram from
the Emigration Department that I might go anywhere I wanted in
Canada.
The next morning when I went to get on the boat, the Canadian
official with whom I had spoken the day before ran and hid. He had
found out who my uncle was!
I addressed meetings in Victoria. Then I went up to the strike zone.
A regiment of Canadian Kilties met the train, squeaking on their
bagpipes. Down the street came a delegation of miners but they did
not wear crocheted petticoats. They wore the badge of the working
class—the overalls. I held a tremendous meeting that night and the
poor boys who had come up from the subterranean holes of the
earth to fight for a few hours of sunlight, took courage. I brought
them the sympathy of the Colorado strikers, a sympathy and
understanding that reaches across borders and frontiers.
Men’s hearts are cold. They are indifferent. Not all the coal that is
dug warms the world. It remains indifferent to the lives of those who
risk their life and health down in the blackness of the earth; who
crawl through dark, choking crevices with only a bit of lamp on their
caps to light their silent way; whose backs are bent with toil, whose
very bones ache, whose happiness is sleep, and whose peace is
death.
I know the life of the miner. I have sat with him on culm piles as he
ate his lunch from his bucket with grimy hands. I have talked with
his wife as she bent over the washtub. I was talking with a miner’s
wife one day when we heard a distant thud. She ran to the door of
the shack. Men were running and screaming. Other doors flung
open. Women rushed out, drying their hands on their aprons.
An explosion!
Whose husband was killed? Whose children were fatherless?
“My God, how many mules have been killed!” was the first
exclamation of the superintendent.
Dead men were brought to the surface and laid on the ground. But
more men came to take their places. But mules—new mules—had to
be bought. They cost the company money. But human life is cheap,
far cheaper than are mules.
One hundred and nineteen men were brought out and laid on the
ground. The lights in their lamps were out. The light in their eyes
was gone. But their death brought about the two-shaft system
whereby a man had a chance to escape in case one of the exits filled
with gas or burned.
Life comes to the miners out of their deaths, and death out of their
lives.
In January of 1915, I was invited to John D. Rockefeller Jr.’s office
with several other labor officers. I was glad to go for I wanted to tell
him what his hirelings were doing in Colorado. The publicity that had
been given the terrible conditions under which his wealth was made
had forced him to take some action. The union he would not
recognize—never. That was his religion. But he had put forth a plan
whereby the workers might elect one representative at each mine to
meet with the officials in Denver and present any grievance that
might arise.
So with Frank J. Hayes, Vice President of the United Mine Workers,
James Lord, and Edward Doyle we went to the Rockefeller offices.
He listened to our recital of conditions in Colorado and said nothing.
I told him that his plan for settling industrial disputes would not
work. That it was a sham and fraud. That behind the representative
of the miner was no organization so that the workers were
powerless to enforce any just demand; that their demands were
granted and grievances redressed still at the will of the company.
That the Rockefeller plan did not give the miners a treasury, so that
should they have to strike for justice, they could be starved out in a
week. That it gave the workers no voice in the management of the
job to which they gave their very life.
John Rockefeller is a nice young man but we went away from the
office where resides the silent government of thousands upon
thousands of people, we went away feeling that he could not
possibly understand the aspirations of the working class. He was as
alien as is one species from another; as alien as is stone from wheat.
I came to New York to raise funds for the miners’ families. Although
they had gone back beaten to work, their condition was pitiful. The
women and children were in rags and they were hungry. I spoke to a
great mass meeting in Cooper Union. I told the people after they
had cheered me for ten minutes, that cheering was easy. That the
side lines where it was safe, always cheered.
“The miners lost,” I told them, “because they had only the
constitution. The other side had bayonets. In the end, bayonets
always win.”
I told them how Lieutenant Howert of Walsenberg had offered me
his arm when he escorted me to jail. “Madam,” said he, “will you
take my arm?”
“I am not a Madam,” said I. “I am Mother Jones. The Government
can’t take my life and you can’t take my arm, but you can take my
suitcase.”
I told the audience how I had sent a letter to John Rockefeller,
Junior, telling him of conditions in the mines. I had heard he was a
good young man and read the Bible, and I thought I’d take a
chance. The letter came back with “Refused” written across the
envelope. “Well,” I said, “how could I expect him to listen to an old
woman when he would not listen to the President of the United
States through his representative, Senator Foster.”
Mother Jones Doesn’t Need a Vote to Raise Hell
Five hundred women got up a dinner and asked me to speak. Most
of the women were crazy about women suffrage. They thought that
Kingdom-come would follow the enfranchisement of women.
“You must stand for free speech in the streets,” I told them.
“How can we,” piped a woman, “when we haven’t a vote?”
“I have never had a vote,” said I, “and I have raised hell all over this
country! You don’t need a vote to raise hell! You need convictions
and a voice!”
Some one meowed, “You’re an anti!”
“I am not an anti to anything which will bring freedom to my class,”
said I. “But I am going to be honest with you sincere women who
are working for votes for women. The women of Colorado have had
the vote for two generations and the working men and women are in
slavery. The state is in slavery, vassal to the Colorado Iron and Fuel
Company and its subsidiary interests. A man who was present at a
meeting of mine owners told me that when the trouble started in the
mines, one operator proposed that women be disfranchised because
here and there some woman had raised her voice in behalf of the
miners. Another operator jumped to his feet and shouted, ‘For God’s
sake! What are you talking about! If it had not been for the women’s
vote the miners would have beaten us long ago!’”
Some of the women gasped with horror. One or two left the room. I
told the women I did not believe in women’s rights nor in men’s
rights but in human rights. “No matter what your fight,” I said,
“don’t be ladylike! God Almighty made women and the Rockefeller
gang of thieves made the ladies. I have just fought through sixteen
months of bitter warfare in Colorado. I have been up against armed
mercenaries but this old woman, without a vote, and with nothing
but a hatpin has scared them.
“Organized labor should organize its women along industrial lines.
Politics is only the servant of industry. The plutocrats have organized
their women. They keep them busy with suffrage and prohibition
and charity.”
CHAPTER XXIII
A West Virginia Prison Camp
In July of 1919 my attention was called to the brutal conditions of

