Eugene O'Neill

Eugene Gladstone O'Neill (October 16, 1888 –

November 27, 1953) was an American playwright. His Eugene O'Neill
poetically titled plays were among the first to introduce
into the U.S. the drama techniques of realism, earlier
associated with Chekhov, Ibsen, and Strindberg. The
tragedy Long Day's Journey into Night is often
included on lists of the finest U.S. plays in the 20th
century, alongside Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar
Named Desire and Arthur Miller's Death of a
Salesman.[1] He was awarded the 1936 Nobel Prize in
Literature. O'Neill is also the only playwright to win
four Pulitzer Prizes for Drama.

O'Neill's plays were among the first to include

speeches in American English vernacular and involve
characters on the fringes of society. They struggle to
maintain their hopes and aspirations, ultimately sliding Born October 16, 1888
into disillusion and despair. Of his very few comedies, New York City, U.S.
only one is well-known (Ah, Wilderness!).[2][3] Nearly Died November 27, 1953 (aged 65)
all of his other plays involve some degree of tragedy Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
and personal pessimism. Occupation Playwright
Education Princeton University
Notable Nobel Prize in Literature (1936)
Early life awards Pulitzer Prize for Drama (1920,
1922, 1928, 1957)
Tony Award for Best Play
(1957)
Spouse Kathleen Jenkins
​​(m. 1909; div. 1912)​

Agnes Boulton
​​(m. 1918; div. 1929)​
Birthplace plaque (1500
Carlotta Monterey ​(m. 1929)​
Broadway, northeast corner
of 43rd and Broadway, New Children Eugene Jr. · Shane · Oona
York City), presented by Parents James O'Neill
Circle in the Square Mary Ellen Quinlan
Relatives Charlie Chaplin (son in-law)
O'Neill was born on October 16, 1888, in a hotel, the Geraldine Chaplin
Barrett House, on what was then Longacre Square (granddaughter)
(now Times Square) in New York City.[4] A Oona Chaplin (great-
granddaughter)
commemorative plaque was first dedicated there in Signature
1957.[4][5] The site is now occupied by 1500
Broadway, which houses offices, shops and the ABC
Studios.[6]

He was the son of Irish immigrant actor James O'Neill and Mary Ellen
Quinlan, who was also of Irish descent. His father suffered from
alcoholism; his mother from an addiction to morphine, prescribed to
relieve the pains of the difficult birth of Eugene, who was her third son.[7]
Because his father was often on tour with a theatrical company,
accompanied by Eugene's mother, in 1895 O'Neill was sent to St. Aloysius
Academy for Boys, a Catholic boarding school in the Riverdale section of
the Bronx.[8] In 1900, he became a day student at the De La Salle Institute
on 59th Street in Manhattan.[9]

The O'Neill family reunited for summers at the Monte Cristo Cottage in
Portrait of O'Neill as a child,
New London, Connecticut. He also briefly attended Betts Academy in
c. 1893 Stamford.[10] He attended Princeton University for one year. Accounts
vary as to why he left. He may have been dropped for attending too few
classes,[11] been suspended for "conduct code violations",[12] or "for
breaking a window",[13] or according to a more concrete but possibly apocryphal account, because he
threw "a beer bottle into the window of Professor Woodrow Wilson", the future president of the United
States.[14]

O'Neill spent several years at sea, during which he suffered from

depression, alcoholism and despair. Despite this, he had a deep
love for the sea and it became a prominent theme in many of his
plays, several of which are set on board ships like those on which
he worked. O'Neill joined the Marine Transport Workers Union of
the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), which was fighting
for improved living conditions for the working class using quick
'on the job' direct action.[15] O'Neill's parents and elder brother
Jamie (who drank himself to death at the age of 45) died within
three years of one another, not long after he had begun to make his
mark in the theater.

