American Mathematical Society

Colloquium Publications
Volume 53

Analytic Number Theory

Henryk Iwaniec
Emmanuel Kowalski

American Mathematical Society

Providence, Rhode Island
 Contents

Preface xi
Introduction 1
Chapter 1. Arithmetic Functions 9
§1.1. Notation and definitions 9
§1.2. Generating series 10
§1.3. Dirichlet convolution 12
§1.4. Examples 13
§1.5. Arithmetic functions on average 19
§1.6. Sums of multiplicative functions 23
§1.7. Distribution of additive functions 28
Chapter 2. Elementary Theory of Prime Numbers 31
§2.1. The Prime Number Theorem 31
§2.2. Tchebyshev method 32
§2.3. Primes in arithmetic progressions 34
§2.4. Reflections on elementary proofs of the Prime Number Theorem 38

Chapter 3. Characters 43
§3.1. Introduction 43
§3.2. Dirichlet characters 44
§3.3. Primitive characters 45
§3.4. Gauss sums 47
§3.5. Real characters 49
§3.6. The quartic residue symbol 53
§3.7. The Jacobi-Dirichlet and the Jacobi-Kubota symbols 55
§3.8. Hecke characters 56
Chapter 4. Summation Formulas 65
§4.1. Introduction 65
§4.2. The Euler-Maclaurin formula 66
§4.3. The Poisson summation formula 69
§4.4. Summation formulas for the ball 71
§4.5. Summation formulas for the hyperbola ' 74
§4.6. Functional equations of Dirichlet L-functions 84
§4.A. Appendix: Fourier integrals and series 86
Chapter 5. Classical Analytic Theory of L-functions 93
§5.1. Definitions and preliminaries 93
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§5.2. Approximations to L-functions 97

§5.3. Counting zeros of //-functions 101
§5.4. The zero-free region 105
§5.5. Explicit formula 108
§5.6. The prime number theorem 110
§5.7. The Grand Riemann Hypothesis 113
§5.8. Simple consequences of GRH 117
§5.9. The Riemann zeta function and Dirichlet L-functions 119
§5.10. L-functions of number fields 125
§5.11. Classical automorphic L-functions 131
§5.12. General automorphic L-functions 136
§5.13. Artin L-functions 141
§5.14. L-functions of varieties 145
§5.A. Appendix: complex analysis 149

Chapter 6. Elementary Sieve Methods 153

§6.1. Sieve problems 153
§6.2. Exclusion-inclusion scheme 154
§6.3. Estimations of V+(z), V~(z) 157
§6.4. Fundamental Lemma of sieve theory 158
§6.5. The A2-Sieve 160
§6.6. Estimate for the main term of the A2-sieve 164
§6.7. Estimates for the remainder term in the A2-sieve 165
§6.8. Selected applications of A2-sieve 166
Chapter 7. Bilinear Forms and the Large Sieve 169
§7.1. General principles of estimating double sums 169
§7.2. Bilinear forms with exponentials 171
§7.3. Introduction to the large sieve 174
§7.4. Additive large sieve inequalities 175
§7.5. Multiplicative large sieve inequality 179
§7.4. Applications of the large sieve to sieving problems 180
§7.6. Panorama of the large sieve inequalities 183
§7.7. Large sieve inequalities for cusp forms 186
§7.8. Orthogonality of elliptic curves 192
§7.9. Power moments of L-functions 194
Chapter 8. Exponential Sums 197
§8.1. Introduction 197
§8.2. Weyl's method 198
§8.3. Van der Corput method 204
§8.4. Discussion of exponent pairs 213
§8.5. Vinogradov's method 216
Chapter 9. The Dirichlet Polynomials 229
§9.1. Introduction 229
§9.2. The integral mean-value estimates 230
§9.3. The discrete mean-value estimates 232
§9.4. Large values of Dirichlet polynomials 235
§9.5. Dirichlet polynomials with characters 238
 TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

§9.6. The reflection method 243

§9.7. Large values of D(s, \) 246
Chapter 10. Zero Density Estimates 249
§10.1. Introduction 249
§10.2. Zero-detecting polynomials 250
§10.3. Breaking the zero-density conjecture 254
§10.4. Grand zero-density theorem 256
§10.5. The gaps between primes 264

