A Data-Driven Approach for Comparative

Estimation of Solar PV Output in Dhaka Using

Various Tilt Angle Optimization Techniques

Abstract—In order to improve energy security and reduce installation, maintenance, and service costs, which make them
the impacts of climate change, the potential of sustainable and unsuitably compatible with widespread acceptance [8].
green solar energy can play an important role in Bangladesh. Therefore, static PV setups maintaining optimal parameters
However, two major obstacles to increase the contribution of are still popular to keep prominence within the PV sector [9].
solar energy in this country are the lack of required space for
installing photovoltaic (PV) panels and low efficiency. The orientation of PV modules is traditionally set in
Optimizing PV parameters to achieve optimum power output accordance with the geographical latitudes of the particular
could be a significant step towards promoting the use of solar region [10]. However, precise positioning plays a key role in
energy. A MATLAB simulation based data-driven approach ensuring optimal irradiance of the PV solar system [11]. By
using the key equations of solar parameters is therefore aligning the modules in the direction of the sun following the
proposed to calculate and compare the optimal PV power output optimal tilt angle, the solution to the local solar radiation
and energy potential in Dhaka, Bangladesh using various tilt characteristics can be fixed to ensure efficient energy capture.
angle optimization techniques. According to the findings, the The determination of the optimal tilt angle is dependent upon
average yearly tilt angle is 27.92°, whereas the monthly average various factors, including mounting methods, topography of
tilt angle fluctuates widely between 0 and 55°. When taking into the area and meteorological conditions [12].
account monthly average tilt angles, the highest hourly power
output in November was 238.21 W, or 79.40% of the rated There has been a few partial studies on the implementation
output. A maximum hourly power output of 199.09 W, or of solar PV considering tilt angle for Bangladesh [13-16]. To
66.36% of the rated output, was achieved in the fixed tilt angle evaluate the power and energy potential, a thorough analysis
yearly approach. The average seasonal power output is highest comparing the different tilt angle optimization techniques has
during the post-monsoon period and lowest during the monsoon not yet been carried out. An accurate system performance
period. model is necessary for the optimization of PV power
generation. At present, numerous commercial software
Keywords—solar energy, power output, tilt angle, optimization applications exist for modeling PV systems. However, most
I. INTRODUCTION programs lack the capability to accurately simulate PV
systems situated on uneven terrain. This research provides an
The electricity generation mix of Bangladesh is mainly optimization approach utilizing mathematical model
comprised of non-renewable energy sources such as natural simulations to tackle these kinds of challenges. The new
gas, oil, and coal. One of the main causes of global warming contribution of this paper is to develop a complete and
and climate change is carbon emissions from non-renewable comprehensive PV performance model in the context of
sources. Only 4.58% of electricity in the country comes from Dhaka, Bangladesh using MATLAB simulation incorporating
renewable sources, including 958.38 MW of solar power [1]. the fundamental mathematical modeling of solar input
However, the enormous potential of solar energy can be parameters. The maximum power output for a south facing PV
crucial to achieving the SDGs, which call for universal access panel in Dhaka is measured based on the monthly, seasonal
to clean and sustainable energy by 2030 [2]. To achieve this and yearly optimal tilt angles.
SDG, Bangladesh is expecting to have a 25% share of clean
electricity by the year 2030 [3], where the capacity of solar The argument unfolds in four sections. Section I provides
installations will be increased to 4,000 MW [4]. The area the brief introduction, literature review covering this
required to generate one MW of solar energy is around three particular case study for Dhaka and the contribution of this
acres [5]. Bangladesh is a small and heavily populated paper. The methodology in Section II focuses on the ways in
country, thus there is definitely a space constraint restricting which data were collected, the modeling of required
the development of large-scale solar power plants. Therefore, parameters, and simulation procedures. Section III presents
it is crucial to maximize the amount of solar power generated the results analysis. The article is finally concluded in Section
on the available area by maximizing relevant solar parameters. IV.