Statue of O'Neill as a boy, sitting

Career and writing, overlooking the harbor
of New London, Connecticut
After his experience in 1912–13 at a sanatorium where he was
recovering from tuberculosis, he decided to devote himself full-
time to writing plays (the events immediately prior to going to the sanatorium are dramatized in his
masterpiece, Long Day's Journey into Night).[9] O'Neill had previously been employed by the New
London Telegraph, writing poetry as well as reporting. In the fall of 1914, he entered Harvard University
to attend a course in dramatic technique given by George Piece Baker, but left after one year.[9]
During the 1910s O'Neill was a regular on the Greenwich Village literary scene, where he also befriended
many radicals, most notably Communist Labor Party of America founder John Reed. O'Neill also had a
brief romantic relationship with Reed's wife, writer Louise Bryant.[16] O'Neill was portrayed by Jack
Nicholson in the 1981 film Reds, about the life of John Reed; Louise Bryant was portrayed by Diane
Keaton. His involvement with the Provincetown Players began in mid-1916. Terry Carlin reported that
O'Neill arrived for the summer in Provincetown with "a trunk full of plays", but this was an
exaggeration.[9] Susan Glaspell describes a reading of Bound East for Cardiff that took place in the living
room of Glaspell and her husband George Cram Cook's home on Commercial Street, adjacent to the
wharf (pictured) that was used by the Players for their theater: "So Gene took Bound East for Cardiff out
of his trunk, and Freddie Burt read it to us, Gene staying out in the dining-room while reading went on.
He was not left alone in the dining-room when the reading had finished."[17] The Provincetown Players
performed many of O'Neill's early works in their theaters both in Provincetown and on MacDougal Street
in Greenwich Village. Some of these early plays, such as The Emperor Jones, began downtown and then
moved to Broadway.[9]

In an early one-act play, The Web, written in 1913, O'Neill first

explored the darker themes that he later thrived on. Here he
focused on the brothel world and the lives of prostitutes, which
also play a role in some fourteen of his later plays.[18] In
particular, he memorably included the birth of an infant into the
world of prostitution. At the time, such themes constituted a huge
innovation, as these sides of life had never before been presented
O'Neill's first play, Bound East for with such success.
Cardiff, premiered at this theatre on
a wharf in Provincetown, O'Neill's first published play, Beyond the Horizon, opened on
Massachusetts. Broadway in 1920 to great acclaim, and was awarded the Pulitzer
Prize for Drama. His first major hit was The Emperor Jones,
which ran on Broadway in 1920 and obliquely commented on the
U.S. occupation of Haiti that was a topic of debate in that year's presidential election.[19] His best-known
plays include Anna Christie (Pulitzer Prize 1922), Desire Under the Elms (1924), Strange Interlude
(Pulitzer Prize 1928), Mourning Becomes Electra (1931), and his only well-known comedy, Ah,
Wilderness!,[3][20] a wistful re-imagining of his youth as he wished it had been.

O'Neill was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1935.[21] In 1936, O'Neill received the
Nobel Prize in Literature after he had been nominated that year by Henrik Schück, member of the
Swedish Academy.[22] O'Neill was profoundly influenced by the work of Swedish writer August
Strindberg,[23] and upon receiving the Nobel Prize, dedicated much of his acceptance speech to
describing Strindberg's influence on his work.[24] In conversation with Russel Crouse, O'Neill said that
"the Strindberg part of the speech is no 'telling tale' to please the Swedes with a polite gesture. It is
absolutely sincere. [...] And it's absolutely true that I am proud of the opportunity to acknowledge my
debt to Strindberg thus publicly to his people".[25] Before the speech was sent to Stockholm, O'Neill read
it to his friend Sophus Keith Winther. As he was reading, he suddenly interrupted himself with the
comment: "I wish immortality were a fact, for then some day I would meet Strindberg". When Winther
objected that "that would scarcely be enough to justify immortality", O'Neill answered quickly and
firmly: "It would be enough for me".[25]
After a ten-year pause, O'Neill's now-renowned play The Iceman Cometh was produced in 1946. The
following year's A Moon for the Misbegotten failed, and it was decades before coming to be considered as
among his best works.

He was also part of the modern movement to partially revive the

classical heroic mask from ancient Greek theatre and Japanese
Noh theatre in some of his plays, such as The Great God Brown
and Lazarus Laughed.[26]

Family life
O'Neill was married to Kathleen Jenkins from October 2, 1909, to
1912, during which time they had one son, Eugene O'Neill, Jr.
(1910–1950). In 1917, O'Neill met Agnes Boulton, a successful
writer of commercial fiction, and they married on April 12, 1918.
They lived in a home owned by her parents in Point Pleasant, New
Jersey, after their marriage.[27] The years of their marriage—
during which the couple lived in Connecticut and Bermuda and Time cover, March 17, 1924
had two children, Shane and Oona—are described vividly in her
1958 memoir Part of a Long Story. They divorced on July 2, 1929,
after O'Neill abandoned Boulton and the children, for the actress
Carlotta Monterey (born San Francisco, California, December 28,
1888; died Westwood, New Jersey, November 18, 1970). O'Neill
and Carlotta married less than a month after he officially divorced
his previous wife.[28]

