Communication for Various Purposes • This speech serves to provide

interesting and useful information to your

Communication???
audience.
Function: • Example:
⮚ A teacher telling students about
We communicate because we have a definite earthquakes
purpose. It may be intentional, perceptive or ⮚ A student talking about her research
recognizable, and functional. In some instances, ⮚ A travelogue about the Tower of
our good intention also London
creates an unintentional, dysfunctional result.To avoid ⮚ A computer programmer speaking
the unintended negative effect, we need about new software
to use clear, correct language and be sensitive to
cultural differences. GUIDELINES FOR INFORMATIVE SPEAKING
Providing information deals with: 1. Do an obstacle analysis of the audience.
• Objects 2. Organize the material carefully.
3. Personalize your material to your audience.
• Processes 4. Compare the known to the unknown.
• Events 5. Choose your vocabulary carefully.
6. Build on repetition and redundancy.
• Concepts 7. Strive to be interesting.

2. PERSUASIVE
VI. Communication for Various Purposes • A persuasive speech works to convince people
A. Types of Speeches According to Functions to change in some way: they think, the way
⮚ Informative they do something, or to start doing something
⮚ Persuasive that they are not currently doing.
⮚ Entertaining • Example:
⮚ A teenager attempting to convince her
B. Types of Speeches According to Delivery parents that she needs to be able to
⮚ Impromptu stay out until 11pm instead of 10pm.
⮚ Extemporaneous ⮚ A student council president trying to
⮚ Manuscript convince school administrators to allow
⮚ Memorized the students to have a dance after the
final football game of the season.
C. General Types of Speeches
WHAT IS A “SPEECH”? Elements of Persuasion

A. Types of Speeches According to

Ethos. This is the Greek word for “character.” Here the
Functions
speaker attempts to persuade others by using
⮚ Informative
authoritative and trustworthy course or support of
⮚ Persuasive/Argumentative
the message.
⮚ Entertaining
Pathos. This refers to the speaker’s appeal to emotions.
A speaker might use pathos to arouse the audience’s
feeling, such as by displaying photos to convince them
to contribute to charitable organizations.
Logos. This involves using logic to support a speaker’s
statements and, thereby, persuading his audience.
One way of doing this is by developing a coherent space
1. INFORMATIVE that moves logically through his argument,
emphasizing reasoning then moving in to a Different Types of Speeches according to Delivery
powerful conclusion.
Different Types of Speeches according
to Delivery The easiest approach to speech
TYPES OF PERSUASIVE SPEECH
delivery is not always the best. Substantial work
Speeches on Question of Fact.
goes into the careful preparation of an
A question of fact asks whether something is true or
interesting and ethical message, so it is
false. The speakers tries to persuade an audience
understandable that students may have the
that something did or did not occur, or that event did,
impulse to avoid “messing it up” by simply
in fact, cause another.
reading it word for word.
Speeches on Question of Value.
A question of value asks for a subjective evaluation of ⮚ Impromptu
something’s worth, significance, quality, or condition. ⮚ Extemporaneous
Here, the speaker argues that something is good or bad, ⮚ Manuscript
right or wrong, beautiful or ugly, boring or engaging. ⮚ Memorized
Speeches on Question of Policy.
While a question of value makes judgments about a IMPROMPTU SPEAKING
topic and promotes a speaker’s judgments of the
significance of something, a question of policy as ⮚ It is the presentation of a short message
what specific course of action should be taken or how a without advance preparation. Impromptu
problem should be solved. speeches often occur when someone is asked to
“say a few words” or give a toast on a special
Difference between Informative and occasion.
Persuasive Speech ⮚ The advantage of this kind of speaking is that
it’s spontaneous and responsive in an animated
Informative speakers fulfill the role of an expert on a group context.
topic and seek to facilitate audience understanding
about it. ⮚ The disadvantage is that the speaker is given
In contrast, persuasive speakers take the role of little or no time to contemplate the central
promoter or proponent, advocating a particular view on theme of his or her message. As a result, the
a topic they want the audience to adopt. message may be disorganized and difficult for
listeners to follow.
3. ENTERTAINING ⮚ Impromptu speeches are generally most
• The after-dinner speech is a typical example of successful when they are brief and focus on a
an entertaining speech. The speaker provides single point.
pleasure and enjoyment that make the
audience laugh or identify with anecdotal
information.
EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEAKING
• Example:
⮚ Excuses for any occasion • Extemporaneous speaking is the presentation of
⮚ Explaining cricket to an American a carefully planned and rehearsed speech,
⮚ Things you wouldn’t know without the spoken in a conversational manner using brief
movies notes.

• By using notes rather than a full manuscript, the

Types of Speeches According to Functions
extemporaneous speaker can establish and
⮚ Effective preparation requires identifying the
maintain eye contact with the audience and
purpose of your speech. Once you’ve identified
assess how well they are understanding the
your purpose, you can move on to the objective
speech as it progresses.
of your speech.
• Speaking extemporaneously has some ⮚ For an introduction, think of a hook that will
advantages. It promotes the likelihood that you, make your audience interested in the upcoming
the speaker, will be perceived as knowledgeable speaker.
and credible.
⮚ The body of your introductory speech should be
• In addition, your audience is likely to pay better devoted to telling the audience about the
attention to the message because it is engaging speaker’s topic, why the speaker is qualified,
both verbally and nonverbally. and why the audience should listen.

