N6 Mathematics Lecturer Guide 2024

MATHEMATICS
MATHEMATICS
N6
Mathematics
Lecturer Guide
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N6 Mathematics - Lecturers Guide A4 Layout.indd 1 18/10/2022 12:32 pm

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CONTENTS
Lecturer Guidance v
1. Subject aims v
2. Admission requirements v
3. Duration of course vi
4. Evaluation vi
5. Examination vi
6. General information vii
7. Subject matter vii
8. Workschedule viii
Answers 1
Module 1: Differentiation 1
Activity 1.1 2
Activity 1.2 4
Activity 1.3 7
Activity 1.4 8
Summative assessment: Module 1 11
Module 2: Integration techniques 16

Activity 2.1 18
Activity 2.2 21
Activity 2.3 24
Activity 2.4 25
Module 3: Partial fractions 30

Activity 3.1 31
Activity 3.2 34
Activity 3.3 36
Activity 3.4 38
Activity 3.5 40
Module 4: Differential equations 47

Activity 4.1 48
Activity 4.2 50
Activity 4.3 51

Module 5: Areas and volumes 61
Activity 5.1 62
Activity 5.2 64
Activity 5.3 66
Activity 5.4 68
Activity 5.5 70
Activity 5.6 72
Module 6: Centroids and centre of gravity 80

Activity 6.1 81
Activity 6.2 84
Module 7: Second moment of area, moment of inertia and centre of

fluid pressure 93
Activity 7.1 94
Activity 7.2 99
Activity 7.3 104
Module 8: Combinations of differentiation and integration 116

Activity 8.1 117
Activity 8.2 120
Activity 8.3 123
Exemplar examination paper 130

Formula sheet 133
Exemplar examination paper memorandum 138
Glossary 147

Lecturer Guidance v
1. Subject aims
1.1 General subject aims

Mathematics N6 aims to provide learners with the skills to identify and
calculate mathematical problems in N6 and the content forms part of
engineering calculation problems from industry.
Furthermore, Mathematics N6 will equip students with the relevant knowledge
to enable them to integrate meaningfully into their trade subjects and also serve
as the foundation for the Mathematics N6 syllabus in order to achieve a national
diploma.
Upon completion of this subject, the student should be able to:
• apply the necessary knowledge of Mathematics to various engineering fields
in their respective working environments;
• apply higher cognitive skills pertaining to application, analysis, synthesis
and evaluation, and logical and critical thought processes;
• apply their understanding in the interpretation of real world problems;
• promote Mathematics as a tool to be used to trouble shoot in different fields
of study; and
• calculate using certain theorems, the proofs of which are not examinable.
1.2 Specific subject aims

The specific aims of Mathematics N6 is to continue with the study of Differential
and Integral Calculus.
Mathematics N6 strives to assist students to obtain trade-specific calculation
knowledge.
Other specific aims of Mathematics N6 also include:
• Promote correct mathematical terminology.
• Promote and focus on word problems and the problem solving thereof, in
order to prepare the students for their relevant careers.
• Use technology in Mathematics and apply Mathematics to further
technology.
2. Admission requirements
For admission to N6 Mathematics, a student must have passed N5 Mathematics.

vi N6 Mathematics – Lecturer Guide
3. Duration of course
The duration of the subject is one trimester on full-time, part-time or distance-
learning mode.
4. Evaluation
Candidates must be evaluated continually as follows:
4.1 ICASS Trimester Mark
• Assessment marks are valid for a period of one year and are referred to
as ICASS Trimester marks.
• A minimum of 40% is required for a student to qualify for entry to the
final examination.
• Two formal class tests for full-time and part-time students (or two
assignments for distance-learning students only).
4.2 Calculation of trimester mark will be as follows:
• weight of test or assignment 1 = 30% of the syllabus; and
• weight of test or assignment 2 = 70% of the syllabus.
5. Examination
A final examination will be conducted in April, August and November of each
year. The pass requirement is 40%.
The final examination will consist of 100% of the syllabus
The duration of the final examination will be 3 hours.
The final examination will be a closed book examination.
Minimum pass percentage will be 40%.
Assessments will be based on the cognitive domain of Bloom’s Taxonomy, that is
remember, understand, apply, analyse, evaluate, and create.
The division of these aspects are as follows:
Remember Understand Apply Analyse Evaluate Create
20% 20% 20% 10% 20% 10%

Lecturer Guidance vii
6. General information
Problems should be based on real world scenarios allowing students to relate
theory to practice.
Emphasis of correct mathematical terminology should be encouraged and
promoted at all times.
A systematic approach to problem solving should be adhered to.
Students should be encouraged to understand rather than memorise the basic
formulae applicable to N6 Mathematics.
Calculators may be used to do mathematical calculations.
Answers to all calculations must be approximated correctly to three decimal
places, unless otherwise stated. Unless otherwise stated, approximations may
not be done during calculations. The final answer must be approximated to the
stipulated degree of accuracy.
The weight value of a module gives an indication of the time to be spent
on teaching the module as well as the relative percentage of the total marks
allocated to the module in the final exam examination (1 mark = 1,8 minutes).
7. Subject matter
Mathematics N6 strives to assist students to obtain trade-specific calculation
knowledge. Students should be able to acquire in-depth knowledge of the
following content:
Module Weighted value (%)
1. Differentiation 6
2. Integration techniques 18
3. Partial fractions 12
4. Differential equations 12
5. Areas and volumes 15
6. Centroids and centre of gravity 10
7. Second moment of area, moment of inertia and centre 15

of fluid pressure
8. Combinations of differentiation and integration 12
Total 100

viii N6 Mathematics – Lecturer Guide
8. Workschedule
Week Module Topic Activities Hours
1 Module 1 1.1 Partial Activity 1.1 6 hours

Differentiation differentiation Activity 1.2
1.2 Applications of Activity 1.3
partial differentiation
1.3 Differentiation of Activity 1.4
parametric equations
Summative
assessment:
Module 1
1–3 Module 2 2.1 Integration by parts Activity 2.1 18 hours

Integration 2.2 Integration of Activity 2.2
techniques trigonometric
functions
2.3 Integration by Activity 2.3
completing the Activity 2.4
square
Summative
assessment:
Module 2
3–4 Module 3 3.1 Partial fraction Activity 3.1 12 hours

Partial fractions decomposition
(Revision)
3.2 Single recursive Activity 3.2
factor
3.3 Two recursive factors Activity 3.3
3.4 One trinomial Activity 3.4
factor with recursive
factors
3.5 Improper rational Activity 3.5
factors
Summative
assessment:
Module 3

Lecturer Guidance ix
4–5 Module 4 4.1 First order linear Activity 4.1 12 hours

Differential differential equations
equations 4.2 Second order Activity 4.2
differential equations Activity 4.3
Summative
assessment:
Module 4
5–7 Module 5 5.1 Areas Activity 5.1 15 hours

Areas and Activity 5.2
volumes Activity 5.3
5.2 The volume of a Activity 5.4
solid of revolution Activity 5.5
Activity 5.6
Summative
assessment:
Module 5
7–8 Module 6 6.1 Centroids Activity 6.1 10 hours

Centroids and 6.2 Centre of gravity Activity 6.2
centre of gravity
Summative
assessment:
Module 6
8–9 Module 7 7.1 Second moment of Activity 7.1 15 hours

Second moment area
of area and 7.2 Moment of inertia Activity 7.2
moment of inertia 7.3 Depth of centre of Activity 7.3
(second moment fluid pressure
of mass) Summative
assessment:
Module 7

x N6 Mathematics – Lecturer Guide
9–10 Module 8 8.1 The length of a curve Activity 8.1 12 hours

Combinations of Activity 8.2
differentiation 8.2 The area of a surface Activity 8.3
and integration of revolution
Summative
assessment:
Module 8
TOTAL 100 hours

MODULE
1 Differentiation
After they have completed this module, students should be able to:
• apply differentiation to first and second order partial derivatives by:
– partially differentiating a function consisting of two or more variables with
respect to one variable only;
– using successive differentiation to obtain the second derivative(s) of a
function consisting of two variables;
– calculating specific values of the first and second order partial derivative(s)
at specified coordinates;
• apply differentiation to practical (real-life) problems by analy sing, recreating
and applying partial differentiation then interpreting results; and
• apply differentiation to first and second order parametric equations by:
– differentiating two functions consisting of the same variable (parameter);
– using successive differentiation to obtain the second derivative of two
functions consisting of the same variable (parameter);
– calculating specific values of the derivative(s) at specified coordinates.
Introduction
Students have learnt that differentiation is an important fundamental concept of
Mathematics. It allows us to find the rate of change of one variable with respect to
another.
Throughout this module they will learn more about the basics of differentiation which
include partial derivatives as well as parametric equations. This should give them a solid
understanding of how differentiation works. In further modules they will learn about
more advanced differential techniques and how to apply them.
Students need the following pre-knowledge to successfully complete this module.