In 1929, O'Neill and Monterey moved to the Loire Valley in

central France, where they lived in the Château du Plessis in Saint-
Antoine-du-Rocher, Indre-et-Loire. During the early 1930s they
returned to the United States and lived in Sea Island, Georgia, at a
house called Casa Genotta. He moved to Danville, California, in
1937 and lived there until 1944. His house there, Tao House, is
today the Eugene O'Neill National Historic Site.

In their first years together, Monterey organized O'Neill's life,

enabling him to devote himself to writing. She later became O'Neill in the mid-1930s. He
addicted to potassium bromide, and the marriage deteriorated, received the Nobel Prize in
resulting in a number of separations, although they never Literature in 1936
divorced.

In 1943, O'Neill disowned his daughter Oona for marrying the English actor, director, and producer
Charlie Chaplin when she was 18 and Chaplin was 54. He never saw Oona again.

He also had distant relationships with his sons. Eugene O'Neill Jr., a Yale classicist, suffered from
alcoholism and committed suicide in 1950 at the age of 40. Shane O'Neill became a heroin addict and
moved into the family home in Bermuda, Spithead, with his new wife, where he supported himself by
selling off the furnishings. He was disowned by his father before also committing suicide (by jumping out
of a window) a number of years later. Oona ultimately
inherited Spithead and the connected estate
(subsequently known as the Chaplin Estate).[29] In
1950 O'Neill joined The Lambs, the famed theater
club.

Child Date of birth Date of death

Eugene O'Neill September 25,

May 5, 1910
Jr. 1950
The Chaplins and six of their eight children (Jane
October 30, and Christopher are absent) in 1961. From left to
Shane O'Neill June 23, 1977
1919
right: Geraldine, Eugene, Victoria, Chaplin, Oona
September 27, O'Neill, Annette, Josephine and Michael.
Oona O'Neill May 14, 1925
1991

Illness and death

After suffering from multiple health problems (including
depression and alcoholism) over many years, O'Neill ultimately
faced a severe Parkinson's-like tremor in his hands that made it
impossible for him to write during the last 10 years of his life; he
tried dictation but found himself unable to compose that way.
While at Tao House, O'Neill had intended to write a collection of
works he called "the Cycle" chronicling American life spanning
from 1755 to 1932. Only two of the eleven plays O'Neill
proposed, A Touch of the Poet and More Stately Mansions, were
Grave of Eugene O'Neill
completed.[30] As his health worsened, O'Neill lost inspiration for
the project and wrote three largely autobiographical plays, The
Iceman Cometh, Long Day's Journey into Night, and A Moon for the Misbegotten, which he completed in
1943, just before leaving Tao House and losing his ability to write. The book "Love and Admiration and
Respect": The O'Neill-Commins Correspondence" includes an extended account written by Saxe
Commins, O'Neill's publisher, in which he talks of "snatches of dialogue" between Carlotta and O'Neill
over the disappearance of a group of manuscripts that O'Neill had brought with him from San Francisco.
"When the table was cleared I learned the cause of the tension; the manuscripts were lost. They had
disappeared mysteriously during the day and there was no clue to their whereabouts."[30]

O'Neill died at the Sheraton Hotel (now Boston University's Kilachand Hall)
on Bay State Road in Boston, on November 27, 1953, at age 65. As he was
dying, he whispered: "I knew it. I knew it. Born in a hotel room and died in a
hotel room."[31] He is interred in the Forest Hills Cemetery in Boston's
Jamaica Plain neighborhood.

In 1956, Carlotta arranged for his autobiographical play Long Day's Journey
into Night to be published, although his written instructions had stipulated that
it not be made public until 25 years after his death. It was produced on stage to
O'Neill stamp issued in
1967
tremendous critical acclaim and won the Pulitzer Prize in 1957.[32] It is widely considered his finest play.
Other posthumously published works include A Touch of the Poet (1958) and More Stately Mansions
(1967).

In 1967, the United States Postal Service honored O'Neill with a Prominent Americans series (1965–
1978) $1 postage stamp.

