EXERCISE 13.

2
1. The side of a square sheet is increasing at the rate of 4 cm per minute. At what rate
is the area increasing when the side is 8 cm long?
2. An edge of a variable cube is increasing at the rate of 3 cm per second. How fast is
the volume of the cube increasing when the edge is 10 cm long?
3. The side of a square is increasing at the rate of 0.2 cm/sec. Find the rate of increase*
of the perimeter of the square.
4. The radius of a circle is increasing at the rate of 0.7 cm/sec. What is the rate uf
increase of its circumference?
INCERT
5. The radius of a spherical soap bubble is increasing at the rate of 0.2 cra/sec. Find
the rate of increase of its surtace area, when the radius is 7 um.
 AT!VE
AS A RATE MEASUREI
dioon which always remains spherical,is being inflated by pumping in 900 cubi
balloon is
of gas per second. Find the rate at which the radius of the
4/

ntimetres
c e n t i

when the radius is 15 cm. INCERT

ncreasing
is at the rate of 0.5 cm/sec. At what rate i'i
radius of an air bubble increasing
d volume of the bubble increasing when the radius is 1 cm?
from a lamp-post
A man
2 metres high walks at a uniform speed of 5 km/hr away
. his shadow increases.
6metres high. Find the rate at which the length of
into a quiet lake and waves move in circles ata speed of 4cm/sec.
stoneisdropped enclosed
9. when the radius of the circular w a v e is 10 cm, how fast is the
Atthe instant
area increasing? [NCERT
160 cm tall, walks away from of light situated at the top of a pole
a source
10 A man
How fast is the length of his shadow increasing
m high, at the rate otfrom
1.l
m/sec.
the
when he is 1 m away pole?
11 A man 180 cm
tall walks at a rate of 2 m/sec. away, from a source light that is
of

9m above the ground.

How fast is the length of his shadow increasing when he is
3 maway from of light?
the base
the
12. A ladder
13 m long leans against a wall. The foot of the ladder is pulled along
fast is the angle 0 between
ground away from the wall, at the rate of 1.5 m/sec. How
the foot of the ladder is 12 m away
the ladder and the ground is changing when
from the wall
the curve y =**+ 2x. At what point(s) on the curve are
the
13. Aparticle moves along
at the same rate?
x and y coordinates of the particle changing
14. If y 7x -x andx increases at the rate of 4 units per second, how fast is the slope
of the curve changing when x 2? =

15. A particle moves along the curve y =r.

Find the points on the curve at which the
than the x-coordinate.
y-coordinate changes three times more rapidly
16. Find an angle 6, which increases twice as fast as its sine.
on a level
17. The top ofladder 6 metres long is resting against a vertical wall
a
slide outwards. At the moment when the foot
pavement, when the ladder begins to
the wall at the rate
of the ladder is 4 metres from the wall, it is sliding away from
of 0.5 m/sec. How fast is the top-sliding downwards at this instance?
are moving at the same rate?
How far is the foot from the wall when it and the top
18. A balloon in the form of a right circular cone surmounted by a hemisphere, having
inflated. How fast is its volume
diametre equal to the height of the cone, is being
a
h 9 cm.
changing with respect to its total height h, when
=

Water is running into an inverted cone at the rate of n

cubic metres per minute. The
m. How fast the water
of the is 10 and the radius of its base is 5
neight cone metres,
evel is rising when the water stands 7.5 m below the base.
of 6 km/h away from a lamp-post
40 Aman 2 metres high walks at a uniform speed his shadow
metres high. Find the rate at which the length of increases.
2
the rate of 2 cm"/s. When the
surface of spherical bubble is increasing at
he area a
bubble increasing?
is the volume of the
s of the bubble is 6 cm, at what rate ICBSE 2005)
is
cm/sec. and its altitude
2
d d i s of a cylinder is increasing at the rate
of volume when radius
at the rate of 3 cm/sec. Find the rate of change
i4
is 3 n g
cm and
altitude 5 cm.
 13.16
MATIEMATKSX
23, The volume of metal in a hollow sphere is constant. If the inner radis is
at the rate increasing
of 1 cm/sec, find the rate of increase of the outer radius when the
radi
are 4 cm and 8 cm
respectively.
24. Sand is being poured onto a conical pile at the constant rate of 50 cm 7minute such
that the height of the cone is always one half of the radius of its base. How fast is
the height of the
pile increasing when the sand is 5 cm deep.
25. A kite is 120 m
high and 130m of string
is out. If the kite is moving away hori
zontally at the rate of 52 m/sec, find the rate at which thhe string is being paid out
26. A particle moves along the curve y = (2/3)x+1. Find the points on the curve at
which the y-coordinate is changing twice as fast as the x-coordinate.

