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Photosynthesis
Introduction
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose. This process is fundamental to life on Earth as it forms the base of the food chain and is the primary source of oxygen in the atmosphere.
The Process
1. Light-Dependent Reactions
Occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts.
Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight, exciting electrons to a higher energy state.
Water molecules are split (photolysis) to produce oxygen, protons, and electrons.
Energy is used to form ATP and NADPH, which are essential for the next stage.
2. Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
Occur in the stroma of the chloroplasts.
ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions drive the conversion of carbon dioxide into glucose.
The cycle involves three phases: Carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate).
Importance
Oxygen Production: Photosynthesis releases oxygen as a byproduct, essential for
aerobic life.
Energy Supply: Converts solar energy into chemical energy, sustaining the Earth's ecosystems.
Photosynthesis is a vital biological process that occurs in plants, algae, and some bacteria, allowing them to convert light energy into chemical energy. This process is essential for the producti
