ME 513

Fall 2017
Daniel J. Carr

Homework 4 Solutions
65 Points

Problem 6.2.2 (10 points)

Given
A plane wave is reflected from the ocean floor at normal incidence with a level 20 dB below that
of the incident wave

Find
Possible values of the specific acoustic impedance of the fluid bottom material

Solution
𝑆𝑃𝐿𝑖 = 20 + 𝑆𝑃𝐿𝑟
𝑃2 𝑃2
10 log10 (𝑃2𝑖 ) = 20 + 10 log10 (𝑃2𝑟 )
𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓
𝑃𝑖2 𝑃𝑟2
log10 (𝑃2 ) = 2 + log10 (𝑃2 )
𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓
𝑃𝑖2 𝑃2
2 = 102+log10(𝑃𝑟 ⁄𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 ) = 100 𝑃2𝑟
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓

𝑃𝑖2 = 100𝑃𝑟2
𝑃
𝑃𝑟 = ± 10𝑖
𝑅 = ±0.1

𝑟 −𝑟
𝑅̃ = 𝑟2 +𝑟1 [KFCS, Equation 6.2.8]
2 1

𝑅̃ (𝑟2 + 𝑟1 ) = 𝑟2 − 𝑟1
𝑟1 𝑅̃ = 𝑟2 (1 − 𝑅̃ ) − 𝑟1
1+𝑅̃
𝑟2 = 𝑟1 1−𝑅̃

Ocean water at 13°C: 𝑟1 = 1.54 ∙ 106 Pa ∙ s⁄m [KFCS, Table A10b]

1+𝑅 ̃ 1+0.1
𝑅̃ = 0.1: 𝑟2 = 𝑟1 1−𝑅̃ = 1.54 ∙ 106 Pa ∙ s⁄m (1−0.1) = 1.88 ∙ 106 Pa ∙ s⁄m
1+𝑅 ̃ 1−0.1
𝑅̃ = −0.1: 𝑟2 = 𝑟1 1−𝑅̃ = 1.54 ∙ 106 Pa ∙ s⁄m (1+0.1) = 1.26 ∙ 106 Pa ∙ s⁄m

𝑅̃ = 0.1: 𝑟2 = 1.88 ∙ 106 Pa ∙ s⁄m

𝑅̃ = −0.1: 𝑟2 = 1.26 ∙ 106 Pa ∙ s⁄m
 ME 513
Fall 2017
Daniel J. Carr
Problem 6.2.3, parts a) and b) (10 points)
Given
Plane wave is normally incident on the air/ocean water interface

Find
a) 𝑇, 𝑇𝐼 if the initial wave is in the water
b) 𝑇, 𝑇𝐼 if the initial wave is in the air

Solution
2𝑟2
𝑇=𝑟 [KFCS, Equation 6.2.9]
2 +𝑟1
𝑟 2 𝑟 2𝑟2 2 4𝑟1 𝑟2
𝑇𝐼 = (𝑟1 ) |𝑇̃| = (𝑟1 ) (𝑟 ) = (𝑟 2
[KFCS, Equation 6.2.11]
2 2 2 +𝑟1 2 +𝑟1 )

Air at 20°C: 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 415 Pa ∙ s⁄m [KFCS, Table A.10c]

Ocean water at 13°C: 𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1.54 ∙ 106 Pa ∙ s⁄m [KFCS, Table A.10b]

a) 𝑟1 = 𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 , 𝑟2 = 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑟
2𝑟2 2𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑟 2(415)
𝑇=𝑟 =𝑟 = 415+1.54∙106 = 5.39 ∙ 10−4
2 +𝑟1 𝑎𝑖𝑟 +𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
4𝑟1 𝑟2 4𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑟 4(1.54∙106 )(415)
𝑇𝐼 = (𝑟 2
= (𝑟 2
= (415+1.54∙106 )2
= 1.08 ∙ 10−3
2 +𝑟1 ) 𝑎𝑖𝑟 +𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 )