The amount of incoming solar radiation received by a II. METHODOLOGY
photovoltaic (PV) panel is the primary factor that determines This section describes the data gathering, parameter
its best performance. Thus, the panel must be positioned at an modeling, and simulation techniques used to determine the
angle of inclination that enables sunlight absorption on its optimum tilt angles for achieving maximum PV power
upper surface in a perpendicular way in order to achieve the generation in Dhaka. Using MATLAB simulation, the
maximum efficiency [6]. The most effective approach for maximum power produced by a tilted solar PV module was
enhancing solar energy capture is the use of a solar tracking calculated.
system that will continuously trace the trajectory of the sun
movement over the sky [7]. However, these tracking systems
for the solar modules are complicated and require substantial
A. Data Set (3)
The initial stage entails acquiring the latitude ( 𝜙 ), c) Sunset Hour Angle (𝜔𝑠𝑠 )
monthly average daily solar radiation (𝐻̅ ) at the location, as
̅𝑑 ) and beam radiation (𝐻 ̅𝑏 ) on the The sunset hour angle ( 𝜔𝑠𝑠 ) represents the angular
well as the diffuse (𝐻
distance between the sunset position and the due west point
horizontal surface, together with the day of the year (𝑛). The
on the horizon. This angle determines the time of sunset. It is
information was taken from the National Aeronautical and
crucial to understand the available daylight duration for solar
Space Administration (NASA) database and covered the
energy capture. The calculation of the sunset hour angle
years 2001–2020. The average bright sunlight hour of Dhaka
involves the latitude of the location (𝜙) and the declination
from 2001 to 2021 was utilized, which was also supplied by
angle (𝛿). By using trigonometric relationships, the sunset
NASA Data Access Viewer, to compute the average solar
hour angle can be determined as follows [21].
irradiation per hour (W/m2). The relevant information is
presented in Table I [17]. 𝜔𝑠𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [−𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜙)𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝛿)] (4)
TABLE I. MONTHLY AVERAGE DAILY SOLAR RADIATION (MJ/M2) d) Extraterrestrial Radiation (𝐻 ̅𝑜 )
AND CLEARNESS INDEX DATA
The solar radiation model is applied to assess the monthly
Month Global Diffuse Beam Extraterrestrial Clearness mean extraterrestrial radiation in this study. The solar
̅̅̅̅
(𝑯) (𝑯̅ 𝒅) ̅ 𝒃)
(𝑯 (𝑯𝒐 ) index (𝑲𝒕 ) radiation present beyond the earth's atmosphere is commonly
Jan 12.744 6.228 6.516 26.10 0.49 referred to as extraterrestrial radiation. The calculation for the
Feb 16.416 7.164 9.252 29.50 0.56 daily extraterrestrial radiation on a horizontal surface is
Mar 18.684 8.82 9.864 33.90 0.55 described in reference [22].
Apr 19.26 10.332 8.928 37.30 0.52
May 18.288 10.548 7.74 38.70 0.47 ̅𝑜 = 24𝐺𝑠𝑐 (1 + 0.033𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝐻
360𝑛
)×
Jun 15.516 10.08 5.436 38.80 0.40 𝜋 365
𝜋𝜔𝑠
Jul 15.48 10.008 5.472 38.60 0.40 {𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜑) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛿) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜔𝑠) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜑) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝛿)}
180
Aug 15.84 10.224 5.616 37.70 0.42
Sep 15.444 9.288 6.156 34.90 0.44
(5)
Oct 15.696 7.2 8.496 30.70 0.51 Followed by calculation of the extraterrestrial radiation
Nov 14.796 5.544 9.252 26.80 0.55 (𝐻𝑜 ), the total solar radiation shall be calculated for a range
Dec 12.492 5.544 6.948 25.00 0.50
of tilt angle values ( 𝛽 ) ranging from -10° to 90° using
B. Models and Assumptions (6),(7),(8),(9),(10),(11) and (12).
After choosing the location, the values of the declination e) Clearness Index (𝐾̄𝑡 )
angle (𝛿), incidence angle (𝜃), and sunset hour angle (𝜔𝑠𝑠 )
The monthly average clearness index (𝐾̄𝑡 ) is determined
were estimated by using (1) to (4). The solar constant (𝐺𝑠𝑐 ) is
by dividing the monthly average daily radiation on a
commonly accepted to have a value of 1367 watts per square ̅ ) by the monthly average daily
horizontal surface ( 𝐻
meter. The ground reflectance factor 𝜌 is assumed to be 0.2 ̅𝑜 ) [23]. This index provides
[18]. A crucial component in precisely calculating the total extraterrestrial radiation ( 𝐻
amount of solar radiation that a tilted surface receives is the valuable insight into the availability of solar power for
albedo, also known as ground reflectance, which is a specific locations over time, which serves as an indication of
measurement of the percentage of incident energy that is how much direct sunlight reaches the surface.
reflected back. The power is estimated using the fundamental 𝐻̅
𝐾̄𝑡 = ̅𝑜
(6)
models of different solar parameters as follows. 𝐻