2 N6 Mathematics – Lecturer Guide
Pre-knowledge
Students should already know:
• Basic principles of differentiation;
• Standard forms of derivatives, as found in the formulae sheet;
• Rules of differentiation including:
– the chain rule:
dy _
_ dy du
= ._
dx du dx
– the product rule:
dy
If y = u(x) . v(x) then __ = u′(x) . v(x) + u(x) . v′(x)
dx
– the quotient rule:
u(x) dy u′(x) . v(x) – u(x) . v′(x)
If y = ____
v(x)
then __ = ________________
dx 2
(v(x))
• How to differentiate successively to obtain a second order derivative:
dx dx )
(
d __
__ dy
Activity 1.1 SB page 8
∂z
__
1. = 6x – 4y
∂x
∂z
__ = – 4x + 30y 5
∂y
∂z
__
2. = yx (y – 1)
∂x
∂z
__ = x y ln x
∂y
∂z
__
3. = – y sin xy • Chain rule
∂x
∂z
__ = – x sin xy • Chain rule
∂y
2x(x 4 + y 2) – (x 2 – y 4)4x 3
∂ z __________________
__
4. = • Quotient rule
∂x
(x + y )
4 2 2
2x 5 + 2x y 2 – 4x 5 + 4x 3 y 4
= __________________
(x + y )
4 2 2
– 2x 5 + 2x y 2 + 4x 3 y 4
= _______________
(x + y )
4 2 2
– 4y 3(x 4 + y 2) – (x 2 – y 4)2y
∂ z ___________________
__ = • Quotient rule
∂y
(x + y )
4 2 2
– 4y 5 – 4x 4 y 3 – 2x 2 y + 2y 5
= __________________
(x + y )
4 2 2
– 2y 5 – 4x 4 y 3 – 2x 2 y
_______________
=
(x + y )
4 2 2

Module 1 • Differentiation 3
4 sec (4x + 3y)(x y) – 2xy tan(4x + 3y)

2 2
∂ z ___________________________
__
5. = • Quotient rule and chain rule
∂x
(x y)
2 2
4x 2 y sec 2(4x + 3y) – 2xy tan(4x + 3y)

__________________________
=
x4y2
3 sec (4x + 3y)(x y) – x tan(4x + 3y)

2 2
∂ z ___________________________
__
2
= • Quotient rule and chain rule

∂y
(x y)
2 2
3x y sec (4x + 3y) – x tan(4x + 3y)

2 2 2
= _________________________
x4y2
∂z
__
6. = ye x
∂x
∂z
__ = ex
∂y
= 4(x 4 – 2y) + (4x + 5y 4)4x 3

∂z
__
7. • Product rule
∂x
= 4x 4 – 8y + 16x 4 + 20x 3 y 4
= 20x 4 + 20x 3 y 4 – 8y
If x = – 2 and y = 1
∂z
__ = 20( – 2) 4 + 20(– 2) 31 4 – 8(1)
∂x
= 320 – 160 – 8
= 152
= 20y 3(x 4 – 2y) + (4x + 5y 4)(– 2)

∂z
__ • Product rule
∂y
= 20x 4 y 3 – 40y 4 – 8x – 10y 4
= – 50y 4 + 20x 4 y 3 – 8x
If x = – 2 and y = 1
∂z
__ = – 50(1) 4 + 20(– 2) 41 3 – 8(– 2)
∂y
= – 50 + 320 + 16
= 286
∂z
_
8. = – 15x 2y 2 + 6xy
∂x
∴ At coordinate (2; 1):
∂z
_ = – 15(2) 2(– 1) 2 + 6(2)(– 1)
∂x
= – 60 – 12
= – 72
∂z
_ = – 10x 3y – 4y 3 + 3x 2
∂y

∴ At coordinate (2; 1):

∂z
_ = – 10(2) 3(– 1) – 4(– 1) 3 + 3(2) 2
∂y
= 80 + 4 + 12
= 96
∂u ∂u
1. First find the first partial derivatives: __ = 15x 4 and __ = 8y
∂x ∂y
Then:
∂2 u
___ = 60x 3
∂x 2
∂2 u
___ =8
∂y 2
∂2 u
____ ∂2 u
= 0 = ____
∂y∂x ∂x∂y
∂v ∂v
2. First find the first partial derivatives: __ = 9x 2 y 2 + 4y + 4y 2 and __ = 6x 3 y + 4x + 8xy
∂x ∂y
Then:
∂2 v
___ = 18x y 2
∂x 2
∂2 v
___ = 6x 3 + 8x
∂y 2
∂2 v
____ ∂2 v
= 18x 2 y + 4 + 8y = ____
∂y∂x ∂x∂y
First find the first partial derivatives: __ = 2x cos(x 2 – y 2) and __ = – 2y cos(x 2 – y 2)

∂z ∂z
3.
∂x ∂y
Then:
∂2 z
2 = 2 cos(x – y ) – 4x sin(x – y )
___ 2 2 2 2 2
∂x
∂2 z
___ = – 2 cos(x 2 – y 2) – 4y 2 sin(x 2 – y 2)
∂y 2
∂2 z ∂2 z
____ = 4xy sin(x 2 – y 2) = ____
∂y∂x ∂x∂y
First find the first partial derivatives: __ = y 2 cos(y 2 x) and __ = 2xy cos(y 2 x)
∂z ∂z
4.
∂x ∂y
Then:
∂2 z
2 = – y sin(y x)
___ 4 2
∂x
∂2 z
___ = 2x cos(y 2 x)–4x 2 y 2 sin(y 2 x)
∂y 2
∂2 z ∂2 z
____ = 2y cos(y 2 x) – 2x y 3 sin(y 2 x) = ____
∂y∂x ∂x∂y

∂h ∂h
First find the first partial derivatives: __ = 2x e x +y and __ = 2y e x +y
2 2 2 2
5.
∂x ∂y
Then:
∂2 h
___ x 2+y 2 2 2
2 = 2e + 4x 2 e x +y
∂x
∂2 h
___ x 2+y 2 2 2
2 = 2e + 4y 2 e x +y
∂y
∂2 h
____ ∂2 h
= 4xye x +y = ____
2 2
∂y∂x ∂x∂y
∂ u (x – y) – (x + y) _____
– 2y
6. First find the first partial derivatives: __ = ___________ =
∂x (x – y ) 2
( – y) 2
x
∂ u (x – y) + (x + y) _____2x
and __ = ___________ =
∂y (x – y) 2
( – y) 2
x
Then:
∂2 u
___ = – 2y(– 2) (x – y) –3
∂x 2
4y
= _____3
(x – y)
If x = 1 and y = – 1:
4(– 1)
∂ 2 u ________
___
2 =
∂x (1 – (– 1)) 3
– 4 __ –1
= __
8
= 2
∂2 u
___ = 2x(– 2) (x – y) –3(– 1)
∂y 2
4x
= _____3
(x – y)
If x = 1 and y = – 1:
4(1)
∂ 2 u ________
___
2 =
∂y (1 – (– 1)) 3
4 1
= _8 = _2
∂2 u
____ – 2(x – y) 2– 4y(x – y)
= ______________
∂y∂x (x – y) 4
–2 – 4y
= _____2 + _____3
(x – y) (x – y)
– 2x + 2y – 4y
= __________
(x – y) 3
– 2x– 2y
= ______
(x – y) 3
∂2 u
= ____
∂x∂y
If x = 1 and y = – 1:
∂2 u
____ – 2(1)– 2(– 1)
= __________
∂y∂x (1 – (– 1)) 3
0
= _8 = 0

∂f ∂f
7. First find the first partial derivatives: __ = 6x 2y 5 + 12x 3y and __ = 10x 3y 4 + 3x 4
∂x ∂y
Then:
∂ 2f
_ = 12xy 5 + 36x 2y
∂x 2
If x = 2 and y = – 1
∂ 2f
_ = 12(2)(– 1) 5 + 36(2) 2(– 1)
∂x 2
= – 24 – 144
= – 168
2
∂f
_ = 40x 3y 3
∂y 2
If x = 2 and y = – 1
∂ 2f
_ = 40(2) 3(– 1) 3
∂y 2
= – 320
2
_∂f 2 4 3 _∂ 2f
= 30x y + 12x =
∂x∂y ∂y∂x
If x = 2 and y = – 1
_∂ 2f ∂ 2f
= _ = 30(2) 2(– 1) 4 + 12(2) 3
∂x∂y ∂y∂x
= 120 + 96
= 216
∂w 3u ∂w 3v
8. First find the first partial derivatives: ___ = _______
_ and ___ = _______
_
∂u √u + v
2 2 ∂v2
√u + v
2
Then:
∂ 2w _______
_ 3v 2
2 = 3
∂u _
(u 2 + v 2) 2
If u = 4 and v = – 3
3(– 3) 2
∂ 2w ____________
_ =
∂u 2
3
_
( ) ( )
(27 )
2 2 2
4 + – 3
=_125
= 0,216
∂ 2w _______
_ 3u 2
2 = 3
∂v _
(u 2 + v 2) 2
If u = 4 and v = – 3
3(4) 2
∂ 2w ____________
_
2 = 3
∂v _
(– 3) + (4) )
(48 2 2 2
=_125
= 0,384
2
∂f
____ – 3uv ∂ 2f
= ________3 = ____
∂x∂y ∂y∂x
(u 2 + v 2) 2

If u = 4 and v = – 3
_∂ 2f ∂ 2f – 3(4)(– 3)
= _ = _____________3
∂x∂y ∂y∂x
((– 3) 2 + (4) 2) 2
36
=_125
= 0,288
∂S ∂S
1. The surface area, S = wd, therefore ___ = d and __ = w.
∂w ∂d
∂S ∂S
ΔS ≈ _ Δw + _ Δd
∂w ∂d
≈ (d)Δw + (w)Δd
≈ (21)(0,72) + (27)(0,5)
≈ 15,12 + 13,5
≈ 28,62 mm 2
The surface area increased by approximately 28,62 mm².
∂P ∂P
2. ΔP ≈ ___ ΔI + ___ ΔR
∂I ∂R
∂P ∂P
P = I 2R, therefore ___ = 2IR and ___ = I 2
∂I ∂R
ΔP ≈ (2IR)ΔI + (I 2)ΔR
≈ 2(2)(100)(0,2) + (2) 2(– 5)
≈ 80 – 20
≈ 60 W
The power increased by approximately 60 W.
1 ∂e 1 ∂e
3. e = _2 mv 2, therefore ___ = _2 v 2 and __ = mv
∂m ∂v
∂e ∂e
Δe ≈ _ Δm + _ Δv
∂m ∂v
≈ (_2 v 2)Δm + (mv)Δv
1
1
≈ _2 (12 500) 2(– 1) + (1 930)(12 500)(100)
≈ 2,334 × 10 9 J
(Note that the mass decreases, so Δm = – 1)
The spacecraft’s kinetic energy increased by approximately 2,334 GJ.

