Contents

1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 1
BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................................... 1
DEFINATION OF HYDROPOWER ................................................................................................................ 1
CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROPOWER PROJECTS ......................................................................................... 1
Run-off river hydroelectric plants without pond .................................................................................. 2
Run-off river hydroelectric plants with pond........................................................................................ 2
Reservoir hydroelectric power plants ................................................................................................... 2
2. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY ..................................................................................................................... 2
3. METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................................... 3
4. PROJECT SITE DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................................. 3
5. LAYOUT OF ALTERNATIVES ................................................................................................................... 4
THE PLAN OF ALTERNATVES IN TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS.............................................................................. 4
THE SCHEMATIC PROFILE OF THE LAYOUTS IN GRAPH ............................................................................ 4
6. COST AND ESTIMATION OF HYDROPOWER PROJECT ......................................................................... 14
Alternative-A ........................................................................................................................................... 14
Alternative- B .......................................................................................................................................... 15
Alternative- C ...................................................................................................................................... 16
7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION:.......................................................................................... 18

List of Tables
Table 1 AVERAGE MONTHLY AND YEARLY DISCHARGE (in m3/s) ............................................ 5
Table 2 ENERGY AND REVENUE CALCULATION TABLE........................................................... 8
Table 3 ENERGY AND REVENUE CALCULATION TABLE........................................................... 9
Table 4 ENERGY AND REVENUE CALCULATION TABLE......................................................... 10
Table 5 SUMMARY OF COST ............................................................................................................. 17
Table 6 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................... 17

List of Figures
Figure 1 Intensity Duration Curve .............................................................................................................. 6
Figure 2 Flow Duration Curve...................................................................................................................... 7
Figure 3 Alternative A ................................................................................................................................ 11
Figure 4 Alternative B................................................................................................................................. 12
Figure 5 Alternative c ................................................................................................................................. 13

a
 1. INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND:

Nepal has a huge hydropower potential. In fact, the perennial nature of Nepali
rivers and the steep gradient of the country's topography provide ideal conditions for the
development of some of the world's largest hydroelectric projects in Nepal. Current estimates are
that Nepal has approximately 40,000 MW of economically feasible hydropower potential.
However, the present situation is that Nepal has developed only approximately 600 MW of
hydropower. Therefore, bulk of the economically feasible generation has not been realized yet.
Besides, the multipurpose, secondary and tertiary benefits have not been realized from the
development of its rivers.

Although bestowed with tremendous hydropower resources, only about 40% of Nepal's population
has access to electricity. Most of the power plants in Nepal are run-of-river type with energy
available in excess of the in-country demand during the monsoon season and deficit during the dry
season.

Nepal's electricity generation is dominated by hydropower, though in the entire scenario of energy
use of the country, the electricity is a tiny fraction, only 1% energy need is fulfilled by electricity.
The bulk of the energy need is dominated by fuel wood (68%), agricultural waste (15%), animal
dung (8%) and imported fossil fuel (8%). The other fact is that only about 40% of Nepal's
population has access to electricity. With this scenario and having immense potential of
hydropower development, it is important for Nepal to increase its energy dependency on electricity
with hydropower development. This contributes to deforestation, soil erosion and depletion, and
increased flooding downstream in the Ganges plain. Shortage of wood also pushes farmers to burn
animal dung, which is needed for agriculture. Not only this, the development of hydropower will
help to achieve the millennium development goals with protecting environment, increasing
literacy, improving health of children and women with better energy. Growing environmental
degradation adds a sense of urgency.

DEFINATION OF HYDROPOWER
Hydropower is the form of electric energy is obtained from the generators coupled with the
turbines, which convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy . The high head required for the
running of turbines is created by constructing a dam across a river or diverting its flow to a location
lower than the head pond or a fore bay.

CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROPOWER PROJECTS:

There are various classifications of hydroelectric power plants. Based on the total quantity of water
available for the generation of electricity the hydroelectric power plants are classified into three
types: Run-off river hydroelectric power plants with pond, without pond, and reservoir type.