a) Declination Angle (𝛿) f) Total Solar Radiation

The declination angle (δ) corresponds to the earth’s axial The total solar radiation (𝐻𝑇 ) received by an inclined
tilt of 23.45 degrees, which influences the angle of incidence surface is comprised of three components: direct beam
of the solar radiation at a certain geographical location [19]. radiation(𝐻𝐵 ), diffuse radiation (𝐻𝐷 ) and ground reflected
The angle, which ranges from -23.45 to +23.45 degrees, radiation (𝐻𝑅 ) [24]. The expression can be represented as,
undergoes seasonal fluctuations throughout the year. The
𝐻𝑇 = 𝐻𝐵 + 𝐻𝐷 + 𝐻𝑅 (7)
following (1) is utilized in order to ascertain the declination
angle, where n is the day number of the year. In order to get the value of the total daily beam radiation
360° on the tilted surface ( 𝐻𝐵 ), it is necessary to calculate 𝑅𝑏
𝛿 = 23.45°𝑠𝑖𝑛 [ (284 + 𝑛)] (1) which is the ratio between the beam radiation received by the
365
tilted surface and that received by a horizontal surface. This
b) Incident Angle (𝜃) calculation method is outlined in [25].
The incident angle (𝜃) is defined as the deviation between 𝜋
cos(𝜙–𝛽) cos(𝛿) sin(𝜔𝑠𝑠 )+ (180)𝜔𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜙–𝛽) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝛿)
the sun rays and the surface normal line at the point of impact 𝑅𝑏 = (8)
[20]. Eqn. (2) computes the incident angle on a horizontal cos(𝜙) cos(𝛿) sin(𝜔𝑠 )+ (𝜋/180) 𝜔𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜙) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝛿)

surface incorporating the latitude (𝜙) and the hour angle (𝜔). Using the calculated 𝑅𝑏 value, 𝐻𝐵 is determined as
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜙)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛿) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜙)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛿)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔) (2) follows [26]

In the northern hemisphere, when a south-facing surface 𝐻𝐵 = (𝐻 − 𝐻𝑑 )𝑅𝑏 (9)

is inclined, eqn (2) simplifies to eqn (3) by introducing the The amount of diffuse radiation on an inclined surface of
slope angle (𝛽) between the radiation plane and surface [20]. a panel is contingent upon the diffuse radiation (𝐻𝑑 ) on a
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜙 − 𝛽)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛿) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜙 − 𝛽)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛿)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔) horizontal surface, as indicated in Table I, and the ratio of the
diffuse radiation received by the tilted surface compared to monthly mean daily global radiation for horizontal surfaces
that received by a horizontal surface (𝑅𝑑 ) [27]. The as well as monthly mean daily diffuse surface radiation.
determination of 𝐻𝐷 can be made using equation in the
Step 2: The program sets the reflection coefficient to 0.2
following manner.
as there is no snowfall in Bangladesh.
𝐻𝐷 = 𝐻𝑑 × 𝑅𝑑 (10)
Step 3: The code enters a loop to iterate over different tilt
𝑅𝑑 can be achieved by using various isotropic and angles (-10 to 90 degrees) with a step size of 5 degrees. That’s
anisotropic models. According to the Liu and Jordan’s why initial tilt angle was set -10 and therefore 𝛽 = −10
isotropic model [23], 𝑅𝑑 can be modelled as follows:
Step 4: An array m has been created in MATLAB code
1+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 that contains the cumulative day sequence numbers for each
𝑅𝑑 = (11)
2 month. For example, m(1) represents the day sequence
Again, daily ground reflected radiation ( 𝐻𝑅 ) can be number for January and m(2) represents the day sequence
estimated using following equation [22], number for February.
1− 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 Step 5: The code again enters into a loop for the variable
𝐻𝑅 = 𝜌 ( ) (12)
2 day, which iterates from 1 to N, representing the days of the
where ρ is the albedo or ground reflectance. Its value given month.
fluctuates between 0.2 for a surface without snow and 0.6 for Step 6: The code calculates the day sequence number n in
a surface covered with fresh snow [28]. In this study, a value the year by adding the day number to the cumulative day
of 0.2 is considered [26]. sequence number of the input month x.
Therefore, the total solar radiation on the tilted surface Step 7: Using the day sequence number n, the code
can be evaluated as [29]: calculates declination angle sunset hour angle in both degrees
1− 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛽 and radians using equations (1) and (4), respectively. These
𝐻𝑇 = (𝐻 − 𝐻𝑑 )𝑅𝑏 + 𝐻𝑑 𝑅𝑑 + 𝜌 ( ) (13) angles are employed for determining the amount of solar
2