In 2000, a team of researchers studying O'Neill's autopsy report concluded that he died of cerebellar
cortical atrophy, a rare form of brain deterioration unrelated to either alcohol use or Parkinson's
disease.[33]

Legacy
In Warren Beatty's 1981 film Reds, O'Neill is portrayed by Jack Nicholson, who was nominated for the
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance.

George C. White founded the Eugene O'Neill Theatre Center in Waterford, Connecticut in 1964.[34]

Eugene O'Neill is a member of the American Theater Hall of Fame.[35]

O'Neill is referenced by Upton Sinclair in The Cup of Fury (1956), Dianne Wiest's character in Bullets
Over Broadway (1994), by J.K. Simmons' character in Whiplash (2014), by Tony Stark in Avengers: Age
of Ultron (2015), specifically Long Day's Journey into Night, and Long Day's Journey into Night is also
referenced by Patrick Wilson's character in Purple Violets (2007).

O'Neill is referred to in Moss Hart's 1959 book Act One, later a Broadway play.

Museums and collections

O'Neill's home in New London, Monte Cristo Cottage, was made a National Historic Landmark in 1971.
His home in Danville, California, near San Francisco, was preserved as the Eugene O'Neill National
Historic Site in 1976.

Connecticut College maintains the Louis Sheaffer Collection, consisting of material collected by the
O'Neill biographer. The principal collection of O'Neill papers is at Yale University. The Eugene O'Neill
Theater Center in Waterford, Connecticut, fosters the development of new plays under his name.
There is also a theatre in New York City named after him located at 230 West 49th Street in midtown-
Manhattan. The Eugene O'Neill Theatre has housed musicals and plays such as Yentl, Annie, Grease, M.
Butterfly, Spring Awakening, and The Book of Mormon.

Work

Full-length plays
Bread and Butter, 1914
Servitude, 1914
The Personal Equation, 1915
Now I Ask You, 1916
Beyond the Horizon, 1918 - Pulitzer Prize, 1920
The Straw, 1919
Chris Christophersen, 1919
Gold, 1920
Anna Christie, 1920 - Pulitzer Prize, 1922
The Emperor Jones, 1920
Diff'rent, 1921
The First Man, 1922
The Hairy Ape, 1922
The Fountain, 1923
Marco Millions, 1923–25
All God's Chillun Got Wings, 1924
Welded, 1924
Desire Under the Elms, 1924
Lazarus Laughed, 1925–26
The Great God Brown, 1926
Strange Interlude, 1928 - Pulitzer Prize
Dynamo, 1929
Mourning Becomes Electra, 1931
Ah, Wilderness!, 1933
Days Without End, 1933
More Stately Mansions, written 1937-1938, first performed 1967
The Iceman Cometh, written 1939, published 1940, first performed 1946
Long Day's Journey into Night, written 1941, first performed 1956; Pulitzer Prize 1957
A Moon for the Misbegotten, written 1941–1943, first performed 1947
A Touch of the Poet, completed in 1942, first performed 1958

One-act plays
The Glencairn Plays, all of which feature characters on the fictional ship Glencairn—filmed
together as The Long Voyage Home:
 Bound East for Cardiff, 1916
In the Zone, 1917
The Long Voyage Home, 1917
Moon of the Caribbees, 1918
Other one-act plays include:

A Wife for a Life, 1913

The Web, 1913
Thirst, 1913
Recklessness, 1913
Warnings, 1913
Fog, 1914
Abortion, 1914
The Movie Man: A Comedy, 1914[3][36]
The Sniper, 1915
Before Breakfast, 1916
Ile, 1917
The Rope, 1918
Shell Shock, 1918
The Dreamy Kid, 1918
Where the Cross Is Made, 1918
Exorcism, 1919[37][38]
Hughie, written 1941, first performed 1959

Other works
Tomorrow, 1917. A short-story published in The Seven Arts, Vol. II, No. 8 in June 1917.[39]
S.O.S., 1918. A short-story based on his 1913 one-act play Warnings.
The Ancient Mariner, 1923, a dramatic arrangement of Coleridge's poem.
The Last Will and Testament of an Extremely Distinguished Dog, 1940. Written to comfort
Carlotta as their "child" Blemie was approaching his death in December 1940.[40]
Poems: 1912-1944, published 1980.
The Calms of Capricorn, unfinished play, published in 1983.[41]
The Unfinished Plays: Notes for The Visit of Malatesta, The Last Conquest and Blind Alley
Guy, published in 1988.[42]

