WRITING

METHODOLOGY

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RESEARCH
DESIGN

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What is research design?
• Research design is considered as the
master plan that specifies the methods
and procedures for collecting and
analyzing the needed information in a
research study.

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•It can be classified into three major
categories, according to the amount
of control the researcher maintains
over the conduct of the research
study.

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•Three general categories are:
a. Experimental research
b. Field research
c. Observational research

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EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
DESIGN
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•In doing Science Investigatory
Project (SIP) / Innovative
Projects, experimental research
design is usually used.

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•Experimental research design
concerned with the examination of the
effect of the independent variable on
the dependent variable, where the
independent variable is manipulated
through treatment or intervention(s),
and the effect of those intervention is
observed on the dependent variable.
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• In an experimental design, you manipulate
an independent variable and measure its effect on a
dependent variable. Other variables
are controlled so they can’t impact the results.
• In a correlational design, you measure variables
without manipulating any of them. You can test
whether your variables change together, but you
can’t be sure that one variable caused a change in
another.

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 Variables in Research

•Variables refer to characteristics or

attributes that can be measured,
manipulated, or controlled. They are the
factors that researchers observe or
manipulate to understand the
relationship between them and the
outcomes of interest.
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Examples of Variables
• Length
• Time
• Volume
• Mass
• Temperature

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•An experimental research design is unique in
two essential aspects:
a. It is the only type of research that attempts
to influence a particular variable.
b. It is the type of research for testing
hypotheses about cause-and-effect
relationship.
c. It considers the independent variable
(treatment) and dependent variable
(outcome) as such.
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Principles In Choosing
Research Design

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a. Randomization
b. Replication
c. Local Control

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RANDOMIZATION
• This is the process by which the participants have a
fair chance of being assigned to the experimental
group or assigning them on random basis.
• Through this process, chances of bias can be
eliminated.
• Using randomization, the experimental and control
group on an average basis has similarities in the
characteristics of their participants.
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REPLICATION
• It refers to the repetition of the basic experiment done to
provide an estimate variation among observations on
units treated alike, assessing the significance of observed
differences.
• It makes the test of significance possible and reliable.
• The number of replicates needed is based on the degree
of precision required, degree of homogeneity of the
sample, and the number of the treatment in the study.

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•Replication is the repetition of
experiment under identical conditions
(constant variables) but in the context of
experimental designs, it refers to the
number of distinct experimental units
under the same treatment.

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•A research study is replicable (or repeatable)
when the entire research process is
conducted again, using the same methods
but new data, and still yields the same
results. This shows that the results of the
original study are reliable.

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Local Control
• It is defined as the utilization of a control group and controlling the
effects of confounding variables (variables that affect the
relationship of IV and DV) on the dependent variables that interests
the researcher/s.
• The participants in the control group and experimental groups are
similar in characteristics and number, but the subject in the control
group does not receive an experimental treatment or any
intervention at all.
• The planned intervention or treatment will be given to the
experimental group wherein its observed effect will be compared to
the control group.

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 Two Basic Types of
Experimental Research
Design
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Complete Randomized Design (CRD)
• In this type of design, the samples are distributed to specific
treatments (independent variables).
• This is usually used when the experimental samples are
homogenous, which means that the samples are sharing similar
characteristics such as age, gender, weight, type of species, and the
type of management samples.
• Homogeneity of samples will ensure that the results are mainly
caused by the experimental treatment (independent variable) and
not some other factors.

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Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)
•A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) is
defined by an experiment whose treatment
combinations are assigned randomly to the
experimental units within a block.
•The design would still be called randomized
because the treatment combinations are
randomly assigned to the experimental units
within the blocks.
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•The objective of the randomized block design
is to form groups where participants are
similar, and therefore can be compared with
each other.

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Steps in RBD

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 Basic Laboratory
Techniques and Methods

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 Biological
• Microscopy – the use of microscope
• Tissue culture – plants and animals
• Aseptic Technique – (bacteria, viruses and microorganism)
high risk and high chance of infection
• Dissection – action of dissecting a body or a plant to study
its internal parts.
• Agarose Electrophoresis - separate a mixed population of
macromolecules such as DNA / proteins
• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) – used to make millions to
billions of specific copies of DNA

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 Chemical
•Spectrophotometry – measure how much a
method to measure how much chemical
substance absorbs light.
•Extraction – to get something out from a
plant or etc.
•Titration
•Qualitative test for secondary metabolites
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 Physical
• weighing • distillation
• grinding • filtration
• drying • chromatography
• centrifugation • pH measurement

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How to Write Scientific
Methodology?

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Methods (Experimental)
• Describes the materials and experimental
procedures
• Sample preparation (how samples prepared)
• Specifications of the materials (e.g., purity) and
instruments used (e.g., model accessories, etc.)
• Experimental techniques used and standard test methods
• Sample size, number of replicates

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• Experimental conditions (temperature, humidity
and etc.)
• Variables studied (e.g., concentrations, time)
• Control experiments

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•Best practices
•Should be detailed enough that other
researchers can perform the same
experiments and reproduce your results
(REPLICATION)
•Must be written in the right tense
• Research proposal – future tense
• Scientific report – past tense

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EFFECTIVENESS OF ALUMINUM FOIL AS WI-FI
ANTENNA BOOSTER DISH

Researcher: Laurence Nerice Castones – Grade 10 STE

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Title of the project: Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis
and Anticancer Property Evaluation
Specifications of reagents materials and instrument used
• Purity and manufacturer of reagents, solvents, catalysts, etc.
• Gold(III) chloride, sodium citrate
• Type and size of the glassware used
• Lab apparatus and equipment used
• Equipment for heating and stirring of reaction mixtures

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Experimental techniques used
• Hydrothermal synthesis – aqueous environment
(water) + heat (temperature)
• Colloidal synthesis – organic solvents and
templating agents used

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Number of replicates
• Synthesis carried out 3-5x

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Experimental conditions and variables
studied
• Effect of concentration
• Manner/Sequence of Addition
• Reaction time
• Temperature
• Stirring rate
• Control Experiments

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Characterization methods
• Product purity – elemental / compositional analysis
(example combustion analysis, thermogravimetric
analysis (TGA), Inductive Coupled Plasma – Atomic
Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES)
• Nanoparticle Size and Shapes – imaging techniques and
instruments specification. (example, SEM, TEM); methods
for size distribution

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 Evaluation of anticancer property
• In vivo studies in human cancer cells (example,
breast, prostate, etc.)

Source: Methodology – Scientific Report Writing (FilSciHub TV)

Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tum5QzjZQVM&t=2s

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Data Analysis
•Mean – refers to average.
•Standard Deviation - measure that is used
to quantify the amount of variation or
dispersion of a set of data values.
•T – test – compare means of two groups

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• Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) – to test
significance of differences between means.
• Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient – to test
correlation between variables having paired
values (rank X and rank Y).
• Pearson’s Product Moment of Correlation – to
test the correlation between variables

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THANK YOU

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 METHOD

•Research Design
•Materials and Procedures
•Data Gathering
•Data Analysis

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