V
4. I = __
R
∴ I = VR –1
∂I ∂I
∆I = _ ∆V + _ ∆R
∂V ∂R
= R –1∆V – VR –2 ∆ R
1 V
= __
R
∆V – __2 ∆ R
R
1 20
= ___
10
(– 0,2) – ____2 (– 0,6)
( ) (10)
0,2 1,2
= – ___
10
+ ___
10
1
= __
10
= 0,1 A
The current increases by 0,1 A.
5. V = πr 2h
∂V ∂V
∆V = _ ∆r + _ ∆h
∂r ∂h
= 2πrh ∆ r + πr 2 ∆ h
= 2π(5)(15)(0,1) + π(5) 2 (0,5)
= 15π + 12,5π
= 27,5π
= 86,394 cm3
The volume of the cylinder would change by approximately 86 cm3. This is a
significant change considering that 1 cm3 is equivalent to 1 ml. The cylinder would
be able to hold considerably more.
1. 1.1 Given x = t, y = 2t
Then y = 2x
dy
__ =2
dx
d2 y
___ =0
dx 2

1.2 Given x = sin t, y = – cos 2t

dx
Then __ = cost
dt
dy
__ = 2 sin 2t
dt
dy __
__ dy dt
= .__
dx dt dx
2 sin 2t
= _____
cos t
( )
d 2 y __
___ d __ dy __ dt
2 = .
dx dt dx dx
= __(_____
cos t ) cos t
d 2 sin 2t 1
. ___
dt
[ ] . cos t
(4 cos 2t)cos t– (2 sin 2t)(– sin t) ___ 1
= ____________________
(cos t) 2
[4 cos 2t cos t] + [(2 sin 2t)(sin t)]
= ____________________3
cos t
1
1.3 Given x = 1 + _t , y = ln t
dx dt
Then __ = – t –2 ∴ __ = – t 2
dt dx
dy _
__ 1
=
dt t
dy __
__ dy dt
= .__
dx dt dx
1
= _t . – t 2
= –t
dt dx ) dx
(
d 2 y __
___ d __ dy __ dt
2 = .
dx
d
= __ . (– t) . – t 2
dt
d
= __ . (t 3)
dt
= 3t 2
2. Given x = sin θ, y = 1 – cos θ

dx
Then __ = cos θ
dθ
dy
__ = sin θ
dθ
dy _
_ dy dθ
= ._
dx dθ dx
= sin(θ) ÷ cos(θ)
= tan θ

π
When θ = __4
dy
= tan(__4 ) = 1
__ π
dx
( )
d2 y _
_ d _ dy _ dθ
2 = .
dx dθ dx dx
= sec 2θ ÷ cos θ
1
= ____
3
cos θ
π
When θ = __4
d 2 y ______
___ 1
=
d x 2 cos 3(__π )
4
_
= 2√2
3. x = t2 and y = 2t 5
dx dy
∴ __ = 2t ∴ __ = 10t 4
dt dt
dy _
_ dy dt
= ._
dx dt dx
dy dx
=_÷_
dt dt
= 10t 4 ÷ 2t
= 5t 3
When t = 5:
dy
_ = 5(5) 3
dx
= 625
dt dx ) dx
(
d 2y _
_ d _ dy _ dt
2 = .
dx
d 1
= _(5t 3) . _
dt 2t
15t 2
=_
2t
= 7,5 t
When t = 5:
d 2y
_ = 7,5 t
dx 2
= 37,5

_ 2
4. x = 2√s and y = ___
√s
dx 1
_ dy 3
_
∴ __ = s –2 ∴ __ = – s –2
ds ds
dy _
_ dy dx
= ÷_
dx ds ds
3
_ 1
_
= – s –2 ÷ s –2
= – s –1
ds dx ) dx
(
d 2y _
_ d _ dy _ ds
2 = .
dx
d 1
= _(– st –1) . ___
ds 1
–_
s 2
1
_
= s –2 . s 2
3
_
= s –2
5. x = 4e 2v and y = e 3v – 5
dx dy
∴ __ = 8e 2v ∴ __ = 3e 3v
dv dv
dy
_=_dy _dx
÷
dx dv dv
= 3e 3v ÷ 8e 2v
3
= _8 e v
dv dx ) dx
(
d 2y _
_ d _ dy _ dv
2 = .
dx
= _(_8 e v) . _
d 3 1
dv 8e 2v
3 1
= _8 e v . _2v
8e
3
=_
64
e –v
Summative assessment: Module 1 SB page 27
1. Given: y = t 3 and x = e 2t
dy __
__ dy dt
= .__
dx dt dx
dy
__ dx
= 3t 2; __ = 2e 2t
dt dt
dy
∴ __ = (3t 2) ÷ (2e 2t)
dx
3
= _2 t 2 e –2t (3)

2. Given: z = sin x ln y
∂z
__ 1
= sin x _y
∂y
sin x
= ___
y
∂2 z
____ cos x
= ____
y
∂x∂y
π 1
When (x; y) = __6 ; _4 :
sin(__6 )
π
∂ z _____
__ = 1 =2
(4)
∂y _
cos(__6 )
π
∂2 z _
____ = ______ = 2√3 (4)
(4)
∂x∂y 1
_
3. Given: t = x 2 + xy 3 – 2y + 3x 2 y 2
∂t
3.1 __ = 2x + y 3 + 6xy 2 (2)
∂x
∂t
3.2 __ = 3xy 2 – 2 + 6x 2 y (2)
∂y
2
∂ t
3.3 ____ = 3y 2 + 12xy (2)
∂x∂y
4. Given: y = 2 tan θ + π and x = sec θ

dy
4.1 __ = 2 sec 2θ;
dθ
dx
__ = tan θ sec θ
dθ
dy __
__ dy dθ
= . __
dx dθ dx
= 2 sec 2θ ÷ tan θ sec θ
2 sec θ
=_
tan θ
= 2 cosec θ
π
When θ = __4 :
dy
= 2 cosec (__4 )
__ π
dx
_
= 2√2 (6)
d x 2 dθ ( dx ) dx
d 2 y __
___ d __dy __ dθ
4.2 = .
d
___
dθ
(2 cosec θ) = – 2 cot θ cosec θ

d2 y
∴ ___2 = (– 2 cot θ cosec θ) ÷ (tan θ sec θ)
dx
= – 2(____)(____)(____)(____
1 )
cos θ 1 cos θ cos θ
sin θ sin θ sin θ
= – 2(____)
3
cos θ
sin θ
= – 2 cot 3θ
π
When θ = __4 :
d2 y
___ π
= – 2 cot 3__4
dx 2
= –2 (4)
5. Given: y = θ sin 3θ and x = θ(θ 2 + 3)

dy __
__ dy dθ
= . __
dx dθ dx
dy
___ = sin 3θ + 3θ cos 3θ
dθ
dx
___ = 3θ 2 + 3
dθ
dy
∴ _ = (sin 3θ + 3θ cos 3θ) ÷ (3θ 2 + 3)
dx
1
_ sin 3θ + θ cos θ
= ___________
3
θ2 + 1
When θ = π rad
dy _____
__ 0+π
=
dx π 2 + 1
= 0,289 rad (4)
1
6. V = _3 πr 2 h
dV 1 dV 2
Therefore ___ = _3 πr 2 and ___ = _3 πrh
dh dr
∂V ∂V
ΔV ≈ ___ Δr + ___ Δh
∂r ∂h
2 1
= _3 πrhΔr + _3 πr 2 Δh
1
= _3 πr(2hΔr + rΔh)
r 4
Since __ = _6 ,
h
Δr 4
Then ___ = _6
Δh
4
so Δr = _6 Δh
4
= _6 (0,01)
= 0,0067 m
So, the radius changes by 0,0067 m for every 1 cm increase in depth.

4
6.1 When h = 5, then r = _6 h = 3,333 m
Therefore
1
ΔV ≈ _3 πr(2hΔr + rΔh)
1
= _3 π(3,333)[2(5)(0,0067) + (3,333)(0,01)]
= 0,105 m 3
The volume increases by 0,105 m³ for every 1 cm increase in depth at a

depth of 5 m. (8)
4
6.2 When h = 1, then r = _6 h = 0,667 m
Therefore
1
ΔV ≈ _3 πr(2hΔr + rΔh)
1
= _3 π(0,667)[2(1)(0,0067) + (0,667)(0,01)]
= 0,021 m 3
The volume increases by 0,021 m³ for every 1 cm increase in depth at a

depth of 1 m. (2)
6.3 The change in volume is more accurate when h = 5, (question 6.1) because
the approximation works best for small relative changes. A change of 1 cm is
less significant when the tank is fuller (____ × 100%) than when it is emptier
0,01
5
( 1 × 100%).
____0,01
(2)
_
7. r = √x 2 + y 2
Therefore,
∂r _
_ 2x
= _
∂x 2 x 2 + y 2
√
x
= ______
_
√x + y
2 2
And similarly,
y
∂ r ________
__ = _
∂y
√
x2 + y2
So
∂r ∂r
Δr ≈ _ Δx + _ Δy
∂x ∂y
x y
= ______
_ Δx + ______
_ Δy
√x + y √x
2 2 2 2
+y
x Δx + yΔy
= ________
_
√x
2 2
+y

Substitute the given values:

(16)(1) + (12)(1)
= ___________
_____________
√(16)
2 2
+ (12)
= 1,4 cm
At those dimensions, the diagonal increases by approximately 1,4 cm for each

1 cm increase in width and in length. (6)
8. Given r = 5 cm, h = 15 cm and Δr = 0,5 cm, Δh = 2,5 cm

V = πr 2 h
∂V ∂V
∆ V ≈ _ Δr + _ Δh
∂r ∂h
= 2πrhΔr + πr 2(Δh)
= 2π(5)(15)(0,5) + π5 2(2,5)
= 431,969 cm 3 (5)
TOTAL: [50]

MODULE
2 Integration techniques
• use integration by parts to integrate the product of a function and the
derivative of another function, where neither is a derivative of the other;
• apply specific integration techniques to powers of trigonometric functions:
– sin m ax and cos n ax;
– tan m ax and cot n ax;
– sin max . cos n ax; and
• integrate by means of completing the square, applied to the functions:
1
__________
___________ ;
–
√ax + bx + c
2
1
_________
– 2 ;
ax + bx + c
1
_________
– ;
c + bx − ax 2
1
__________
___________ .
–
√c + bx − ax 2
Introduction
Previously, students have studied the basic concepts of integration. This module
expands on that knowledge to explore further integration techniques. Students will
learn more about how to integrate by using integration by parts; integrate trigonometric
functions; and integrate by means of completing the square.

