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IGCSE Chemistry
End of Year Exam, Year 4

Monday 29th of May, 2023

Time: 2 hours

Teacher: MPN / KKE / SMI / BRO

Candidates must have: Calculator Total Marks

Ruler
⁄110

Instructions

• Use black ink or ball – point pen.

• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name
• Answer all questions.
• Answer the questions in the spaces provided
̶ there may be more space than you need.
• Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.

Information

• The total mark for this paper is 110.

• The marks for each question are shown in brackets.
̶ use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• A Periodic Table is printed on the last page.

Advice

• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.

• Write your answers neatly and in good English.
• Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end.
1. The diagram shows the arrangement of the molecules in two of the three states of
water.

Each circle represents a molecule of water.

solid liquid gas

(a) Complete the diagram to show how the molecules of water are arranged in the
solid state.

(1)

(b) Which row of the table correctly describes the arrangement and movement of
molecules of water in the solid state?

(1)

(c) Which word describes water changing from a liquid to a solid?

(1)
A boiling
B condensing
C freezing
D melting

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 (d) Give the word used to describe the change of state represented by this
equation.

H2O(s)  H2O(g)

(1)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(e) Water is the name used for H2O(l).

Give the two names used for H2O(g).

(2)

1.……………………………………………………………………………………………………

2.……………………………………………………………………………………………………

(f) The table below shows the melting and boiling points of some elements in Group
7 of the periodic table.

Element Melting point in oC Boiling point in oC

Fluorine -220 -188
Chlorine -101 -35
Bromine -7 59

(i) What is the state of bromine at 40 oC?

(1)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) At what temperature does chlorine condense?

(1)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

(Total for Question 1 = 8 marks)

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2. A student is making perfume using violet flowers.

The student does an experiment to extract the perfume from the flowers using the
apparatus shown below.

(a) The teacher says the apparatus is not set-up correctly.

(i) What is the name of the piece of apparatus labelled X?

(1)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Name the process shown in the figure above.

(1)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(iii) Suggest two changes that the student should make to set-up the
apparatus correctly.

(2)

1.……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2.……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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 (b) Another class of students analyses a sample of tomato sauce using
chromatography.

The tomato sauce is compared to four known food additives, A, B, C and D as

shown in the chromatogram.

(i) The start line is not drawn in ink. Explain why.

(1)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Food additive D is insoluble in the solvent used.

Draw on the diagram the spot for food additive D at the end of the
experiment.
(1)

(iii) Which additive is in the tomato sauce? Explain your answer.

(2)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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 (iv) Calculate the Rf value for additive C.

Give your answer to two significant figures.

(3)

Rf = …………………..

(Total for Question 2 = 11 marks)

3. (a) This question is about atomic structure and the periodic table.

Gallium (Ga) is an element that has two isotopes.

(i) Give the meaning of the term isotopes.

In your answer you should refer to subatomic particles.

(2)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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 (ii) The table below shows the mass numbers and percentage abundances of
the isotopes of gallium.

Mass number Percentage abundance

(%)
69 60

71 40

Calculate the relative atomic mass (Ar) of gallium.

Give your answer to one decimal place.

(2)

relative atomic mass = …………………

(b) Gallium (Ga) is in Group 3 of the period table.

Give the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in an atom of the isotope
69
31𝐺𝐺𝑎𝑎 .

(2)
Number of protons ………………………………………………………

Number of electrons ………………………………………………………

Number of neutrons ………………………………………..………………

(c) What is the most likely formula of a gallium ion?

(1)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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 (d) In the figure below, the letters A, E, G, J, X and Z show the positions of six
elements in the periodic table.

These letters are not the symbols of the atoms of these elements.

Using the letters, A, E, G, J, X and Z

(i) Give the letters of the two elements that are non-metals.
(1)
…………………………………………………

(ii) Give the letters of two elements in period 2.

(1)
…………………………………………………

(iii) Give the letter of an element that normally forms an ion with a charge of +1.