27. Find the point on the curvey = 8r for which the abscissa and ordinate change at
the same rate. ICBSE 2002C]
28. The volume of a cube is increasing at the rate of 9 cm°/sec. How fast is the surface
area increasing when the length of an edge is 10 cm?

29. The volume of a spherical balloon is increasing at the rate of 25 cm/sec. Find the
rate of change of its surface area at the instant when radius is 5 cm. ICBSE 2004]
30. The length x of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 5 cm/minute and the width
yis increasing at the rate of 4 cm/minute. Whenx = 8 cm and y = 6 cm, find the rates
of change of (i) the perimeter (i) the area of the rectangle. [CBSE 2009]
31. A circular disc of radius 3 cm is being heated. Due to expansion, its radius increases
at the rate of 0.05 cm/sec. Find the rate at which its area is increasing when radius
is 3.2 cm. [NCERT
32. A car starts from a point P at time t= 0 seconds and stops at a point Q. The distance
x, in meters, covered by it, ini seconds is given by x = | 2 - F i n d the time taken

by it to reach Q and also find distance PQ. [NCERT

ANSWERS
1. 64 cm/minute 2. 900 cm°/sec 3. 0.8 cm/sec
2
4. 1.4 T cm/sec 5. 11.27 cm/sec 6.cm/sec
7. 21t cm/sec
8.km/h 9. 80t cm/sec
10. 0.4 m/sec 11. 0.5 m/sec 12. 0.3 radian/sec
13. m/h 14. 48 15. (1, 1), (-1,-1)

16. 17.
m/sec,
V5 3 2m 18. 127t cm°/sec
19. 0.64 metre/minute 20. 3 km/hr 21. 6 cm°/sec
22. 33n cm°/sec 1
23. cm/sec
4 24.cm/minute
2T
25. 20 m/sec.
27. (2, 4)
28. 3.6 cms/sec
29. 10 cm/sec
30. (i) -2cm/minute (ii) 2 cm/minute 31. 0.320n cm/sec
32. 4seconds, PQ=m
3
 MATHEMATICSXi

EXERCISE 16.1
1. Find the slopes of the tangent and the normal to the followingcurves at the indicated
points
(i) y=Vx* at x =4
(ii) y = Vx at x =9
(iii) y = x - x atx =2
INCERTI
(iv) y= 2x+3 sinx at x =0
(v) X=a ( 0 - sin 0), y =a (1 +cos 0) at 6 = - T/2

(vi) x=a cos° 0,y =a sin' 0 at 0 =T/4

(vii) x =a (6- sin 0),y =a (1 - cos ) at 6 =T/2

(vii) y= (sin 2x + cot x+2) at x =1/2

(ix) +3y +yf = 5 at (1, 1)
(x) xy = 6 at (1,6)
by 2 at
slope of the tangent to the curve xy + ax + =

2. Find the values of a and b if the

(1, 1) is 2.
3. If the tangent to the curve y = r ' + ax +bat (1,-6) is parallel to the line x - y + 5= 0,

ICBSE 2005]
finda andb.
4. Find apoint on the curvey = r-3x where the tangent is parallel to the chord joining
(1,-2) and (2,2).
lines are parallel to
5. Find the points on the curvey =r-2x-2xatwhich the tangent
the liney =2x-3.
the slope of the tangent is 3.
6. Find the points on the curve y 2x° at which
=