See also

Biography portal
 The Eugene O'Neill Award

References
1. Harold Bloom (2007). Introduction. In: Bloom (Ed.), Tennessee Williams (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=LuFU9ud-228C), updated edition. Infobase Publishing. p. 2.
2. The New York Times, August 25, 2003: "Next year Playwrights Theater will present an
unproduced O'Neill comedy, Now I Ask You, a comic spin on Ibsen's Hedda Gabler."
3. The Eugene O'Neill Foundation newsletter: "Now I Ask You, along with The Movie Man, ... is
the only surviving comedy from O'Neill's early years."
4. Gelb, Arthur (October 17, 1957). "O'Neill's Birthplace Is Marked By Plaque at Times Square
Site" (https://www.nytimes.com/1957/10/17/archives/oneills-birthplace-is-marked-by-plaque-
at-times-square-site-oneills.html). The New York Times. p. 35. Retrieved November 13,
2008.
5. Simonson, Robert (July 23, 2012). "Ask Playbill.com: A Question About Eugene O'Neill's
Birthplace, in a Broadway Hotel" (http://www.playbill.com/article/ask-playbillcom-a-question-
about-eugene-oneills-birthplace-in-a-broadway-hotel-com-195890). Playbill. Retrieved
November 8, 2016.
6. Henderson, Kathy (April 21, 2009). "The Tragic Roots of Eugene O'Neill's Desire Under the
Elms" (http://www.broadway.com/buzz/5778/the-tragic-roots-of-eugene-oneills-desire-under-
the-elms). Broadway.com. Retrieved November 8, 2015.
7. Londré, Felicia (2016). "Eugene O'neill: A Life in Four Acts by Robert M. Dowling, and:
Eugene O'neill: The Contemporary Reviews ed. by Jackson R. Bryer and Robert M.
Dowiling (review)". Theatre History Studies. 35: 351–353. doi:10.1353/ths.2016.0027 (http
s://doi.org/10.1353%2Fths.2016.0027). S2CID 193596557 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/
CorpusID:193596557).
8. "Eugene O'Neill" (http://amsaw.org/amsaw-ithappenedinhistory-101604-oneill.html).
American Society of Authors and Writers.
9. Dowling, Robert M., Eugene O'Neill: A Life in Four Acts, Yale University Press, 2014 (https://
books.google.com/books?id=EOiuBAAAQBAJ&dq=Eugene+O%27Neill+%2B+De+La+Salle
+Institute+%28Manhattan%29&pg=PA43) ISBN 9780300170337
10. "Spelled Freedom" (http://www.stamfordhistory.org/pp_ed.htm) From: Stamford Past &
Present, 1641 – 1976 The Commemorative Publication of the Stamford Bicentennial
Committee (Stamford Historical Society)
11. Manheim, Michael, ed. (1998). The Cambridge Companion to Eugene O'Neil. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. p. 97.
12. Bloom, Steven F. (2007). Student Companion to Eugene O'Neil. Westport: Greenwood
Press. p. 3.
13. Abbotson, Susan C.W. (2005). Masterpieces of 20th-Century American Drama. Westport:
Greenwood Press. p. 8.
14. O'Neill, Eugene (1959). Ah, Wilderness!. Frankfurt am Main: Hirschgraben-Verlag. p. 3.
15. Patrick Murfin (October 16, 2012). "The Sailor Who Became "America's Shakespeare" " (htt
p://patrickmurfin.blogspot.com/2012/10/the-sailor-who-became-americas.html). Heretic,
Rebel, a Thing to Flout. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
16. Dearborn, Mary V. (1996). Queen of Bohemia: The Life of Louise Bryant (https://archive.org/
details/queenofbohemiali00dear). New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 52 (https://archiv
e.org/details/queenofbohemiali00dear/page/52). ISBN 978-0-395-68396-5.
17. Glaspell, Susan (1941) [1927]. The Road to the Temple (2nd ed.). New York: Frederick A.
Stokes. p. 255.
18. "The Web by Eugene O'Neill."Sex for Sale: Six Progressive-Era Brothel Dramas (https://ww
w.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt20p57f7.5), by Katie N. Johnson, University of Iowa Press, IOWA CITY,
2015, pp. 15–29. JSTOR.
19. Renda, Mary (2001). Taking Haiti: Military Occupation and the Culture of U.S. Imperialism (h
ttps://archive.org/details/takinghaiti00mary). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
pp. 198–212 (https://archive.org/details/takinghaiti00mary/page/198). ISBN 0-8078-4938-3.
20. van Gelder, Lawrence (August 25, 2003). "Arts Briefing" (https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/
25/theater/arts-briefing.html). The New York Times. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
21. "APS Member History" (https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Eugene+O%
27Neill&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=adv
anced). search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
22. "Nomination Database" (https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show.php?id=8113).
Nobelprize.org. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
