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cvV- 3 t wmKv›`i kvn I wMqvm DwÏb Avhg kvn
cvV- 4 t ivRv M‡Yk I cieZ©x kvmb
cvV- 5 t cieZ©x Bwjqvm kvnx esk
cvV- 6 t evsjvq nvewk kvmb
cvV- 7 t †nv‡mb kvnx esk: AvjvDwÏb †nv‡mb kvn
cvV- 8 t cieZx© †nv‡mb kvnx kvmb I †nv‡mb kvnx es‡ki Ae`vb
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BDwbU 5 c„ôv 124

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dLiæwÏb gyeviK kv‡ni ivRZ¡Kv‡j my`~i Avwd«Kvi gi‡°v †_‡K Be‡b eZyZv bv‡g GKRb gymwjg ch©UK 1345-
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BDwbU 5 c„ôv 125

I‡cb ¯‹zj Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ 2q cÎ

Bwjqvm kvnx esk: kvgmywÏb Bwjqvm kvn

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 Bwjqvm kv‡ni ivR¨ we¯Ív‡ii GKwU aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
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kvgmywÏb Bwjqvm kv‡ni cÖv_wgK Rxeb

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†mvbviMuv AwaKvi

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I‡cb ¯‹zj Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ 2q cÎ

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wbKU Avkªq MÖnY K‡ib| Gici Bwjqvm
kvn wÎcyivq mvgwiK Awfhvb Pvwj‡q
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evsjvi wn›`y I gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ cÖxwZi m¤cK© M‡o D‡VwQj| `~i `„wó m¤úbœ kvmK Bwjqvm kvn wd‡ivR kv‡ni
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BDwbU 5 c„ôv 127

I‡cb ¯‹zj Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ 2q cÎ

cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| Bwjqvm kvn GKRb avwg©K I wbôvevb gymjgvb wQ‡jb| dwKi I `i‡ekMY‡K wZwb Lye kÖ×v
Ki‡Zb| cxi AuvwL wmivRDwÏb I Zuvi wkl¨ kvqL AvjvDj nK Ges kvqL ivRv weqvevbx G‡`‡k AvMgb K‡i Zuvi
`ievi AjsK…Z K‡ib| wZwb Zuv‡`i mg¥v‡b ivR¨gq LvbKvn, gmwR` I gv`ªvmv ¯’vcb K‡ib|
K…wZZ¡ g~j¨vqb
Bwjqvm kv‡ni ivRZ¡Kvj evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡m GKwU D¾¡j Aa¨vq| GKRb mvgvb¨ kvmK †_‡K GKwÎZ
e„nr evsjv cÖwZwôZ K‡i GLv‡b myôz cÖkvmb e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©b K‡i RbKj¨vYg~jK kvmb cÖwZwôZ Kivq Bwjqvm kvn
evsjvi BwZnv‡m D”P ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡i Av‡Qb| `yBevsjvi mgMÖ mxgvbv‡K GKwÎZ K‡i ev½vjvn bvgwU Zuvi
mg‡qB cÖPwjZ nq Ges mvgmywÏb Bwjqvm kvn‡K kvn-B-ev½vjvn ejv nq| Zuvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j evOvwjiv me©cÖ_g
GKwU RvwZ wn‡m‡e AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i| G mgq evsjvi †jv‡Kiv evOvwj wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ nq| G Kvi‡Y HwZnvwmKMY
Zuv‡K ÔevOvwj RvZxqZvev‡`i RbKÕ e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| evsjvi BwZnv‡mi G gnvbvqK my`xN© 16 eQi ivRZ¡
Kivi ci 1358 wLª÷v‡ã g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|
wkÿv_©xi KvR GKwU Pv‡U©i gva¨‡g Bwjqvm kvn KZ©„K RqK…Z A‡ji cwiPq Zz‡j aiæb|

mvims‡ÿc :
dLiæwÏb gyeviK kvn evsjvi m¦vaxb myjZvwb hy‡Mi m~Pbv Ki‡jI myjZvwb hy‡Mi cÖK…Z cÖwZôvZv wQ‡jb myjZvb
kvgmywÏb Bwjqvm kvn| AwZ mvaviY Ae¯’v †_‡K jL‡bŠwZi kvmK n‡q jL‡bŠwZ, mvZMuvI, †mvbviMuv I wenvi
AwaKvi K‡i mgMª evsjv‡K GKwU †Kw›`ªq kvm‡bi Aax‡b G‡b Bwjqvm kvn evsjvi BwZnv‡m Agi ¯’vb AwaKvi
K‡i Av‡Qb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.2
eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| kvgmywÏb Bwjqvm kv‡ni Avw` wbevm wQj
K) Kvey‡j L) wmwR¯Ív‡b M) Lyivm‡b N) mgiL‡›`
2| nvRx Bwjqvm kvgmywÏb Bwjqvm kvn Dcvwa MªnY K‡ib
K) 1341 wLª÷v‡ã L) 1342 wLª÷v‡ã M) 1343 wLª÷v‡ã N) 1344 wLª÷v‡ã
3| wd‡ivR kvn ZyNjK kvgmywÏb Bwjqvm kvn‡K `gb Ki‡Z G‡j wZwb †Kvb `~‡M© AvkÖq MªnY K‡ib ?
K) cvÐyqvq L) jL‡bŠwZ‡Z M) GKWvjvq N) †mvbviMuvI‡q
4| evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡`i cÖ_g RbK wQ‡jb?
K) dLiæwÏb Bwjqvm kvn L) AvjvDwÏb Avjx kvn M) wmKv›`i kvn N) kvgmywÏb Bwjqvm kvn
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖk:œ
mygb I Rv‡f` XvKv wcÖwgqvi jx‡Mi dzUej †jLv †`LwQj| Avevnbx I †gvnv‡gWv‡bi ga¨Kvi G †Ljvq `yÕ`‡j †ek
K‡qKRb we‡`kx †L‡jvqvo †`‡L mygb ej‡jv, Avgv‡`i †`‡k GLb A‡bK we‡`kx †L‡jvovi i‡q‡Q| Rv‡f`
ej‡jv, nu¨v, G‡`i A‡b‡K Avevi GLv‡b we‡q-kvw` K‡i I e¨emv cÖwZôvb Ly‡j ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm Ki‡Q| ga¨hy‡M
evsjvq-I we‡`kxiv G‡m kvmb cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb|
K. Ôkvn-B-ev½vjvnÕÕ Kvi Dcvwa wQj? 1
L. Bwjqvm kvn evsjvi mxgvbv e„w× Ki‡Z mg_© n‡qwQ‡jb †Kb? eY©bv w`b| 2
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ we‡`kx‡`i g‡Zv Bwjqvm kvnx kvm‡Kiv evsjvi evB‡i †_‡K G‡mwQ‡jb-Zv e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K myjZvb kvgmywÏb Bwjqvm kv‡ni kvmb K…wZZ¡ g~j¨vqb Kiæb| 4

BDwbU 5 c„ôv 128

I‡cb ¯‹zj Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ 2q cÎ

cvV-5.3 wmKv›`i kvn I wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kvn

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 wmKv›`i kv‡ni cÖv_wgK Kg©KvÐ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 AvRg kv‡ni we‡`ªvn `gb I ivR¨ we¯Ívi m¤ú‡K© aviYv cv‡eb I
 cvi‡m¨i Kwe nvwd‡Ri mv‡_ AvRg kv‡ni eÜzZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
g~L¨ kã gv-ûqvb, Kwe nvwdR I †KvZIqvjx `iRv

wmKv›`i kvn (1358-1393 wLª.)

wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY
wcZv myjZvb kvmywÏb Bwjqvm kv‡ni g„Zz¨i ci Zuvi my‡hvM¨ cyÎ wmKv›`i kvn 1358 wLª÷v‡ã evsjvi wmsnvm‡b
Av‡ivnY K‡ib| wZwb wcZvi b¨vq †hvM¨, civµgkvjx, mvnmx I cÖRvwn‰Zlx bicwZ wQ‡jb| wmKv›`i kvn evsjv
†`‡k gymwjg kvm‡bi BwZnv‡m me©vwaKKvj ivRZ¡ K‡ib| my`xN© 35 eQ‡ii kvmbKv‡j wZwb evsjv‡`‡k gymwjg
kvmb my`„pfv‡e cÖwZwôZ K‡ib Ges RbM‡Yi kvwšÍ I wbivcËv msiÿY K‡ib|
w`wjøi myjZvb wdiæRkv‡ni mv‡_ m¤úK©
wmKv›`i kv‡ni ivRZ¡Kv‡ji cÖavb NUbv nj w`wjøi myjZv‡bi nvZ †_‡K evsjv‡K iÿv Kiv| Bwjqvm kv‡ni g„Zy¨i
ci myjZvb wd‡ivR kvn ZyMjK g‡b K‡iwQ‡jb †h, evsjvq bZzb myjZvb ÿgZvq emvq Zuvi evsjv AwaKvi mnR
n‡e| G Rb¨ wmKv›`i kvn ÿgZvmxb nIqvi ciB
w`wjøi myjZvb wd‡ivR kvn ZyNjK wØZxqev‡ii gZ
evsjvq Awfhvb Pvjbv K‡ib| wZwb wmKv›`i kvn‡K
ek¨Zv m¦xKv‡ii Rb¨ PigcÎ cvVvb| wKš‘ wmKv›`i
kvn G‡Z mvov bv †`Iqvq wd‡ivR kvn ZzNjK
1360 wLª÷v‡ã 70 nvRvi Ak¦v‡ivnx, 470wU nvwZ,
jÿvwaK c`vwZK ˆmwbK I wekvj GK †bŠ-evwnbx
wb‡q evsjv AvµgY K‡ib| wmKv›`i kvn wcZvi b¨vq
`ytmvnmx wQ‡jb| wZwb wd‡ivR kv‡ni ek¨Zv Am¦xKvi
K‡i wcZvi b¨vq GKWvjv `y‡M© AvkÖq MªnY K‡ib|
wd‡ivR kvn `yM©wU Ae‡iva K‡ib| Dfqc‡ÿi g‡a¨
`xN©w`b LÐ hy× nq| w`wjøi †mbv evwnbxi Ae¨vnZ
cvÛzqvi Avw`bv gmwR`
Avµg‡Yi gy‡LI wmKv›`i kv‡ni †mbv`‡ji g‡bvej
AUyU wQj| Ae‡k‡l el©vKvj G‡m hvIqvq Ges im` msK‡U covq w`wjø evwnbx evsjvi evwnbxi m‡½ mwÜi Rb¨
D`Mªxe n‡q c‡o| Ae‡k‡l Dfqc‡ÿi g‡a¨ mwÜ ¯^vÿwiZ nq| wd‡ivRkvn ZyNjK I wmKv›`i kvn ci¯ú‡ii
g‡a¨ g~j¨evb Dc‡XŠKbvw` wewbgq K‡ib| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ wd‡ivR kv‡ni wØZxq Awfhvb I e¨_©Zvq ch©ewmZ nq|
evsjv c~‡e©i gZ m¦vaxb †_‡K hvq| Gici cÖvq `yÕ‡kv eQ‡ii g‡a¨ w`wjøi Avi †Kvb myjZvb evsjv `L‡ji †Póv
K‡ibwb|
wkí I ¯’vc‡Z¨i cÖwZ AbyivM

BDwbU 5 c„ôv 129

I‡cb ¯‹zj Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ 2q cÎ

wZwb GKRb wkívbyivMx I wkímªóv myjZvb wQ‡jb| Zuvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi h‡_ó DbœwZ nq| wmKv›`i
kv‡ni D`vi bxwZi d‡j ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡í †`kx I we‡`kx Dcv`v‡bi mswgkÖY N‡U| G Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vcZ¨
ixwZ‡Z bZyb GK Aa¨v‡qi m~Pbv nq| Zuvi ivRZ¡Kv‡ji ¯’vcZ¨ wb`k©‡bi g‡a¨ cvÐyqvi Avw`bv gmwR` w`bvRcy‡ii
†gvjøv AvZvi gmwR` Gi bvg D‡jøL‡hvM¨| cÖvq `k eQi (1374-84 wLª.) a‡i wbwg©Z Avw`bv gmwR` ˆ`‡N© 507.5
dzU Ges cÖ‡¯’ 285.5 dzU wQj| cv_i I †cvov gvwUi bK&kv G e„nr gmwR`wUi †kvfve„w× K‡i| m‡e©vcwi Gi
wekvjZv Ges D”Pgv‡bi KviæKv‡h©i Rb¨ G gmwR`wU gymwjg ¯’vc‡Z¨i BwZnv‡m AZyjbxq| GQvov cxi AuvwL
wmivR Dwχbi gmwR` I mgvwa Ges †MŠ‡oi †Kv‡ZvIqvjx `iIqvRv Zuvi mgq wbwg©Z nq|
cxi `i‡ek‡`i cÖwZ AbyivM
wcZvi gZB wmKv›`i kvn GKRb wbôvevb gymwjg wQ‡jb| wZwb mywd-`i‡ek‡`i‡K AZ¨šÍ fw³ I kÖ×v Ki‡Zb|
wZwb Zv‡`i mg¥v‡b gmwR` I LvbKvn wbg©vY K‡ib| Rvbv hvq †h, wZwb w`bvRcyi †Rjvi †`e‡Kv‡U© Aew¯’Z †gvjøv
AvZvi `iMv‡n GKwU gmwR` wbg©vY K‡ib| †kL AvjvDj nK Zuvi mgmvgwqK wQ‡jb Ges cvÐyqv‡Z emevm
Ki‡Zb| Zuvi mgmvgwqK Avi GKRb weL¨vZ mywd †kL kidywÏb Bqvwnqv gv‡bwi wenv‡ii g‡bi-G emevm
Ki‡Zb|
K…wZZ¡ g~j¨vqb
Bwjqvm kvnx es‡ki wØZxq kvmK wmKv›`i kvn GKRb my‡hvM¨ kvmK wQ‡jb| wZwb mykvmK I cÖRvermj wQ‡jb|
Zuvi kvmbvg‡j †`‡k kvwšÍ I mg„w× weivRgvb wQj| Zuvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j †Kvb ivR¨we¯Ívi bv n‡jI wZwb Zuvi wcZvi
wbKU †_‡K DËivwaKvi m~‡Î cÖvß iv‡R¨i mxgvbv AÿzYœ ivL‡Z mÿg nb| Zuvi mgq wkÿv, ms¯‹…wZ I mvwn‡Z¨i
e¨vcK DrKh© mvwaZ n‡qwQj| wZwb weØvbyivMx wQ‡jb Ges weØv‡bi c„ô‡cvlKZv K‡ib| f~wg Rwic, ivRm¦ wba©viY
Ges mykvmb cÖwZôvi Rb¨ myjZvb wmKv›`i kvn evsjvi BwZnv‡m Agi n‡q Av‡Qb|
KiæY cwimgvwß
wmKv›`i kv‡ni †kl Rxeb my‡Li nqwb| †Mvjvg †nv‡mb mwjg D‡jøL K‡ib †h, wmKv›`i kv‡ni cyÎ wMqvmDwÏb
AvRg wegvZvi Pµv‡šÍ we‡`ªvnx nb Ges wcZv I cy‡Îi g‡a¨ GK hy× nq| 1393 wLª÷v‡ã wcZv I cy‡Îi ga¨Kvi
msNwUZ G hy‡× wmKv›`i kvn civwRZ I wbnZ nb| cvÐyqvi Avw`bv gmwR‡`i mwbœK‡U Zuv‡K mgvwnZ Kiv nq|
wMqvm DwÏb AvRg kvn (1393-1410 wLª.)
wmsnvm‡bv‡ivnY
myjZvb wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kvn wegvZvi Pµv‡šÍ GKvšÍ eva¨ n‡q wcZv wmKv›`i kv‡ni weiæ‡× we‡`ªvn †NvlYv
K‡ib| wZwb ivRavbx cvÐyqv †_‡K cvwj‡q †mvbviMuvI P‡j hvb Ges GKwU kw³kvjx †mbvevwnbx M‡o †Zv‡jb|
Gici wZwb wcZv wmKv›`i kv‡ni mymw¾Z evwnbxi †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨ AMÖmi nb| wmKv›`i kvn AvRg kvn‡K
cÖwZ‡iv‡ai †Póv Ki‡j †Mvqvjcvov bvgK ¯’v‡b wcZv cy‡Îi g‡a¨ msNl© nq| msNwUZ hy‡× wmKv›`i kvn g„Zz¨eiY
K‡ib| wcZv wmKv›`i kvn‡K civwRZ I wbnZ K‡i wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kvn 1393 wLª÷v‡ã evsjvi wmsnvm‡b
Av‡ivnY K‡ib|
we‡`ªvn `gb
wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡i AvRg kvn cÖ_‡gB lohš¿Kvix 17 Rb ˆegv‡Îq fvB‡qi Pÿy DrcvUb Kivi wb‡`©k †`b|
Bs‡iR HwZnvwmK eyKvb‡bi g‡Z, AvRg kvn Zuvi fvB‡`i nZ¨v K‡iwQ‡jb| ga¨hyMxq ivóª e¨e¯’vq Ggb NUbv
†gv‡UI weij wQj bv| Gici wZwb AZ¨šÍ K‡Vvi nv‡Z mKj ai‡Yi cÖvmv` lohš¿, we‡`ªvn I weiæ×vPiY `gb K‡i
Zuvi iv‡R¨‡K mKj cÖKv‡ii kÎæ gy³ K‡ib|
ivR¨ we¯Ívi
hy×-weMªn ev ivR¨ we¯Ív‡i wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kv‡ni †Kvb AvMªn wQj bv| wZwb ivR¨ we¯Ív‡ii †P‡q iv‡R¨ kvwšÍ
¯’vc‡bi cÿcvwZ wQ‡jb| Rvbv hvq AvRg kvn Avmv‡gi Kvgiƒ‡ci wKQy Ask ivR¨fy³ K‡ib| Kvgiƒc QvovI
KvgZv I A‡nvgiv‡R¨ wZwb mgivwfhvb Pvjbv K‡iwQ‡jb e‡j Rvbv hvq, hw`I wZwb †mLv‡b mdjZv cvbwb| wZwb