Find the points on the curve xy + 4 =0at

which the tangents are inclined at an angle
7.
of 45 with the x-axis.
to the
8. Find the point on the curve y=x* where the slope of the tangent is equal
r-coordinate of the point.
9. Atwhat points on the circle x+ y-2x-4y
+1 =0, the tangent is parallel to x-axis.
ICBSE 2002C]
make an angle of 45" with the
10. At what point of the curve y =r does the tangent
x-axis?
inclined
11. Find the points on the curvey
=3x*-9x+8 atwhich the tangents are equally
with the axes.
the tangent parallel to the line
12. At what points on the curve y = 2x -x+1 is
3x + 4?
y
to the
3x*+4 at which the tangent is perpendicular
13. Find the point on the curve y
=

line whose slope is

-

6
which is parallel
thepoints on the curve x +y=13, tangent ateach of
the one
14. Find
to the line 2x +3y=7.
2aty x-3ax where the tangent is parallel to x-axis.
15. Find the points on the curve
=

to the line
16. At what points on the curve
y =**-4x +5 is the tangent perpendicular
2y+x=7?
1 at which the tangents are parallel
17. Find the points on the curve

[NCERT
to the (i) x-axis (i) y-axis.
TANGENTS AND NORMALS 16.11

18. Find the points on the curve x+-2x-3 0at which the tangents are parau
=
to the x-axis. INCERT, CBSE 2011]

19, Find the points on the curve+ 1 1 at which the tangents are (i) parallel to

r-axis (ii) parallel toy-axis. INCERT

20. Show that the tangents to the curve y= 7x + 11 at the points x = 2 and x= Z are
parallel. INCERT
21. Find the points on the curve y = x where the slope of the tangent is equal to the
x-coordinate of the point. ICBSE 2008]
ANSWERS
1. Slope of the tangent Slope of the normal
i) 3 -1/3
(i) 1/6 -6
(ii) 11 -1/11
(iv) 3 -1/3
(v) 1 1
(vi) - 1

(vii) 1 -1
(viii) - 12
1/12
ix) -2/55 5/2
(x) -6 1/6

3. a = - 2, b = - 5
2. a =5,b= -4
5. (2,-4) ;(-2/3,4/27). 6. (2,4)
7. (2,-2) and (-2, 2) 8. (0,0)

9. (1,0), (1, 4) 10. (1/2, 1/4) 11. (5/3, 4/3) and (4/3, 4/3)

12. (1, 2) 13. (1,7) 14. (2,3);(-2,-3)

16. (3, 2)
15.
17.
(0,0), (2a,-20) (ii) (2, 0), (-2, 0) 18. (1,t2)
(i) (0, 5), (0, 5) -

19. (i) (0,4), (0, -4) ii) (3, 0), (-3, 0) 21. (0,0)2

16.3 EQUATIONS OF THE TANGENT AND THE NORMAL

and having slope mn
know that the equation of a line passing through a point (X1, 1)
we
1S

y-y1 m(x-x1)
and the normal to the curve
S discussed in article 16.2 that the slopes of the tangent
dy respectively. Therefore, the equation of
y=ftx) at a point P(X1,Y1) are| and
P du
d»
e tangent at P(x1, y) to the curve y =f(X) is

dy .()
y-y1 dxo (x-X1)
1
once the normal at P(x1, V) passes through P and has slope dyTherefore, the
 MATHEMATICS-XII

ib.28
from (i), we get
Subtracting (ii)
- x +4= 0 X1 =

#2
obtain that
From (ii), we
14
V1 = 4+6+4
=

12
2
= V1 4 - 6 + 4
=
=

=-2
and (-2, 2.).
Hence, the required points are (2, 14) EXERCISE 16.2

1. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve

vx +Vy =a, at the point|
normal 2r- x+ 3 at (1, 4). to y
2. Find the equation of the
=

the tangent and the normal to the following curves at the

3. Find the equations of
indicated points:
[NCERTI
(i) y= x*- ba+13x- 10x + 5 (0, 5)
at

+5 atx =1 INCERT, CBSE 2011]

(ii) y=*' - 6 r +13-10x
INCERT]
(ii) y=x*at (0, 0)
() a t (2,-2)
(iv) y= 2r*-3x- 1 at (1, -2)
=3 [CBSE 2004]
(vi) y=*+4x +1 at x
=1 at(a cos , b sin 6)
(vii)

(vii)-2-l at (a sec 0, b tan 0)

(ix) f= 4ax at(a/m,2a/m) ) +y)=*y at|os

cos 6'sin
6 sin 0

(xi) xy= c at (ct, c/t) (xi) =1 at (X11)

=1 at (to yo) [NCERTI (xiv) x8 +y4=2 at (1, 1) [NCERT]