Module 2 • Integration techniques 17
Pre-knowledge
• Standard forms of integrals:
Table 2.1: Standard integrals
∫ cf(x) dx = c∫ f(x) dx ∫ f(x) dx + ∫ g(x) dx = ∫ [f(x) + g(x)] dx

x n+1 ax
∫ x n dx = ______
n+1
+ C, (n ≠ 1) ∫ a x dx = ____ + C
ln (a)
1
∫ _x dx = ln |x| + C ∫ e x dx = e x + C
∫ sin(x) dx = − cos(x) + C ∫ cos(x) = sin(x) + C

∫ sec 2(x) dx = tan(x) + C ∫ cosec 2(x) dx = − cot(x) + C
∫ sec(x) tan(x) dx = sec(x) + C ∫ cosec(x) cot(x) dx = − cosec(x) + C
∫ tan(x) dx = ln |sec(x)| + C ∫ cot(x) dx = ln |sin(x)| + C
• Integration by using antiderivatives and known integral forms:

∫ [_ f(x)] dx = _[∫ f(x) dx] = f(x)
d d
dx dx
• Integration by inspection, identifying the following forms:

[f(x)]
n+1
∫ [f(x)] n . f ′(x) dx = ______

n+1
+ C; (n ≠ − 1)
f ′(x)
∫ _ dx = ln f(x) + C
f(x)
• Integrating composite functions by algebraic substitution:

If ∫ f(g(x))g ′(x) dx, set g(x) = u then g ′(x) = du and ∫ f(u) du
• Integration by parts to integrate the product of two functions, where one

function is not the derivative of the other:
∫ f(x) . g ′(x) dx = f(x) . g(x) − ∫ f ′(x) . g(x) dx
• Trigonometric identities and how to manipulate them:
Table 2.2: Trigonometric identities
sin 2(x) + cos 2(x) = 1 tan 2(x) + 1 = sec 2(x)

1
1 + cot 2(x) = cosec 2(x) sin 2(x) = _2 (1 − cos(2x))
1
cos 2(x) = _2 (1 + cos(2x)

• How to use algebraic substitution to integrate trigonometric functions:

∫ sin[f(x)] . f ′(x) dx = − cos[f(x)] + C
∫ cos[f(x)] . f ′(x) dx = sin[f(x)] + C
∫ sec 2[f(x)] . f ′(x) dx = tan[f(x)] + C
∫ cosec 2[f(x)] . f ′(x) dx = cot[f(x)] + C
∫ sec[f(x)] . tan[f(x)] .f ′(x) dx = sec[f(x)] + C
∫ cosec[f(x)] . cot[f(x)] .f ′(x) dx = cosec[f(x)] + C
• How to use trigonometric substitutions to simplify certain integrals:
Table 2.3: Trigonometric substitutions
Substitution Integral
(a )
1 1 b
bx = a tan θ ∫_ 2 2 dx =
_ tan −1 _ x + C
2
a +b x ab
(a )
1 1 b
bx = a sin θ ∫_
_ dx = _ sin −1 _ x + C
√a − b x
2 2 2 b
_ _
∫ √a 2 − b 2 x 2 dx = _ sin −1(_a x) + _2 x √a 2 − b 2 x 2 + C
a2 b 1
bx = a sin θ
2b
• How to complete the square by writing ax 2 + bx + c in the form a(x − h) 2 + k.
1. ∫ (x + 4) sin(x) dx = ∫ x sin(x) dx + ∫ 4 sin(x) dx

Let f(x) = x, then f ′(x) = 1
Let g ′(x) = sin(x), then g(x) = − cos(x)
∫ x sin (x) dx = − x cos(x) + sin(x) + C
and ∫ 4 sin(x) dx = − 4 cos(x) + C
∫ (x + 4) sin(x) dx = − x cos(x) + sin(x) − 4 cos(x) + C
= sin(x) − (x + 4) cos(x) + C
∴ ∫ (x + 4) sin(x) dx = sin(x) − (x + 4) cos(x) + C
2. ∫ (2x + 3) cos(x) dx = ∫ 2x cos(x) dx + ∫ 3 cos(x) dx

Let f(x) = x, then f ′(x) = 1
Let g ′(x) = cos(x), then g(x) = sin(x)
∫ 2x cos(x) dx = 2[x sin(x) + cos(x) + C]
and ∫ 3 cos(x) dx = 3 sin(x) + C
∴ ∫ (2x + 3) cos(x) dx = 2 cos(x) + (2x + 3) sin(x) + C

3. Let f(x) = x, then f ′(x) = 1

∴ ∫ x cos(x) dx = x sin(x) + cos(x) + C
4. Let f (x) = x 2, then f ′(x) = 2x

∫ x 2 cos(x) dx = x 2 sin(x) − ∫ 2x sin(x) dx …(1)
Need to do integration by parts twice, therefore let:

f(x) = 2x, then f ′(x) = 2
g ′(x) = sin(x), then g(x) = − cos(x)
∫ 2x sin(x) dx = − 2x cos(x) − ∫ − 2 cos(x) dx
∫ 2x sin(x) dx = − 2x cos(x) + 2 sin(x) + C
Substituting back into equation (1):

∫ x 2 cos(x) dx = x 2 sin(x) + 2x cos(x) − 2 sin(x) + C
∴ ∫ x 2 cos(x) dx = (x 2 − 2) sin(x) + 2x cos(x) + C
5. Let f(x) = x 3, then f ′(x) = 3 x 2

∫ x 3 cos(x) dx = x 3 sin(x) − 3∫ x 2 sin(x) dx …(1)
Need to perform integration by parts again therefore let:

f(x) = x 2, then f ′(x) = 2x
∫ x 2 sin(x) dx = − x 2 cos(x) − ∫ − 2x cos(x) dx …(2)

f(x) = x, then f ′(x) = 1
g ′(x) = cos(x), then g(x) = sin(x)
∫ − 2x cos(x) dx = − 2[x sin(x) − ∫ sin(x) dx]
∫ − 2x cos(x) dx = − 2[x sin(x) − (− cos(x))] + C

∫ x 2 sin(x) dx = − x 2 cos(x) + 2[x sin(x) + cos(x)] + C

∫ x 3 cos(x) dx = x 3 sin(x) − 3[− x 2 cos(x) + 2[x sin(x) + cos(x)]] + C
∫ x 3 cos(x) dx = x 3 sin(x) + 3 x 2 cos(x) − 6x sin(x) − 6 cos(x) + C
∴ ∫ x 3 cos(x) dx = (x 2 − 6)x sin(x) + 3(x 2 − 2) cos(x) + C
6. Let f(x) = e x, then f ′(x) = e x

∫ e x cos(x) dx = e x sin(x) − ∫ e x sin(x) dx …(1)


f(x) = e x, then f ′(x) = e x
∫ e x sin(x) dx = − e x cos(x) − [∫ − e x cos(x) dx]
∫ e x sin(x) dx = − e x cos(x) + [∫ e x cos(x) dx]

∫ e x cos(x) dx = e x sin(x) − [− e x cos(x) + ∫ e x cos(x) dx]
∫ e x cos(x) dx = e x sin(x) + e x cos(x) − ∫ e x cos(x) dx
Adding ∫ e x cos(x) dx to both sides:

2∫ e x cos(x) dx = e x sin(x) + e x cos(x) + C
e x(sin(x) + cos(x))
∴ ∫ e x cos(x) dx = ____________
2
+C
7. Let f(x) = x, then f ′(x) = 1

Let g ′(x) = cosec 2(x), then g(x) = − cot(x)
∫ x cosec 2(x) dx = − x cot(x) − ∫ (1)(− cot(x)) dx
∫ x cosec 2(x) dx = − x cot(x) + ∫ cot(x)dx
∴ ∫ x cosec 2(x) dx = − x cot(x) + ln |sin(x)| + C
8. Let f(x) = x 3, then f ′(x) = 3x 2

Let g ′(x) = sin(x), then g(x) = − cos(x)
∫ x 3 sin(x) dx = − x 3 cos(x) − ∫ − 3 x 2 cos(x) dx …(1)
∫ x 3 sin(x) dx = − x 3 cos(x) + 3∫ x 2 cos(x) dx

f(x) = x 2, then f ′(x) = 2x
g ′(x) = cos(x), then g(x) = sin(x)
∫ x 2 cos(x) dx = x 2 sin(x) − 2∫ x sin(x) dx …(2)

f(x) = x, then f ′(x) = 1
∫ x sin(x) dx = − x cos(x) − ∫ − cos(x) dx
∫ x sin(x) dx = − x cos(x) + ∫ cos(x) dx
∫ x sin(x) dx = − x cos(x) + sin(x) + C