the Sissonville prison Camp in Kanawha County, West Virginia. The
practices of the dark ages were not unknown to that county.
Feudalism and slave ownership existed in her coal camps. I found
the most brutal slave ownership in the prison camp.
Officials of state and nation squawk about the dangers of bolshevism
and they tolerate and promote a system that turns out bolshevists
by the thousands. A bunch of hypocrites create a constabulary
supposedly to stamp out dangerous “reds” but in truth the
constabulary is to safeguard the interests of the exploiters of labor.
The moneyed interests and their servants, the officials of county and
state, howl and yammer about law and order and American ideals in
order to drown out the still, small voice of the worker asking for
bread.
With Mr. Mooney and Mr. Snyder, organizers, I went to the prison
camp of Kanawha County where prisoners were building a county
road. It was a broiling hot day.
About forty men were swinging picks and shovels; some old grey
haired men were among them, some extremely young, some
diseased, all broken in spirit and body. Some of them, the younger
ones, were in chains. They had to drag a heavy iron ball and chain
as they walked and worked. A road officer goaded them on if they
lagged. He was as pitiless as the sun on their bent backs.
These were men who had received light sentences in the courts for
minor offenses, but the road officer could extend the sentence for
the infraction of the tiniest rule. Some men had been in the camp for
a year whose sentence had been thirty days for having in their
possession a pint of liquor. Another fellow told me he was bringing
some whiskey to a sick man. He was arrested, given sixty days and
fined $100. Unable to pay he was sentenced to five months in the
prison camp, and after suffering hell’s tortures he had attempted to
run away. He was caught and given four additional months.
At night the miserable colony were driven to their horrible sleeping
quarters. For some, there were iron cages. Iron bunks with only a
thin cloth mattress over them. Six prisoners were crowded into these
cages. The place was odorous with filth. Vermin crawled about.
A very young lad slept in a cell, sixteen by twenty feet practically
without ventilation, with sixteen negroes, some of whom suffered
from venereal disease. There was no sewage system, and the only
toilet for this group was a hole in the floor of the cell with a tub
beneath. It was not emptied until full. Great greedy flies buzzed
about the cells and cages. They lighted on the stripped bodies of the
men.
The sick had no care, no medicine. The well had no protection
against the sick. None of the wretched army of derelicts had any
protection against the brutality of the road overseers. A prisoner had
been beaten with the pick handle by the overseer. His wounds were
not dressed. Another was refused an interview with his attorney.
I knew it was useless to tell the governor about conditions as I
found them. I knew he would be neither interested nor would he
care. It wasn’t election time.
That night I took the train from Charleston and went straight to
Washington. In the morning I went to the Department of Justice. I
told the Attorney General about conditions in the prison camp of
Sissonville ... the fetid, disease-breeding cells ... the swill given the
men for food ... the brutal treatment. I asked him to make inquiry if
there were not federal prisoners there. He promised me he would
make immediate inquiry. This he did. To be sure there were no
federal prisoners in the gang, but the investigation scared hell out of
them, and the day after the federal agents had been there, fifteen
prisoners, illegally held, were released.
The worst abuses were corrected for a while, at least.
Whenever things go wrong, I generally head for the National
government with my grievances. I do not find it hard to get redress.
I do not believe that iron bars and brutal treatment have ever been
cures for crime. And certainly I feel that in our great enlightened
country, there is no reason for going back to the middle ages and
their forms of torture for the criminal.
CHAPTER XXIV
The Steel Strike of 1919
During the war the working people were made to believe they
amounted to something. Gompers, the President of the American
Federation of Labor, conferred with copper kings and lumber kings
and coal kings, speaking for the organized workers. Up and down
the land the workers heard the word, “democracy.” They were asked
to work for it. To give their wages to it. To give their lives for it. They
were told that their labor, their money, their flesh were the bulwarks
against tyranny and autocracy.
So believing, the steel workers, 300,000 of them, rose en masse
against Kaiser Gary, the President of the American Steel Corporation.