(xii)
(xv) = 4y at (2, 1) (xvi) yf= 4x at (1, 2) [NCERT
(xvii) 4+9y 36 at (3 cos 0, 2 sin 6) [CBSE 2011]
+ cos 0 at 6= t/4.
4. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve x =0+ sin 6,y =1
curves at the
5. Find the equations of the tangent and the normal to the following
indicated points:
i) x =6+ sin 0, y = 1+cos at 6 = t/2

(i) x = 4 u U 2 a t at t= 1/2
1+2 1+
(ii) x = at, y= 2at at t=1
iv) x=a sec t,y= b tan t at t
(v)x=a (0 + sin 0), y =a (1 - cos 0) at 6
6 Find the equation of the normal to the curve + 2 - 4 x - 6 y +8 = 0 at the point
whose abscissa is 2.
.Find the equation ofthe normal to the curve ay=*'at the point (am*, am?').
[NCERTI

8. The equation ofthe tangent at (2,3) on the curve y= a r + b is y = 4 x - 5 . Find the

values of a and b.
TANGENTSAND NORMALS 16.29

4. Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve y = + 4 7 - 16 which is parallel
0.
to the
line 3x +1
-y =

aEind an equation of normal line to the curve y =+2x+6 which is parallel to the
line r+14y +4 0.
Determine the equation(s) of tangent(s) line to the curve y =4x - 3x +5 which are
perpendicular to the line 9y + x +3 = 0.
12. Find the equation of a normal to the curve y= x log, x which is parallel to the line
21r-2y+3 =0.

13, Find the equationof the tangent line to the curve y =x-2x+ 7 which is [NCERTI1
) parallel to the line 2x - y +9 = 0 (i) perpendicular to the line 5y- 15x =13

14, Find the equations of all lines having slope 2 and that are tangent to the curve

y +3.
[NCERT
15. Find the equations of all lines of slope zero and that are tangent to the curve

16.
-2x+3
Find the equation of the
NCERT
tangent to the curvey =V3x -2 which is parallel to the line
4x-2y +5 =0. [NCERT, CBSE 2005, 2009]
17. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve r
liney = 4x-5.
+ 3y 3 0, which is parallel to the
CBSE 2005]
18. Provethat| =2 touches the straightline+=2 for all
a
n e N, at the point
(a, b). [CBSE 2007 C]
19. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve x = sin 3t, y = cos 2t at t=

[CBSE 2008]
20. At what points will be tangents to the curve y =21-15x*+ 36x 21 be parallel to -

X-axis? Also, find the equations of the

tangents to the curve at these points.
ICBSE 2011]
ANSWERSs
1. x+y=a/2 2. x*+4y = 17
3. Tangent Normal
1) y+10x-5 =0 X-10y + 50 = 0

(i) 2x-y+1 =0 x+2y-7= 0

(ii) y= 0 x=0
(iv) x-y-3 =0 x+y+1 =0
(v) 2x+y-2=0 x-2y-6= 0
(vi) 10x - y -8=0 r+ 10y-223 =0
(vii)cos +sin =1 ax sec -by cosec 6 =af-b

(vii)sec0-tan -1 ax cos 6+ by cot =a+b

(ix) mx - my+a =0
m x +m y -

2a m-a =0
(x)xcos 0+y sin' 0 =c xsin 0-y cos 0 +2c cot 20 0
(xi) x+y tr=2ct x-ty=ct-c
(xi) , ?x_by=2-
X1 V1
 16.30 MATHEMATCS XI

(xin)2
xy=d+
yo
(xiv) x+y -2=0 y-X=0
X+y-3 =0
(xv) r-y-1 =0
0 X+y-3 =0
(xvi) x-y+1 =

6 3xsin -2y cos 6-5 sin 0 cos = 0

(xvii) 2x cos +3y sin 0 =

4 y-1-=(1-2- d+
5. Tangent Normal
(i) 2x+2y-Tt-4 =0 2x-2y TT
(ii) 13x-16y-2a 0 =
16+13y-9a =0
(i) x-y +a=0 X+y=3aa
(iv) bx sec t-a y tan t =ab ax cos t+ by cot t = (a +bs)
()y=(x -a 8) tan (6/2) (y-2a) tan (0/2) + x -a 0=0