b) 𝑟1 = 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑟 , 𝑟2 = 𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
2𝑟2 2𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 2(1.54∙106 )
𝑇=𝑟 =𝑟 = 1.54∙106 +415 = 2.00
2 +𝑟1 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 +𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑟
4𝑟1 𝑟2 4𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 4(415)(1.54∙106 )
𝑇𝐼 = (𝑟2 +𝑟1 )2
= (𝑟 2
= (1.54∙106 +415)2
= 1.08 ∙ 10−3
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 +𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑟 )
 ME 513
Fall 2017
Daniel J. Carr
Problem 6.2.6C (10 points)
Given
Plane wave normally incident on a fluid-fluid boundary

Find
a) 𝑅, 𝑇, 𝑅𝐼 , 𝑇𝐼 for 0 < 𝑟1⁄𝑟2 < 10
b) Comment on the results for 𝑟1⁄𝑟2 = 0, 𝑟1⁄𝑟2 = 1, and 𝑟1⁄𝑟2 → ∞

Solution
See Problem 6.2.3 for derivation
𝑟 −𝑟 𝑟 −11−𝑟1 ⁄𝑟2
Equation 6.2.8: 𝑅̃ = 2 1 ( 2−1 ) = ⁄
𝑟2 +𝑟1 𝑟2 1+𝑟1 𝑟2
2 1−𝑟 ⁄𝑟 2
Plug into Equation 6.1.4: 𝑅𝐼 = |𝑅̃ | = (1+𝑟1⁄𝑟2 )
1 2
2𝑟2 𝑟2−1 2
Equation 6.2.9: 𝑇̃ = 𝑟 (𝑟 −1 ) = 1+𝑟
2 +𝑟1 2 1 ⁄𝑟2
𝑟 2 𝑟 2 4𝑟 ⁄𝑟 2
Plug into Equation 6.1.3: 𝑇𝐼 = (𝑟1 ) |𝑇̃| = (𝑟1 ) (1+𝑟 ⁄𝑟 ) = (1+𝑟1 ⁄𝑟2 )2
2 2 1 2 1 2
a)

𝑹 𝑻 𝑹𝑰 𝑻𝑰

b) Special cases
i. 𝑟1⁄𝑟2 = 0
1−0 2 Rigid surface: perfect
𝑅 = 1+0 = 1 𝑅𝐼 = |𝑅̃ | = 12 = 1
2 4(0)
reflection and pressure
𝑇 = 1+0 = 2 𝑇𝐼 = (1+0)2 = 0 doubling
ii. 𝑟1⁄𝑟2 = 1
1−1 2
𝑅 = 1+1 = 0 𝑅𝐼 = |𝑅̃ | = 02 = 0 Perfect impedance match:
2 4(1) zero reflection and perfect
𝑇 = 1+1 = 1 𝑇𝐼 = (1+1)2 = 1 transmission
iii. 𝑟1⁄𝑟2 → ∞
1−∞ 2
𝑅 = 1+∞ = −1 𝑅𝐼 = |𝑅̃ | = |−1|2 = 1 Pressure release boundary:
2 4∞ 4 out-of-phase reflection and
𝑇 = 1+∞ = 0 𝑇𝐼 = (1+∞)2 ≈ ∞ = 0
zero transmission
 ME 513
Fall 2017
Daniel J. Carr
Problem 6.3.4 (10 points)
Given
Your task is to maximize the transmission of sound waves from water into steel

Find
a) Optimum characteristic impedance of the material to be placed between the water and the
steel
b) 𝜌 and 𝑐 of a layer (1 cm thick) so that 𝑇 = 1 at 20 kHz
ASSUME NORMAL INCIDENCE

Solution
Characteristic impedance of sea-water at 13°C: 𝑟1 = 1.54 ∙ 106 Pa ∙ s⁄m [KFCS, Table A10b]
Bulk characteristic impedance of steel: 𝑟3 = 47.0 ∙ 106 Pa ∙ s⁄m [KFCS, Table A10a]