The slaves asked their czar for the abolition of the twelve-hour day,
for a crumb from the huge loaf of profits made in the great war, and
for the right to organize.
Czar Gary met his workers as is the customary way with tyrants. He
could not shoot them down as did Czar Nicholas when petitioned by
his peasants. But he ordered the constabulary out. He ordered forth
his two faithful generals: fear and starvation, one to clutch at the
worker’s throat and the other at his stomach and the stomachs of
his little children.
When the steel strike was being organized, I was in Seattle with Jay
G. Brown, President of the Shingle Workers of America.
“We ought to go East and help organize those slaves,” I said to
Brown.
“They’ll throw us in jail, Mother!” he said.
“Well, they’re our own jails, aren’t they? Our class builds them.”
I came East. So did Jay G. Brown—a devoted worker for the cause
of the steel slaves.
The strike in the steel industry was called in September, 1919. Gary
as spokesman for the industry refused to consider any sort of
appointment with his workers. What did it matter to him that
thousands upon thousands of workers in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania,
worked in front of scorching furnaces twelve long hours, through the
day, through the night, while he visited the Holy Land where Our
Lord was born in a manger!
I traveled up and down the Monongahela River. Most of the places
where the steel workers were on strike meetings were forbidden. If I
were to stop to talk to a woman on the street about her child, a
cossack would come charging down upon us and we would have to
run for our lives. If I were to talk to a man in the streets of
Braddock, we would be arrested for unlawful assembly.
In the towns of Sharon and Farrell, Pennsylvania, the lick-spittle
authorities forbade all assembly. The workers by the thousands
marched into Ohio where the Constitution of the United States
instead of the Steel Corporation’s constitution was law.
I asked a Pole where he was going. I was visiting his sick wife;
taking a bit of milk to her new baby. Her husband was washing his
best shirt in the sink.
“Where I go? Tomorrow I go America,” he said, meaning he was
going on the march to Ohio.
I spoke often to the strikers. Many of them were foreigners but they
knew what I said. I told them, “We are to see whether Pennsylvania
belongs to Kaiser Gary or Uncle Sam. If Gary’s got it, we are going
to take it away from him and give it back to Uncle Sam. When we
are ready we can scare and starve and lick the whole gang. Your
boys went over to Europe. They were told to clean up the Kaiser.
Well, they did it. And now you and your boys are going to clean up
the kaisers at home. Even if they have to do it with a leg off and an
arm gone, and eyes out.
“Our Kaisers sit up and smoke seventy-five cent cigars and have
lackeys with knee pants bring them champagne while you starve,
while you grow old at forty, stoking their furnaces. You pull in your
belts while they banquet. They have stomachs two miles long and
two miles wide and you fill them. Our Kaisers have stomachs of steel
and hearts of steel and tears of steel for the ‘poor Belgians.’
“If Gary wants to work twelve hours a day let him go in the
blooming mills and work. What we want is a little leisure, time for
music, playgrounds, a decent home, books, and the things that
make life worth while.”
I was speaking in Homestead. A group of organizers were with me in
an automobile. As soon as a word was said, the speaker was
immediately arrested by the steel bosses’ sheriffs. I rose to speak.
An officer grabbed me.
“Under arrest!” he said.
We were taken to jail. A great mob of people collected outside the
prison. There was angry talk. The jailer got scared. He thought there
might be lynching and he guessed who would be lynched. The
mayor was in the jail, too, conferring with the jailer. He was scared.
He looked out of the office windows and he saw hundreds of
workers milling around and heard them muttering.
The jailer came to Mr. Brown and asked him what he had better do.
“Why don’t you let Mother Jones go out and speak to them,” he said.
“They’ll do anything she says.”
So the jailer came to me and asked me to speak to the boys outside
and ask them to go home.
I went outside the jail and told the boys I was going to be released
shortly on bond, and that they should go home now and not give
any trouble. I got them in a good humor and pretty soon they went
away. Meanwhile while I was speaking, the mayor had sneaked out
the back way.
We were ordered to appear in the Pittsburgh court the next morning.
A cranky old judge asked me if I had had a permit to speak on the
streets.
“Yes, sir,” said I. “I had a permit.”
“Who issued it?” he growled.