∫ x 2 cos(x) dx = x 2 sin(x) − 2[− x cos(x) + sin(x)] + C

∫ x 3 sin(x) dx = − x 3 cos(x) + 3[x 2 sin(x) − 2[− x cos(x) + sin(x)]] + C
∫ x 3 sin(x) dx = − x 3 cos(x) + 3 x 2 sin(x) + 6x cos(x) − 6 sin(x) + C
∴ ∫ x 3 sin(x) dx = (6 − x 2)x cos(x) + 3(x 2 − 2) sin(x) + C

9. Let f(x) = x, then f ′(x) = 1

Let g ′(x) = sec 2(x), then g(x) = tan(x)
∫ x sec 2(x) dx = x tan(x) − ∫ tan(x) dx
∴ ∫ x sec 2(x) dx = x tan(x) − ln |sec(x)| + C
1
10. Let f(x) = ln (x), then f ′(x) = __x
Let g ′(x) = 1, then g(x) = x
1
∫ ln (x) dx = x ln (x) − ∫ _x . x dx
∫ ln (x) dx = x ln (x) − ∫ 1 dx
∴ ∫ ln (x) dx = x ln (x) − x + C
1. ∫ tan 2(3x) dx
du du
u = 3x, _ = 3, dx = _
dx 3
1
_
3
∫ tan 2(u) du
1
= __3 ∫ (sec 2(u) − 1) du [standard integral]
1
= _3 ∫ (tan(u) − u) du
tan(3x) _ 3x
=_ 3
− 3
tan(3x)
=_ 3
−x+C
2. Let: u = 2x, then du = 2 dx

1
∫ sin 3(2x) dx = ∫ sin 3(u) _2 du
and
sin 2(u) = (1 − cos 2(u))
1 1
∫ sin 3(u) _2 du = _2 ∫ (1 − cos 2(u))(sin(u)) du
Let: v = cos(u), then dv = − sin(u) du
1 1
_
2
∫ (1 − cos 2(u))(sin(u)) du = _2 ∫ − (1 − v 2) dv
2( 3
− v) + C
1 v3
1 _
_
2
∫ − (1 − v 2
) dv = _
Substituting the values back in gives:

cos 3(2x) cos(2x)
∫ sin 3(2x) dx = _
6
−_
2
+C
3. ∫ sin5(2x) dx
du du
Let u = 2x, __ = 2, dx = __
dx 2
1
_
2
∫ sin5(u) du
1
= _2 ∫ (1 – cos2(u))2sin(u) du

dv dv
Now let v = cos(u), __ = –sin(u), du = – _____
du sin(u)
1
_
2
∫ – (1 – v2)2 dv
1
= – _2 ∫ (v2 – 1)2 dv
1
= – _2 ∫ (v4 – 2v2 + 1) dv
= – _2 [__ + v]
1 v5 2v3
5
– ___
3
v5 v3 v
= – __ + __ – _
10 3 2
cos(2x) cos 3(2x) cos 5(2x)
= –_
2
+_
3
−_
10
+C
4. ∫ cot 3(x) dx = ∫ cot 2(x) cot(x) dx

∫ (cosec 2(x) − 1) cot(x) dx = ∫ cosec 2(x) cot(x) dx − ∫ cot(x) dx
Let: u = cot(x), then du = − cosec 2 dx
∫cosec 2(x) cot(x) dx = ∫ u(− du)
u2
∫ u(− du) = − _
2
+C
Substituting:
u2 cot 2(x)
−_
2
+ C = −_
2
+C
and
∫ cot(x) dx = ln |sin(x)| + C
cot 2(x)
∴ ∫ cot 3(x) dx = − _
2
− ln |sin(x)| + C
5. ∫ cos5(2x + 5) sin2(2x + 5) dx
du
__ du
Let u = 2x + 5 =2 dx = __
dx 2
1
Then we have _2 ∫ cos5(u) sin2(u) du
1
= _2 ∫ cos(u)(1 – sin2(u))2 sin2(u) du
dv dv
Now let v = sin(u), __ = cos(u), du = _____
du cos(u)
1
We have _2 ∫ (1 – v2)2v2 dv
1
= _2 ∫ (1 – 2v2 + v4)v2 dv
= _2 [∫ v2 dv – ∫ 2v4 dv + ∫ v6 dv]
1
= _2 (__ 7)
1 v3 2v5 v7
3
– ___
5
+ __
Substituting back: _2 (_________ )

3
1 sin (2x + 5) 2 sin5(2x + 5) sin7(2x + 5)
3
– __________
5
+ _________
7
sin 3(2x + 5) sin 5(2x + 5) sin 7(2x + 5)
=_
6
−_
5
+_
14
+C

6. ∫ cot4(x) dx
= ∫ (cosec2(x) – 1)2 dx
= ∫ (cosec4(x) – 2 cosec2(x) + 1) dx
= ∫ cosec4(x) dx – 2 ∫ cosec2(x) dx + ∫ 1 dx
= ∫ cosec4(x) dx + 2 cot(x) + x
∫ cosec4(x) dx = ∫ (cot2(x) + 1) cosec2(x) dx
du du
Let u = cot(x), __ = – cosec2(x), dx = – _______
dx 2
cosec (x)
Then: ∫ – (u2 + 1) du
u3
= __
3
–u
–cot3(x)
= ______
3
– cot(x)
cot3(x)
∴ ∫ cot4(x) dx = – _____
3
– cot(x) + 2 cot(x) + x
cot3(x)
= – _____
3
+ cot(x) + x + C
7. ∫ tan 4(x) dx = ∫ tan 2(x)[sec 2(x) − 1] dx

∫ tan 2(x)[sec 2(x) − 1] dx = ∫ tan 2(x) sec 2(x) dx − ∫ tan 2(x) dx …(1)
Let:
u = tan(x), then du = sec 2(x) dx
∫ tan 2(x) sec 2(x) dx = u 2 du
u3
∫ u 2 du = _
3
+C
Substituting:
u3
_ tan 3(x)
_
3
+ C = 3
+C
and
∫ tan 2(x) dx = ∫ [sec 2(x) − 1] dx
∫ [sec 2(x) − 1] dx = − tan(x) − x + C

tan 3(x)
∫ tan 2(x) sec 2(x) dx − ∫ tan 2(x) dx = _
3
− (tan(x) − x) + C
tan 3(x)
∴ ∫ tan 4(x) dx = _
3
− x − tan(x) + C

∫__π cos 4(x) sin 3(x) dx =∫__π cos 4(x)(1 − cos 2(x)) sin(x) dx
0 0
8.
2 2
Let:
u = cos(x), then du = − sin(x) dx
∫__π cos 4(x)(1 − cos 2(x)) sin(x) dx = ∫__π − u (1 − u ) du

0 4 0 2
2 2
∫__π − u 4(1 − u 2) du = − ∫__π ( u − u ) du

0 0 4 6
2 2
7
u u5
=_
7
−_
5
cos 7(x) cos 5(x)
=_
7
−_
5
= [ 7 − 5 ] − [ 7 − ______ 5 ]
cos 7(__2 ) cos 5(__2 )
π π
cos 7(0) _
_ cos 5(0) ______
= [_7 − _5 ]
1 1
0 2
∫__π cos 4(x) sin 3(x) dx = − _
35
2
1. x2 + 2x – 1 = 0 2. x2 + 6x + 5 = 0
(x + 1)2 = x2 + 2x + 1 (x + 3)2 = x2 + 6x + 9
So x2 + 2x – 1 = (x + 1)2 – 2 So x2 + 6x + 5 = (x + 3)2 – 4
∴ (x + 1)2 – 2 = 0 ∴ (x + 3)2 – 4 = 0
__ __
x + 1 = ± √2 x + 3 = ± √4
__
x = ± √2 – 1 x=±2–3
∴ x = –5 or x = –1
3. 4x2 + 28x + 40 = 0 4. 9x2 – 24x + 7 = 0

(2x + 7)2 = 4x2 + 28x + 49 (3x – 4)2 = 9x2 – 24x + 16
So 4x2 + 28x + 40 = (2x + 7)2 – 9 So 9x2 – 24x + 7 = (3x – 4)2 – 9
∴ (2x + 7)2 – 9 = 0 ∴ (3x – 4)2 – 9 = 0
__
2x + 7 = ± √9 3x – 4 = ± 3
__
2x = ± √9 – 7 3x = ± 3 + 4
7 1
2x = ± 3 – 7 ∴ x = 3 or x = _3
_
∴ x = –5 or x = –2
5. 4x2 – 24x + 20
(2x – 6)2 = 4x2 – 24x + 36
So 4x2 – 24x + 20 = (2x – 6)2 – 16
∴ (2x – 6)2 – 16 = 0
2x – 6 = ±4
2x = ±4 + 6
∴ x = 5 or x = 1

1
1. This is of the form ∫ __________
2 dx.
mx + nx + p
1
Complete the square: ∫ __________ dx
4(x + __2 ) + 4
3
(a )
1 1 b
Now use the formula ∫ _______
2 2 dx =
__ tan −1 __ x + C,
2
a +b x ab
where a 2 = 4; b 2 = 4 and (x + __2 ) is substituted into x.