23. O'Neill, Eugene (February 20, 2013). The Emperor Jones (https://books.google.com/books?i
d=ZsvCAgAAQBAJ&dq=o%27neill+%22profoundly+influenced%22+strindberg&pg=PA2).
Courier Corporation. ISBN 978-0-486-15960-7.
24. Eugene O'Neill (December 10, 1936). "Banquet Speech" (http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/
literature/laureates/1936/oneill-speech.html). The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved July 12,
2010.
25. Törnqvist, Egil (January 14, 2004). Eugene O'Neill: A Playwright's Theatre (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=g1whggReJx4C&dq=strindberg+o%27neill+immortality&pg=PA67).
McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-1713-1.
26. Smith, Susan Harris (1984). Masks in Modern Drama. Berkeley: University of California
Press. pp. 66–70, 106–08, 131–36, index S124. ISBN 0-520-05095-9.
27. Cheslow, Jerry. "If You're Thinking of Living In/Point Pleasant, N.J.; A Borough With a Variety
of Boating" (https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/09/realestate/if-you-re-thinking-living-point-pl
easant-nj-borough-with-variety-boating.html), The New York Times, November 9, 2003.
Accessed January 25, 2015. "The most famous Point Pleasant resident was Eugene O'Neill,
who married a local girl named Agnes Boulton and grumbled about being bored through the
winter of 1918-19, as he lived rent free in a home owned by Agnes's parents."
28. "Eugene O'Neill Wed to Miss Monterey" (https://www.nytimes.com/1929/07/24/archives/eug
ene-oneill-wed-to-miss-monterey-playwright-married-in-paris-to.html). The New York Times.
July 24, 1929. p. 9. Retrieved November 13, 2008.
29. "Bermuda's Warwick Parish" (http://bermuda-online.org/seewark.htm).
30. Black, Stephen A. (1999). Eugene O'Neill: Beyond Mourning and Tragedy. New Haven and
London: Yale University Press. pp. 394, 481. ISBN 0-300-07676-2.
31. Sheaffer, Louis (1973). O'Neill: Son and Artist (https://archive.org/details/oneillsonartist00sh
ea). Little, Brown & Co. ISBN 0-316-78337-4.
32. "Long Day's Journey into Night | play by O'Neill" (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Long-Day
s-Journey-into-Night-play-by-ONeill). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
33. Los Angeles Times, 13 April 2000 (https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-apr-13-m
e-19213-story.html#:~:text=Nobel%20Prize%2Dwinning%20playwright%20Eugene,New%20
England%20Journal%20of%20Medicine.). Retrieved September 10, 2020
34. "Eugene O'Neill Theatre Center Website" (http://theoneill.org). Retrieved March 4, 2014.
35. "Theater Hall of Fame members" (http://www.theaterhalloffame.org/members.html#O).
36. Title as in original typescript and title page of Modern Library edition
37. "Exorcism" (http://chronicle.com/blogs/pageview/yale-u-library-acquires-lost-play-by-eugene
-oneill/29541?sid=at). Yale U. Library Acquires Lost Play by Eugene O'Neill. Chronicle of
Higher Education. October 19, 2011. Retrieved October 22, 2011. (The play, set in 1912, is
based on O'Neill's suicide attempt from an overdose of barbiturates in a Manhattan rooming
house. After its premiere in 1920, O'Neill canceled the production and, it had been thought,
destroyed all copies.)
38. "Exorcism" (https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/10/17/exorcism-eugene-oneill). The
New Yorker. October 10, 2011. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
39. O'Neill, Eugene (1917). The Seven Arts (https://www.commoncrowbooks.com/pages/books/
z07534/james-oppenhiem-randolph-bourne-with-sherwood-anderson-john-butler-yeats-euge
ne-oneill-peter/the-seven-arts-vol-ii-no-8-june-1917) (June 1917 ed.). New York: The Seven
Arts Publishing Co. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
40. O'Neill, Eugene; Yorinks, Adrienne (1999). The Last Will and Testament of an Extremely
Distinguished Dog (https://web.archive.org/web/20140223130954/http://www.eoneill.com/tex
ts/blemie/contents.htm) (First ed.). New York: Henry Holt and Co. ISBN 0-8050-6170-3.
Archived from the original (http://www.eoneill.com/texts/blemie/contents.htm) on February
23, 2014. Retrieved November 16, 2008.
41. Black, Steven A. The Eugene O’Neill Review, vol. 19, no. 1/2, 1995, pp. 150–52. JSTOR,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/29784556. Accessed 29 Dec. 2023.
42. Wilkins, Frederick C. The Eugene O’Neill Review, vol. 13, no. 1, 1989, pp. 77–80. JSTOR,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/29784342. Accessed 29 Dec. 2023.