“Patrick Henry; Thomas Jefferson; John Adams!” said I.
The mention of those patriots who gave us our charter of liberties
made the old steel judge sore. He fined us all heavily.
During the strike I was frequently arrested. So were all the leaders.
We expected that. I never knew whether I would find John
Fitzpatrick and William Foster at headquarters when I went up to
Pittsburgh. Hundreds of threatening letters came to them. Gunmen
followed them. Their lives were in constant danger. Citizens Alliances
—the little shopkeepers dependent upon the smile of the steel
companies—threatened to drive them out. Never had a strike been
led by more devoted, able, unselfish men. Never a thought for
themselves. Only for the men on strike, men striking to bring back
America to America.
In Foster’s office no chairs were permitted by the authorities. That
would have been construed as “a meeting.” Here men gathered in
silent groups, in whispering groups, to get what word they could of
the strike.
How was it going in Ohio?
How was it going in Pennsylvania?
How in the Mesaba country?
The workers were divided from one another. Spies working among
the Ohio workers told of the break in the strike in Pennsylvania. In
Pennsylvania, they told of the break in Ohio. With meetings
forbidden, with mails censored, with no means of communication
allowed, the strikers could not know of the progress of their strike.
Then fear would clutch their throats.
One day two men came into Headquarters. One of them showed his
wrists. They told in broken English of being seized by officers, taken
to a hotel room. One of them was handcuffed for a day to a bed. His
wrists swelled. He begged the officers to release him. He writhed in
pain. They laughed and asked him if he would go to work. Though
mad with pain he said no. At night they let him go ... without a
word, without redress.
Organizers would come in with bandages on their heads. They had
been beaten. They would stop a second before the picture of Fanny
Sellins, the young girl whom the constabulary had shot as she bent
protectingly over some children. She had died. They had only been
beaten.
Foreigners were forever rushing in with tales of violence. They did
not understand. Wasn’t this America? Hadn’t they come to America
to be free?
We could not get the story of the struggle of these slaves over to the
public. The press groveled at the feet of the steel Gods. The local
pulpits dared not speak. Intimidation stalked the churches, the
schools, the theaters. The rule of steel was absolute.
Although the strike was sponsored by the American Federation of
Labor, under instructions from the Steel Trust, the public were fed
daily stories of revolution and Bolshevism and Russian gold
supporting the strike.
I saw the parade in Gary. Parades were forbidden in the Steel King’s
own town. Some two hundred soldiers who had come back from
Europe where they had fought to make America safe from tyrants,
marched. They were steel workers. They had on their faded
uniforms and the steel hats which protected them from German
bombs. In the line of march I saw young fellows with arms gone,
with crutches, with deep scars across the face—heroes they were!
Workers in the cheap cotton clothes of the working class fell in
behind them. Silently the thousands walked through the streets and
alleys of Gary. Saying no word. With no martial music such as sent
the boys into the fight with the Kaiser across the water. Marching in
silence. Disbanding in silence.
The next day the newspapers carried across the country a story of
“mob violence” in Gary. Then I saw another parade. Into Gary
marched United States soldiers under General Wood. They brought
their bayonets, their long range guns, trucks with mounted machine
guns, field artillery. Then came violence. The soldiers broke up the
picket line. Worse than that, they broke the ideal in the hearts of
thousands of foreigners, their ideal of America. Into the blast
furnace along with steel went their dream that America was a
government for the people—the poor, the oppressed.
I sat in the kitchen with the wife of a steel worker. It was a tiny
kitchen. Three men sat at the table playing cards on the oil cloth
table cover. They sat in their under shirts and trousers. Babies
crawled on the floor. Above our heads hung wet clothes.
“The worse thing about this strike, Mother, is having the men folks
all home all the time. There’s no place for them to go. If they walk
out they get chased by the mounted police. If they visit another
house, the house gets raided and the men get arrested for ‘holding a
meeting.’ They daren’t even sit on the steps. Officers chase them in.
It’s fierce, Mother, with the boarders all home. When the men are
working, half of them are sleeping, and the other half are in the