To obtain the optimum tilt angle, the total solar radiation radiation received at a given location using eqn (13).
(𝐻𝑇 ) hitting the surface is calculated for varying tilt angles Step 8: Using equation (9), the beam radiation is then
(𝛽) through the year. The optimum tilt angle for each day is calculated on the tilted surface based on the provided monthly
estimated upon searching for slope values at which the mean daily global radiation on a horizontal surface, the
maximum total solar radiation is achieved. The computed tilt monthly mean daily diffuse radiation on a horizontal surface,
angle with maximum average total radiation serves as the and the tilt angle.
average monthly optimum tilt (𝛽𝑚𝑜𝑝𝑡 ) and yearly optimum
Step 9: Using the extraterrestrial radiation and other
tilt (𝛽𝑦𝑜𝑝𝑡 ) for PV panels. variables, the extraterrestrial radiation on the horizontal
g) PV Output Power surface is calculated using eqn (5).
The selected Polycrystalline silicon PV array of Longi Step 10: In this step, the ground reflection beam radiation
Solar LR6-60-300PEM model is comprised of 72 cells in a is calculated based on the tilt angle and the monthly mean
series with an expected peak power of 300W. At ambient daily global radiation on a horizontal surface.
temperature, the temperature coefficient of -0.37%/°C for
Step 11: The code calculates the ratio between the
output power. The simulation shall use an efficiency of the
monthly daily diffuse radiations on the tilted surface to the
maximum power value 18.3% for each panel. The available
horizontal surface 𝑅𝑑 based on the tilt angle β, the beam
solar radiation on a tilted surface ( 𝐻𝑇 ) and ambient
radiation, and the other variables. The value of diffuse
temperature (𝑇) are used to calculate the output power of a
radiation is updated using this 𝑅𝑑 through eqn (11).
PV array. The output power can be calculated using following
equation. Step 12: After that, the code calculates the total radiation
𝐻𝑇 (𝑡) on the tilted surface by adding the beam radiation, the ground
𝑃𝑝𝑣 (𝑡) = 𝑌𝑝𝑣 × 𝑓𝑝𝑣 [ ] × [1 + 𝛼 𝑇 [𝑇𝑐 (𝑡) − reflection beam radiation, and the updated diffuse radiation.
𝐻𝑇 (𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑)
𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 ] (14) Step 13: The value of average total radiation per hour is
where 𝐻𝑇 (𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑) and 𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 are the standard test then printed for each day within the given month, considering
conditions for solar irradiation and cell temperature, the fixed tilt angle.
respectively. Besides 𝛼 𝑇 , 𝑌𝑝𝑣 and 𝑓𝑝𝑣 are the temperature Step 14: Then we find the optimum monthly and yearly
coefficient of 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 , derating factor (%) and rated power of tilt angle by selecting the highest irradiation from the average
the PV panel, respectively [30]. The cell temperature (𝑇𝑐 ) can of the total radiation.
be defined from following equation [31],
Step 15: Then we calculate the maximum power for PV
𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑
𝑇𝑐 (𝑡) = × 𝐻𝑇 (𝑡) + 𝑇𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 (15) array considering the module efficiency and temperature.
800