Further reading

Editions of O'Neill
O'Neill, Eugene; Bogard, Travis (1988). Complete Plays 1913–1920. The Library of America.
Vol. 40. New York: Literary Classics. ISBN 0-940450-48-8.
O'Neill, Eugene; Bogard, Travis (1988). Complete Plays 1920–1931 (https://archive.org/deta
ils/completeplays19200onei). The Library of America. Vol. 41. New York: Literary Classics.
ISBN 0-940450-49-6.
O'Neill, Eugene; Bogard, Travis (1988). Complete Plays 1932–1943. The Library of America.
Vol. 42. New York: Literary Classics. ISBN 0-940450-50-X.

Scholarly works
Black, Stephen A. (2002). Eugene O'Neill: Beyond Mourning and Tragedy. Yale University
press. ISBN 0-300-09399-3.
Bryan, George B. and Wolfgang Mieder. 1995. The Proverbial Eugene O'Neill. An Index to
Proverbs in the Works of Eugene Gladstone O'Neill. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood
Press.
Clark, Barrett H. (November 1932). "Aeschylus and O'Neill". The English Journal. XXI (9):
699–710. doi:10.2307/804473 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F804473). JSTOR 804473 (https://
www.jstor.org/stable/804473).
Clark, Barrett H. (1926). Eugene O'Neill: The Man and His Plays. Dover Publications, Inc.
New York.
Dowling, Robert M. (2014). Eugene O'Neill: A Life in Four Acts. Yale University Press.
ISBN 978-0-300-17033-7.
 Floyd, Virginia, ed. (1979). Eugene O'Neill: A World View (https://archive.org/details/eugene
oneill00ehis). Frederick Unger. ISBN 0-8044-2204-4.
Floyd, Virginia (1985). The Plays of Eugene O'Neill: A New Assessment (https://archive.org/
details/playsofeugeneone0000floy). Frederick Unger. ISBN 0-8044-2206-0.
Gelb, Arthur; Gelb, Barbara (2000). O'Neill: Life with Monte Christo (https://archive.org/detail
s/oneilllifewithmo00gelb). Applause/Penguin Putnam. ISBN 0-399-14912-0.
Gelb, Arthur; Gelb, Barbara (2016). By Women Possessed: A Life of Eugene O'Neill. New
York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-0-399-15911-4.
Sheaffer, Louis (2002) [1968]. O'Neill Volume I: Son and Playwright. Cooper Square Press.
ISBN 0-8154-1243-6.
Sheaffer, Louis (1999) [1973]. O'Neill Volume II: Son and Artist. Cooper Square Press.
ISBN 0-8154-1244-4.
Tiusanen, Timo (1968). O'Neill's Scenic Images (Ph.D. thesis, University of Helsinki).
Princeton: Princeton University Press. LCCN 68-20882 (https://lccn.loc.gov/68-20882).
Wainscott, Ronald H. (1988). Staging O'Neill: The Experimental Years (https://archive.org/de
tails/stagingoneillexp00wain). Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-04152-7.
Winther, Sophus Keith (1934). Eugene O'Neill: A Critical Study. New York: Random House.
OCLC 900356 (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/900356).