BDwbU 5 c„ôv 130

I‡cb ¯‹zj Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ 2q cÎ

†RŠbcy‡ii kvmbKZ©v LvRv Rvnv‡bi m‡½I eÜyZ¡ ¯’vcb K‡iwQ‡jb| G D‡Ï‡k¨ wZwb †mLv‡b A‡bK Dc‡UvKb
†cÖiY K‡ib|
Pxb mgªv‡Ui mv‡_ m¤úK©
wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kvn K‚U‰bwZK †ÿ‡Î we‡kl K…wZZ¡ AR©b K‡ib Ges wZwb Px‡b we‡kl `~Z †cÖiY K‡ib| Pxb
mgªvU Bqvs jyÕi mv‡_ wZwb `~Z wewbgq K‡ib| evsjv †_‡K 1405, 1408 I 1409 wLª÷v‡ã Pxb mgªv‡Ui `iev‡i
cªwZwbwa `j †cªiY Kiv nq, cÖZz¨Ë‡i Pxb mgªvUI 1411 wLª÷v‡ã cÖL¨vZ ˆPwbK †`vfvlx gvûqvb-Gi †bZ„‡Z¡ GKwU
Pxbv cÖwZwbwa `j evsjvq †cÖiY K‡ib| gvûqvb Zuvi eY©bvq evsjvi Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v m¤c‡K© †hme eY©bv
w`‡q‡Qb Zv evsjvi BwZnv‡mi GK wbf©i‡hvM¨ Drm wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ|
cvi‡m¨i Kwe nvwd‡Ri mv‡_ m¤úK©
myjZvb wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kvn Ávb-weÁv‡bi GKRb D`vi c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb| wZwb wb‡RI Kve¨PP©v Ki‡Zb Ges
dviwm KweZv iPbvq wm×n¯Í wQ‡jb| wiqvR-Dm-mvjvwZ‡bi eY©bvq Rvbv hvq †h,cvi‡m¨i cÖL¨vZ Kwe nvwd‡Ri
mv‡_ Zuvi cÎvjvc nZ| wZwb Zuv‡K evsjvq Avmvi Avgš¿YI Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb| wiqv‡Ri GKwU eY©bvq ejv n‡q‡Q †h,
GK`v AvRg kvn Ggb ¸iæZi Amy¯’ nb †h Zuvi euvPvi †Kvb m¤¢vebv wQj bv| GRb¨ wZwb Zuvi nv‡i‡gi wcÖq
wZbRb gwnjv miev, ¸j I jvjv †K Zuvi g„Zy¨i ci g„Z‡`‡ni †Mvm‡ji `vwqZ¡ †`b| †mŠfvM¨µ‡g myjZvb my¯’ n‡q
DV‡j nv‡i‡gi Ab¨ gwnjviv Zv‡`i‡K Cl©v K‡i Mvm&mvwjb ev keiRwKbx e‡j we`ªæc KiZ| Zviv myjZv‡bi Kv‡Q
Awf‡hvM Ki‡j myjZvb Zuv‡`i cÖksmv K‡i KweZvi GKwU csw³ iPbv K‡ib| wKš‘ A‡bK †Póv K‡iI wØZxq
csw³wU iPbv Ki‡Z bv †c‡i wZwb Kwe nvwdR‡K GwU iPbvi Rb¨ Aby‡iva Rvbvb| Kwe nvwdR wØZxq csw³wU iPbv
K‡i cvVvb| G c‡Î GKwU KweZvq wMqvmDwχbi cÖksmv K‡i Kwe myjZvb‡K fviZe‡l©i †ZvZvcvwL e‡j D‡jøL
K‡i‡Qb|
wkÿv-ms¯‹…wZi weKvk
ga¨hyMxq evsjvi BwZnv‡m †h mKj kvmK wkÿv I ms¯‹…wZi weKv‡k
Ges evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i DrKl© mva‡b D`vi c„ô‡cvlKZv K‡i‡Qb Zuv‡`i
g‡a¨ myjZvb wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kvn Ab¨Zg| Zuvi c„ô‡cvlKZv jvf
K‡i kvn gynvg¥` mMxi BDmyd Ry‡jLv Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib| A‡bK
HwZnvwmK e‡jb †h, wZwb evsjv fvlvq ivgvq‡Yi iwPqZv K…wËev‡miI
c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb| AvRg kv‡ni kvmbvg‡j cvÐyqv Bmjvwg wkÿv I
ms¯‹…wZi †K›`ª wn‡m‡e weL¨vZ n‡q D‡VwQj e‡j Rvbv hvq|
cxi `i‡ek‡`i cÖwZ AbyivM
wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kv‡ni gy`ªv
ag©fxiæ myjZvb wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kvn mywd-`i‡ek, cxi-AvDwjqv‡`i
GKwbô c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb| mgmvgwqK weL¨vZ mywd‡`i g‡a¨ wQ‡jb kvqL AvjvDj nK Ges Zuvi cyÎ b~i KyZye-
Dj-Avjg| wenv‡ii mywd gyRvd&di kvgm ejLx‡KI wZwb A‡bK kª×v Ki‡Zb| AvRg kvn evsjvq AMwYZ
gmwR`, gv`ªvmv, LvbK&vn, GwZgLvbv BZ¨vw` wbg©vY K‡ib| wZwb g°v I gw`bvq gmwR` I gv`ªvmv wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ A_©
e¨q K‡ib Ges `yB kn‡ii Awaevmx‡`i g‡a¨ wewj Kivi Rb¨ eû A_© †cÖiY K‡ib| Zuvi iv‡R¨ agx©q mwnòyZv
weivRgvb wQj| wZwb wn›`y‡`i‡K †hvM¨Zvbyhvqx ivRKv‡h© wb‡qvM`vb Ki‡Zb|
b¨vq wePviK
b¨vqevb myjZvb wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kvn Zuvi iv‡R¨ cÖRvmvavi‡Yi Rb¨ mywePvi wbwðZ K‡ib| Zuvi b¨vq wePv‡ii
Kvwnbx me©Rb wew`Z| GKevi GK weaev bvixi cy·K nZ¨vi Awf‡hv‡M KvRx myjZvb‡K Av`vj‡Z Zje
K‡iwQ‡jb| myjZvb ïay Av`vj‡Z nvwRi-B nbwb, KvRxi †`Iqv ivq †g‡b wb‡q D³ bvix‡K ÿwZc~iYI
w`‡qwQ‡jb|
AvRg kv‡ni cieZx© DËivwaKvix

BDwbU 5 c„ôv 131

I‡cb ¯‹zj Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ 2q cÎ

`xN© cÖvq 20 eQi m‡MŠi‡e ivRZ¡ †k‡l 1409 wLª÷v‡ã AvRg kvn ivRv M‡Y‡ki Pµv‡šÍ wbnZ nb| AvRg kv‡ni
g„Zy¨i ci Zuvi cyÎ mvBdDwÏb nvghv kvn wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| wZwb gvÎ `yÕeQi ivRZ¡ K‡ib| ivRv M‡Y‡ki Pµv‡šÍ
myjZv‡bi µxZ`vm wknveDwÏb Zuv‡K nZ¨v K‡i wb‡RB wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| ev‡qwR` kvn Dcvwaavix GB
kvmK m¤¢eZ: M‡Y‡ki Pµv‡šÍ wbnZ nb| Zuvi g„Zz¨i ci ev‡qwR‡`i cyÎ AvjvDwÏb wd‡ivRkvn myjZvb nb|
cieZ©x‡Z ivRv M‡Yk Zv‡K AcmviY K‡i wb‡RB wmsnvm‡b e‡mb|
wkÿv_©xi KvR wmKv›`i kvn& I wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kv‡ni ga¨Kvi m¤úK© wPwýZ Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc :
Bwjqvm kvnx kvmK‡`i g‡a¨ wmK›`vi kvn my`xN© mgq a‡i evsjvi myjZvb wQ‡jb| Zuvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j evsjvq myL-kvwšÍ I
mg„w× weivRgvb wQj| wZwb my‡KŠk‡j wd‡ivR kv‡ni AvµgY cÖwZnZ K‡ib| wZwb mvwnZ¨, wkíKjv, ¯’vcZ¨ cÖf„wZ
myKzgvi wk‡íi D`vi c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb| wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kvn GK msN‡l© wcZv wmKv›`i kvn‡K nZ¨v K‡i evsjvi
wmsnvmb `Lj K‡ib| wZwb fvB‡`i cÖv_wgK we‡`ªvn `gb K‡i iv‡R¨i wfwË my`„p K‡ib| ivR¨ we¯Ív‡ii †ÿ‡Î wZwb †Kvb
L¨vwZ jvf Ki‡Z bv cvi‡jI †`‡k wkÿv we¯Ívi, wkí-ms¯‹…wZi DrKl© mva‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb ivL‡Z mÿg nb| wZwb
cvi‡m¨i weL¨vZ Kwe nvwd‡Ri mv‡_ cÎvjvc Ges Pxb mgªvU Bqvs jyi mv‡_ `~Z wewbgq K‡ib| iv‡R¨ b¨vq wePvi cÖwZôvq
Zuvi mybvg wQj wKse`šÍx Zyj¨| ejv nq †h, evsjvi m¦vaxb myjZvb‡`i g‡a¨ Zuvi gZ GZ AvKl©Yxq Pwi‡Îi †jvK m¤¢eZ
wØZxq †KD †bB|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.3

eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| Avw`bv gmwR` Aew¯’Z †Kv_vq?
K) cvÐyqvq L) †MŠ‡o M) beveM‡Ä N) gywk©`vev‡`
2| wcZv wmKv›`i kv‡ni mv‡_ cyÎ wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kv‡ni msNl© nq?
K) †mvbviMuvI-G L) †MŠ‡o M) †Mvqvjcvovq N) cvÐyqvq
3| kvn gynvg¥` mMx‡ii iPbv?
K) cÙeZx L) BDmyd †Rv‡jLv M) imyj weRq N) jvBwj-gRby
4| wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kvn cvi‡m¨i †Kvb Kwei mv‡_ cÎvjvc K‡ib?
K) Igi ˆLqvg L) nvwdR M) iwk`DwÏb N) Rvwg
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖk:œ
evM`v` †Kw›`ªK AveŸvmxq wLjvd‡Zi GKRb Ab¨Zg †kÖô kvmK wQ‡jb Lwjdv nviæb-Ai-iwk`| K‚U‰bwZK †ÿ‡Î
we‡kl mvd‡j¨i Kvi‡Y wewfbœ †`‡ki kvmKM‡Yi mv‡_ Zvi †hvMv‡hvM n‡qwQj| GgbwK d«v‡Ýi kvmK kvwj©‡g‡bi
mv‡_I Zvi cÎ †hvMv‡hvM nq| Zuvi mgq wkÿv I ms¯‹…wZi †kÖô †K›`ª n‡qwQj evM`v`| evsjvi BwZnv‡mI GKRb
cÖw_Zhkv we`¨vbyivMx kvmK cvk¦©eZ©x †`‡ki kvm‡Ki mv‡_ cÎ †hvMv‡hvM K‡i Avgš¿Y Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb| Zuvi mgq I
cvÐzqv wkÿv I ms¯‹…wZi cÖvY‡K‡›`ª cwiYZ nq|
K. Bwjqvm kvnx es‡ki cÖwZôvZv †K? 1
L. wmKv›`i kv‡ni mgq wkÿv-ms¯‹…wZi iƒc †Kgb wQj? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki kvmK‡`i ˆe‡`wkK m¤ú‡K©i Zzjbvg~jK ¯^iƒc Zz‡j aiæb| 3
N. Bw½ZK…Z evsjvi kvm‡Ki kvmbvg‡ji wkÿv-ms¯‹…wZi wPÎ AsKb Kiæb| 4