1
Run-off river hydroelectric plants without pond
In the run-off river type of hydroelectric power plants the running water of the river is used for the
generation of electricity. There is no facility for storing the water. Whenever the water is available
the hydroelectric power plant generates electricity and when there is no water no power is
generated. During rainy seasons when there is maximum flow of water available in the rivers, they
produce maximum power. These types of hydroelectric power plants produce the power
continuously only as long as flowing water is available.

Run-off river hydroelectric plants with pond

These types of run-off river hydroelectric power plants usually produce the power during peak
loads. During the day-time and off-peak periods they don’t produce power and the water is stored
in large pond. At night-times and during peak load the stored water is used to generate electricity.
This has been possible because it is easy to start and stop the hydroelectric power plants, hence
they can be used as peak load power plants. Starting and stopping thermal and nuclear power plants
is very time consuming, hence they cannot be used for the peak loads rather they are used for the
base loads. The pond in the run-off river plants facilitates the production of electricity at any time
since it does not depend on the continuous flow of water. Stored water is as good as stored energy
that can be used at any time

Reservoir hydroelectric power plants

The reservoir in the hydroelectric power plants has the capacity to store extremely large quantities
of water that can be used throughout the whole season. The reservoir usually gets filled during the
raining season and the water lasts for the whole year till the next summer season. In these
hydroelectric power plants large reservoir is constructed behind the dam wall. Water from the
reservoir is released to the power generation unit via penstock. The flow of water to penstock is
controlled by the gates. The reservoir hydroelectric power plants can be used as peak load plant or
base load plant. They produce electricity throughout the year. Most of the hydroelectric power
plants are the reservoir type of plants.

2. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The following are the main objectives of our study on development of hydropower
projects:
i. To find the river with high yearly discharge and with larger catchment area.
ii. To find the maximum water head along the river course at suitable location for the
construction of hydropower components.
iii. To find at least three alternatives for project and to select one with higher economic
feasibility and technical stability.
iv. To select site for project and to design hydropower plant as per Nepal Government
Policy and strategies.

2
3. METHODOLOGY
i. The study of topographic map and satellite images for the search of water bodies from
which we can able to generate power, this is generally done on GOOGLE EARTH.
ii. For the detail study of site location extract site topography and properties from hard
copy of topographic map of scale 1:25,000.
iii. Identify the at least three alternative layouts hydropower plants within the chosen
sheet with headwork in the same river.
iv. Assess the brief hydrology i.e. mean monthly flow, of the site from the HYDEST
software developed by DHM if there is not availability hydrological station near project
area.
v. Assuming that the installed capacity corresponds to 40% of exceedance of flow.
vi. Methodologies for cost estimation of each alternatives:
a. The cost of sediment exclusion work can be assume as NRs 15 million per cumecs.
b. Assume the velocity in headrace tunnel as 2m/s and in penstock shaft as 4m/s.
c. The cost of tunnel can be worked out from the following relations
Y=70000d-32000, with y as a unit cost of tunnel NRs and d as diameter of tunnel
(m).
d. The cost of penstocks can be assumed as NRS 250/KG .the average thickness is
assume as 15 mm for head up to 100m and extra 5mm for each 100m head.
e. The cost of the electromagnetic equipment can be assume as NRs 35000 for each
KW of installation.
vii. The average tariff is taken as NRs 5.50 and the total annual revenue is then estimated.
viii. Based on cost per KW for each alternatives identified the best alternative which has
least cost per KW.

4. PROJECT SITE DESCRIPTION

A. SITE LOCATION
RIVER- Aadhi Khola
Municipality- Galyang
District- Syangja
Zone- Gandaki
B. GEOGRAPHIC CO-ORDINATES:
LATITUDE- 27˚58’ 27”
LONGITUDE- 83˚34’ 26”
C. CATCHMENT AREA- 476 sq. km

D. TEMPERATURE AT PROJECT LOCATION

1. Mean annual maximum temperature- 30-35˚C
2. Mean annual minimum temperature- 5-10˚C
E. NATURAL VEGETATION:- Coniferous Forest
F. CLIMATE:- 400-800 Coniferous
G. Soil Type:- Rocky
3
 5. LAYOUT OF ALTERNATIVES:
THE PLAN OF ALTERNATVES IN TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS:
The Run-of-River hydropower projects are designed in each alternatives to
generate the powers. Due to large seasonal variations in flow in Nepali rivers, the projects are
designed normally to utilize the flows in the river during the dry season. The weir is constructed
for diversion of water from river, which is conveyed through a conveyance system and delivered
to powerhouse through penstock pipe. We designed the run of river type projects with tunnel option
because of the favored topography for the tunnel. And, the alternatives are shown on the hard copy
of topographic map of the project area.