6. x= 2, 7. 2x+3my-am*(2 +3m)= 0
8. a 2 , b=- 7 9. 12x4y -65 = 0
10. x+14y + 86 = 0, x + 14y-254 = 0 11. 9 x - y - 3 = 0, 9x-y+13 = 0

13. (i) 2x-y+3 = 0 (i) 12x+36y 227 = 0

12. x-y 3e
14. There is no tangent to the curvethat has slope 2. 15. y= 16. 48x -24y 23
17. 4x-y + 13 =0 19. 2V2x-3y-2 0 20. (2,7), (3, 6)
HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEM

18. We have,| -2
Differentiating both sides w.r.to x, we get
- 4 - - 2 0 n -1

The equation of the tangent at (a, b) is

y-b=t-9 =
ay-ab =-bx++ab » bx +ay =2ab 2

ence,+=2 touches the given curve at (a, b) for all n e N

16.4 ANGLE OF INTERSECTION OF TWO CURVES
DEFINITION The angle of intersection of tuwo curves is defined to be the angle between the
tangents to the two curves at their point of intersection.
Let C and C2 be two curves having equations y =f(x) and y=g(*) respectively. Let
PT1 and PT2 be tangents to the curves C1 and C2 respectively at their common point of
intersection. Then, the angle ¢ between PT and PT, is the angle of intersection ofC1 and
CLetv and va be the angles made by PT and PT2 with the positive direction of r-axis
in anticlockwise sense. Then,
m1= tan Vi

m = (Slope of the tangent to y =ft) at P) =

m2 = tan V2
dx c
and,
 If the tangent at P makes an angle 0 with x-axis, then

tan 6 == 2x1 +y
KA
kx-21
Suppose OP makes an angle o with x-axis. Then, Fig. 16.4

tan = Slope of OP = 1

Let a be the angle between OP and PT. Then,

tan a = tan(0- 0)
tan - tan ¢
tan a
1+ tan 0tan
2x +ky
tan a =
kx-2/1 X1
2x1+k1
kx-2y1 1
tan a =
2x1+kx1 y1- kx1 y1 +2y1
kx-2 x Y1 +2 z1y1 +ky1
o = tan = constant.

EXERCISE 16.3
1. Find the angle of intersection of the
following curves
(i) y=x andx y =

(ii) y=x and +y=20

(ii) 2y=xr and y = 32x
(iv) +-4x-1 =0 and x+ -

2y-9 0
(v) 1 and x+ y =ab
b

(vi)+4y=8 and - 2/ =2
(vii) = 27y and y 8x
(vii) +y= 2x and y =x
2. Show that the
following set of curves intersect orthogonally.
TANGENTs AND NORMAIS

() y=* and by =
7-2
) -3xy= - 2 and 3x*y-y=2

(ii) x+4y =8 and x-2y= 4 .

Show that the following curves intersect orthogonally at the indicated points
3.
()=4y and 4y + = 8 at (2, 1)
t) =y and +6y =7 at (1, 1)
(Gii) y= 8x and 2x + y = 10 at (1, 2 2)
4, Find the conditiorn for the following set of curves to intersect orthogonally:
2 2
(0 =1 and xy =c

( 1and 1
5. Show that the curves
a+ b+1
-

=1 and
a
+
+Na bf +2
1 intersect at right
angles.
Show that the curves 4x =yf and 4xy =kcut at right angles, if k* = 512.

7. Show that the curves 2x =y and 2xy = k cut at right angles, if k = 8.

ANSWERS

1. (andtan (i) tanl2 (ii)andtan (iv)

(v)tan2 (vi) tan3 (vii) tan (vii) tan1

4.6) b-2 (i) a-P=A+B

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (VSAQS)

Answer each ofthefollowing questions in one word or one sentence or as per exact requirement
of the question:
1. Find the point on the curvey = *-2x +3, where the tangent is parallel to x-axis.
2 Find the slope of the tangent to the curve x =t+3t-8, y 2t-2t-5 at t=2.
3. Ifthe tangent line at a point (, y) on the curvey =f) is parallel to x-axis, then write
the value of

4. Write the value of i f the normal to the curvey =f() at (x, y) is parallel toy-axis.
dx
l f the tangent to a curve at a point (x, y) is equally inclined to the coordinate axes,

then write the value of

dx
6. f the tangent line at a point (x, y) on the curve y =f(") is parallel to y-axis, find the

value o dx
dy