BDwbU 5 c„ôv 132

I‡cb ¯‹zj Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ 2q cÎ

BDwbU 5 c„ôv 133

I‡cb ¯‹zj Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ 2q cÎ

cvV-5.4 ivRv M‡Yk I cieZx© kvmb

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 myjZvwb evsjvq wn›`y kvmK ivRv M‡Y‡ki DÌv‡bi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ivRv M‡Y‡ki ivRZ¡Kvj I gymwjg wbh©vZ‡bi Kvwnbx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ivRv M‡Y‡ki cieZx© eskai‡`i m¤c‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡eb|

g~L¨ kã `byRg`©b †`e, b~i KZzeyj Avjg, myeY©‡aby I LwjdvZzjøvn

ivRv M‡Yk
Bwjqvm kvnx es‡ki ivRZ¡Kv‡j ivRv M‡Y‡ki Avwef©ve evsjvi BwZnv‡mi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbv| ivRv
M‡Yk I Zuvi eskaiMY 1414 wLª÷vã †_‡K 1442 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ †gvU 28 eQi evsjvq ivRZ¡ K‡i K‡i‡Qb|
my`xN© 200 eQ‡ii AwaK mgq a‡i evsjvq gymwjg kvmb wbiew”Qbœ fv‡e Ae¨vnZ _vKvi ci nVvr K‡i wn›`y
ivR‡Z¡i cybiæÌvb BwZnv‡mi GK PgKcÖ` NUbv| evsjvi BwZnv‡m ivRv M‡Yk I Zuvi eskai‡`i kvmbKvj wQj G
†`‡k gymwjg kvm‡bi weiwZKvj|
ivRv M‡Y‡ki DÌvb
Bwjqvm kvnx es‡ki kvmK‡`i D`vi agx©q `„wófw½i Kvi‡Y Zuv‡`i ivRZ¡Kv‡j wn›`y-gymwjg‡`i g‡a¨ m¤cÖxwZ eRvq
wQj| Zuviv A‡bK wn›`y‡K D”P ivRc‡` wb‡qvM K‡ib| G my‡hv‡M Zuvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j wn›`y mvgšÍ ivRvMY †ek
kw³kvjx n‡q D‡Vb| G‡`i g‡a¨ we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL¨ wQ‡jb w`bvRcy‡ii fvZywiqv ciMYvi kw³kvjx Rwg`vi ivRv
M‡Yk| †Kvb †Kvb eY©bvq wZwb ivRv Kvbm& bv‡g cwiwPZ wQ‡jb| myjZvb wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kv‡ni Aax‡b ivRv
M‡Yk ivR¯^ Ges kvmb wefv‡Mi Kg©KZ©v wQ‡jb| AvRg kv‡ni g„Zy¨i ci Zuvi DËivwaKvix‡`i e¨_©Zvq ivRv M‡Yk
mgKvjxb evsjvi myjZvwb ivRbxwZi Dci we‡kl cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡ib| AvRg kv‡ni g„Zy¨i ci Zuvi cyÎ nvghv kvn
wmsnvm‡b em‡j ivR‰bwZK †Mvj‡hvM ïiæ nq| cÖfvekvjx ivRv M‡Y‡ki loh‡š¿ nvghv kvn µxZ`vm wknve
Dwχbi nv‡Z wbnZ nb| nvghv kv‡ni ci wknveDwÏb ev‡qRx` kvn bvg MªnY K‡i wmsnvm‡b Dc‡ekb K‡ib|
wKš‘ evsjvi cÖK…Z ÿgZv KzwÿMZ K‡ib ivRv M‡Yk| Gici ivRv M‡Yk my‡hvM ey‡S 1414 wLª. ev‡qRx`‡K nZ¨v
K‡i evsjvi mve©‡fŠg ÿgZvi AwaKvix nb| Gfv‡e evsjvi ÿgZvq ivRv M‡Y‡ki esk cÖwZwôZ nq| ev‡qRx‡`i
cyÎ AvjvDwÏb wd‡ivR `wÿY e‡½ cjvqb K‡ib| AZtci ivRv M‡Yk `byRg`©b †`e Dcvwa aviY K‡i gy`vª Pvjy
K‡ib Ges evsjvq m¦vaxbfv‡e ivRZ¡ Ki‡Z _v‡Kb|
Bmjv‡gi cÖwZ ivRv M‡Y‡ki ˆewi AvPiY I gymwjg wbh©vZb
ivRv M‡Y‡ki ÿgZvjv‡fi d‡j evsjvq wn›`y cÖvavb¨ cÖwZôvi m~Pbv Ges Bmjvg I gymjgvb‡`i `yw`©b ïiæ nq|
wZwb gymjgvb‡`i Dci wbh©vZb ïiæ K‡ib| Zuvi D‡Ïk¨ wQj evsjv †_‡K Bmjvg ag©‡K mg~‡j DrcvUb Kiv|
GRb¨ M‡Yk cÖL¨vZ gymwjg mvaK e`i-Dj-Bmjvgmn †ek K‡qKRb `i‡ek‡K nZ¨v K‡ib| G‡Z gymwjg RbMY
AZ¨šÍ ÿy× n‡q D‡V| M‡Y‡ki Giƒc AZ¨vPv‡i AwZô n‡q mywd mvaK b~i-KzZye-Dj-Avjg kw¼Z n‡q ˆRbcy‡ii
kvmbKZ©v Beªvwng kKx©i mvnvh¨ cÖv_©bv K‡ib| Zuvi Avgš¿‡Y Beªvwng kKx© m‰m‡b¨ AMªmi n‡q c‡_ wÎûZ `Lj
K‡ib| wZwb evsjvq cÖ‡ek Ki‡j Zuvi ek¨Zv m¦xKvi K‡i ivRv M‡Yk wmsnvmb Z¨vM K‡ib| AZtci Zuvi cyÎ h`y
Bmjvg a‡g© `xwÿZ n‡q RvjvjDwÏb gvngy` kvn bvg aviY K‡i evsjvi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| Gici Beªvwng kKx©
†RŠbcy‡i wd‡i †M‡j ivRv M‡Yk cybivq Rvjvjywχbi wbKU †_‡K Zuvi ÿgZv cybiæ×vi K‡ib|

BDwbU 5 c„ôv 134

I‡cb ¯‹zj Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ 2q cÎ

ivRv M‡Y‡ki wØZxq kvmb

cÖ_gevi gvÎ K‡qKgvm ÿgZvq _vKvi ci Beªvwng kK©x KZ…©K ÿgZvPz¨Z nevi ci 1415 wLª÷v‡ãi gvSvgvwS
wØZxqevi wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡i ivRv M‡Yk Zuvi cyÎ RvjvjDwÏb‡K myeY©‡aby
Abyôv‡bi gva¨‡g ïw× K‡i cybivq wn›`y a‡g© wdwi‡q Av‡bb| ivRv M‡Yk me©‡gvU Pvi
eQi ivRZ¡ K‡i 1418 wLª÷v‡ã g„Zy¨eiY K‡ib|
RvjvjDwÏb gvngy` kvn (1418-1432 wLª.)
1418 wLª÷v‡ã ivRv M‡Yk ci‡jvKMgb Ki‡j Zuvi KwbôcyÎ g‡n›`ª †`e Dcvwa wb‡q
wmsnvm‡b e‡mb wKš‘ `y-GK gv‡mi †ekx wZwb ivRZ¡ Ki‡Z c‡ib wb| Gmgq
RvjvjDwÏb (h`y †mb) g‡n›`ª †`e‡K AcmviY K‡i wmsnvmb `Lj K‡ib| wZwb
ivRv M‡Yk
Bmjvg a‡g©i GKRb GKwbô †meK wQ‡jb| Bmjvg ag© MÖn‡Yi ci †_‡K wZwb
wb‡R‡K LvuwU gymjgvb wn‡m‡e cwiPq w`‡Z †ewk Drmvnx wQ‡jb| Zuvi Avg‡j Bmjv‡gi we‡kl DbœwZ mvwaZ nq|
ÿgZvjvf K‡i wZwb wcZv KZ…©K wbevwm©Z `i‡ek byi-KZze-Dj Avj‡gi †`ŠwnÎ †kL Rvwn`‡K †mvbviMuvI †_‡K
ivRavbx‡Z wdwi‡q Av‡bb| wZwb GKRb my‡hvM¨ kvmK wQ‡jb| wZwb Zuvi iv‡R¨i ivRavbx cvÐyqv †_‡K †MŠ‡o
¯’vbvšÍwiZ K‡ib| Zuvi mg‡q †MŠo GKwU mg„× bMix‡Z cwiYZ nq| †mLv‡b gmwR`, ¯œvbvMvi, Rjvkq, mivBLvbv
cÖf„wZ wbwg©Z nq| G mgq Beªwng kK©xi iv‡R¨i wKQz Ask RvjvjDwχbi `L‡j Av‡m| Zuvi AmvaviY e¨w³Z¡
ivR‰bwZK †gav I mvgwiK `ÿZvi cwiPq cvIqv hvq| Zuvi mgq A‡bK gmwR` I gv`ªvmv ¯’vwcZ nq| wZwb Zuvi
gy`vª q wb‡R‡K LwjdvZzjøvn ev Avjøvni Lwjdv wn‡m‡e D‡jøL K‡ib| wZwb Pxb, cvim¨, wgki I `v‡g‡¯‹i m‡½ `~Z
wewbgq K‡ib| RvjvjDwÏb gvngy` kv‡ni ci Zuvi cyÎ kvgmDwÏb Avng` kvn myjZvb nb| wZwb b¨vqcivqY
ag©cÖvY I wePÿY myjZvb wQ‡jb| Avng` kvn Zuvi `yB µxZ`vm mv`x Lvb I bvwmi Lv‡bi loh‡š¿i wkKvi n‡q
1442 wLª÷v‡ã wbnZ nb| Gfv‡e ivRv M‡Yk I Zuvi eska‡`i cÖvq wÎk eQ‡ii kvm‡bi Aemvb nq|
wkÿv_©xi KvR ivRv M‡Y‡ki kvmbvg‡j mywd‡`i f‚wgKv wPwýZ Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc :
wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kv‡ni g„Zz¨i ci Zuvi DËvwaKvix‡`i `yej© Zvi my‡hv‡M ivRv M‡Yk bvgK GKRb wn›`y
mvgšÍivRv ÿgZv `Lj K‡ib| wZwb gymjgvb‡`i Dci wbh©vZb Ki‡Zb| †RŠbcy‡ii myjZvb Beªvwng kKx©i
evsjvq Awfhv‡bi Kvi‡Y M‡Yk ÿgZv Qvov‡Z eva¨ nb| Zuvi cyÎ h`y †mb RvjvjDwÏb bvg aviY K‡i Bmjvg
a‡g© `xwÿZ nb Ges wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| RvjvjDwχbi ci myjZvb nb Zuvi cyÎ kvgmyDwÏb Avng` kvn| ivRv
M‡Yk Ges Zuvi eskaMY cÖvq 30 eQi evsjv kvmb K‡ib|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.4
eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| ivRv M‡Yk evsjvi †Kvb A‡ji Rwg`vi wQ‡jb?
K) †MŠo L) cvÐyqv M) †mvbviMuvI N) fvZzwoqv
2| ivRv M‡Y‡ki wbh©vZb †_‡K gymjgvb‡`i iÿvq GwM‡q Av‡mb-
K) Beªvwng kKx© L) eveyi M) Beªvwng †jvw` N) ûgvq~b
3| Bmjvg MÖn‡Yi c~‡e© RvjvjDwχbi bvg wK wQj?
K) †ngšÍ †mb L) h`y †mb N) ejøvj †mb N) gay †mb
4| †Kvb Abyôv‡bi gva¨‡g RvjvjDwÏb‡K cybivq wn›`y a‡g© wdwi‡q Avbv n‡qwQj?
K) i_hvÎv L) PoK Abyôvb M) mœvb hvÎv N) myeY©‡aby

BDwbU 5 c„ôv 135

I‡cb ¯‹zj Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ 2q cÎ

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖk:œ
†mvnvM cÖwZw`bKvi gZ mKv‡j cwÎKv cowQj| nVvr Zvi bR‡i Av‡m X iv‡óªi GKwU ivR‰bwZK `j Y iv‡R¨
emevmiZ R m¤úª`v‡qi wKQz †jvK‡K Zv‡`i c~‡e©i a‡g© wdwi‡q Avb‡Z ÔNi IqvvcwmÕ ev ÒN‡i †divÓ Abyôv‡bi
Av‡qvRb K‡i‡Q| K‡j‡R wM‡q G wel‡q †mvnvM Zvi BwZnv‡mi wkÿK‡K wR‡Ám Ki‡j wkÿK Rvbvb evsjvq
myjZvwb kvmbvg‡j G ai‡Yi GKwU NUbv N‡UwQj|
K. Ô`byRg`©b †`eÕ Kvi Dcvwa wQj? 1
L. Beªvwng kK©xi mv‡_ ivRv M‡Y‡ki m¤ú‡K©i cÖK…wZ †Kgb wQj? 2
M. DÏxc‡K wb‡`©wkZ NUbvi mv‡_ evsjvi †Kvb kvm‡Ki NUbvi wgj Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq? Gi Ae¯’vb wbiƒcY Kiæb| 3
N. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z NUbvi mv‡_ mvhyR¨c~Y© myjZvwb evsjvi kvmK؇qi Kvh©vewji Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølY Kiæb| 4