3
tan −1[__ x + __2 )] + C

(2) (
1 1 3 (2)
∫ ___________
2
4x + 12x + 13
dx = ____
(2)(2)
= __4 tan −1(x + __2 ) + C

1 3
1
2. This is of the form ∫ ____________
_____________ dx.
√− mx + nx + p
2
1
Complete the square: ∫ ___________
____________ dx
2
√− (x + 4) + 25
(a )
1 1 b
Now use the formula ∫ _________
_ dx = __ sin −1 __ x + C,
a
2
√a − b x
2 2
where a 2 = 25; b 2 = 1 and (x + 4) is substituted into x.
[ ] ( 5 )
1 1 1 1 x+4
∫ __________
_ dx = __ sin −1 __(x + 4) + C = __ sin −1 ____ + C
√9 − 8x − x (5) 2 (5 ) 5
1
3. This is of the form ∫ ___________
2 dx.
− mx + nx + p
1 1
Complete the square: __2 ∫ ___________
2 dx
− 4(x − 1) + 9
1
a 2 − b2 x 2
1 a + bx
dx = ___ ln _____ + C,
2ab a − bx | |
where a 2 = 9; b 2 = 4 and (x − 1) is substituted into x.
ln |_
3 − 2(x − 1) |
2 1 3 + 2(x − 1)
∫_
5 − 4x + 8x
dx = _
2 2(3)(2)
+C
1
= __
12 |
1 + 2x
ln _____
5 − 2x
+C |
1
____________ dx.
√mx + nx + p
2
6
Complete the square: ∫ __________
___________ dx
2
√(x + 3) − 12
_
1 1
_ dx = __ ln |bx + √b 2 x 2 ± a 2 | + C,
Now use the formula ∫ _________
√b x ± a
2 2 2 b

______________
_ dx = __ ln |(1)(x + 3) + √(1) (x + 3) 2 − (12) | + C
6 1
∫ __________
√x + 6x − 3
2 (1)
_
= ln |x + 3 + √x 2 + 6x − 3 | + C

1
2 dx.
− mx + nx + p
1
Complete the square: ∫ _________2 dx
16 − (x + 2)
1
a 2 − b 2x 2
1 a + bx
|
dx = ___ ln _____ + C,
2ab a − bx |
ln |_
4 − (x + 2) |
1 1 4 + (x + 2)
∫_
12 − 4x − x
dx = _
22(4)
+C
1
|6+x
= _8 ln _
2+x
+C |
6. First simplify the denominator:
(x + 5) 2 − 12x
= x 2 + 10x + 25 − 12x
= x 2 − 2x + 25
Now complete the square:
= x 2 − 2x + 1 + 25 − 1
= (x − 1) 2 + 24
1 1
∴ ∫ __________
2 dx = ∫ _________
2 dx
(x + 5) − 12x (x − 1) + 24
1
This is of the form ∫ __________
2 dx.
mx + nx + p
1
Complete the square: ∫ __________2 dx
24 + (x − 1)
tan −1(__a x) + C,
1 1 b
Now use the formula ∫ _______ 2 2 dx =
__
2
a +b x ab
where a 2 = 24; b 2 = 1 and (x − 1) is substituted into x.
( )
1 1 x−1
∴ ∫ _2 dx = _
_ tan −1 __ +C
24 + (x − 1) √24 .1 √24
( )
1 x−1
=_
_ tan −1 __ +C
√24 √24
1. ∫ cos3(u) sin4(u) du
= ∫ cos(u)(1 – sin2(u)) sin4(u) du
dv dv
Let v = sin(u), __ = cos(u), du = _____
du cos(u)
dv
∫ cos(u)(1 – v2)v4 _____
cos(u)
= ∫ v4 – v6 dv
v5 v7
= __
5
– __
7
sin5(u) sin7(u)
= _____
5
– _____
7
+C (5)

2. ∫ cos3(3x + 4) dx
du du
Let u = 3x + 4, __ = 3, dx = __
dx3
du
∫ cos3(u) __
3
1
= _3 ∫ cos3(u) du
1
= _3 ∫ cos(u)(1 – sin2(u)) du
dv
Let v = sin(u), __ = cos(u)
du
1 dv
= _3 ∫ cos(u)(1 – v2) _____
cos(u)
1
= _3 ∫ (1 – v2) dv
= _3 (v – __
3)
1 v3
= _3 (sin(u) – _____
3 )
1 sin3(u)
sin(u) sin3(u)
= _____
3
– _____
9
sin(3x + 4) sin3(3x + 4)
= ________
3
– _________
9
+C (5)
3. ∫ ex sin(x) dx
= ex sin(x) – ∫ ex cos(x)4 dx [Integrate by parts]
x x x
= e sin(x) – ∫ e cos(x) – sin(x) e dx [Integrate by parts again]
x x x x
= e sin(x) – e cos(x) + ∫ – e sin(x) e dx
= – ∫ ex sin(x) dx + ex sin(x) – ex cos(x)
ex sin(x) – ex cos(x)
= ______________
2
+C (3)
4. ∫ xex dx
= xex – ∫ 1 . ex dx [Integrate by parts]
= xex – ex + C (2)
1
5. ∫ ______________
2
(x + 3) − 8x
dx
Rewrite the term under the line in the form k + a(x ± h) 2:

(x + 3) 2 − 8x = x 2 − 2x + 9 = 8 + (x − 1) 2
Since:
_
( k (x ± h)) + C
1 1 a
∫ ______________
k + a(x ± h) 2
dx = __ tan −1
√ka
_
√
You can now substitute k = 8, a = 1, h = 1:
1
∴ ∫ ______________2 dx
8 + 1(x − 1)
_
( 8 (x − 1)) + C
√
1 1
=_
_ tan −1 _
√8 . 1
( )
1 x−1
=__ tan −1 __ +C (4)
2√2 2√2

1
6. ∫_
(s + 9)
2
ds
Rewrite the term under the line in the form k + a(s ± h) 2:

s 2 + 9 = 9 + 1(s + 0) 2
Since:
_
( (s ± h)) + C
1 1 a
∫ ______________
k + a(s ± h) 2 ds =
__ tan −1
√ka
_
k √
You can now substitute k = 9, a = 1, h = 0:
1
∴ ∫ ______________2 ds
9 + 1(s + 0)
_
( (s + 0)) + C √
1 1
=__ tan −1 _
9
√9 . 1
1 s
= _3 tan −1(_3 ) + C (4)
1
7. ∫ ______
_____ dx
√4 – x 2
x du 1
Let u = _2 , __ = _2 , dx = 2 du
dx
1
∫ ________
________ 2 du
√4 – (2u ) 2
1
= ∫ ______
______ 2 du
√4 – 4u
2
1
= ∫ ______
_____ du
√1 – u
2
= sin–1(u) [Standard integration]

x
= sin–1 _2 + C (4)
8. ∫ sin3(x + 4) cos(x + 4) dx
du
Let u = sin(x + 4); __ = cos(x + 4);
dx
du
dx = _______
cos(x + 4)
Then we have ∫ u3 du
u4
= __
4
sin4(u + 4)
= ________
4
+C (4)
9. ∫ x2 ln (x) dx
x3 ln (x) x3 1
= ______
3
– ∫ __
3 x
. _ dx
x3 ln (x) x3
= ______
3
– ∫ __
3
dx
x3 ln (x) x3
= ______
3
– __
9
+C (3)

10. ∫ ln (x) dx
1
= x ln (x) – ∫ _x x dx
= x ln (x) – ∫ 1 dx
= x ln (x) – x + C (2)
11. ∫ x tan2(x) dx
= ∫ x(sec2(x) – 1) dx
= ∫ x sec2(x) dx – ∫ x dx
= x tan(x) – ∫ tan(x) dx – ∫ x dx
x2
= x tan(x) – ln sec(x) = __
2
+C (2)
12. ∫ v3ev dv
= v3ev – 3 ∫ ev . v2 dv
= v3ev – 3(v2 . ev – 2v2 . ev)
= v3ev – 3v2 . ev + 6 ∫ ev . v dv
= v3ev – 3v2 . ev + 6(v . ev – ∫ ev dv)
= v3ev – 3v2 . ev + 6v . ev – 6ev + C (4)
13. ∫ cos2(v) . sin5(v) dv

= ∫ cos2(v) . (1 – cos2(v))2 . sin(v) dv
= – ∫ u2 . (1 – u2) du
= – ∫ u2 . (1 – 2u2 + u4) du
= – (∫ u2 du – ∫ 2u4 du + ∫ u6 du)
u3 2u5 u7
= – __
3
+ ___
5
– __
7
+C
cos3(v) 2 cos5(v) cos7(v)
= – _____
3
+ _______
5
– _____
7
+C (4)
14. ∫ cos4(x) . sin3(x) dx

= ∫ cos4(x) . (1 – cos2(x)) . sin(x) dx
= – ∫ u4(1 – u2) du
= – ∫ u4 du + ∫ u6 du
u5 u7
= – __
5
+ __
7
+C
cos5(x) cos7(x)
= – _____
5
+ _____
7
+C (4)
TOTAL: [50]

MODULE
3 Partial fractions
• apply the process of partial fraction decomposition to proper fractions where
the denominator has:
– a single recursive factor;
– two recursive factors;
– a trinomial factor and recursive factors; and
• apply the process of partial fraction decomposition to improper rational
fractions, after using polynomial long division, where the denominator has:
– two recursive factors;
– a trinomial factor and recursive factors.
Introduction
We know that we can add or subtract algebraic fractions by finding the lowest
common denominator. But how do we reverse this process? That’s what partial fraction
decomposition is about.
Partial fraction decomposition is a method used to break apart fractions containing

polynomials. It separates a fraction with multiple factors in the denominator, into its
initial polynomial fractions with “uncommon denominators”.
This method makes it possible to integrate many rational fractions, by changing a

denominator of a higher degree to ones of lower degrees to which the integrals are
known. These simpler fractions are usually much easier to integrate.