4
a) Equation 6.3.8: 𝑇𝐼 = 2+(𝑟 2 2 2 2
3 ⁄𝑟1 +𝑟1 ⁄𝑟3 ) cos 𝑘2 𝐿+(𝑟2 ⁄𝑟1 𝑟3 +𝑟1 𝑟3 ⁄𝑟2 ) sin 𝑘2 𝐿

In order for 𝑇𝐼 to be maximum, denominator must be minimum. Hence, because we are

trying to optimize for 𝑟2 , the term (𝑟22 ⁄𝑟1 𝑟3 + 𝑟1 𝑟3⁄𝑟22 ) must be minimum.
𝑥2
In generalized form: 𝑦 = + 𝐴𝑥 −2 (where 𝑥 = 𝑟2 and 𝐴 = 𝑟1 𝑟3 = real positive).
𝐴
𝑑𝑦
We have 𝑦 = maximum or minimum if 𝑑𝑥 = 0.
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
Thus, 𝑑𝑥 = − 2𝐴𝑥 −3 = 0.
𝐴
Solving, 𝑥 4 = 𝐴2
Assuming 𝑥 is real positive, we may simplify 𝑥 = √𝐴
Thus, 𝑟2 = √𝑟1 𝑟3 = √(1.54 ∙ 106 Pa ∙ s⁄m)(47.0 ∙ 106 Pa ∙ s⁄m) = 8.51 ∙ 106 Pa ∙ s⁄m
𝑟2 = √𝑟1 𝑟3 = 8.51 ∙ 106 Pa ∙ s⁄m
b) The 𝑇𝐼 formula in part a) has several special cases. The fourth special case is given in
4𝑟1 𝑟3 1
Equation 6.3.16: 𝑇𝐼 = (𝑟 2
if 𝑘2 𝐿 ≈ (𝑛 − 2) 𝜋
2 +𝑟1 𝑟3 ⁄𝑟2 )

This special case reduces to 1 if 𝑟2 = √𝑟1 𝑟3, which we already established in part a).

𝜔 1 𝜋
𝑘2 = ≈ (𝑛 − )
𝑐2 2 𝐿
𝜔𝐿 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 2𝑓𝐿 4𝑓𝐿 4(2∙104 s−1 )(0.01 m) 800
𝑐2 ≈ 1 = 1 = 1 = 2𝑛−1 = = 2𝑛−1 m⁄s
(𝑛− )𝜋 (𝑛− )𝜋 𝑛− 2𝑛−1
2 2 2
𝑟 √𝑟1 𝑟3 (8.51∙106 Pa∙s⁄m)
𝜌2 = 𝑐2 = (2𝑛 − 1) = (2𝑛 − 1) = 1.06 ∙ 104 (2𝑛 − 1) kg⁄m3
2 4𝑓𝐿 4(2∙104 s−1 )(0.01 m)

√𝑟1 𝑟3
𝜌2 = (2𝑛 − 1) = 1.06 ∙ 104 (2𝑛 − 1) kg⁄m3
4𝑓𝐿
 ME 513
Fall 2017
Daniel J. Carr
Problem 6.6.3C (10 points)
Given
Sound wave obliquely incident on a normally-reacting solid

Find
Plot magnitude and phase of 𝑅 as a function of 𝜃 for:
a) 𝑟𝑛 ⁄𝑟1 = 2 , 𝑥𝑛 ⁄𝑟1 = 0
b) 𝑟𝑛 ⁄𝑟1 = 𝑥𝑛 ⁄𝑟1 = 2
c) 𝑟𝑛 ⁄𝑟1 = 𝑥𝑛 ⁄𝑟1 = 4
Comment on the conditions for minimum 𝑅