BDwbU 5 c„ôv 136

I‡cb ¯‹zj Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ 2q cÎ

cieZx© Bwjqvm kvnx ivResk (1442-1487 wLª÷vã)

cvV-5.5
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 cieZx© Bwjqvm kvnx kvm‡bi cybiæÌvb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 myjZvb bvwmi DwÏb gvngy` kv‡ni †MŠi‡ev¾j ivRZ¡Kv‡ji aviYv cv‡eb I
 cieZx© Bwjqvm kvnx kvmK‡`i Kg©KvÐ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
g~L¨ kã evsjvi AvdMvwb hyM, nvewk, kÖxK…ò weRq I gnvfviZ

f‚wgKv
evsjvi ¯^vaxb myjZvwb kvmbvg‡j kvgmywÏb Bwjqvm kvn 1342 wLª÷v‡ã Bwjqvm kvnx ivRes‡ki
kvm‡bi m~Pbv K‡ib| GB es‡ki kvm‡bi cÖ_g w`‡K kvgmywÏb Bwjqvm kvn, wmKv›`i kvn I wMqvmDwÏb AvRg
kvn cÖgyL myjZvbMY †hvM¨ kvmK wQ‡jb| wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kv‡ni g„Zy¨i cieZx© Bwjqvm kvnx kvmK‡`i `yej
© Zvi
my‡hv‡M wn›`y Rwg`vi ivRv M‡Yk Bwjqvm kvnx es‡ki kvm‡b GKwU †Q` †U‡b †`b| wKš‘ 1442 wLª÷v‡ã ivRv
M‡Y‡ki es‡ki cZb NU‡j evsjvq cybivq Bwjqvm kvnx es‡ki kvm‡bi m~ÎcvZ N‡U| Gici G es‡ki kvmKMY
1487 wL÷vã ch©šÍ evsjv kvmb K‡ib|
bvwmi DwÏb gvngy` kvn (1442-1459wLª.)
wMqvm DwÏb AvRg kv‡ni g„Zz¨i ci Bwjqvm kvnx kvmK‡`i kvmb `yej© Zvi my‡hv‡M ivRv M‡Yk KZ…©K ¯^íKvjxb
wn›`y kvm‡bi m~Pbv nq| M‡Y‡ki g„Zy¨ cieZx© mg‡q 1442 wLª÷v‡ã †`‡ki AivRK Ae¯’v †cÖwÿ‡Z M‡Y‡ki
DËivwaKvix‡`i nwU‡q AvwgiMY Bwjqvm kv‡ni eskai bvwmi DwÏb‡K Ôbvwmi DwÏb Aveyj gyRvd&di gvngy` kvnÕ
Dcvwa w`‡q wmsnvm‡b AwawôZ Ki‡j Avevi Bwjqvm kvnx es‡ki kvm‡bi m~Pbv nq| bvwmi Dwχbi †bZ…‡Z¡
Bwjqvm kvnx es‡ki cybifz¨`q evsjvi BwZnv‡m we‡klfv‡e ¯§iYxq|
bvwmi Dwχbi ivR¨ kvmb
bvwmiDwÏb gvngy` kvn cieZx© Bwjqvm kvnx ivRes‡ki cÖK…Z cÖwZôvZv wQ‡jb| wZwb b¨vqcivqYZv I D`viZvi
mv‡_ ivR¨ cwiPvjbv K‡ib Ges †`‡k kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv cybtcÖwZwôZ K‡ib| Lvb Rvnvb Avjxi mgvwa Mv‡Î †Lvw`Z
wjwc †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, Zuvi kvmbvg‡j h‡kvi I Lyjbvi wKQy Ask Bwjqvm kvnx kvm‡bi AwaK…Z n‡qwQj Ges
gymwjg evsjvi mxgvbv A‡bK`~i ch©šÍ we¯Í„Z n‡qwQj| G mgq wn›`y-gymwjg m¤cÖxwZ e„w× cvq Ges wkí mvwn‡Z¨i
e¨vcK AMÖMwZ NU‡j Zv myjZvwb evsjvi mgvR I ivRbxwZ‡Z myMfxi cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡iwQj|
wkÿ-mvs¯‹…wZK I RbKj¨vYg~jK Kg©KvÐ
bvwmiDwÏb gvngy‡`i ivRZ¡Kvj wQj kvwšÍc~Y©| iv‡R¨ mykvmb cÖwZôvq G gnvb myjZvb wkí I ¯’vc‡Z¨i DbœwZ
weKv‡k AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib| wZwb Ávb-weÁvb PP©v, wkÿv-`xÿvi cÖmvi, mvwnZ¨ I weÁv‡bi GKRb GKwbô
c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb| GRb¨ Zuvi kvmbvgj‡K HwZnvwmKMY Ôevsjvi AMv÷vb hyMÕ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb
ivóªxq Li‡P ivRavbx †MŠo, cvÐyqv, mvZMuvI, XvKv, ev‡MinvU cÖf„wZ Rbc‡` gmwR`, LvbKvn, †mZz, †ZviY, mgvwa
I cÖvmv` Gi gZ bvbv ¯’vcbv wbg©v‡Y mnvqZv K‡i‡Qb|
PwiÎ wPÎY
bvwmi DwÏb gvngy` kvn Ávbx, PwiÎevb, `iw`, cÖRvevrmj, D`vi I ag©cvqY kvmK wQ‡jb| wZwb abx, Avwgi,
Dgivn, `i‡ek, mvay, mywd, e„×, hyeK mK‡ji cÖwZ m`q wQ‡jb Ges D`vi n‡¯Í mKj‡K c„ô‡cvlKZv K‡i‡Qb|
gnvbyfe I mykvmK gvngy` kvn cÖvq 24 eQi ivRZ¡ K‡i 1459 wLª÷v‡ã B‡šÍKvj K‡ib|

BDwbU 5 c„ôv 137

I‡cb ¯‹zj Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ 2q cÎ

iæKb DwÏb eieK kvn (1459-1474 wLª.)

myjZvb bvwmiDwÏb gvngy‡`i g„Zz¨i ci cyÎ iæKbDwÏb eieK kvn (1459-1474 wLª.) evsjvi wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY
K‡ib| wZwb wcZvi b¨vq GKRb †hvM¨ I wePÿY kvmK wQ‡jb| Zuvi mykvm‡b evsjv‡`‡ki myL-kvwšÍ AviI e„w×cÖvß
nq| wZwb wb‡R cwÐZ wQ‡jb| Ávbx I ¸Yxiv Zuvi wbKU Lye mgv`i †c‡Zb| wZwb †m hy‡Mi weL¨vZ Kwe gvjvai
emy‡K ¸YivR Lvb Dcvwa w`‡qwQ‡jb| e„n¯úwZ wgkª, K…wËevm, gbmyi wmivRx cÖgyL Kwe eieK kv‡ni c„ô‡cvlKZv
jvf K‡ib| Zuvi mfv Kwe wQ‡jb Avwgi R‡qbDwÏb nveex| wZwb evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i GKwbô c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb| Z‡e
iæKbDwÏb eieK kvn Kgc‡ÿ 8000 Avwewmbxq µxZ`vm‡K iv‡R¨i wewfbœ c‡` wb‡hvM K‡ib hv iv‡R¨i Rb¨
wec‡`i KviY n‡q `uvovq| wZwb 1474 wLª÷v‡ã Avmv‡gi Kvgiƒc AwfhvbKv‡j †mLvbKvi wn›`y ivRv bxjv¤^‡i
mv‡_ GK hy‡× wjß nb wKš‘ wZwb †mLv‡b Kvw•ÿZ mvdj¨ jvf Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb|
wØZxq kvgmywÏb BDmyd kvn (1474-81 wLª.)
eieK kv‡ni g„Zz¨i ci Zuvi cyÎ wØZxq kvgmDwÏb Avey gyRvd&di BDmyd kvn (1474-81 wLª.) e‡½i wmsnvm‡b
Av‡ivnY K‡ib| wZwb wePÿY, ˆah©kxj, cÖRvwn‰Zlx, ag©fxiæ I Av`k©evb myjZvb wQ‡jb| wZwb weØvb I Ávbx‡`i
cÖwZ kª×vkxj wQ‡jb| wZwb ivR¨e¨vcx g`¨cvb wbwl× †NvlYv K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j gvjvai emyi ÔkªxK…ò
weRqÕ iPbv mgvß nq Ges weRq cwÐZ ÔgnvfviZÕ Gi e½vbyev` K‡ib| ¯’vc‡Z¨i c„ô‡cvlK wn‡m‡e wZwb †MŠ‡oi
K`g imyj gmwR`, ZuvwZcvov gmwR` I cvÐyqvi PZz‡®‹vb gmwR` wbg©vY K‡ib|
Rvjvj DwÏb d‡Zn kvn (1481-1487 wLª.)
BDmyd kv‡ni g„Zz¨i ci Zuvi cyÎ wmKv›`i kvn evsjvi wmsnvm‡b AwawôZ nb| wKš‘ A‡hvM¨Zvi Rb¨ gvÎ wZb gvm
c‡i Zuv‡K wmsnvmbPz¨Z K‡i Zuvi fvB RvjvjDwÏb d‡Zn kvn (1481-1487 wLª.) †K evsjvi wmsnvm‡b emv‡bv
nq| wZwb D`vi, eyw×gvb I wePÿY wQ‡jb| Zuvi mg‡q nvewk µxZ`vm‡`i ÿgZv I cÖfve cÖwZcwË †e‡o hvq| G
cÖfve Le© Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb eieK bvgK R‰bK nvewk µxZ`v‡mi nv‡Z 1487 wLª÷v‡ã wbnZ nb| Zuvi g„Zz¨i mv‡_
mv‡_ Bwjqvm kvnx es‡ki kvm‡bi Aemvb nq Ges evsjv Qq eQ‡ii Rb¨ (1487-1493 wLª.) nvewk gvwjK‡`i
kvm‡b P‡j hvq|
wkÿv_©xi KvR cieZ©x Bwjqvm kvnx es‡ki kvmK‡`i kvmbKvj wPwýZ Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc :
ivRv M‡Yk cÖwZwôZ ivReskwU Bwjqvm kvnx kvm‡bi †Q` †U‡b cÖvq 28 eQi evsjv kvmb K‡ib| AZtci
cieZx© Bwjqvmkvnx myjZvbMY (1442-1487 wLª.) Avevi evsjv kvmb K‡ib| G es‡ki †hvM¨Zg kvmK wQ‡jb
bvwmiDwÏb gvngy` kvn| G es‡ki Aci GKRb mykvmK wQ‡jb iæKbDwÏb eieK kvn| wZwb Ávbx I ¸Yx
e¨w³‡`i mgv`i Ki‡Zb| G mgq evsjv wkÿv, mvwnZ¨ I mvs¯‹…wZK w`K †_‡K h‡_ô DbœwZ jvf K‡iwQj|
nvewk µxZ`vm‡`i loh‡š¿ RvjvjDwÏb d‡Zn kv‡ni g„Zy¨i ci G es‡ki kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U Ges evsjvq Qq
eQ‡ii Rb¨ (1487-1493 wLª.) nvewk gvwjK‡`i kvm‡bi m~Pbv nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.5

eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| cieZx© Bwjqvm kvnx ivRes‡ki cÖK…Z cÖwZôvZv wQ‡jb-
K) bvwmi DwÏb gvngy` kvn L) iæKbDwÏb eieK kvn
M) kvgmDwÏb BDmyd kvn N) Rvjvj DwÏb d‡Zn& kvn

BDwbU 5 c„ôv 138

I‡cb ¯‹zj Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ 2q cÎ

2| evsjvi AMv÷vb hyM ejv nq-

K) bvwmiDwχbi kvmbvgj‡K L) eieK kv‡ni kvmbvgj‡K
M) M‡Y‡ki kvmbvgj‡K N) BDmyd kv‡ni kvmbvgj‡K
3| lvU M¤^yR gmwR` †Kv_vq Aew¯’Z?
K) h‡kv‡i L) Lyjbvq M) ev‡Minv‡U N) ivgcv‡j
4| ¸YivR Lvb Dcvwa cÖvß nb-
K) e„n¯úwZ wgkª L) gvjvai emy M) K…wËevm N) gbmyi wmivRx

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖk:œ
†kÖwYK‡ÿ gvngy` I Avj-Avwg‡bi g‡a¨ AveŸvmxq kvmK‡`i g‡a¨ †kÖô kvmK †K wQ‡jb Zv wb‡q weZK© PjwQj G
mgq gvngy` e‡j Lwjdv nviæb-Ai-iwk‡`i kvmbvgj ÔAMv÷vb hyMÕ wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ wQj| Ab¨w`‡K Avj-Avwgb
e‡j Lwjdv gvgy‡bi mgq AveŸvmxq‡`i wkÿv I mvs¯‹…wZK DrKl© Pig kx‡l© Av‡ivnY K‡iwQj e‡j †m G kvmK‡K
†kÖô kvmK wn‡m‡e D‡jøL K‡ib| G mgq †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿK cÖ‡ek Ki‡j Zviv †_‡g hvq|
K. ÔgnvfviZÕ Gi e½vbyev` K‡ib †K? 1
L. †Kvb kvm‡Ki mgqKvj‡K Ôevsjvi AMv÷vb hyMÕ ejv nq? eY©bv w`b| 2
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ hy‡Mi mv‡_ myjZvwb evsjvi †Kvb kvmbvg‡ji wmj i‡q‡Q Gi h_v_©Zv wbiƒcY Kiæb| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K cieZ©x Bwjqvm kvnx es‡ki wkÿv-mvs¯‹…wZK †MŠi‡ei we‡kl D‡jøLc~e©K evsjvi AMv÷vb
hy‡Mi ¯^iƒc we‡kølY Kiæb| 4

BDwbU 5 c„ôv 139

I‡cb ¯‹zj Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ 2q cÎ

cvV-5.6 evsjvq nvewk kvmb (1487-1493 wLª.)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 myjZvwb evsjvq nvewk kvmK‡`i DÌvb I cÖv_wgK Kg©KvÐ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 nvewk kvmK‡`i m¤úªmvwiZ Kg©KvÐ wel‡q aviYv cv‡eb I
 nvewk kvm‡bi cZ‡bi KviY m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡eb|
g~L¨ kã
nvewk, myjZvb kvnRv`v, DwRi, ˆmq` I †nv‡mb