Module 3 • Partial fractions 31
Pre-knowledge
Students should already know how to:
• Solve for unknown coefficients, either with simultaneous equations or by
equating coefficients.
• Apply polynomial long division.
• Factorise polynomials such as cubic or quadratic functions.
• Decompose rational fractions into partial fractions.
• Integrate simple fractions such as:
f ′(x)
– ∫ ____
f(x)
dx = ln f(x) + C
[f(x)]
n+1
– ∫ [f(x)] n . f ′(x) dx = ______

n+1
+C (n < – 1)
f ′(x)
– ∫_ [
1 + f(x)
dx = tan –1f(x) + C
]
2
x+4
1. 1.1 Given _______
2
x –x–6
x 2 – x – 6 = (x – 3)(x + 2) • Factorise
x+4
_______ A B
= ____ + ____ • Write in partial fraction form
x2 – x – 6 x + 2 x – 3
x + 4 = A(x – 3) + B(x + 2) • Simplify

2 7
A = – _5 ; B = _5 • Find values of A and B
Therefore:
_ x+4 2 7
= –_ +_
5(x + 2) 5(x – 3)
x2 – x – 6
x + 14
1.2 Given _________
2
– x – 2x + 8
– x 2 – 2x + 8 = – (x – 2)(x + 4) • Factorise
x + 14
___________ A B
– (x – 2)(x + 4)
= – ____ + ____
x–2 x+4
• Write in partial fraction form
x + 14 = – A(x + 4) + B(x – 2) • Simplify

8 5
A = – _3 ; B = _3 • Find values of A and B
Therefore:
_ x + 14 8 5
2 = –_
3 (x – 2)
+_
3(x + 4)
– x – 2x + 8

5x – 19
1.3 Given _________
2
x – 7x + 10
x 2 – 7x + 10 = (x – 2)(x – 5) • Factorise
5x – 19
_________ A B
2 = ____
x – 2
+ ____
x –5
x – 7x + 10
5x – 19 = A(x – 5) + B(x – 2) • Simplify

A = 3, B = 2 • Find values of A and B
Therefore:
_ 5x – 19 3 2
2 =_
x – 2
+_
x – 5
x – 7x + 10
31 – 2x
1.4 Given _______
2
x –x–6
x 2 – x – 6 = (x – 3)(x + 2) • Factorise
31 – 2x
_______ A B
2 = ____
x – 3
+ ____
x +2
x –x–6
31 – 2x = A(x + 2) + B(x – 3) • Simplify

A = 5, B = – 7 • Find values of A and B
Therefore:
_31 – 2x 5 7
=_–_
x2 – x – 6 x – 3 x + 2
2. 2.1 Decompose denominator into partial fractions:

3x 2 – x – 2 = (x – 1)(3x + 2)
13x + 2
________ A B
2 = ____
x – 1
+ _____
3x +2
3x – x – 2
13x + 2 = A(3x + 2) + B(x – 1) • Simplify
Solve for the unknown coefficients:

A = 3; B = 4 • Solve for the unknown coefficients
Therefore:
_13x + 2 3 4
2 =_
(x – 1)
+_
(3x + 2)
3x – x – 2
The integral of the result:

13x + 2 3 4
∫_ 2
3x – x – 2
dx = ∫ _
x – 1
dx + ∫ _
3x +2
dx
4
= 3 ln |x – 1| + _3 ln |3x + 2| + C
2.2 Decompose denominator into partial fractions:

x 3 + x 2 – 2x = x(x – 1)(x + 2)
12x 2 + 3x – 9 __
__________ A B C
= x + ____ + ____
x–1 x+2
x 3 + x 2 – 2x
12x 2 + 3x – 9 = A(x – 1)(x + 2) + B(x)(x + 2) + C(x)(x – 1)

9 11
A = _2 ; B = 2; C = __
2
• Solve for the unknown coefficients
Therefore:
12x 2 + 3x – 9 _
_ 9 2 11
= 2x + _ +_
x – 1 2(x + 2)
x 3 + x 2 – 2x

dx = ∫ (_
2x x – 1 2(x + 2) )
2
12x + 3x – 9 9 2 11
∫_ 3
x + x – 2x 2 + _ + _ dx
9 2 11
= ∫_
2x
dx + ∫ _
x–1
dx + ∫ _
2x+2
dx
( )
9 11
= _2 ln |x| + 2 ln |x – 1| + _
2
ln |x + 2| + C

4x 2 – 9 = (2x + 3)(2x – 3)
1
______ A B
2 = _____
2x + 3
+ _____
2x –3
4x – 9
1 = A(2x – 3) + B(2x + 3) • Simplify

1 1
A = – _6 ; B = _6 • Solve for the unknown coefficients
Therefore:
_ 1 1 1
= –_ +_
6(2x + 3) 6(2x – 3)
4x 2 – 9

dx = ∫ (– _
6(2x + 3) 6(2x – 3) )
1 1 1
∫_
4x – 92 + _ dx
1 1
= ∫–_
6 2x + 3
dx + ∫ _
6 2x – 3
dx
( ) ( )
1 1
= –_
12
ln |2x + 3| + _
12
ln |2x – 3| + C

x 2 – 7x + 10 = (x – 2)(x – 5)
31 – 2x
_________ A B
= ____ + ____ • Write in partial fraction form
x 2 – 7x + 10 x – 2 x – 5
31 – 2x = A(x – 5) + B(x – 2) • Simplify
Solve for unknown coefficients:

A = – 9, B = 7
Therefore:
_ 31 – 2x 9 7
= –_ +_
x–2 x–5
x 2 – 7x + 10

31 – 2x 9 7
∫_ 2
x – 7x + 10
dx = – ∫ _
x–2
dx + ∫ _
x–5
dx
= – 9 ln |x – 2| + 7 ln |x – 2| + C

3x + 5
1. Write as partial fractions: _________
2
x – 2x + 1
x 2 – 2x + 1 = (x – 1) 2
Then:
_ 3x + 5 A B
=_+_
x 2 – 2x + 1 (x – 1) (x – 1) 2
Simplified:
3x + 5 = A(x – 1) + B
Values of A and B: A = 3; B = 8
Therefore:
_ 3x + 5 3 8
2 =_
(x – 1)
+ _2
x – 2x + 1 (x – 1)
3x + 5 3 8
∫_ 2
x – 2x + 1
dx = ∫ _ + _ dx
(x – 1) (x – 1) 2
3 8
= ∫_
x–1
dx + ∫ _2 dx
( ) (x – 1)
8
= 3 ln |x – 1| – _
x–1
+C
5+x
2. Write as partial fractions: ____________
3 2
x + 3x + 3x + 1
5+x
____________ 5+x
3 2 = ______3
x + 3x + 3x + 1 (x + 1)
Then:
_ 5+x A B C
=_ +_+_
(x + 1) 3 (x + 1) (x + 1) 2 (x + 1) 3
Simplified:
5 + x = A(x + 1) 2 + B(x + 1) + C
Values of A, B, and C: A = 0; B = 1; C = 4
Therefore:
_ 5+x 1 4
= _2 + _3
(x + 1) 3 (x + 1) (x + 1)
5+x 1 4
∫ _____________
3 2
x + 3x + 3x + 1
dx = ∫ _ dx + ∫ _ dx
(x + 1) 2
(x + 1) 3
1 2
= –_
x+1
– _2 + C
( ) (x + 1)
x+3
= – _2 + C
(x + 1)

2x – 3
3. Write as partial fractions: ______3
(x + 3)
Then:
_2x – 3 A B C
=_ +_+_
(x + 3) 3 (x + 3) (x + 3) 2 (x + 3) 3
Simplified:
2x – 3 = A(x + 3) 2 + B(x + 3) + C
Values of A, B, and C: A = 0; B = 2; C = – 9
Therefore:
_2x – 3 2 9
= _2 – _3
(x + 3) 3 (x + 3) (x + 3)
( (x + 3) )
2x – 3 2 9
∫_
(x + 3)
dx = ∫ _ – _ dx
3
(x + 3) 2 3
2 9
= ∫ _2 dx + ∫ – _3 dx
(x + 3) (x + 3)
2 9
= –_
x+3
+ _2 + C
2(x + 3)
7x – 11
4. Write as partial fractions: ________
2
x – 4x + 4
x 2 – 4x + 4 = (x – 2) 2
Then:
_7x – 11 A B
2 =_
x – 2
+ _2
x – 4x + 4 (x – 2)
Simplified:
7x – 11 = A(x – 2) + B
Values of A and B: A = 7, B = 3
Therefore:
_ 7x – 11 7 3
=_+_
x 2 – 4x + 4 x – 2 (x – 2) 2

7x – 11 7 3
∫_ 2
x – 4x + 4
dx = ∫ _ + _ dx
x – 2 (x – 2) 2
7 3
= ∫_
x–2
dx + ∫ _2 dx
(x – 2)
3
= 7 ln |x – 2| – _
x–2
+C
( )
2
3x – 24x + 54
5. Write as partial fractions: ___________
3 2
x – 6x + 9x
x 3 – 6x 2 + 9x = x(x – 3) 2
Then:
3x 2 – 24x + 54 _
___________ A B C
3 2 = x +_
x – 3
+ _2
x – 6x + 9x (x – 3)

Simplified:
3x 2 – 24x + 54 = A(x – 3) 2 + Bx(x – 3) + Cx
Values of A, B and C: A = 6, B = – 3, C = 3
Therefore:
3x 2 – 24x + 54 _
___________ 6 3 3
=x–_ +_
x – 3 (x – 3) 2
x 3 – 6x 2 + 9x

2
3x – 24x + 54 6 3 3
∫ ___________
3
x – 6x + 9x
dx = ∫ _x – _
2 + _ dx
x – 3 (x – 3) 2
6 3 3
= ∫ _x dx – ∫ _
x–3
dx + ∫ _2 dx
(x – 3)
3
= 6 ln |x| – 3 ln |x – 3| – _
x–3
+C
( )
12x
1. Write as partial fractions: _______ 2
(x 2 – 9)
2
(x 2 – 9) = (x + 3) 2 (x – 3) 2
Then:
_ 12x _ A _ B _ C _ D
2 = (x + 3) + 2 + (x – 3) +
(x – 9)
2 (x + 3) (x – 3) 2
Simplified:
12x = A(x + 3)(x – 3) 2 + B(x – 3) 2 + C(x – 3)(x + 3) 2 + D(x + 3) 2
Values of A, B, C and D: A = 0; B = – 1; C = 0; D = 1
Therefore:
_ 12x _ 1 _ 1
2 = – 2 +
(x – 9)
2 (x + 3) (x – 3) 2