THE SCHEMATIC PROFILE OF THE LAYOUTS IN GRAPH:

The suitable components of power plant are determined from the schematic profile and their
dimension also measured in graph which plotted in 1:50000 in horizontally and 1:500
vertically. The separate graph for each alternatives are attached here and the dimension of each
components are listed on the each side of the graph. Based on the size and quantity obtained
from graph the final estimate of cost is calculated.

4
Station number: 415.1
Location: Borlangpul Latitude: 27 58 27
River: Andhi Khola Longitude: 83 34 26

Table 1 AVERAGE MONTHLY AND YEARLY DISCHARGE (in m3/s)

==============================================

Year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
2000 ... ... ... ... ... 43.5 66.7 65.2 34.2 8.92 4.62 2.67 ...
2001 2.26 2.11 1.83 1.51 5.39 31.2 47.1 78.8 30.7 6.12 2.51 1.58 17.6
2002 1.53 1.19 0.825 1.21 5.62 22.8 88.2 51.3 14.8 7.05 2.96 1.78 16.6
2003 1.60 1.51 1.15 1.91 3.42 25.2 65.5 28.3 34.7 8.21 4.06 3.02 14.9
2004 2.84 2.38 2.28 2.63 3.18 13.8 44.7 31.9 38.2 14.3 4.45 2.90 13.6
2005 2.43 1.98 1.75 1.88 3.03 5.68 30.1 36.1 19.7 15.4 6.37 3.44 10.7
2006 2.57 2.07 2.09 2.08 11.3 20.5 38.2 39.3 42.3 9.42 4.78 3.49 14.8
2007 2.56 3.76 2.93 2.82 4.00 20.6 55.5 31.3 61.2 11.9 3.86 2.40 16.9
2008 1.97 1.66 1.60 1.75 2.66 20.9 22.3 37.9 38.2 9.85 4.44 2.86 12.2
2009 2.40 1.99 1.72 1.54 2.97 11.5 24.4 57.5 20.4 20.5 1.85 0.764 12.3
2010 1.97 1.95 1.70 1.55 2.83 10.6 57.2 51.7 36.9 9.15 4.08 2.52 15.2
2011 2.10 1.71 1.25 1.09 4.54 15.3 55.2 45.9 36.3 11.4 5.09 3.03 15.2
2012 2.12 2.03 1.58 2.06 2.20 11.4 58.2 34.6 33.5 7.51 3.40 2.24 13.4
2013 1.75 1.93 1.49 1.88 3.11 23.6 66.1 41.4 20.1 10.1 4.59 3.00 14.9
2014 2.08 1.71 1.46 1.04 1.23 12.9 41.4 108 26.1 10.5 3.33 1.89 17.6
2015 1.65 1.25 1.33 1.30 1.94 7.68 47.0 61.1 53.7 21.7 16.0 12.1 18.9
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Average: 2.12 1.95 1.67 1.75 3.83 18.6 50.5 50.0 33.8 11.4 4.77 3.10 15.0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5
 Intensity Duration Curve
60.000

50.000

40.000
Discharge(m3/sec)

30.000

Avg. Q

20.000

10.000

0.000
July

October
August
April

May

June

September

November
January

March
February

December

Time(month)