Chapter 11. Sums over Finite Fields 269

§11.1. Introduction 269
§11.2. Finite fields 269
§11.3. Exponential sums 272
§11.4. The Hasse-Davenport relation 274
§11.5. The zeta function for Kloosterman sums 278
§11.6. Stepanov's method for hyperelliptic curves 281
§11.7. Proof of Weil's bound for Kloosterman sums 287
§11.8. The Riemann Hypothesis for elliptic curves over finite fields 290
§11.9. Geometry of elliptic curves 291
§11.10. The local zeta function of elliptic curves 297
§11.11. Survey of further results: a cohomological primer 300
§11.12. Comments 313
Chapter 12. Character Sums 317
§12.1. Introduction 317
§12.2. Completing methods 318
§12.3. Complete character sums 319
§12.4. Short character sums 324
§12.5. Very short character sums to highly composite modulus 330
§12.6. Characters to powerful modulus 335
Chapter 13. Sums over Primes 337
§13.1. General principles 337
§13.2. A variant of Vinogradov's method 340
§13.3. Linnik's identity 342
§13.4. Vaughan's identity 344
§13.5. Exponential sums over primes 345
§13.6. Back to the sieve 348
Chapter 14. Holomorphic Modular Forms 353
§14.1. Quotients of the upper half-plane and modular forms 353
§14.2. Eisenstein and Poincare series 357
§14.3. Theta functions 361
§14.4. Modular forms associated to elliptic curves 363
§14.5. Hecke L-functions 368
§14.6. Hecke operators and automorphic L-functions 370
§14.7. Primitive forms and special basis 372
§14.8. Twisting modular forms 376
§14.9. Estimates for the Fourier coefficients of cusp forms 378
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§14.10. Averages of Fourier coefficients 380

Chapter 15. Spectral Theory of Automorphic Forms 383
§15.1. Motivation and geometric preliminaries 383
§15.2. The laplacian on H 385
§15.3. Automorphic functions and forms 386
§15.4. The continuous spectrum 387
§15.5. The discrete spectrum 389
§15.6. Spectral decomposition and automorphic kernels 391
§15.7. The Selberg trace formula 393
§15.8. Hyperbolic lattice point problems 398
§15.9. Distribution of length of closed geodesies and class numbers 401
Chapter 16. Sums of Kloosterman Sums 403
§16.1. Introduction 403
§16.2. Fourier expansion of Poincare series 404
§16.3. The projection of Poincare series on Maass forms 406
§16.4. Kuznetsov's formulas 406
§16.5. Estimates for the Fourier coefficients 413
§16.6. Estimates for sums of Kloosterman sums 415
Chapter 17. Primes in Arithmetic Progressions 419
§17.1. Introduction 419
§17.2. Bilinear forms in arithmetic progressions 421
§17.3. Proof of the Bombieri-Vinogradov Theorem 423
§17.4. Proof of the Barban-Davenport-Halberstam Theorem 424
Chapter 18. The Least Prime in an Arithmetic Progression 427
§18.1. Introduction 427
§18.2. The log-free zero-density theorem 429
§18.3. The exceptional zero repulsion 434
§18.4. Proof of Linnik's Theorem 439
Chapter 19. The Goldbach Problem 443
§19.1. Introduction 443
§19.2. Incomplete A-functions 445
§19.3. A ternary additive problem with Ab 446
§19.4. Proof of Vinogradov's three primes theorem 447
Chapter 20. The Circle Method 449
§20.1. The partition number 449
§20.2. Diophantine equations 456
§20.3. The circle method after Kloosterman 467
§20.4. Representations by quadratic forms 472
§20.5. Another decomposition of the delta-symbol 481
Chapter 21. Equidistribution 487
§21.1. Weyl's criterion 487
§21.2. Selected equidistribution results 488
§21.3. Roots of quadratic congruences 494
§21.4. Linear and bilinear forms in quadratic roots 496
 TABLE OF CONTENTS ix

§21.5. A Poincare series for quadratic roots 498

§21.6. Estimation of the Poincare series 501
Chapter 22. Imaginary Quadratic Fields 503
§22.1. Binary quadratic forms 503
§22.2. The class group 508
§22.3. The class group L-functions 511
§22.4. The class number problems 517
§22.5. Splitting primes in Q(v/^D) 520
§22.6. Estimations for derivatives 1^(1,XD) 523
Chapter 23. Effective Bounds for the Class Number 529
§23.1. Landau's plot of automorphic L-functions 529
§23.2. A partition of A^)(I) 531
§23.3. Estimation of S3 and S2 533
§23.4. Evaluation of Si 534
§23.5. An asymptotic formula for A^)(i) 536
§23.6. A lower bound for the class number 538
§23.7. Concluding notes 540
§23.A The Gross-Zagier L-function vanishes to order 3 541
Chapter 24. The Critical Zeros of the Riemann Zeta Function 547
§24.1. A lower bound for N0{T) 547
§24.2. A positive proportion of critical zeros 550
Chapter 25. The Spacing of the Zeros of the Riemann Zeta-Function 563
§25.1. Introduction 563
§25.2. The pair correlation of zeros 564
§25.3. The n-level correlation function for consecutive spacing 570
§25.4. Low-lying zeros of L-functions 572
Chapter 26. Central Values of L-functions 577
§26.1. Introduction 577
§26.2. Principle of the proof of Theorem 26.2 580
§26.3. Formulas for the first and the second moment 582
§26.4. Optimizing the mollifier 589
§26.5. Proof of Theorem 26.2 595
Bibliography 599
Index 611