Solution
The expression for oblique-incidence 𝑅 for a normally-reacting solid is given in Equation 6.6.5:
(𝑟𝑛 − 𝑟1⁄cos 𝜃𝑖 ) + 𝑗𝑥𝑛 𝑟1−1 (𝑟𝑛 ⁄𝑟1 − 1⁄cos 𝜃𝑖 ) + 𝑗 𝑥𝑛 ⁄𝑟1
𝑅̃ = × ( −1 ) =
(𝑟𝑛 + 𝑟1⁄cos 𝜃𝑖 ) + 𝑗𝑥𝑛 𝑟1 (𝑟𝑛 ∕ 𝑟1 + 1⁄cos 𝜃𝑖 ) + 𝑗 𝑥𝑛 ⁄𝑟1

2−1⁄cos 𝜃 1 𝜋
a) 𝑟𝑛 ⁄𝑟1 = 2 , 𝑥𝑛 ⁄𝑟1 = 0: 𝑅̃ = 2+1⁄cos 𝜃𝑖 minimum at cos 𝜃𝑖 = 2, i.e. 𝜃𝑖 = ± 3
𝑖

(2−1⁄cos 𝜃 )+2𝑗
b) 𝑟𝑛 ⁄𝑟1 = 𝑥𝑛 ⁄𝑟1 = 2: 𝑅̃ = (2+1⁄cos 𝜃𝑖 )+2𝑗
𝑖

(4−1⁄cos 𝜃 )+4𝑗
c) 𝑟𝑛 ⁄𝑟1 = 𝑥𝑛 ⁄𝑟1 = 4: 𝑅̃ = (4+1⁄cos 𝜃𝑖 )+4𝑗
𝑖

a) b) c)

𝑟
Minimum 𝑅̃ when cos1 𝜃 = 𝑧𝑛
 ME 513
Fall 2017
Daniel J. Carr
Problem 6 (15 points)
Given
Fluid layer over a perfectly hard backing

𝜌0 𝑐 𝜌1 𝑐1

x 𝑥=𝐿
Find
a) Expression for surface normal impedance (at normal incidence), i.e. 𝑧𝑛1 at 𝑥 = 0
b) Sketch of surface normal impedance
c) Plane wave pressure reflection coefficient; show that in this case |𝑅| = 1

Solution
𝑝̃0 (𝑥) = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑗𝑘0 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑗𝑘0 𝑥
𝑝̃1 (𝑥) = 𝐶𝑒 −𝑗𝑘1 𝑥 + 𝐷𝑒 𝑗𝑘1 𝑥

1 𝜕𝑝̃0 1 1
𝑢̃0𝑥 (𝑥) = − 𝑗𝜔𝜌 = − 𝑗𝜔𝜌 (−𝑗𝑘0 𝐴𝑒 −𝑗𝑘0 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑘0 𝐵𝑒 𝑗𝑘0 𝑥 ) = 𝜌 𝑐 (𝐴𝑒 −𝑗𝑘0 𝑥 − 𝐵𝑒 𝑗𝑘0 𝑥 )
0 𝜕𝑥 0 0
1 𝜕𝑝̃1 1 −𝑗𝑘1 𝑥 𝑗𝑘1 𝑥 1
𝑢̃1𝑥 (𝑥) = − 𝑗𝜔𝜌 = − 𝑗𝜔𝜌 (−𝑗𝑘1 𝐶𝑒 + 𝑗𝑘1 𝐷𝑒 )=𝜌 (𝐶𝑒 −𝑗𝑘1 𝑥 − 𝐷𝑒 𝑗𝑘1 𝑥 )
1 𝜕𝑥 1 1 𝑐1