External links
Digital collections

Works by Eugene O'Neill in eBook form (https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/eugene-oneill)

at Standard Ebooks
Works by Eugene O'Neill (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1359) at Project
Gutenberg
Works by Eugene O'Neill (http://gutenberg.net.au/plusfifty-n-z.html#letterO) at Project
Gutenberg Australia (http://gutenberg.net.au)
Works by Eugene O'Neill (https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL28035A) at Open Library
Works by or about Eugene O'Neill (https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%
3A%22O'Neill%2C%20Eugene%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Eugene%20O'Neill%22%2
0OR%20creator%3A%22O'Neill%2C%20Eugene%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Eugen
e%20O'Neill%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Eugene%20O'Neill%22%20OR%20description%3
A%22O'Neill%2C%20Eugene%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Eugene%20O'Neill%2
2%20OR%20%22O'Neill%2C%20Eugene%22%20OR%20%22Eugene%20O'Neill%22%2
9%20OR%20%28%221888-1953%22%20AND%20%28%22O'Neill%22%20OR%20O'Neil
l%29%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29) at the Internet Archive
Works by Eugene O'Neill (https://librivox.org/author/1785) at LibriVox (public domain
audiobooks)
Works by Eugene O'Neill (https://wikilivres.org/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill) (public domain in
Canada)

Physical collections

Eugene O'Neill Collection. (https://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadID=0

0537) Harry Ransom Center.
Eugene O'Neill Papers. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and
Manuscript Library.
 Eugene O'Neill Papers Addition. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book
and Manuscript Library.
Carlotta O'Neill notebook of letters and photographs, 1927-1954 (http://archives.nypl.org/th
e/21429), held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the
Performing Arts. The notebook contains handwritten transcriptions by Carlotta O'Neill of
letters and inscriptions to her from her husband, Eugene O'Neill, and photographs, mostly
portraits of Eugene and Carlotta O'Neill.
Harley Hammerman Collection on Eugene O'Neill (https://aspace.wustl.edu/repositories/6/re
sources/459). Julian Edison Department of Special Collections, Washington University in St.
Louis.
Louis Sheaffer Collection of Eugene O'Neill (https://aspace.conncoll.edu/repositories/2/reso
urces/76). Linda Lear Center for Special Collections and Archives (https://www.conncoll.edu/
library-information-technology/libraries/libraries-locations/linda-lear-center-for-special-collect
ions-and-arc/), Connecticut College.

Analysis and editorials

Haunted by Eugene O'Neill (https://web.archive.org/web/20100414002519/http://www.bu.ed

u/today/node/9594)—Article in BU Today, September 29, 2009
Eugene O'Neill: the sailor, the sickness, the stage (http://mcnyblog.org/2012/11/27/eugene-o
neill-the-sailor-the-sickness-the-stage/) from the Museum of the City of New York
Collections blog (http://mcnyblog.org/)
The Iceman Cometh: A Study Guide (http://www.cummingsstudyguides.net/Guides2/Icema
n.html#Top)

Seminal dissertations by scholars

[1] (https://eoneill.com/library/dissertations.htm)
Eugene O’Neill e Lars Norén: “A Swedish-American Kinship” by Anna Airoldi
Postmodern Considerations of Nietzstchean Perspectivism in Selected Works of Eugene
O'Neill by Eric Mathew Levin
The Pipe Dreams and Primitivism: Eugene O'Neill and the Rhetoric of Ethnicity by Donald P.
Gagnon
The Discovery of the Self in Eugene O'Neill's The Emperor Jones and The Iceman Cometh
and Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness and "To-morrow": A Comparative Study by
Mohamed Amine Dekkiche
"Darker Brother" in Stage-Center: Eugene O'Neill's Quest for Racial Equity in Three
Decades (1913-1939) of American Drama by Shahed Ahmed

External entries

Eugene O'Neill (https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/5463) at the Internet Broadway

Database
Eugene O'Neill (http://www.iobdb.com/CreditableEntity/3492) at the Internet Off-Broadway
Database
Eugene O'Neill (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0642156/) at IMDb
Eugene O'Neill (https://www.playbill.com/person/eugene-oneill-vault-0000013137) at Playbill
Vault (archive (https://web.archive.org/web/20120411195833/http://www.playbillvault.com/P
erson/Detail/13137/Eugene-ONeill))

Other sources
 Eugene O'Neill official website (http://www.eoneill.com/)
Casa Genotta official website (http://www.casagenotta.com/)
Eugene O'Neill National Historic Site (http://www.nps.gov/euon/)
American Experience - Eugene O'Neill: A Documentary Film on PBS (https://www.pbs.org/w
gbh/amex/oneill/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170201150557/http://www.pbs.or
g/wgbh/amex/oneill/) February 1, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
Eugene O'Neill (https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/608) on Nobelprize.org

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