C. Simulation Steps Step 16: Finally, we come to the conclusion about the
optimum tilt angle and highest power output gained on
The overall procedure for maximizing output solar power yearly, monthly and seasonal basis.
using a data-driven approach is briefly summed up in the
following steps: III. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
Step 1: Firstly, it is required to specify the month of year, This section will analyze the data to find the optimum tilt
number of days in that month, site latitude and longitude, angles on a monthly, seasonal, and annual basis.
Additionally, we will compute the energy potential and the wind circulation system in the South Asian subcontinent
power output at the optimal tilt angles. throughout the year. This phenomenon gives rise to four
distinct seasons in the country [32]. These seasons are as
A. Solar Radiation with Tilt Angle Variation follows: (i) winter, occurring from December to February, (ii)
The solar radiation for south-facing panels at various tilt pre-monsoon, spanning from March to May, (iii) monsoon or
degrees is displayed in Figs. 1 through 3. This displays the rainy season, which lasts from June to September, and (iv)
monthly average daily solar radiation for each of the 12 the post-monsoon season, observed in October and
months of the year on a tilted surface. The optimum tilt angles November. The tilt angles were averaged according to the
at which maximum irradiance is found are displayed on allocation of months under each season to determine seasonal
graphs. As shown in Figs, the optimum angle of tilt values tilt angles. The seasonal tilt angles vary in a wide range as
have been found to differ over a number of months. shown in Fig 4. During winter season (December-February),
the tilt angle is maximum 55°. On the other hand, tilt angle is
as low as -2.5° (2.5°N) during monsoon (June-September).
The yearly average tilt angle was calculated by averaging all
the monthly optimum tilt angle values and the yearly tilt angle
for Dhaka city has been found to be 27.92° as presented in
Table II.

TABLE II. SEASONAL AND YEARLY IRRADIANCE UNDER OPTIMAL

TILT ANGLES IN DEGREES

Seasonal Yearly
Month Season 𝜷𝒐𝒑𝒕 Irradiance 𝜷𝒐𝒑𝒕 Irradiance
(MJ/m^2) (MJ/m^2)
Fig. 1. Monthly average solar radiation with tilt angle variation from January Winter 55 21.35 16.309
January to April. February Winter 55 22.73 19.735
March Pre-monsoon 15 20.09 20.224
April Pre-monsoon 15 19.45 18.785
May Pre-monsoon 15 17.66 16.514
June Monsoon -2.5 15.54 27.92 13.638
July Monsoon -2.5 15.49 13.847
August Monsoon -2.5 15.79 15.106
September Monsoon -2.5 15.29 16.061
October Post-monsoon 50 20.22 18.284
November Post-monsoon 50 23.57 19.214
December Winter 55 22.18 16.602

Fig. 2. Monthly average solar radiation with tilt angle variation from May
to August.

Fig. 4. Monthly, seasonal and yearly tilt angle.

B. Effect of Optimum Tilt Angle on Solar Power Output

Tables III, IV and V present the power output of solar
Fig. 3. Monthly average solar radiation with tilt angle variation from panel for all the 12 months considering monthly, seasonal and
September to December. yearly optimum tilt angle, respectively following equation
(14). As it is seen, solar power output is directly proportional
Table II summarizes the monthly, seasonal, and yearly to the solar irradiance, therefore the month that receives
optimal tilt angles. The highest monthly optimum tilt angle higher solar irradiance eventually result in higher solar
was found in December, which is 60°. The lowest monthly power. In Table III, solar power output for monthly optimum
optimum tilt angle was recorded in May, June, and July which tilt has been calculated. During November, maximum solar
is -5°, meaning that solar panel orientation should be reversed power output was found to be 238.21W which is about
from south to north during these months. 20.59% lower than the rated output 300W. On the other hand,
The tilt angle values were averaged to determine both the output was lowest in July and it was 153.68W. This output
seasonal and yearly optimum tilt angles. One prominent power is about 48.77% lower than the rated output.
characteristic of the climate in Bangladesh is the reversal of
 The solar output for seasonal optimum tilt angle has been optimum tilt angle ranges from 66.36% to 46.01% of the rated
shown in Table IV. Similarly, the highest solar power output power output.
was found in November which is 237.30W and 20.9% higher
than the rated output. The lowest output was calculated in In Table VI, the seasonal average power output for yearly
July which is 152.90W and 49.04% lower than the rated optimum tilt angle has been calculated. It is found that the
output. average seasonal power output is highest during post
monsoon and lowest during the monsoon period.
TABLE III. AVERAGE HOURLY IRRADIATION AND POWER OUTPUT FOR
MONTHLY OPTIMUM TILT ANGLE TABLE VI. SEASON WISE MONTHLY AVERAGE POWER OUTPUT (W)