evsjvi BwZnv‡m LyeB ¯^í mg‡qi kvmb wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ †c‡jI nvewk kvmb GKwU †KŠZzn‡jvÏxcK
Aa¨vq wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| gvÎ Qq eQ‡ii GB mgqKv‡j PviRb myjZvb evsjv kvmb K‡i‡Qb,
hv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡KB c~em
© yix‡K nZ¨v K‡i ÿgZvq G‡m‡Qb Ges lohš¿Kvix DËim~ixi nv‡ZB wbnZ n‡q‡Qb| Z‡e Zv
m‡Ë¡I G mg‡q evsjvi mxgvbv msKzwPZ nqwb Ges kvmKiv RbKj¨vYKvgx wQ‡jb|
nvewk‡`i cwiPq
cieZ©x Bwjqvm kvnx myjZvb ev gvngy` kvnx myjZvb iæKbywÏb eieK kvn A‡bK msL¨K Bw_Iwcqvb `vm‡K
evsjvq wb‡q G‡mwQ‡jb hviv cieZ©xKv‡j wbR †hvM¨Zve‡j A‡bK kw³kvjx n‡q D‡VwQ‡jb| myjZvb iæKbywÏb
eieK-Gi g„Zz¨i ci G `vm‡`i g‡a¨ ÿgZvi Ø›Ø ïiæ nq Ges wMqvmywÏb evieK kvn Zuvi gvwjK‡K nZ¨v K‡i
cÖ_g nvewk kvmK wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡fvi MÖnY K‡ib| G myjZvbMY cÖv_wgK Rxe‡b `vm wQ‡jb e‡j Zuv‡`i e¨½v‡_©
nvewk e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq| g~jZ nvewk Avgj ej‡Z gvngy` kvnx myjZvb RvjvjywÏb d‡Zn kv‡ni c‡i evsjv
kvmbK…Z wMqvmywÏb evieK kvn ev ÔÔmyjZvb kvnRv`vÓ, wd‡ivR kvn, gvngy` kvn Ges gyRvd&di kv‡ni
kvmbKvj‡K †evSv‡bv nq|
wMqvmywÏb evieK kvn ev ÔÔmyjZvb kvnRv`vÓ (1487 wLª.)
myjZvb wMqvmywÏb evieK kvn cÖv_wgK hy‡M gvngy` kvnx es‡ki kvmK myjZvb iæKbywÏb eieK kv‡ni `vm wQ‡jb|
G mgq †_‡K wZwb `iev‡i cÖfvekvjx n‡q I‡Vb Ges cieZ©x‡Z myjZvb d‡Zn kvn‡K nZ¨v K‡i wMqvmywÏb
evieK kvn Dcvwa aviY K‡i ÿgZvq e‡mb| wZwb nvewk es‡kv™¢Z y ‡`i bvbv ivRc‡` wb‡qvM †`b| wZwb Zuv‡K
ÿgZvq Avmxb n‡Z mvnvh¨Kvix kvnRv`v gvwjK Avw›`j‡K ew›` Kivi Rb¨ †KŠk‡j †W‡K cvVvb evie‡Ki G Qj
eyS‡Z †c‡i gvwjK Avw`j evieK‡K nZ¨vi g‡bvevÃv wb‡q ivRavbx‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡ib| G mgq nvewk AwfRvZMYI
GB kvm‡Ki wmsnvm‡b emv‡K fvj fv‡e †bqwb| GgZve¯’vq AwfRvZ †kÖwY G loh‡š¿ Ask †bq Ges cvBK‡`i
GKwÎZ K‡i evieK‡K nZ¨v K‡i|
mvBdzwÏb wd‡ivR kvn (1487-1490 wLª.)
AwfRvZ‡`i mnvqZvq myjZvb wMqvmywÏb evieK kvn‡K nZ¨v K‡i gvwjK Avw›`j †MŠ‡oi wmsnvm‡b AwawôZ nb
Ges mvBdzwÏb wd‡ivR kvn Dcvwa MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb wQ‡jb Kzkwj I b¨vqcivqY wZwb D`viZvi gva¨‡g evsjvi
mve©‡fŠg kvmK n‡qwQ‡jb| wd‡ivR kvn †hvM¨Zv I `ÿZvi mv‡_ evsjv kvmb K‡ib Ges wkí-ms¯‹…wZi GKRb
D`vi c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb| wZb eQi kvmb Kivi ci 1490 wLª÷v‡ã GB kvm‡Ki g„Zz¨ nq|
KzZzeDwÏb gvngy` kvn (1490-1491 wLª.)
mvBdzwÏb wd‡ivR kv‡ni g„Zz¨i ci Zuvi cyÎ KzZzeDwÏb gvngy` kvn evsjvi kvmK nb| KzZzeDwÏb gvngy` kv‡ni
†Kvb wkjvwjwc cvIqv bv hvIqvq Zuvi m¤ú‡K© m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Rvbv hvq bv| 1491 wLª÷v‡ã G kvm‡Ki g„Zz¨ nq
e‡j Rvbv hvq|

BDwbU 5 c„ôv 140

I‡cb ¯‹zj Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ 2q cÎ

kvgmywÏb gyRvd&di kvn (1491-1493 wLª.)

KzZzeDwÏb gvngy` kv‡ni g„Zz¨i ci kvgmywÏb gyRvd&di kvn evsjvi kvmb ÿgZvq e‡mb| wZwb ¯^Y© gy`vª Pvjy
K‡iwQ‡jb| cÖvq mgMÖ DËie½ Zuvi Aax‡b wQj| b„ksmZv Ges AZ¨vPv‡ii Kvi‡Y wZwb RbM‡Yi wbKU RbwcÖq
wQ‡jb bv| d‡j †MŠ‡oi AwfRvZiv Zuvi weiæ‡× we‡`ªvn K‡i Ges G we‡`ªv‡n hy³ nb DwRi ˆmq` †nv‡mb| DwRi
ˆmq` †nv‡mb-Gi †bZ…©‡Z¡ gyRvd&di kvn‡K nZ¨v Kiv n‡j evsjvq nvewk kvm‡bi cZb N‡U|
wkÿv_©xi KvR nvewk‡`i cZ‡bi KviYmg~n wPwýZ Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc :
myjZvwb kvmbvg‡j evsjvq gvÎ 6 eQ‡ii Rb¨ nvewk kvm‡bi m~ÎcvZ n‡jI Gu‡`i BwZnvm wQj lohš¿,
AivRKZv I Awek^v‡m c~Y©| gvÎ 6 eQ‡i 4 Rb kvm‡Ki kvmb †_‡K Gi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq| cieZx©‡Z †nv‡mb
kvnx es‡ki cÖwZôvZv myjZvb †nv‡mb kv‡ni gva¨‡g G es‡ki cZb n‡j evsjvq bZzb hy‡Mi m~Pbv nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.6
eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1. nvewk es‡ki kvmKMY †Kvb †`k †_‡K evsjvq G‡mwQ‡jb?
K. AvdMvwb¯Ívb L. ZzwK©¯’vb M. cvim¨ N. Bw_Iwcqv
2. nvewk kvmKM‡Yi g‡a¨ †K mve©‡fŠg kvm‡Ki gh©v`vjvf K‡iwQ‡jb?
K. wMqvmywÏb evieK kvn L. mvBdzwÏb wd‡ivR kvn M. KzZzeDwÏb gvngy` kvn N. kvgmywÏb gyRvd&di kvn
3. Kvi nv‡Z nvewk kvm‡bi cZb N‡U?
K. gvwjK Avw›`j L. kvnRv`v M. DwRi ˆmq` †nv‡mb N. eieK kvn
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖk:œ
byi-Avjg I bq‡bi g‡a¨ Bmjv‡gi mvg¨ e¨e¯’v wb‡q K_v nw”Qj| byi-Avjg e‡jb, Bmjv‡gi mvg¨ bxwZi Kvi‡YB
mvgvb¨ nvewk RbMYI kvmK I AwfRvZ-Gi gh©v`v jvf K‡i‡Q| bqb Av‡iv mshy³ K‡i †h, Bmjv‡gi mvg¨
bxwZi Kvi‡YB ga¨hy‡M wgk‡i gvgjyKMY Ges fvi‡Zi w`wjø‡Z `vmMY kvmb ÿgZvq AwawôZ n‡Z †c‡iwQj|
K. ÔnvewkÕ k‡ãi A_© wK? 1
L. wMqmDwÏb evieK kvn wKfv‡e myjZvwb evsjvq kvmb cÖwZôv Ki‡Z mg_© n‡qwQj Zv wjLyb| 2
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ nvewk‡`i gZ evsjvq †Kvb nvewk kvmK‡`i Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq wK-bv? D³ nvewk‡`i ga¨Kvi
†kÖô kvm‡Ki kvmbvg‡ji g~j¨vqb Kiæb| 3
N. D³ nvewk kvmbvg‡ji K…wZZ¡c~Y© Kvh©Kjv‡ci ¯^iƒc we‡kølY Kiæb| 4

BDwbU 5 c„ôv 141

I‡cb ¯‹zj Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ 2q cÎ

†nv‡mb kvnx ivResk: AvjvDwÏb †nv‡mb kvn

cvV-5.7
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 †nv‡mb kvnx es‡ki cÖwZôv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 AvjvDwÏb †nv‡mb kv‡ni ivR¨ kvmb m¤ú‡K© aviYv cv‡eb I
 m‡e©vcwi AvjvDwÏb †nv‡mb kv‡ni K…wZZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
g~L¨ kã †nv‡mb kvnx esk, b„cwZ wZjK, mZ¨cxi I ¸bivR Luv

†nv‡mb kvnx esk

evsjvi m¦vaxb myjZvb‡`i hy‡M †nv‡mb kvnx es‡ki kvmb wQj GKwU †MŠi‡ev¾¡j Aa¨vq| ga¨hy‡Mi
myjZvwb kvmb Avg‡j Bwjqvm kvnx kvm‡bi mgvwßi ci †nv‡mbkvnx ivR es‡ki DÌvb evsjvi BwZnv‡mi GKwU
Abb¨ Aa¨vq| nvewk kvmK‡`i nwU‡q ˆmq` eskxq AvjvDwÏb †nv‡mb kvn KZ…©K G ivR es‡ki kvm‡bi m~Pbv
n‡qwQj| G es‡ki 4 Rb kvmK cÖvq 45 eQi (1493-1538 wLª.) e½‡`k kvmb K‡ib| Zuv‡`i kvmbKv‡j evsjvq
e¨emv-evwYR¨, wkÿv-ms¯‹…wZ, K…wl-wkí cÖf„wZ †ÿ‡Î Af~Zc~e© AMªMwZ mvwaZ nq| †nv‡mb kvn KZ…©K cÖwZwôZ G
ivReskwU cÖvq 45 eQi evsjv kvmb K‡i Av_©-mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK w`K w`‡q ga¨hyMxq evsjv‡K DbœwZi kx‡l©
wb‡q wM‡qwQj|
†nv‡mb kvnx es‡ki cÖwZôv
†nv‡mb kvnx es‡ki cÖwZôvZv AvjvDwÏb †nv‡mb kvn wQ‡jb Avi‡ei ˆmq` es‡ki †jvK| wcZv ˆmq` Avkivd Avj
û‡mwb Ges fvB BDmy‡di mv‡_ wZwb nvewk myjZvb eieK kv‡ni Avg‡j evsjvq Av‡mb Ges PvKzwi MªnY K‡ib|
†nv‡mb kvn cieZx© nvewk myjZvb mvBdDwÏb wd‡ivR kvn (1487-1490 wLª÷vã) wØZxq gvngy` kvn (1490 wLª.)
Gi Aax‡b D”P c‡` wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb| me©‡kl nvewk myjZvb gyRvd&di kvn Zuv‡K DwRi wbhy³ K‡ib| gyRvd&di
kv‡ni ˆm¦i kvm‡b †`‡k we‡`ªvn †`Lv †`q| †MŠ‡oi A‡bK Awaevmx‡K wZwb wbg©gfv‡e nZ¨v K‡ib| †`‡ki Giƒc
cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †nv‡mb kvn nvewk kvm‡bi Aemvb NwU‡q evsjvi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| wZwb AvjvDwÏb †nv‡mb kvn Dcvwa
MªnY K‡ib| Zuvi bvgvbymv‡iB Zuvi es‡ki bvg nq †nv‡mb kvnx esk|
ivR¨ kvmb
AvjvDwÏb †nv‡mb kvn wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡iB K‡Vvi n‡¯Í ivR¨ kvmb ïiæ K‡ib| wZwb ivR¨gq AvB‡bi kvmb
cÖwZôv K‡ib| me© cÖ_‡gB wZwb nvewk Avwgi I ˆmb¨‡`i‡K evsjv‡`k †_‡K weZvwoZ K‡ib Ges ¯’vbxq Avwgi I
ˆmb¨‡`i‡K wbR wbR c‡` c~Y©envj K‡ib| wZwb ivRavbx †MŠo †_‡K GKWvjv‡Z ¯’vbvšÍwiZ K‡ib| iv‡R¨
jyUZivR eÜ K‡i kvwšÍ I k„sLjvi e¨e¯’v K‡ib| iv‡R¨i cÖvq 12 nvRvi jyÚbKvix‡K wZwb `„óvšÍg~jK kvw¯Í †`b|
evsjvi kvmb †ÿ‡Î wZwb ˆmq`, AvdMvb I †gv½j‡`i cÖvavb¨ †`b| iv‡R¨i wbivcËv I msnwZ cÖwZôv K‡i †nv‡mb
kvn ivR¨ we¯Ív‡i g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib|
w`wjøi myjZv‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK©
wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivn‡Yi ci †nv‡mb kv‡ni mv‡_ w`wjøi myjZvb wmKv›`i †jv`xi msNl© ev‡a| †RŠbcy‡ii weZvwoZ
myjZvb †nv‡mb kvn kKx©‡K evsjv‡`‡k AvkÖq †`Iqvq wmKv›`i †jv`x †nv‡mb kv‡ni weiæ‡× Awfhvb K‡ib| wKš‘
G Awfhvb e¨_© nq| Df‡qi g‡a¨ mwÜ m¦vÿwiZ nq Ges wmKv›`i †jv`x m¦‰m‡b¨ w`wjø wd‡i hvb|