Figure 1 Intensity Duration Curve

6
 Flow Duration Curve
60.000

50.000

40.000
Discharge(m3/sec)

30.000

Flow in descending

20.000

10.000

0.000
8.333

16.667

25.000

33.333

41.667

50.000

58.333

66.667

75.000

83.333

91.667

100.000

Probability of excidence

Figure 2 Flow Duration Curve

7
 Table 2 ENERGY AND REVENUE CALCULATION TABLE

Alternative- 1

Firm Secondary Firm Secondary Total

Avg. Flow in Usable Revenue
Month Rank % time Q40 power power energy energy energy
Q descending discharge (NRs.)
(MW) (MW) (MW-hr) (MW-hr) (MW-hr)
January 2.120 50.500 1 8.333 2.120 3.757 1.012 2795.285 753.221 3548.506 19516780.684
February 1.950 50.000 2 16.667 1.950 3.757 0.630 2795.285 468.671 3263.956 17951755.818
March 1.670 33.800 3 25.000 1.670 3.757 0.000 2795.285 0.000 2795.285 15374067.803
April 1.750 18.600 4 33.333 1.750 3.757 0.180 2795.285 133.906 2929.191 16110550.093
May 3.830 11.400 5 41.667 3.830 3.757 4.859 2795.285 3615.459 6410.744 35259089.632
June 18.600 4.770 6 50.000 12.840 3.757 25.130 2795.285 18696.607 21491.892 118205407.541
12.840
July 50.500 3.830 7 58.333 12.840 3.757 25.130 2795.285 18696.607 21491.892 118205407.541
August 50.000 3.100 8 66.667 12.840 3.757 25.130 2795.285 18696.607 21491.892 118205407.541
September 33.800 2.120 9 75.000 12.840 3.757 25.130 2795.285 18696.607 21491.892 118205407.541
October 11.400 1.950 10 83.333 11.400 3.757 21.890 2795.285 16286.302 19081.587 104948726.321
November 4.770 1.750 11 91.667 4.770 3.757 6.974 2795.285 5188.852 7984.138 43912756.540
December 3.100 1.670 12 100.000 3.100 3.757 3.217 2795.285 2393.567 5188.852 28538688.736
Total 184.368 754434045.792
Installed capacity= 0.8×9810×Q40×286.667
= 28.887 MW

8
 Table 3 ENERGY AND REVENUE CALCULATION TABLE
Alternative- 2

Seconda
Usable Firm Firm Secondar Total
Flow in ry Revenue
Month Avg. Q Rank % time Q40 discharg power energy y energy energy
descending power (NRs.)
e (MW) (MW-hr) (MW-hr) (MW-hr)
(MW)
January 2.120 50.500 1 8.333 2.120 3.757 1.012 2795.285 753.221 3548.506 19516780.684
February 1.950 50.000 2 16.667 1.950 3.757 0.630 2795.285 468.671 3263.956 17951755.818
March 1.670 33.800 3 25.000 1.670 3.757 0.000 2795.285 0.000 2795.285 15374067.803
April 1.750 18.600 4 33.333 1.750 3.757 0.180 2795.285 133.906 2929.191 16110550.093
May 3.830 11.400 5 41.667 3.830 3.757 4.859 2795.285 3615.459 6410.744 35259089.632
12.840
July 50.500 3.830 7 58.333 12.840 3.757 25.130 2795.285 18696.607 21491.892 118205407.541
August 50.000 3.100 8 66.667 12.840 3.757 25.130 2795.285 18696.607 21491.892 118205407.541
September 33.800 2.120 9 75.000 12.840 3.757 25.130 2795.285 18696.607 21491.892 118205407.541
October 11.400 1.950 10 83.333 11.400 3.757 21.890 2795.285 16286.302 19081.587 104948726.321
November 4.770 1.750 11 91.667 4.770 3.757 6.974 2795.285 5188.852 7984.138 43912756.540
December 3.100 1.670 12 100.000 3.100 3.757 3.217 2795.285 2393.567 5188.852 28538688.736
Total 184.368 754434045.792
Installed capacity= 0.8×9810×Q40×286.667
= 28.887 MW