mills. And I can hang my clothes out in the yard. Now I daren’t. The
guards make us stay in. They chase us out of our own yards. It’s
hell, Mother, with the men home all day and the clothes hanging
around too. And the kids are frightened. The guards chase them in
the house. That makes it worse. The kids, and the men all home and
the clothes hanging around.”
That was another way the steel tyrants fought their slaves. They
crowded them into their wretched kennels, piling them on top of one
another until their nerves were on edge. Men and women and
babies and children and cooking and washing and dressing and
undressing. This condition wore terribly on the women.
“Mother, seems like I’m going crazy!” women would say to me. “I’m
scared to go out and I go crazy if I stay in with everything lumped
on top of me!”
“The men are not going back?”
When I asked the women that question they would stop their
complaints. “My man go back, I kill him!” You should see their eyes!
I went to Duquesne. Mayor Crawford, the brother of the President of
the McKeesport Tin Plate Company, naturally saw the strike through
steel-rimmed glasses. Jay Brown and I asked him for a permit to
address the strikers.
“So you want a permit to speak in Duquesne, do you?” he grinned.
“We do that,” said I, “as American citizens demanding our
constitutional rights.”
He laughed aloud. “Jesus Christ himself could not hold a meeting in
Duquesne!” said he.
“I have no doubt of that,” said I, “not while you are mayor. You may
remember, however, that He drove such men as you out of the
temple!”
He laughed again. Steel makes one feel secure.
We spoke. We were arrested and taken to jail. While in my cell, a
group of worthy citizens, including town officials and some preachers
came to see me.
“Mother Jones,” they said, “why don’t you use your great gifts and
your knowledge of men for something better and higher than
agitating?”
“There was a man once,” said I, “who had great gifts and a
knowledge of men and he agitated against a powerful government
that sought to make men serfs, to grind them down. He founded this
nation that men might be free. He was a gentleman agitator!”
“Are you referring to George Washington?” said one of the group.
“I am so,” said I. “And there was a man once who had the gift of a
tender heart and he agitated against powerful men, against invested
wealth, for the freedom of black men. He agitated against slavery!”
“Are you speaking of Abraham Lincoln?” said a little man who was
peeking at me over another fellow’s shoulder.
“I am that,” said I.
“And there was a man once who walked among men, among the
poor and the despised and the lowly, and he agitated against the
powers of Rome, against the lickspittle Jews of the local pie counter;
he agitated for the Kingdom of God!”
“Are you speaking of Jesus Christ?” said a preacher.
“I am,” said I. “The agitator you nailed to a cross some centuries
ago. I did not know that his name was known in the region of steel!”
They all said nothing and left.
I went in a house in Monessen where I heard a woman sobbing.
“They have taken my man away and I do not know where they have
taken him!” Two little sobbing children clung to her gingham apron.
Her tears fell on their little heads.
“I will find out for you. Tell me what happened.”
“Yesterday two men come. They open door; not knock. They come
bust in. They say ‘You husband go back to Russia. He big Bolshevik!’
I say, ‘Who you?’ They say, ‘We big government United States. Big
detect!’
“They open everything. They open trunks. They throw everything on
floor. They take everything from old country. They say my husband
never came back. They say my husband go Russia. Perhaps first
they hang him up, they say.”
“They will not hang him. Is your husband Bolshevik?”
“No. He what you call Hunkie in America. He got friend. Friend very
good. Friend come see him many times. Play cards. Talk ’bout damn
boss. Talk ’bout damn job. Talk just ’bout all damn things. This friend
say, ‘You like better Russia? Work people now got country.’
“My husband say, ‘Sure I like Russia. Russia all right. Maybe
workmans got chance there.’
“This friend say, ‘You like tea?’
“My man say, ‘Sure I like!’
“Pretty soon they go walk together. My man not come home. All
night gone. Next day come high detect. They say my man Bolshevik.
His friend say so.”
“Have you been to the jail?”
“Yes, they say he not there. They say he been gone Russia.”
“Here’s five dollars,” I said. “Now you take care of those little ones
and I’ll get your man for you.”
He was in prison. I found him. Arrested by the United States Secret
Service men who worked in connection with the Steel Company’s
private spies. Scores of workers were in jail, arrested on charges of
holding radical thoughts. Holding radical thoughts and even the