BDwbU 5 c„ôv 142

I‡cb ¯‹zj Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ 2q cÎ

ivR¨ we¯Ívi
AvjvDwÏb †nv‡mb kvn m¦vaxb evsjvi me©‡kÖô myjZvb wQ‡jb| Zuvi mg‡q evsjvi ivR¨mxgv me‡P‡q †ewk e„w× cvq|
wZwb ivR¨ we¯Ív‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ 1498 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ evsjv‡`‡ki DËi-c~e© mxgv‡šÍi KvgZv I Kvgiƒc Awfhvb K‡ib|
GB ¯’vb¸wj `Lj K‡i cyÎ `vwb‡qj‡K †mLvbKvi kvmbKZ©v wbhy³ K‡ib| Gici wZwb Avmv‡gi A‡nvg ivRvi
weiæ‡× AMªmi n‡q Zv‡K ivR¨ †_‡K weZvwoZ Ki‡Z mÿg nb| wKš‘ Zuvi Avmvg Awfhvb e¨_© nq| AZtci wZwb
1509 mv‡j Dwol¨vi ivRv cÖZvciæ`ª‡K civwRZ K‡i Dwol¨vi mxgv‡šÍ Aew¯’Z gv›`viY `yM©wU `Lj K‡ib| wZwb
ci ci PviwU Awfhvb K‡i wÎcyiv iv‡R¨i A‡bKvsk Zuvi ivR¨fy³ Ki‡Z mÿg nb| Zuvi †mbvcwZ civMj Lvb
AvivKvb ivR‡K civwRZ K‡i PÆMªvg AwaKvi K‡ib| Gfv‡e wZwb evsjv, wenvi I Dwol¨ve¨vcx GK wekvj ivR¨
¯’vcb Ki‡Z mÿg nb| †nv‡mb kvn Zuvi ivR¨ mxgvbv ïay e„w×B K‡ibwb iv‡R¨i me ai‡Yi wbivcËvI wbwðZ
K‡ib|
mykvmK
ivR¨ we¯Ív‡ii †P‡q ivR¨ kvm‡b †nv‡mb kv‡ni Ae`vb wQj me©vwaK| †nv‡mb kvn wQ‡jb GKvav‡i my`ÿ ˆmwbK,
AwfÁ ivRbxwZwe` I mykvmK| iv‡R¨i mKj †ÿ‡Îi AivRKZv I wek„sLjv `~i K‡i kvwšÍ I wbivcËv Kv‡qg
K‡ib| Zuvi Avg‡j evsjv‡`‡k gymwjg mf¨Zvi Pig weKvk N‡U| wZwb Rb`i`x I cÖRvwn‰Zlx kvmK wQ‡jb| Zuvi
ivR‡Z¡ evsjv‡`‡k myL I mg„w× weivR KiZ|
ag©xq mwnòyZv
myjZvb †nv‡mb kvn GKRb ciag© mwnòy I wbôvevb kvmK wQ‡jb| ÁvbZvcm I mywd-mvaK‡`i wZwb fw³
Ki‡Zb| wZwb cxi `i‡ek‡`i gvRvi wRqviZ
Ki‡Zb Ges gvRvi msjMœ j½i Lvbvi e¨q wbe©v‡ni
Rb¨ A‡bK Mªvg `vb K‡ib| wZwb wn›`y‡`i‡K
¸iæZ¡c~Y© ivRc‡` wb‡qvM †`b| Zuvi DwRi wQ‡jb
cyi›`i Lvb| Zuvi GKRb †mbvcwZi bvg wQj
†MŠigwjøK| mv‡Ki gwjøK Dcvwaavix iƒc Ges `exi
Lvb Dcvaxavix mbvZb bv‡gi `yB fvB wQ‡jb
D”Pc`¯’ Kg©KZ©v| gyKz›` `vm wQ‡jb myjZv‡bi
e¨w³MZ wPwKrmK| †Kke emy wQ‡jb myjZv‡bi
†`niÿx, myeyw× ivq wQ‡jb †MŠ‡oi kvmbKZ©v| G
Qvov UvKkv‡ji Aa¨ÿ Abyc †Mvm¦vgx, DwRi
†Mvcxbv_, †mbvcwZ †MŠi gwjøK wQ‡jb we‡klfv‡e
D‡jøL‡hvM¨| A‡bK wn›`y Kwe-mvwnwZ¨KI Zuvi
†nv‡mb kvnx esk
c„ô‡cvlKZv jvf K‡ib| Zuvi D`viZvq gy» n‡q
wn›`y cÖRvMY †nv‡mb kvn‡K Ôb„cwZ wZjKÕ ÔRMrf~lYÕ ÔK…òveZviÕ cÖf„wZ Dcvwa w`‡qwQ‡jb| G mgqB kÖx
ˆPZb¨‡`‡ei Afy¨`q nq Ges wZwb †MŠoxq ˆeòe a‡g©i cÖeZ©K wQ‡jb| wn›`y I gymjgvb‡`i wgj‡bi †hvMm~Î
wn‡m‡e wZwb ÔmZ¨cxiÕ bv‡g GKwU bZyb K…wó cÖeZ©b K‡ib|
wkÿv, mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZi c„ô‡cvlKZv
we`¨vbyivMx myjZvb †nv‡mb kv‡ni ivRZ¡Kv‡j evsjv fvlv, mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZi †ÿ‡Î GK behy‡Mi m~Pbv nq| evsjv
fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i Pig DrKl© mva‡b wZwb D`vi c„ô‡cvlKZv K‡ib| †nv‡mb kv‡ni Drmvn I c„ô‡cvlKZvq
gvjvaiemy ÔfMe` MxZvÕ, K…wËevm ÔivgvqbÕ ms¯‹…Z †_‡K evsjvq Abyev` K‡ib| ivgvqb Abyev‡`i Rb¨ †nv‡mb
kvn Zuv‡K Ô¸bivR LvuÕ Dcvwa †`b| ZvQvov Kwe gvjvai emy, gbmv g½j Gi iwPqZv weRq ¸ß, gbmv weR‡qi
†jLK wecÖ`vm A‡b‡KB Zuvi mn‡hvwMZv †c‡qwQ‡jb| Zuvi Aaxb¯’ PÆMªv‡gi kvmbKZ©v civMj Luvi c„ô‡cvlKZvq
Kex›`ª ci‡gk¦i bvgK R‰bK cwÐZ evsjv fvlvq ÔgnvfviZÕ Abyev` K‡ib|

BDwbU 5 c„ôv 143

I‡cb ¯‹zj Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ 2q cÎ

wkí I ¯’vc‡Z¨i wbg©vZv

myjZvb AvjvDwÏb †nv‡mb wkí ¯’vc‡Z¨i GKRb †kªô wbg©vZv wQ‡jb| †MŠ‡oi weL¨vZ †QvU †mvbv gmwR`,
gvwbKMÄ †Rjvi bvPvBj gmwR`, †MvgwZ dUK Qvov AMwYZ gmwR`, gv`ªmv, mgvwa I `~M© wbg©vY K‡i wZwb
BwZnv‡m Agi n‡q Av‡Qb| wZwb Ôev`kvnx moKÕ mn mvgwiK I †emvgwiK e¨w³‡`i PjvP‡ji Rb¨ A‡bK iv¯ÍvNvU
wbg©vY K‡ib| my`xN© 26 eQi †MŠiegq ivRZ¡ †k‡l 1519 wLª÷v‡ã †nv‡mb kvn B‡šÍKvj K‡ib| AvjvDwÏb
†nv‡mb kvn wbtm‡›`‡n ga¨hyMxq evsjvi BwZnv‡m GKRb †kÖô bicwZ wQ‡jb|
wkÿv_©xi KvR †nv‡mb kvnx kvmbvg‡j ag©xq mwnòzZvi welqwU Zz‡j aiæb|

mvims‡ÿc :
nvewk kvm‡bi Aemvb NwU‡q 1493 wLª÷v‡ã myjZvb AvjvDwÏb †nv‡mb kv‡ni †bZ„‡Z¡ †nv‡mbkvnx es‡ki
cÖwZôv nq| †nv‡mb kvn wQ‡jb evsjvi m¦vaxb myjZvb‡`i g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †hvM¨ kvmK| iv‡R¨ kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv ¯’vcb,
ivR¨ we¯Ívi I wkí mvn‡Z¨i DrKl© mva‡b wZwb Amvgvb¨ Ae`vb iv‡Lb| GKRb cigZ mwnòy, cÖRv`i`x I
D`vi kvmK wn‡m‡e Agi n‡q Av‡Qb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.7

eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| †kl nvewk myjZv‡bi bvg Kx?
K) eieK kvn L) kvgmDwÏb gyRvd&di kvn
M) mvBdDwÏb wd‡ivR kvn N) wØZxq gvngy` kvn
2| †nv‡mb kv‡ni ivRZ¡Kv‡j w`wjøi †Kvb myjZvb evsjvq AvµgY K‡ib?
K) Beªvwng †jvw` L) eveyi M) ûgvqyb N) wmKv›`i †jvw`
3| †nv‡mb kv‡ni DwRi wQ‡jbÑ
K) †MŠigwjøK L) cyi›`i Lvb M) civMj Lvb N) Abyc †Mvm¦vgx
4| †QvU †mvbv gmwR‡`i wbg©vZv wQ‡jb?
K) †nv‡mb kvn L) bymiZ kvn M) gvngy` kvn N) wd‡ivR mn
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖk:œ
wkÿK gymjgvb‡`i eZ©gvb Ae¯’v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jb, m¤úªwZ gymwjg we‡k^i g¨aKvi GKwU DbœZ
†`k wn‡m‡e gvj‡qwkqv Lye mybvg AR©b K‡i‡Q| Gi DbœwZi †cQ‡b gvnvw_i web †gvnv¤§` bv‡g GKRb ivóªbvqK
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv †i‡L‡Qb e‡j wZwb D‡jøL K‡ib| evsjvq Ggb DbœZ Ae¯’v KLbI wQj wK-bv Zv Rb‡Z †P‡q
GKRb wkÿv_©x cÖkœ Ki‡j wkÿK e‡jb, evsjvi BwZnv‡mI Ggb †MŠi‡ev¾¡j kvmbvg‡ji mÜvb cvIqv hvq|
K. †nv‡mb kvnx es‡ki cÖwZôvZv †K wQ‡jb? 1
L. Kv‡K Ges †Kb †nv‡mb kvnx es‡ki †kÖô myjZvb ejv nq? 2
M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z kvm‡Ki mv‡_ myjZvwb evsjvi †Kvb kvm‡Ki Kvh©µ‡gi wgj Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq Zvi eY©bv w`b| 3
N. ivRes‡ki kvmb DbœwZ‡Z DÏxc‡K ewY©Z kvm‡Ki gZ myjZvwb evsjvi kvm‡Ki kvmb Kh©µg ch©v‡jvPbv Kiæb| 4

BDwbU 5 c„ôv 144

I‡cb ¯‹zj Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ 2q cÎ

cvV-5.8 cieZx© †nv‡mb kvnx kvmb I †nv‡mb kvnx es‡ki Ae`vb

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 bvwmi DwÏb bmiZ kv‡ni ivRZ¡Kv‡ji cÖavb cÖavb NUbvejx Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 †nv‡mb kvnx es‡ki K…wZZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb I
 †ki kv‡ni nv‡Z †nv‡mb kvnx es‡ki kvm‡bi mgvwßi NUbvejx Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
g~L¨ kã bmiZ kvn, wgVvcyKzi I ev`kvnx moK

wmsnvmbv‡ivnY
myjZvb AvjvDwÏb †nv‡mb kv‡ni g„Zz¨i ci Zuvi cyÎ bmiZ kvn 1519 wLª÷v‡ã bvwmi DwÏb Aveyj
gyRvd&di bmiZ kvn Dcvwa MÖnY K‡i wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| wcZvi kvmbvg‡j wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c‡` wb‡qvwRZ
†_‡K wZwb ivRKv‡h©i A‡bK AwfÁZv AR©b K‡ib| bmiZ kvn ÿgZv MÖnY K‡i wcZvi ivR¨ we¯Ívi bxwZ AbymiY
K‡ib|
wÎûZ I wenvi Rq
wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡i wZwb cÖ_g mgivwfhvb K‡ib wÎny‡Zi weiæ‡×| wZwb wÎû‡Zi ivRv‡K ew›` I nZ¨v K‡ib|
wÎûZ I nvwRcy‡ii †kl mxgvšÍ ch©šÍ Rq Kivi Rb¨ Zuvi AgvZ¨ AvjvDwÏb I gL`yg kvn Avjg‡K wbhy³ K‡ib|
wZwb nvwRcy‡i mvgwiK NvuwU ¯’vcb K‡i wbR iv‡R¨i wbivcËv weavb K‡ib| Gici wZwb DËi wenvi I AvRgMo
†Rjvi w`‡K bRi †`b Ges K‡qKwU Awfhv‡bi gva¨‡g wZwb cÖvq mgMÖ wenvi wbR ivR¨fy³ K‡ib|
gyNj mgªvU evey‡ii mv‡_ m¤úK©
1526 wLª÷v‡ã cvwbc‡_i cÖ_g hy‡× Beªvwng †jvw` evey‡ii wbKU civwRZ nb| w`wjø‡Z gyNj mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôv n‡j
we‡`ªvnx AvdMvbMY bmiZ kv‡ni iv‡R¨ AvkÖq MªnY K‡ib| wmKv›`i †jvw`i fvB gvngy` †jvw`I evsjvq AvkÖq
MªnY K‡ib| G‡Z evey‡ii mv‡_ bmiZ kv‡ni msNl© euv‡a| cÖ_g
ch©v‡q Df‡qi g‡a¨ †mŠnv`¨©c~Y© cwi‡e‡k wgÎZv ¯’vc‡bi †Póv P‡j|
wKš‘ msNl© Gov‡bv m¤¢e nqwb| mgªvU eveyi bmiZ kvn‡K 1529
wLª÷v‡ã †MvMivi hy‡× civwRZ K‡ib| bmiZ kvn evey‡ii mv‡_ mwÜ
Ki‡Z eva¨ nb| mwÜ K‡i bmiZ kvn evsjvq evey‡ii cÖ‡ek cÖwZnZ
Ki‡Z mÿg nb| 1530 wLª÷v‡ã evey‡ii g„Zy¨i ci wZwb cybivq
gyNj we‡ivax msN M‡o †Zv‡jb|
wÎcyiv I A‡nvg‡`i mv‡_ hy×
wÎcyivi ivRv †`e gvwbK¨ PÆMªvg AwaKvi Ki‡j bmiZ kv‡ni mv‡_
Zuvi msNl© nq wcZv †nv‡mb kv‡ni mv‡_ we‡iv‡ai Kvi‡Y wZwb eo †mvbv gmwR`
evsjvq myjZv‡bi mv‡_ AvivKvb I wÎcyivq ivRvi mv‡_ msN‡l©
Rwo‡q c‡ob| cÖvq GKB mgq myjZvb bmiZ kvn A‡nvgiv‡R¨i mv‡_I msN‡l© wjß nb| wKš‘ evsjvi †mbvevwnbx
hy‡× civ¯Í n‡q Kvgiƒ‡c wd‡i Avm‡Z eva¨ nb| `yM©g c_ I cÖwZK~j AvenvIqvB wQj Gi g~j KviY|
cZ©yMxR‡`i `gb
bmiZ kv‡ni kvmbvg‡j me©cÖ_g cZy©MxR ewYKiv evsjv‡`‡k AvMgb K‡i| Zviv evwYR¨ m¤cÖmviY I PÆMªv‡g `~M©
wbg©v‡Yi †Póv K‡i| wKš‘ bmiZ kvn K‡Vvi n‡¯Í Zv‡`i G cÖ‡Pôv iæ‡L †`b|