9
 Table 4 ENERGY AND REVENUE CALCULATION TABLE
Alternative- 3

Seconda
Flow in Firm Firm Secondar Total
Usable ry Revenue
Month Avg. Q descen Rank % time Q40 power energy y energy energy
discharge power (NRs.)
ding (MW) (MW-hr) (MW-hr) (MW-hr)
(MW)
January 2.12 50.5 1 8.333 2.12 3.670 0.989 2730.275 735.703 3465.978 19062879.898
February 1.95 50 2 16.667 1.95 3.670 0.615 2730.275 457.771 3188.046 17534252.736
March 1.67 33.8 3 25.000 1.67 3.670 0.000 2730.275 0.000 2730.275 15016513.882
April 1.75 18.6 4 33.333 1.75 3.670 0.176 2730.275 130.792 2861.067 15735867.840
May 3.83 11.4 5 41.667 3.83 3.670 4.746 2730.275 3531.374 6261.649 34439070.758
June 18.6 4.77 6 50.000 12.84 3.670 24.545 2730.275 18261.781 20992.056 115456310.323
12.840
July 50.5 3.83 7 58.333 12.84 3.670 24.545 2730.275 18261.781 20992.056 115456310.323
August 50 3.1 8 66.667 12.84 3.670 24.545 2730.275 18261.781 20992.056 115456310.323
September 33.8 2.12 9 75.000 12.84 3.670 24.545 2730.275 18261.781 20992.056 115456310.323
October 11.4 1.95 10 83.333 11.4 3.670 21.381 2730.275 15907.532 18637.807 102507939.072
November 4.77 1.75 11 91.667 4.77 3.670 6.812 2730.275 5068.176 7798.451 42891479.770
December 3.1 1.67 12 100.000 3.1 3.670 3.142 2730.275 2337.900 5068.176 27874965.888
TOTAL 180.0802 736888211.136

INSTALLED CAPACITY = 0.8×9810×Q40×280

= 28.2151296 MW

10
 ALTERNATIVE- A
1200

length of tunnel= 1175m

Length of Penstock pipe= 1970m
1000

900
1000
900

860
800

800

800
700

700
680

660

TUNNEL
640

600
Settling Basin

600
680

600

PENSTOCK
580

600
PIPE

500

420
400
420
400
400

POWER HOUSE
380

200

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Horizontal DistANCE

Figure 3 Alternative A

11
 ALTERNATIVE- B
900

Length of tunnel= 700m

Length of Penstock pipe= 1380m

780
800

700 740
720
700

700 PENSTOCK
660
660

TUNNEL
PIPE

640
Settling Basin

600
660

600

POWER HOUSE
500
500

460
ELEVATION

420
400
400

380
300

200

100

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
HORIZONTAL DISTANCE

Figure 4 Alternative B

12
 ALTERNATIVE- C
900

Length of Tunnel= 1100m

800
800
Length of Penstock Pipe= 1500m
800

760

740
810
700

700
680

680
700
PENSTOCK
640

TUNNEL PIPE

620
600
600
640

600

600

POWER HOUSE
500
ELEVATION

500
400

400

380
300

200

100

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
HORIZONTAL Distance

Figure 5 Alternative c

13
 6. COST AND ESTIMATION OF HYDROPOWER PROJECT
Alternative-A
A. SEDIMENT EXCLUSION COST
Assume,
- Sediment exclusion work cost NRs. 15 million per cumec
- COST= discharge (Q40) ×rate
= 12.84×15
=192.6 millions
B. TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COST
Assume,
Velocity of water in tunnel = 2 m/s
Length of tunnel = 1175m
To find diameter of tunnel,
Q=A×v
𝑄
A= 𝑣 =6.42m2
4𝐴
Diameter of tunnel (d) =√ 𝜋 =2.859m
So, diameter of tunnel =2.86m
COST,
Y=70000*d-32000
= 168200 per unit length
Hence, total cost of tunnel construction= NRS 197,635,000

C. PENSTOCK PIPE COST

Assume,
Velocity of water in penstock = 4 m/s
Density of penstock pipe = 7850 kg/m3
Cost of penstock pipe per kg= NRs. 250
From,
Q=A×v
Diameter of penstock (d1) = 2.00m
Assume thickness of pipe = 30cm
Assume, External Diameter of penstock pipe = 2.30m
Length of penstock pipe = 1970m
Hence,
𝜋∗𝑑22 𝜋∗𝑑12
Total cost for penstock pipe =( − ) ×1970×7850×250
4 4
= NRs. 3,917,017,242
D. POWER HOUSE COST
Total cost for power house = 1.15 × sediment execution cost
=NRs. 221.49 million