a) Velocity at perfectly hard backing: 𝑢̃1𝑥 (𝐿) = 0

1
𝑢̃1𝑥 (𝐿) = 𝜌 (𝐶𝑒 −𝑗𝑘1 𝐿 − 𝐷𝑒 𝑗𝑘1 𝐿 ) = 0
1 𝑐1

𝐷 = 𝐶𝑒 −2𝑗𝑘1 𝐿

Thus, 𝑝̃1 (𝑥) = 𝐶𝑒 −𝑗𝑘1 𝑥 + (𝐶𝑒 −2𝑗𝑘1 𝐿 )𝑒 𝑗𝑘1 𝑥 = 𝐶𝑒 −𝑗𝑘1 𝐿 (𝑒 𝑗𝑘1 𝐿 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘1 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘1 𝐿 𝑒 𝑗𝑘1 𝑥 )
= 𝐶𝑒 −𝑗𝑘1 𝐿 [𝑒 𝑗𝑘1 (𝐿−𝑥) + 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘1 (𝐿−𝑥) ] = 2𝐶𝑒 −𝑗𝑘1 𝐿 cos[𝑘1 (𝐿 − 𝑥)]

1 𝐶𝑒 −𝑗𝑘1 𝐿
𝑢̃1𝑥 (𝑥) = 𝜌 [𝐶𝑒 −𝑗𝑘1 𝑥 − (𝐶𝑒 −2𝑗𝑘1 𝐿 )𝑒 𝑗𝑘1 𝑥 ] = [𝑒 𝑗𝑘1 𝐿 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘1 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘1 𝐿 𝑒 𝑗𝑘1 𝑥 ]
1 𝑐1 𝜌1 𝑐1
𝐶𝑒 −𝑗𝑘1 𝐿 2𝑗𝐶𝑒 −𝑗𝑘1 𝐿
= [𝑒 𝑗𝑘1 (𝐿−𝑥) − 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘1 (𝐿−𝑥) ] = sin[𝑘1 (𝐿 − 𝑥)]
𝜌1 𝑐1 𝜌1 𝑐1
𝑝̃ (𝑥) 2𝐶𝑒 −𝑗𝑘1 𝐿 cos[𝑘 (𝐿−𝑥)]
𝑧𝑛1 = 𝑢̃ 1 (𝑥)| = 𝜌1 𝑐1 2𝑗𝐶𝑒 −𝑗𝑘1𝐿 sin[𝑘1 (𝐿−𝑥)]| = −𝑗𝜌1 𝑐1 cot[𝑘1 (𝐿 − 𝑥)]𝑥=0
1𝑥 𝑥=0 1 𝑥=0
𝑧𝑛1 = −𝑗𝜌1 𝑐1 cot(𝑘1 𝐿)
 ME 513
Fall 2017
Daniel J. Carr
b) Plotted with 𝜌1 𝑐1 = 1

c) Pressure continuity at fluid interface: 𝑝̃0 (0) = 𝑝̃1 (0)

Velocity continuity at fluid interface: 𝑢̃0𝑥 (0) = 𝑢̃1𝑥 (0)
𝑝̃ (0) 𝑝̃ (0)
Thus, 𝑢̃ 0 (0) = 𝑢̃ 1 (0) = 𝑧𝑛1
0𝑥 1𝑥
𝐴+𝐵
Substitute in 𝑝̃0 (0) and 𝑢̃0𝑥 (0): 𝜌0 𝑐 𝐴−𝐵 = 𝑧𝑛1
𝐴−1 1+𝑅
Multiply left side by (𝐴−1 ): 𝜌0 𝑐 1−𝑅 = 𝑧𝑛1
𝜌0 𝑐 (1 + 𝑅) = 𝑧𝑛1 (1 − 𝑅)
𝑅(𝜌0 𝑐 + 𝑧𝑛1 ) = 𝑧𝑛1 − 𝜌0 𝑐
𝑧 −𝜌 𝑐 −𝑗𝜌 𝑐 cot(𝑘𝐿)−𝜌 𝑐 𝜌 𝑐+𝑗𝜌 𝑐 cot(𝑘 𝐿)
𝑅 = 𝑧𝑛1 +𝜌0𝑐 = −𝑗𝜌1 𝑐1 cot(𝑘𝐿)+𝜌0 𝑐 = − 𝜌0 𝑐−𝑗𝜌1 𝑐1 cot(𝑘1 𝐿)
𝑛1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1

Numerator and denominator are complex conjugates, so their magnitude is the same
∴ |𝑅| = 1