Month Average solar Power Energy per month Season Monthly average power output (W)
irradiation (W/m2) (W) kWh/month Winter 176.80
Jan 965.84 209.97 39.97 Pre-monsoon 181.753
Feb Monsoon 147.20
1023.45 217.46 37.81
Post-monsoon 193.20
Mar 945.27 199.59 37.87
Apr 907.49 190.85 34.18
May 862.16 182.35 33.41
Jun 730.28 156.94 28.06 From Fig 5, it is evident that adjusting tilt angle yearly,
Jul 712.87 153.68 28.92 seasonal and monthly can have significant impact on solar
Aug 729.61 156.87 29.37 power output. Although the difference in power output for
Sep 763.86 163.63 28.91 yearly and seasonal tilt angles is not noteworthy, the power
Oct 981.92 205.14 36.50 output for the yearly optimum tilt angle has been found to be
Nov 1151.82 238.21 40.80
Dec 1053.83 224.92 40.79
considerably lower than the monthly and seasonal angles.
Total kWh 416.59 Total kWh produced by adjusting solar panels to the
corresponding tilt angles are 416.59, 411.79 and 371.60 for
TABLE IV. AVERAGE HOURLY IRRADIATION AND POWER OUTPUT FOR monthly, seasonal, and yearly periods, respectively.
SEASONAL OPTIMUM TILT ANGLE

Month Average solar Power Energy per month

irradiation (W/m2) (W) kWh/month
Jan 965.896 209.98 39.97
Feb 1028.329 216.22 37.60
Mar 911.863 193.40 36.69
Apr 882.814 190.39 34.10
May 801.568 176.32 32.30
Jun 724.279 155.77 27.85
Jul 721.948 152.90 28.77
Aug 735.931 156.21 29.25
Sep 712.627 155.35 27.45
Oct 978.521 204.52 36.39
Nov 1140.640 237.30 40.65
Dec 1053.190 224.80 40.77 Fig. 5. Monthly, seasonal and yearly average power output of solar panel.
Total kWh 411.79
IV. CONCLUSION
TABLE V. AVERAGE HOURLY IRRADIATION AND POWER OUTPUT FOR
YEARLY OPTIMUM TILT ANGLE In this study, the monthly, seasonal, and yearly optimal
tilt angles of the solar module to harvest maximum solar
Month Average solar Power Energy per month power output were determined for Dhaka, Bangladesh. A
irradiation (W/m2) (W) kWh/month
Jan
data-driven approach incorporating the mathematical models
737.8240321 165.20 31.44
Feb
of solar parameters has been proposed. The findings of the
882.7852554 191.11 33.23
Mar 917.9539667 194.54 36.91
study can be summarized as follows:
Apr 874.0552119 184.65 33.07 ● The maximum tilt angle was found during October-
May 776.1970864 166.07 30.43 December period, which was 53.33 degrees, whereas the
Jun 635.6430419 138.31 24.73
Jul 633.6938734 138.04 25.98
lowest was 0 degrees during April-June period. The
Aug 694.711906 150.06 28.10 optimum tilt angle from January to March was 48.33
Sep 757.4365128 162.39 28.70 degrees, and from July to September, it was 10 degrees.
Oct 884.8125997 187.30 33.33
Nov 934.7377593 199.09 34.10
● The optimum tilt angle for the entire year was calculated
Dec 788.3235415 174.22 31.59 as 27.92 degrees and seasonal optimum angle was varies
Total kWh 371.60 from -2.5 to 55 degrees.
● For monthly average tilt angle, the highest hourly power
The solar power output considering only yearly optimum output was observed in November, which was 238.21W
tilt angle has been presented in Table V. Considering the and it is about 20.59% lower than the rated output. Also,
yearly optimum tilt angle, the highest power output was in November, we found the highest hourly power output
observed in November which was 199.09 W. On the other for seasonal average tilt angle which was 237.30 W
hand, the lowest power output was observed in July which which is 20.9% lower than the rated output. Furthermore,
was 138.04 W. Hence, the solar power output at yearly in the fixed tilt angle approach (Yearly), we observed the
highest hourly power output in November which was
199.09 W which is 66.36% of the rated output.
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