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© 2022 Feyzi Başar

First edition published by Bentham Books 2012

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

ISBN: 978-1-032-27536-9 (hbk)

Typeset in Latin Modern

Preface to Second Edition xvii

List of Tables xxi

List of Abbreviations and Symbols xxiii

Chapter 1 Infinite Matrices 1

Chapter 2 Normed and Paranormed Sequence Spaces 15

2.1 LINEAR SEQUENCE SPACES 15

2.2.6 The Space bs 18

Chapter 3 Matrix Transformations in Sequence Spaces 37

Chapter 4 Matrix Domains in Sequence Spaces 59

4.1 PRELIMINARIES, BACKGROUND AND NOTATIONS 59

4.6 THE DOMAIN OF THE MATRIX Ar AND CONCERNING DUALITY

Chapter 5 Spectrum of Some Particular Matrices 221

5.1 PRELIMINARIES, BACKGROUND AND NOTATIONS 221

5.2.2 The Approximate Point Spectrum, Defect Spectrum and

Chapter 6 Core of a Sequence 265

6.1 KNOPP CORE 265

Chapter 7 Double Sequences 317

7.1 PRELIMINARIES, BACKGROUND AND NOTATIONS 317

7.7 CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME CLASSES OF

Chapter 8 Sequences of Fuzzy Numbers 369

8.1 INTRODUCTION 369

8.6 CERTAIN SETS OF SEQUENCES OF FUZZY NUMBERS DEFINED

Chapter 9 Absolute Summability 441

9.1 BACKGROUND, PRELIMINARIES AND NOTATIONS 441

ORIGINAL PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION

2.1 The α-, β- and γ-duals of certain sequence spaces 34

4.1 The domains of some triangle matrices in certain sequence spaces 61

|Rt |k : k th order absolute Riesz summability

W : set of all closed bounded intervals A with endpoints A and A

(AB)ij : ith row and j th column entry of the matrix product AB

1.1.1 Some Problems Involving the Use of Infinite Matrices

If we construct an infinite matrix A = (aik ) with the coefficients aik of the

The C1 -transform of a sequence x = (xk ) is the sequence y = (yn ) defined by

(c) A further important application of infinite matrices is the Heisenberg-Dirac

1.2 SOME DEFINITIONS

(i) (A) = A, (ii) (A0 )0 = A, (iii) (A0 )0 = A,

(AB)0ij := (AB)ji = b0ik a0kj = (B 0 A0 )ij

1.3 SOME CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES OF INFINITE MATRICES

DE = diag(d0 e0 , d1 e1 , d2 e2 , . . .) = diag(e0 d0 , e1 d1 , e2 d2 , . . .) = ED,

multiplication is commutative for diagonal matrices.

exist if the last sum diverges.

The distributive property