BDwbU 5 c„ôv 145

I‡cb ¯‹zj Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ 2q cÎ

K…wZZ¡
evsjvi BwZnv‡m bmiZ kvn Zuvi wcZvi b¨vq GKRb gnvb myjZvb wQ‡jb| bmiZ kvn bvbv gvbweK My‡Y ¸Yvwb¦Z
wQ‡jb| wZwb b¨vq civqY, D`vi I cÖRviÄK kvmK wn‡m‡e L¨vwZ AR©b K‡ib| fvB‡`i cÖwZ Zuvi mبenvi I
D`viZv Ges cjvZK AvdMvb‡`i AvkÖq `vb Zuvi Pwi‡Îi gvbweK w`K‡K cÖ¯dzwUZ K‡i‡Q| RbM‡Yi cÖwZI wZwb
mü`q I mnbkxj wQ‡jb| cÖRv mvavi‡Yi cvwbKó `~i Kivi Rb¨ wZwb iv‡R¨i wewfbœ ¯’v‡b K‚c I cyKzi Lbb
K‡ib| ev‡Minv‡Ui ÔwgVv cyKziÕ Zuvi K_v m¥iY Kwi‡q †`q| bmiZ kvn mvwnZ¨ wkí I ¯’vcZ¨ we`¨vi c„ô‡cvlK
wQ‡jb| †MŠ‡oi weL¨vZ K`gimyj gmwR`, eo †mvbv gmwR` QvovI wZwb eû gmwR`, gv`ªvmv I `iMvn wbg©vY
K‡ib| Zuvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j Kwe kªxKi b›`x cÖ_g wn›`y ag©vj¤^x‡`i agx©q MÖš’ gnvfvi‡Zi evsjv Abyev` K‡ib|
cÖRvwn‰Zlx GB gnvb myjZvb 1532 wLª÷v‡ã R‰bK cÖvmv`iÿx KZ…©K wbnZ nb|
myjZvb AvjvDwÏb wd‡ivR kvn (1532-1533 wLª.)
bmiZ kv‡ni cyÎ AvjvDwÏb wd‡ivR kvn 1532 wLª÷v‡ã evsjvi
ÿgZvq e‡mb| wZwb cÖvq GK eQi ÿgZvmxb wQ‡jb Zuvi ¯^íKvjxb
ivR‡Z¡ †Zgb D‡jøL‡hvM¨ NUbv N‡Uwb| A‡nvg iv‡R¨i mv‡_ evsjvq
Pjgvb msNl© Zuvi mg‡qI Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| wZwb mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZi
weKv‡k Drmvnx wQ‡jb| Zuvi Aby‡cÖiYvq Kwe kªxai KweivR weL¨vZ
†cÖg DcvL¨vb we`¨vmy›`i iPbv K‡ib| AvjvDwÏb wd‡ivR kv‡ni
¯^íKvjxb ivR‡Z¡i ci Zuvi PvPv wMqvmDwÏb gvnvgy` kvn KZ…©K wbnZ
nb|
wMqvmDwÏb gvngy` kvn (1533-1538 wLª.)
wMqvmDwÏb gngy` kvn 1533 wLª÷v‡ã wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib|
wZwb wQ‡jb †nv‡mb kvnx es‡ki †kl myjZvb Ges GKRb A‡hvM¨
kvmK| G mgq †ki Lvb bvgK GKRb ZiæY AvdMvb `jcwZi
Avwef©ve NU‡j wZwb wec`MÖ¯’ n‡q c‡ob| †ki Lvb KZ…©K weZvwoZ
n‡q wenv‡ii kvmbKZ©v Rvjvj Lvb wMqvmDwÏb gvngy` kv‡ni wd‡ivR kvn& wgbvi
kiYvcbœ nb| Gi d‡j †ki Lv‡bi mv‡_ gvngy` kv‡ni hy× evu‡a|
1534 wLª÷v‡ã myiæRM‡o msNwUZ hy‡× †kiLvb gvngy` kv‡ni evwnbx‡K civwRZ K‡ib| Ae‡k‡l †ki Lvb 1538
wLª÷v‡ã †MŠo msNwUZ hy‡× myjZvb wMqvmDwÏb gvngy‡`i evwnbx‡K civwRZ K‡i †MŠo AwaKvi K‡i †bb| wZwb
gvngy` kvn‡K e½ †`k †_‡K weZvwoZ Ki‡j †nv‡mb kvnx es‡ki kvm‡bi cimgvwß N‡U|
†nv‡mb kvnx es‡ki Ae`vb
ivR‰bwZKfv‡e evsjv kvm‡bi I ivR¨R‡qi K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_
†nv‡mb kvnx kvmKMY G es‡ki Ae`vb‡K bvbv mvgvwRK,
mvs¯‹…wZK, cÖkvmwbK Kg©Kv‡Ði Øviv wb‡R‡`i kvmb‡K Av‡iv
mÄxweZ K‡i‡Qb| †nv‡mb kvnx kvmKMY wkí-mvwnZ¨, K…wó I
ms¯‹…wZi D`vi c„ó‡cvlK wQ‡jb| G es‡ki cÖwZôvZv myjZvb
†nv‡mb kv‡ni Drmvn I c„ó‡cvlKZvq Kwe gvjvaiemy KZ…©K
fMe` MxZv, K…wËevm KZ…©K ivgvqY ms¯‹…Z fvlv †_‡K evsjvq
Ab~w`Z nq| ivgvqY Abyev‡`i Rb¨ †nv‡mb kvn Zuv‡K Ô¸YivR
LvuÕ Dcvwa †`b| ZvQvov Kwe gvjvai emy, gbmv g½j Gi iwPqZv K`g imyj gmwR`
weRq ¸ß, gbmv weR‡qi †jLK wecÖ`vm A‡b‡KB Zuvi mn‡hvwMZv
†c‡qwQ‡jb| Zuvi Aaxb¯’ PÆMªv‡gi kvmbKZ©v civMj Luvi c„ô‡cvlKZvq Kex›`ª ci‡gk¦i bvgK R‰bK cwÐZ evsjv

BDwbU 5 c„ôv 146

I‡cb ¯‹zj Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ 2q cÎ

fvlvq ÔgnvfviZÕ Abyev` K‡ib| GQvov myjZvb bmiZ kvn mvwnZ¨ wkí I ¯’vcZ¨we`¨vi c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb| Zuvi
ivRZ¡Kv‡j Kwe kªxKi b›`x wn›`y ag©vj¤^x‡`i agx©q MÖš’ gnvfviZ evsjvq Abyev` K‡ib| ZvQvov myjZvb AvjvDwÏb
wd‡ivR kv‡ni Aby‡cÖiYvq Kwe kªxai KweivR weL¨vZ †cÖg DcvL¨vb we`¨vmy›`i iPbv K‡ib| myjZvb AvjvDwÏb
†nv‡mb wkí ¯’vc‡Z¨i GKRb †kªô wbg©vZv wQ‡jb| †MŠ‡oi weL¨vZ †QvU †mvbv gmwR`, gvwbKMÄ †Rjvi bvPvBj
gmwR`, †MvgwZ dUK Qvov AMwYZ gmwR`, gv`ªmv, mgvwa I `~M© wbg©vY K‡i wZwb BwZnv‡m Agi n‡q Av‡Qb|
wZwb Ôev`kvnx moKÕ mn mvgwiK I †emvgwiK e¨w³‡`i PjvP‡ji Rb¨ A‡bK iv¯ÍvNvU wbg©vY K‡ib| myjZvb
bmiZ kvn †MŠ‡oi weL¨vZ K`gimyj gmwR`, eo †mvbv gmwR` QvovI wZwb eû gmwR`, gv`ªvmv I `iMvn wbg©vY
K‡ib| ev‡Minv‡Ui ÔwgVv cyKziÕ Zuvi K_v m¥iY Kwi‡q †`q|
wkÿv_©xi KvR cieZ©x †nv‡mb kvnx kvmKMY Kxfv‡e gyNj‡`i cÖwZnZ K‡iwQj Zv wPwýZ Kiæb?

mvims‡ÿc :
evsjvi BwZnv‡m †nv‡mb kvnx es‡ki kvmb GKwU †MŠi‡ev¾¡j Aa¨vq| AvjvDwÏb †nv‡mb kvn KZ…K © G ivResk cÖwZôvi
ci ivR¨Rq, cÖkvmb e¨e¯’v‡K mymsnZKiY, wkÿv-mvs¯‹…wZK I RbKj¨vYg~jK Kv‡R wb‡R‡`i wb‡qvwRZ Kivq G es‡ki
†MŠie e„w× †c‡qwQj| wKš‘ bvwmiDwÏb bymiZ kv‡ni g„Zz¨i ci Avi †Kvb †hvM¨ kvmK bv _vKvq AvdMvb †bZv †kikvn
ï‡ii nv‡Z gvngy` kvn civwRZ n‡j G es‡ki kvm‡bi mgvwß N‡U|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.8

eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| cvwb c‡_i cÖ_g hy× msNwUZ nqÑ
K) 1525 wLª÷v‡ã L) 1526 wLª÷v‡ã M) 1527 wLª÷v‡ã N) 1528 wLª÷v‡ã
2| K`g imyj gmwR` †Kv_vq Aew¯’Z ?
K) †MŠ‡o L) jL‡bŠwZ‡Z M) †mvbviMuvI‡q N) gywk©`vev‡`
3| we`¨vmy›`i DcvL¨vb iPbv K‡ib
K) kÖxai KweivR L) gvjvai emy M) we`¨vcwZ h‡kvivR Luv N) wecÖ`vm

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖk:œ
†kªwY wkÿK gymwjg BwZnvm wel‡q cvV`vb Ki‡Z wM‡q fviZel© weRqx gymwjg exi MRbxi myjZvb gvngy‡`i K_v D‡jøL
K‡i e‡jb, wZwb GKwU ÿz`ª ivRes‡ki GKRb kvmK n‡qI wbR †hvM¨Zv e‡j fviZe‡l© m‡Zievi Awfhvb Pvjbv K‡i Rqx
nb Ges MRbx‡K mgKvjxb we‡k^i †kÖô bMix‡Z cwiYZ K‡ib| Z‡e Zuvi eskaiMY Lye †ewk K…wZZ¡ †`Lv‡Z cv‡ibwb| G
mgq wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb †h, ga¨hy‡M evsjvqI Ggb kvm‡Ki †`Lv †g‡j huv‡`i kvmb cÖwZôvi ci evsjv I mg„× bMix‡Z
cwiYZ n‡qwQj| G es‡ki cieZ©x kvmKMYI MRbx eskxq‡`i gZ we‡kl K…wZZ¡ †`Lv‡Z cv‡ibwb|
K. bmiZ kv‡ni Dcvwa wK wQj? 1
L. bmiZ kv‡ni mv‡_ gyNj‡`i m¤úK© †Kgb wQj? 2
M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z kvmK‡`i mv‡_ evsjvi kvmK es‡ki ˆe‡`wkK m¤ú‡K©i ¯^iƒc Zz‡j aiæb| 3
N. DÏxc‡K wbwY©Z kvmKMY ga¨hyMxq evsjvq GKwU kw³kvjx kvmbe¨e¯’v cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb- e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 4

BDwbU 5 c„ôv 147

I‡cb ¯‹zj Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ 2q cÎ

myjZvwb evsjvi Av_©-mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK Ae¯’v

cvV-5.9
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 myjZvwb evsjvi A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÐ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 myjZvwb evsjvi mvgvwRK Kg©KvÐ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb I
 myjZvwb evsjvi mvs¯‹…wZK Ae`vb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
g~L¨ kã mZ¨ cxi, kÖx-‰PZb¨, Avkivd, AvZivd, AMv÷vb hyM I ev`kvnx moK

f‚wgKv
evsjvi kvmbZvwš¿K BwZnv‡m myjZvwb kvmb GK hyMvšÍKvix Aa¨vq| ¯^vaxb myjZvb‡`i GB kvmbvg‡j
(1338-1538 wLª.) bvbv ivR‰bwZK Ae`v‡bi cvkvcvwk G A‡j wewfbœ Av_©-mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK Dbœqb mvwaZ
n‡qwQj| Gme Dbœqb Kg©KvÐ me©`v mgvbfv‡e m¤úbœ bv n‡jI Bwjqvm kvnx, cieZx© Bwjqvm kvnx, nvewk I
†nv‡mb kvnx kvmbvg‡j kvmKe‡M©i cÖZ¨ÿ mn‡hvwMZvq †hme Av_©-mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK Dbœqb mvwaZ n‡qwQj
Zvi ¯^iƒc wb¤œiƒc:
A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÐ
cÖvK gymwjg kvmbvg‡j evsjvi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v †Zgb m”Qj wQj bv| evsjvq †mb kvm‡bi mgvwßi ci gymwjg
kvmb cÖwZôv n‡j LjwR kvmb hy‡M Gi A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi aviv m~wPZ nq hv 1338 wLª÷v‡ã myjZvwb kvm‡bi
m~Îcv‡Zi ga¨ w`‡q †eMevb n‡qwQj| myjZvwb kvmK‡`i cÖZ¨ÿ c„ô‡cvlKZvq evsjvi K…wl, wkí I evwY‡R¨
e¨vcKZv Avm‡Z _v‡K| wewfbœ HwZnvwmK eY©bvq Rvbv hvq †h, kvmK‡`i D`vi c„ô‡cvlKZvq ¯’vbxq RbMY
GLvbKvi De©i f~wg‡Z Pvlvev` ïiæ Ki‡j K…wl Drcv`‡b e¨vcKZv Av‡m| G mgq evsjvq cÖPyi cwigv‡Y avb, cvU,
Zzjv, fzÆv, wZj, wZwl, mwilv, Wvj, wewfbœ cÖKvi kvK-mewR, Avg, Kjv, KuvVvj mn bvbv †`kxq djg~j Drcvw`Z
nZ| ¯’vbxq Pvwn`v wgwU‡q Gme cY¨ evsjvi evB‡iI ißvwb n‡Zv| evsjvi A_©‰bwZK mg„w×i g~j Drm wQj K…wl|
K…wl dj‡bi cÖvPzh© _vK‡jI G mg‡qi Pvlvev` c×wZ wQj AbybœZ| AvaywbK mg‡qi g‡Zv cvwb †mP e¨e¯’v †m hy‡M
wQj bv| K…lK‡K AwaKvsk mg‡qB †m‡Pi Rb¨ e„wói Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z n‡Zv| Z‡e G mgq cviwmK I `wÿY
fviZxq †mP c×wZ e¨envi K‡i Livi mgq †mP cÖ`v‡bi Z_¨I cvIqv hvq|
¯’vbxq K…wl Drcv`‡b e¨cKZv G‡j K„wl Drcv`b‡K †K›`ª K‡i G hy‡M bvbv wk‡íi weKvk NU‡Z _v‡K| mgKvjxb
wewfbœ eY©bvq Rvbv hvq †h, G mgq K…wl cY¨‡K †K›`ª K‡i ¯’vbxq RbMY, kvmK I AwfRvZe‡M©i Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi
Rb¨ e¯¿ wkí, jeY wkí, †ikg wkí, RvnvR wbg©vY wkí, gy`ªv wkí, wPwb wkí, KvMR wkí, ¯’vcZ¨ wkí, †Zj wkí,
A¯¿ wkí, AjsKvi wkí, KvV wkí mn bvbv ÿz`ª Ges gvSvwi wk‡íi D™¢e I cybiæ¾xeY n‡qwQj| wk‡íi e¨vcK
Dbœqb I Drcv`‡bi d‡j GLv‡b bvbv c‡Y¨i cÖvPzh© †`Lv †`q| G me c‡Y¨i mybvg I evsjvi m¤ú‡`i cÖPzhZ © v
we‡`‡k Qwo‡q co‡j Avie, cviwmK, Pxbv, Rvfvwb, WvP I cZ©ywMR mn bvbv we‡`kx ewYKMY G‡`‡k Avm‡Z
_v‡K| d‡j ¯’vbxq I AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨ e¨vcK mg„w× Av‡m Ges evsjv Av‡iv m¤ú`kvjx nq| ga¨hy‡M evsjvi
iKgvwi ÿz`ª wk‡íi K_v Rvbv hvq| G cÖm‡½ avZe wk‡íi K_v we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| ZLb †jŠn wbwg©Z `ªe¨vw`i
e¨vcK cÖPjb wQj| Kg©KviMY wewfbœ K…wl hš¿cvwZ wbg©vY KiZ| GQvov `yavix Zievwi, Qywi, KuvwP, †Kv`vj BZ¨vw`
wbZ¨e¨envh© avZe `ªe¨ ˆZwi n‡Zv| KjKvZv I Kvwkg evRv‡i G‡`‡ki †jv‡Kiv Kvgvb ˆZwi Ki‡Zv| KvMR,
MvwjPv, B¯úvZ cÖf„wZ wk‡íi K_vI Rvbv hvq|