14
 Alternative- B
A. SEDIMENT EXCLUSION COST
Assume,
- Sediment exclusion work cost NRs. 15 million per cumec
- COST= discharge (Q40) ×rate
= 12.84×15
=192.6 millions
B. TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COST
Assume,
Velocity of water in tunnel = 2 m/s
Length of tunnel = 700m
To find diameter of tunnel,
Q=A×v
𝑄
A= 𝑣 =6.42m2
4𝐴
Diameter of tunnel (d) =√ 𝜋 =2.859m
So, diameter of tunnel =2.86m
COST,
Y=70000×d−32000
= 168200 per unit length
Hence, total cost of tunnel construction= NRS 117,740,000
C. PENSTOCK COST
Assume,
Velocity of water in penstock = 4 m/s
Density of penstock pipe = 7850 kg/m3
Cost of penstock pipe per kg= NRs. 250
From,
Q=A×v
Diameter of penstock (d1) = 2.00m
Assume thickness of pipe = 30cm
Assume, External Diameter of penstock pipe = 2.30m
Length of penstock pipe = 1380m
Hence,
𝜋∗𝑑22 𝜋∗𝑑12
Total cost for penstock pipe =( − ) ×1380×7850×250
4 4
= NRs. 2,743,900,403

D. POWER HOUSE COST

Total cost for power house = 1.15 × sediment execution cost
=NRs. 221.49 million

15
Alternative- C
A. SEDIMENT EXCLUSION COST
Assume,
- Sediment exclusion work cost NRs. 15 million per cumec
- COST= discharge (Q40) ×rate
= 12.84×15
=192.6 millions
B. TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COST
Assume,
Velocity of water in tunnel = 2 m/s
Length of tunnel = 1100m
To find diameter of tunnel,
Q=A×v
𝑄
A= 𝑣 =6.42m2
4𝐴
Diameter of tunnel (d) =√ 𝜋 =2.859m
So, diameter of tunnel =2.86m
COST,
Y=70000×d−32000
= 168200 per unit length
Hence, total cost of tunnel construction= NRS 185,020,000
C. PENSTOCK COST
Assume,
Velocity of water in penstock = 4 m/s
Density of penstock pipe = 7850 kg/m3
Cost of penstock pipe per kg= NRs. 250
From,
Q=A×v
Diameter of penstock (d1) = 2.00m
Assume thickness of pipe = 30cm
Assume, External Diameter of penstock pipe = 2.30m
Length of penstock pipe = 1500m
Hence,
𝜋∗𝑑22 𝜋∗𝑑12
Total cost for penstock pipe =( − ) ×1500×7850×250
4 4
= NRs. 2,982,500,438

D. POWER HOUSE COST

Total cost for power house = 1.15 × sediment execution cost
=NRs. 221.49 million

16
Table 5 SUMMARY OF COST

Cost Of Cost Of Cost Of

Cost Of Total
Alternatives Penstock Sediment Power
Tunnel Cost
Pipe Exclusion House

A 197.635 3917.017 192.6 221.49 4528.74

B 117.74 2743.9 192.6 221.49 3275.73

C 185.02 2982.5 192.6 221.49 3581.61

Table 6 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

Useful life, N= 30 years

Rate of return, I= 10%

Annual Annual
Cost
Alternatives Cost Revenue B/C
(million)
(million) (million)

A 4528.74 480.405 754.434 1.57

B 3275.73 347.487 754.434 2.17

C 3581.61 379.934 736.888 1.94

17
 7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION:
The main objectives of this report was to prepare the alternative layouts and to
select the best alternative. From the topographic map analysis of the Andhi khola river at Galyang
Municipality, Syangja District, three different alternatives were set out. The installed capacity of
alternatives I,II and III were found to be 28.887MW,28.887MW and 28.215MW with the head of
286.667m,286.667m, and 280m respectively for the design discharge having 40% time exceedance
.
From the economic evaluation of each hydropower project alternative by taking 30 years project
life with an interest rate of 10%, the benefit cost (B/C) ratio was found to be 1.57, 2.17 and 1.94
for alternatives A,B and C respectively. So, all of the three alternatives are financially feasible and
they are also technically stable but among them the Alternative-II has highest B/C ratio of 2.14.
Hence, the Alternative-B is the best alternative and is selected for the further preparation of
detailed project report.
However, this study is only being in desk study level, the detail geological, environmental and
additional hydrological and social investigation is recommended before the starting of construction
of project.

18