(1)
…………………………………………………

(iv) Give the letter of an element that is unreactive.

(1)
…………………………………………………

(e) State the atomic number and write the electronic configuration of an atom of
element X.
(2)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

_ (Total for Question 3 = 13 marks)

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4. Covalent substances can be simple molecular or giant covalent.

(a) (i) Ammonia is a simple molecular, covalent substance.

Which is the most likely set of properties for ammonia?

(1)

A
B
C
D

(ii) Ammonia, NH3, is made by reacting nitrogen with hydrogen.

Write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction.

(2)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Oxygen, O2, is also a simple molecular, covalent substance.

Draw a dot and cross diagram for the molecule of oxygen. Include only outer
shell electrons.

(2)

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 (c) The figure below shows the arrangement of carbon atoms in diamond,
graphene, and a fullerene (C60).

Consider these three substances.

Explain in terms of their structures and bonding, their relative melting points and ability
to conduct electricity.

(6)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(Total for Question 4 = 11 marks)

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5. This question is about Group 1 elements.

(a) Complete the equation for the reaction of potassium with water.

You should balance the equation.

(2)

…………….. K + …………….. H2O  …………….. + ……………..

(b) Sodium reacts with oxygen to produce the ionic compound sodium oxide.

Draw a dot and cross diagram to show what happens when atoms of sodium
and oxygen react to produce sodium oxide. Include all electrons.
(4)

(c) Explain in terms of structure and bonding why sodium oxide has a high melting
point.

(3)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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 (d) Explain why molten sodium oxide conducts electricity.
(2)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(Total for Question 5 = 11 marks)

6. Titanium’s strength comes from its metallic structure as shown in the figure below.

(a) Use the figure to explain why the metallic bonds in titanium are very strong.

(2)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Give two physical properties of titanium.

(2)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

_ (Total for Question 6 = 4 marks)

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7. The apparatus in the figure below is used to find the percentage of oxygen in dry
air.

Syringe A contains 50 cm3 of dry air and syringe B contains no air.

The copper in the glass tube is heated strongly.

The air in the apparatus is passed backwards and forwards over the copper until all the

oxygen has been removed.

(a) (i) The following results were obtained.

Initial volume of air in apparatus = 50 cm3

Final volume of gas in apparatus = 40 cm3

Calculate the percentage of oxygen in this sample of dry air.

(2)

percentage of oxygen = ........................... %

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 (ii) At the end of the experiment, the apparatus and its contents are allowed to
cool before the final volume of gas is measured.

The apparatus and its contents must be allowed to cool because:

(1)

A reading the volume while the apparatus is hot is dangerous

B the glass tube may crack when it is hot and allow air into the apparatus

C the gas has expanded when it is hot

D the copper reacts with other gases in the air when it is hot

(iii) Explain why the copper turns black.

(2)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(iv) State how the student will know that all the oxygen in the apparatus has
reacted.
(1)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(Total for Question 7 = 6 marks)

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8. This question is about the corrosion of metals.

The corrosion of iron is called rusting.

(a) A student investigated the rusting of iron.

This is the method used.

1. Set up the test tubes as shown in the Figure below.

2. Leave the test tubes for 1 week.

3. Examine the nails for signs of rust.

Explain what would happen to the nails in each of the test tubes.
(4)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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 (b) Magnesium is fixed to some steel ships.

Explain how this prevents the steel from rusting.

(2)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) Explain why aluminium frames do not corrode after they are made.

(2)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(Total for Question 8 = 8 marks)

9. This question is about acids, alkalis, and indicators.

(a) Which ion do all acids produce in aqueous solution?

(1)
A H+

B H-

C O2-

D OH-

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 (b) Explain the difference between a strong and a weak acid.
(2)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) Write a balanced ionic equation for the reaction between calcium hydroxide
and hydrochloric acid. Include state symbols.

(3)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(d) Which of the following solutions could have a pH of 12?