• The disadvantage of extemporaneous speaking ⮚ The final part of a good introduction is the
is that it requires a great deal of preparation for conclusion, which is generally designed to
both the verbal and the nonverbal components welcome the speaker to the lectern.
of the speech. Adequate preparation cannot be
achieved the day before you’re scheduled to
speak. Speeches of Presentation
Memorized speaking ⮚ When preparing a speech of presentation, it’s
always important to ask how long the speech
⮚ Memorized speaking is the rote recitation of a
should be.
written message that the speaker has
⮚ First, you should explain what the award or
committed to memory.
honor is and why the presentation is important.
⮚ Second, you can explain what the recipient has
accomplished in order for the award to be
General types of speeches
bestowed.
Ceremonial Speech- Ceremonial speeches are ⮚ Did the person win a race? Did the person write
speeches given during a ceremony or a ritual an important piece of literature? Did the person
marked by observance of formality or etiquette. mediate conflict? Whatever the recipient has
These ceremonies tend to be very special for done, you need to clearly highlight his or her
people, so it shouldn’t be surprising that they are work.
opportunities for speech making ⮚ Lastly, if the race or competition was conducted
⮚ Speeches of Introduction in a public forum and numerous people didn’t
⮚ Speeches of Presentation win, you may want to recognize those people
⮚ Speeches of Dedication for their efforts as well.
⮚ Toasts
⮚ Roasts Speeches of Dedication
⮚ Eulogies ⮚ A speech of dedication is delivered when a new
⮚ Speeches of Farewell store opens, a building is named after someone,
a plaque is placed on a wall, a new library is
completed, and so on.
Speeches of Introduction ⮚ These speeches are designed to highlight the
⮚ The first type of speech is called the speech of importance of the project and possibly those to
introduction, which is a mini speech given by whom the project has been dedicated.
the host of a ceremony that introduces another
speaker and his or her speech.

⮚ Just like any other speech, a speech of

introduction should be a complete speech and Toasts Speech
have a clear introduction, body, and conclusion ⮚ A toast is a speech designed to congratulate,
—and you should do it all in under two minutes. appreciate, or remember.
 ⮚ First, toasts can be delivered for the purpose of ⮚ Speeches of goodwill are often given in an
congratulating someone for an honor, a new attempt to get audience members to view the
job, or getting married. You can also toast person or organization more favorably.
someone to show your appreciation for ⮚ Although speeches of goodwill are clearly
something they’ve done. persuasive, they try not to be obvious about the
⮚ Lastly, we toast people to remember them and persuasive intent and are often delivered as
what they have accomplished. information-giving speeches that focus on an
⮚ When preparing a toast, the first goal is always individual or organization’s positives attributes.
to keep your remarks brief. Toasts are generally ⮚ There are three basic types of speeches of
given during the middle of some kind of goodwill: public relations, justification, and
festivities (e.g., wedding, retirement party, apology.
farewell party).
⮚ Second, the goal of a toast is to focus attention ⮚ A.1. Speeches for Public Relations In a public
on the person or persons being toasted—not on relations speech, the speaker is speaking to
the speaker enhance one’s own image or the image of his or
her organization. You can almost think of these
Roasts Speech speeches as cheerleading speeches because the
⮚ The roast speech is a very interesting and ultimate goal is to get people to like the speaker
peculiar speech because it is designed to both and what he or she represents.
praise and good-naturedly insult a person being ⮚ A.2. Speeches for Justification The second
honored. common speech of goodwill is the speech of
⮚ Generally, roasts are given at the conclusion of justification, which is given when someone
a banquet in honor of someone’s life attempts to defend why certain actions were
achievements. taken or will be taken. In these speeches,
speakers have already enacted (or decided to
Speeches of Farewell enact) some kind of behaviour, and are now
⮚ A speech of farewell allows someone to say attempting to justify why the behaviour is or
good-bye to one part of his or her life as he or was appropriate.
she is moving on to the next part of life. ⮚ A.3. Speeches of Apology These speeches have
⮚ Maybe you’ve accepted a new job and are become more and more commonplace. Every
leaving your current job, or you’re graduating time we turn around, a politician, professional
from college and entering the work force. athlete, musician, or actor/actress is doing
Eulogies something reprehensible and getting caught. In
⮚ A eulogy is a speech given in honor of someone fact, the speech of apology has quickly become
who has died. a fodder for humour as well.

Inspiration Speech- The goal of an inspirational speech B. Speeches for Commencements

is to elicit or arouse an emotional state within an ⮚ The second type of inspirational speech is the
audience. speech of commencement, which is designed to
⮚ Speeches to Ensure Goodwill recognize and celebrate the achievements of a
⮚ Speeches for Public Relations graduating class or other group of people.
⮚ Speeches for Justification ⮚ The most typical form of commencement
⮚ Speeches of Apology speech happens when someone graduates from
⮚ Speeches for Commencements school.

Speeches to Ensure Goodwill

⮚ Goodwill is an intangible asset that is made up
of the favor or reputation of an individual or
organization.