BDwbU 5 c„ôv 148

I‡cb ¯‹zj Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ 2q cÎ

mvgvwRK Kg©KvÐ
myjZvwb kvmbvg‡j evsjv bvbv mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK Kg©Kv‡Ði Rb¨ weL¨vZ wQj| G mgq evsjvq wewfbœ
ag©vj¤^x‡`i g‡a¨ ü`¨Zvc~Y© m¤úK© eRvq wQj| wn›`yMY bvbv D”P ivRc‡` wb‡qvM †cZv, Bwjqvm kv‡ni †mbvcwZ
mn‡`e, civMj Lvb, Rwg`vi Ksk bvivqY-Gi D”P ivRc‡` wb‡qv‡Mi `„óvšÍ †_‡K hvi cÖgvY †g‡j| wn›`y I
gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ ü`¨Zvc~Y© mvgvwRK m¤úK© _vKvq wn›`y-gymwjg Df‡qi bvbv mvgvwRK Abyôv‡b †hvM`vb KiZ
Ges mZ¨cxi I kÖx ˆPZ‡b¨i cÖwZ Dfq †Mvwô m¤§v‡bi `„wó eRvq ivL‡Zb| G mgq wn›`y mgv‡Ri gv‡S bvbv
mvgvwRK eY© cÖ_v (cÖavbZ; eªvþY, ÿwqÎ, ˆek¨ I ï`ª) Pvjy wQj| gymwjg‡`i g‡a¨ †Kvb eY© cÖ_v wQj bv, Z‡e
A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Ae¯’v‡bi w`K w`‡q gymwjg mgv‡R Avkivd (D”P †kÖwY) I AvZivd (wb¤œ †kÖwY) e¨e¯’v
cÖPwjZ wQj| Z‡e Zv m‡Ë¡I mKj gymjgvbiv GKmv‡_ mKj agx©q Abyôvb (bvgvR, †ivRv, n¾) cvjb Ki‡Z
cviZ|
ga¨hy‡M evsjvi bvix‡`i mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb
G mgq bvixiv cyiæ‡li Dci m¤ú~Y© wbf©ikxj wQj| myjZvwb kvmbvg‡j mgv‡R e¨cKfv‡e evj¨ weevn Pvjy wQj| G
mgq weaev‡`i bvbv mvgvwRK cÖwZK~jZvi g‡a¨ w`‡q †h‡Z nZ| wn›`y weaevMY wØZxq we‡q bv Ki‡Z cvi‡jI
gymwjg mgv‡R Zv Pvjy wQj| wn›`y mgv‡R AgvbweK mZx`vn cÖ_v Pvjy wQj| myjZvwb hy‡M evsjvq wn›`y-gymwjg Dfq
m¤úª`v‡qi bvixiv c`©v cvjb Ki‡Zb e‡j Rvbv hvq| bvixiv gyL I gv_v †X‡K evB‡i †ei n‡Zb| bvbv cvwievwiK
wm×v‡šÍ gymwjg bvix‡`i AskMÖnY _vK‡jI G‡ÿ‡Î wn›`y bvixMY A‡bK †ÿ‡Î AwaKvi †c‡Zb bv|
mvs¯‹…wZK Kg©KvÐ
myjZvwb kvmbvg‡j wkÿv I mvs¯‹…wZK †ÿ‡Î h‡_ó DbœwZ nq| myjZvb kvgmywÏb Bwjqvm kvn I wmKv›`i kvn wkÿv
I ms¯‹…wZi GKRb D`vi c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb| Z‡e Bwjqvm kvnx kvmK‡`i g‡a¨ evsjvi wkÿv I ms¯‹…wZi weKv‡k
D`vi c„ô‡cvlKZv K‡i‡Qb myjZvb wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kvn| Zuvi c„ô‡cvlKZvq kvn gynvg¥` mMxi BDmyd Ry‡jLv
Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib| A‡bK HwZnvwmK e‡jb †h, wZwb evsjv fvlvq ivgvq‡Yi iwPqZv K…wËev‡miI c„ô‡cvlK
wQ‡jb| AvRg kv‡ni kvmbvg‡j cvÐyqv Bmjvwg wkÿv I ms¯‹…wZi †K›`ª wn‡m‡e weL¨vZ n‡q D‡VwQj e‡j Rvbv
hvq| myjZvb wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kvn mywd-`i‡ek, cxi-AvDwjqv‡`i GKwbô c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb| AvjvDj nK, b~i
KyZye-Dj-Avjg I wenv‡ii mywd gyRvd&di kvgm ejLx‡K wZwb A‡bK kª×v Ki‡Zb| AvRg kvn evsjvq AMwYZ
gmwR`, gv`ªvmv, LvbK&vn, GwZgLvbv BZ¨vw` wbg©vY K‡ib| wZwb g°v I gw`bvq gmwR` I gv`ªvmv wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ A_©
e¨q K‡ib Ges `yB kn‡ii Awaevmx‡`i g‡a¨ wewj Kivi Rb¨ eû A_© †cÖiY K‡ib|
cieZx© Bwjqvm kvnx kvmK‡`i g‡a¨ bvwmiDwÏb gvngy` kvn
Ávb-weÁvb PP©v, wkÿv-`xÿvi cÖmvi, mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZi Dbœqb
Ges mvwnZ¨ I weÁvb PP©vi GKRb GKwbô c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb|
GRb¨ HwZnvwmKMY Zuvi kvmbvgj‡K Ôevsjvi AMv÷vb hyMÕ e‡j
AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| myjZvb bvwmiDwχbi cyÎ iæKbDwÏb eieK
kvn wb‡R cwÐZ e¨w³ wQ‡jb| e„n¯úwZ wgkª, K…wËevm, gbmyi
wmivRx cÖgyL Kwe Zuvi c„ô‡cvlKZv jvf K‡ib| Zuvi mfv Kwe
wQ‡jb Avwgi R‡qbDwÏb nve&ex| eieK kv‡ni cyÎ wØZxq
kvgmDwÏb Avey gyRvd&di BDmyd kvn weØvb I Ávbx‡`i cÖwZ
kª×vkxj wQ‡jb| Zuvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j gvjvai emyi ÔkªxK…ò weRqÕ
iPbv mgvß nq Ges weRq cwÐZ ÔgnvfviZÕ Gi e½vbyev` K‡ib| `vwLj `iIqvRv
†nv‡mb kvnx kvmKMY wkí-mvwnZ¨, K…wó I ms¯‹…wZi D`vi
c„ó‡cvlK wQ‡jb| G es‡ki cÖwZôvZv myjZvb †nv‡mb kv‡ni Drmvn I c„ó‡cvlKZvq Kwe gvjvaiemy KZ…©K fMe`
MxZv, K…wËevm KZ…©K ivgvqY ms¯‹…Z fvlv †_‡K evsjvq Ab~w`Z nq| ivgvqY Abyev‡`i Rb¨ †nv‡mb kvn
gvjvaiemy‡K Ô¸YivR LvuÕ Dcvwa †`b| ZvQvov Kwe gvjvai emy, gbmv g½j Gi iwPqZv weRq ¸ß, gbmv weR‡qi

BDwbU 5 c„ôv 149

I‡cb ¯‹zj Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ 2q cÎ

†jLK wecÖ`vm A‡b‡KB Zuvi mn‡hvwMZv †c‡qwQ‡jb| Zuvi Aaxb¯’ PÆMªv‡gi kvmbKZ©v civMj Luvi c„ô‡cvlKZvq
Kex›`ª ci‡gk¦i evsjv fvlvq ÔgnvfviZÕ Abyev` K‡ib| GQvov myjZvb bmiZ kvn mvwnZ¨ wkí I ¯’vcZ¨ we`¨vi
c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb| Zuvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j Kwe kªxKi b›`x cÖ_gev‡ii gZ
wn›`y ag©vj¤^x‡`i agx©q MÖš’ gnvfviZ evsjvq Abyev` K‡ib|
ZvQvov myjZvb AvjvDwÏb wd‡ivR kv‡ni Aby‡cÖiYvq Kwe kªxai
KweivR weL¨vZ †cÖg DcvL¨vb we`¨vmy›`i iPbv K‡ib|
myjZvwb kvmbvg‡j A‡bK myig¨ ¯’vcZ¨ I ¯’vcbv wbwg©Z n‡qwQj|
wmKv›`i kv‡ni kvmbvg‡j cvÐyqvi Avw`bv gmwR`, w`bvRcy‡ii
†gvjøv AvZvi gmwR`, cxi AuvwL wmivR Dwχbi gmwR` I mgvwa
Ges †MŠ‡oi †Kv‡ZvIqvjx `iIqvRv wbwg©Z nq| myjZvb
bvwmiDwÏb gvngy` kvnI ivóªxq Li‡P ivRavbx †MŠo, cvÐyqv,
mvZMuvI, XvKv, ev‡MinvU cÖf„wZ Rbc‡` gmwR`, LvbKvn, †mZz,
K`g im~j gmwR‡`i wkjvwjwc
†ZviY, mgvwa I cÖvmv` Gi gZ bvbv ¯’vcbv wbg©v‡Y mnvqZv
K‡i‡Qb| myjZvb iæKb DwÏb eieK kvn ¯’vc‡Z¨i D`vi c„ô‡cvlK wn‡m‡e †MŠ‡oi K`g imyj gmwR`, ZuvwZcvov
gmwR` I cvÐyqvi PZz‡®‹vY gmwR` wbg©vY K‡ib| myjZvb AvjvDwÏb †nv‡mb wkí ¯’vc‡Z¨i GKRb †kªô wbg©vZv
wQ‡jb| †MŠ‡oi weL¨vZ †QvU †mvbv gmwR`, gvwbKMÄ †Rjvi bvPvBj gmwR`, †MvgwZ dUK Qvov AMwYZ gmwR`,
gv`ªvmv, mgvwa I `~M© wbg©vY K‡i wZwb BwZnv‡m Agi n‡q Av‡Qb| wZwb Ôev`kvnx moKÕ mn mvgwiK I †emvgwiK
e¨w³‡`i PjvP‡ji Rb¨ A‡bK iv¯ÍvNvU wbg©vY K‡ib| myjZvb bmiZ kvn †MŠ‡oi weL¨vZ K`gimyj gmwR`, eo
†mvbv gmwR` QvovI eû gmwR`, gv`ªvmv I `iMvn wbg©vY K‡ib| ev‡Minv‡Ui weL¨vZ ÔwgVv cyKziÕ Zuvi
RbKj¨vYg~jK K~c Lb‡bi K_v m¥iY Kwi‡q †`q|

wkÿv_©xi KvR myjZvwb kvmbvg‡ji mvs¯‹…wZK DrK‡l©i cwiPq w`b|

mvims‡ÿc :
evsjvi myjZvwb kvmbvgj Av_©-mvgwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK w`K w`‡q DbœZZi wQj| G mgq Bwjqvm kvnx, M‡Ykxq,
cieZ©x Bwjqvm kvnx, nvewk I †nv‡mb kvnx kvmbvg‡ji `xN© cÖvq `yBkZ eQi a‡i kvmKe‡M©i D`vi
c„ô‡cvlKZv I e¨vw³ D‡`¨‡M wkÿv, mvs¯‹…wZK, mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK †ÿ‡Î bvbv DbœwZ mvwaZ n‡qwQj|
gymwjg kvmKMY G mgq D`vi mvg¨ wfwËK mgvR MV‡b KvR K‡iwQj d‡j `iev‡i AgymwjgMY D”P ivRc‡`
wb‡qvM †cZ| mgv‡R bvix‡`i mxwgZ AwaKvi Ges evj¨ weevn wQj| wn›`y I gymwjg‡`i g‡a¨ ü`¨Zvc~Y©
mvgvwRK m¤úK© we`¨gvb wQj|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.9

eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1. myjZvwb evsjvq †Kvb we‡`‡kx ewYK‡`i mÜvb cvIqv hvq?
K. Avie I Rvfvwb L. Rvcvwb I †Kvixq M. Bs‡iR I divwm N. Avwd«Kvb I †¯úbxq
2. †Kvb kvmbvgj‡K evsjvi ÔAMv÷vb hyMÕ ejv nq?
K. Bwjqvm kvn L. wMqvmywÏm AvRg kvn
M. bvwmiDwÏb gvngy` kvn N. AvjvDwÏb †nv‡mb kvn
3. Ô¸YivR LvuÕ Kvi Dcvwa wQj?
K. kªxKi b›`x L. civMj Luv M. weRq ¸ß N. gvjvaiemy‡K

BDwbU 5 c„ôv 150

I‡cb ¯‹zj Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ 2q cÎ

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖk:œ
wUwf‡Z GKwU weZK© cÖwZ‡hvwMZv PjwQj †mLv‡b we‡ivax`jxq e³v ejwQ‡jb †h, eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k cvk^©eZ©x X †`‡ki
Av_©-mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK cÖfve GZ cÖKU n‡q D‡V‡Q †h, Avgv‡`i †`‡ki RbMY cÖwZw`b †m †`‡ki wU. wf P¨v‡bj
Dc‡fvM Ki‡Q Ges †m †`‡ki mvs¯‹…wZK Dcv`v‡bi Øviv e¨cKfv‡e cÖfvweZ n‡”Q| e¨emvq-evwYR¨, wkÿv, wPwKrmv GgbwK
ˆ`bw›`b Rxebavi‡Y Avgiv Zv‡`i Dci wbf©ikxj n‡q c‡owQ| Rev‡e miKvwi `‡ji e³v e‡jb, bvbv ˆewk^K Kvi‡Y GgbUv
n‡jI GKmgq evsjv Av_©-mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK w`K w`‡q DbœZ wQj|
K. evsjvi †Kv_vq Kvgvb ˆZwi n‡Zv? 1
L. myjZvwb kvmbvg‡j evsjvi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v †Kgb wQj? 2
M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z kvmbvg‡ji mv‡_ evsjvi †Kvb hy‡Mi kvm‡bi wgj Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq- Zv cÖgvYmn Zz‡j aiæb| 3
N. myjZvwb evsjvi mvs¯‹…wZK RxeY GKwU DbœZ mvs¯‹…wZK avivi hvÎv m~Pbv K‡iwQj e¨vL¨v w`b| 4

DËigvjv:
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.1 : 1. L 2. L 3. N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.2 : 1. L 2. L 3. M 4. N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.3 : 1. K 2. N 3. L 4. L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.4 : 1. N 2. K 3. L 4. N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.5 : 1. K 2. K 3. M 4. L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.6 : 1. N 2. L 3. M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.7 : 1. L 2. N 3. L 4. K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.8 : 1. L 2. K 3. K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.9 : 1. M 2. M 3. N

BDwbU 5 c„ôv 151