(1)

A sodium chloride

B sulfuric acid

C sodium hydroxide

D ethanoic acid

(e) What colour change could occur when hydrochloric acid is added to an
alkaline solution containing universal indicator?
(1)

A red to green

B green to purple

C purple to red

D pink to colourless

__ (Total for Question 9 = 8 marks)

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10. A student neutralises potassium hydroxide with dilute sulfuric acid in a titration
experiment.

(a) Look at the student’s method for her experiment.

• Measure 25 cm3 of 0.200 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide into a conical flask using
a measuring cylinder.
• Add a few drops of methyl orange to the potassium hydroxide.
• Fill the burette to above the 0.00 cm3 line with dilute sulfuric acid.
• Quickly add the dilute sulfuric acid to the potassium hydroxide until the indicator
changes colour.
• Repeat the experiment.

Describe and explain one improvement the student should make to her method to get a
more accurate titration result.
(2)

.…………………………………………………………………..…………………………………

.…………………………………………………………………..…………………………………

.………………………………………………………………..……………………………………

.………………………………………………………………..……………………………………

.……………………………………………………………..………………………………………

.……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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(b) The student repeats the experiment four times.

Look at the students results.

Titration number 1 2 3 4

Volume of acid (cm3) 25.75 23.60 23.70 23.65

Concordant results

(i) Place ticks () in the table to show which results are concordant.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the accurate volume of the acid that reacts with the alkali.

(2)

Accurate volume of acid = …………….………… cm3

(iii) What is the colour of methyl orange in the final solution?

(1)

A orange

B green

C red

D pink

(Total for Question 10 = 6 marks)

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11. Acids are used to make salts.

(a) Give the name of the acid used to make chlorides.

(1)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Salts of metals can be prepared by reacting the metal with an acid to produce
the salt and hydrogen.

Describe the test to show that the gas is hydrogen.

(2)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) Excess solid nickel carbonate is added to dilute sulfuric acid in a beaker.

Nickel sulfate is formed in solution.

Describe how a sample of pure, dry nickel sulfate crystals can be obtained
from the mixture of nickel sulfate solution and excess solid nickel carbonate in
the beaker.
(3)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(Total for Question 11 = 6 marks)

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12. Qualitative tests are used to identify ions in compounds.

(a) Solid X contains two ions.

The tests for these ions and their results are shown in the figure below.

Use the information in the figure to name the cation and the anion in solid X.

(2)
Name of cation ……………………………………

Name of anion …………………………….………

(b) Iron (II) sulfate solution reacts with sodium hydroxide solution to form a pale
green precipitate of iron (II) hydroxide, Fe(OH)2.

(i) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction.

(2)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) The green iron(II) hydroxide precipitate gradually turns brown when
exposed to air.

Explain this observation.

(2)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(Total for Question 12 = 6 marks)

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13. This question is about the properties of element in Groups 1 and 7.

(a) Lithium, sodium, and potassium are all Group 1 elements.

A teacher adds a small piece of potassium to a trough of water, as shown in

the diagram.

The potassium fizzes and a gas is produced.

Describe what else you would observe.

(2)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Add the end of the experiment the teacher adds a few drops of
phenolphthalein indicator to the trough of water.

State and explain the colour of phenolphthalein.

(2)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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 (c) Reactivity increases going down Group 1 from lithium to potassium.

Explain this trend in reactivity.

Use ideas about electronic configurations of the atoms in your answer.

(2)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(d) Look at the table. It shows information about the Group 7 elements.

Complete the table.

(4)

Element Formula Colour State at room

temperature
Fluorine F2 pale yellow gas

Chlorine Cl2

……………………….. ………………………..

Bromine Br2

……………………….. liquid

Iodine I2
grey
………………………..

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 (e) The Group 7 elements exist as simple molecules.

Fluorine boils at -188 oC.

Explain why fluorine has a low boiling point.

(2)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(Total for Question 13 = 12 marks)

TOTAL MARKS OF PAPER = 110

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