12x 1 1
∫_
(x – 9)
2
dx = _
2 – _
(x + 3) (x – 3)
+C
–6
=_ +C
(x 2 – 9)
2. Write as partial fractions:
2x 2 + 8x – 1
____________
(2x + 1) 2 (x – 1) 2
Then:
2x 2 + 8x – 1
_____________ A B C D
=_+_+_+_
(2x + 1) 2 (x – 1) 2 (2x + 1) (2x + 1) 2 (x – 1) (x – 1) 2
Simplified:
2x 2 + 8x – 1 = A(2x + 1)(x – 1) 2 + B(x – 1) 2 + C(x – 1)(2x + 1) 2 + D(2x + 1) 2

Values of A, B, C and D: A = 0; B = – 2; C = 0; D = 1
Therefore:
2x 2 + 8x – 1
_____________ 2 1
= – _2 + _2
(2x + 1) 2 (x – 1) 2 (2x + 1) (x – 1)

2
2x + 8x – 1 2 1
∫ ____________2
(2x + 1) (x – 1)
dx = – ∫ _ dx + ∫ _ dx
2
(2x + 1) (x – 1)2 2
1 1
=_
2x + 1
–_
x–1
+C
( ) ( )
x+2
= –_
2x + 1 x – 1
+C
( )( )
3. Write as partial fractions:

_ x+1
x 2 (x + 2) 2
Then:
_ x+1 A B C D
=_+_+_+_
x 2 (x + 2) 2 x x 2 (x + 2) (x + 2) 2
Simplified:
x + 1 = A(x) (x + 2) 2 + B(x + 2) 2 + C(x + 2) (x) 2 + D(x) 2
1 1
Values of A, B, C and D: A = 0; B = _4 ; C = 0; D = – _4
Therefore:
_ x+1 1 1
=_–_
x 2 (x + 2) 2 4(x) 2 4(x + 2) 2

x+1 1 1
∫_ 2
x (x + 2)
dx = – _
4x
2 +_
4 (x + 2)
+C
– x 2 + 3x + 4
4. Write as partial fractions: _________
2 2
x (1 – 2x)
x 2 (1 – 2x) 2 = x . x . (1 – 2x) . (1 – 2x)
Then:
– x 2 + 3x + 4 _
_ A _ B _ C _ D
2 2 = x + 2 + 1 – 2x +
x (1 – 2x) x (1 – 2x) 2
Simplified:
– x 2 + 3x + 4 = Ax(1 – 2x) 2 + B(1 – 2x) 2 + Cx 2(1 – 2x) + Dx 2
Values of A, B, C and D: A = 3, B = 4, C = 6, D = 21
Therefore:
– x 2 + 3x + 4 _
_ 3 _ 4 _ 6 _ 21
2 2 = x + 2 + 1 – 2x +
x (1 – 2x) x (1 – 2x) 2


– x 2 + 3x + 4
∫ x 2 (1 – 2x) 2 dx = ∫ _3x + _
_ 4 _
+
6 21
+ _ dx
x 2 1 – 2x (1 – 2x) 2
3 4 6 21
= ∫ _x dx + ∫ _2 dx + ∫ _
1 – 2x
dx + ∫ _2 dx
x (1 – 2x)
4 21
= 3 ln |x| – _x – 3 ln |1 – 2x| + _
2 – 4x
+C
( )
4
5. Write as partial fractions: ______________
(x + 1) 2(x 2 – 2x + 1)
(x + 1) 2(x 2 – 2x + 1) = (x + 1) 2(x – 1) 2
Then:
4
_____________ A B C D
= _ + _2 + _ +_
(x + 1) 2(x 2 – 2x + 1) x + 1 (x + 1) x – 1 (x – 1) 2
Simplified:
4 = A(x + 1)(x – 1) 2 + B(x – 1) 2 + C(x – 1)(x + 1) 2 + D(x + 1) 2
Values of A, B, C and D: A = 1, B = 1, C = – 1, D = 1
Therefore:
4
_____________ 1 1 1 1
= _ + _2 – _ +_
(x + 1) 2(x 2 – 2x + 1) x + 1 (x + 1) x – 1 (x – 1) 2

4 1 1 1 1
∫ _____________
( 2
(x + 1) x – 2x + 1)
2
dx = ∫ _
x + 1
+_–_
(x + 1) x – 1
+ _ dx
2
(x – 1) 2
1 1 1 1
= ∫_
x+1
dx + ∫ _2 dx – ∫ _
x–1
dx + ∫ _2 dx
(x + 1) (x – 1)
1 1
= ln |x + 1| – _
x+1
– ln |x – 1| – _
x–1
+C
1. No long division required. Factorise the denominator.

x 4 – 2x 3 + 2x 2 – 2x + 1 = (x – 1) 2(x 2 + 1)
Write as a partial fraction.

x 3 – 4x 2 – x – 2 _
____________ A B Cx + D
= x – 1 + _2 + _
(x – 1) (x + 1)
2 2 ( ) (x – 1) (x 2 + 1)
Solving for the unknown coefficients: A = 0; B = – 3; C = 1; D = 1
x 3 – 4x 2 – x – 2
____________ 3 x 1
= – _2 + _ +_
(x – 1) (x + 1)
2 2
(x – 1) (x + 1) (x + 1)
2 2
Integrate.
3 2
x – 4x – x – 2 3 1
∫ _________________
4 3 dx = _
2 + _ ln(x 2 + 1) + tan –1(x) + C
x–1 2
x – 2x + 2x – 2x + 1

2. No long division required, and the denominator is already factorised.

4x 2 + 4x + 7
___________ Ax + B C D
=_+_+_
(x 2 + 1) (x + 2) 2 (x 2 + 1) (x + 2) (x + 2) 2
Solving for the unknown coefficients: A = 0; B = 1; C = 0; D = 3
4x 2 + 4x + 7
___________ 1 3
=_ + _2
(x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 1) (x + 2)
2 2 2
Integrate.
4x 2 + 4x + 7 3
∫ (x 2 + 1) (x + 2) 2 dx = tan –1(x) – _
___________
x+2
+C
3. No long division required, and the denominator is already factorised.

x 3 + 4x 2 + 5x + 2
_______________ Ax + B C D
=_+_+_
(x 2 + 2x + 9) (x – 1) 2 (x 2 + 2x + 9) (x – 1) (x – 1) 2
Solving for the unknown coefficients: A = 0; B = 2; C = 1; D = 1
x 3 + 4x 2 + 5x + 2
_______________ 2 1 1
=_ +_ + _2
(x + 2x + 9) (x – 1) (x + 2x + 9)
2 2 2 (x – 1) (x – 1)
2
To integrate _________ , first complete the square:
(x 2 + 2x + 9)
x 2 + 2x + 9 = (x + 1) 2 + 8
Integrate.
tan –1(_
√8 )
x 3 + 4x 2 + 5x + 2 2_ x +_1 1
∫ (x 2 + 2x + 9) (x – 1) 2 dx = _
_______________
√8
+ ln (x – 1) – _
(x – 1)
+C
4. Factorise the denominator.

(x 2 – 1)(x 2 + 4) = (x + 1)(x – 1)(x 2 + 4)
Write as a partial fraction:
x2 + 9
__________ A B Cx + D
=_ +_ +_
2 2
(x – 1)(x + 4) (x + 1) (x – 1) (x 2 + 4)
Solving for the unknown coefficients:
A = – 1; B = 1; C = 0; D = – 1
x2 + 9
__________ –1 1 –1
=_+_+_
(x 2 – 1)(x 2 + 4) (x + 1) (x – 1) (x 2 + 4)
Integrate:
2
x +9 1 x
∫ __________
2 2
(x – 1)(x + 4)
dx = – ln |x + 1| + ln |x – 1| – _2 tan –1 _2 + C
5. Factorise the denominator.

(x + 1)(x – 1) = (x – 1)(x – 1)(x + 1)
2 2 2
Write as a partial fraction:

– 2x + 4
____________ _ A _ B Cx + D
_
2 = x–1 + 2 +
(x + 1)(x – 1) ( ) (x 2 + 1)
2
(x – 1)

Solving for the unknown coefficients:

A = – 2; B = 1; C = 2; D = 1
– 2x + 4
____________ _ –2 _ 1 _2x + 1
2 = x–1 + 2 +
( ) ( ) (x 2 + 1)
2
x + 1 (x – 1) (x – 1)
Integrate:
– 2x + 4 –2 1 2x + 1
∫ ____________
(x + 2
1)(x – 1)
dx = ∫ _
2
(x – 1)
+ _ + _ dx
(x – 1) (x + 1)
2 2
–2 1 2x 1
= ∫_ dx + ∫ _2 dx + ∫ _ dx + ∫ _ dx
(x – 1) (x – 1) (x 2 + 1) (x 2 + 1)
1
= – 2 ln |x – 1| – _
x–1
+ ln [|x| 2 + 1] + tan –1x + C
( )
1. Using long division:
___
x+1
x 2
+ x – 2 | x 3 + 2x 2 + 6x + 3
x 3 + x 2 – 2x
‾ x 2 + 8x + 3
‾
x2 + x – 2
7x + 5
x 3 + 2x 2 + 6x + 3 7x + 5
Therefore: ____________
2 = x + 1 + _______
2
x +x–2 x +x–2
Factorise the denominator:

x 2 + x – 2 = (x – 1)(x + 2)
7x + 5 7x + 5
Partial fraction decomposition: _______ = _________
x – 1)(x + 2)
2
x +x–2 (
A B
= _____
x–1
+ _____
x+2
( ) ( )
To find A and B: 7x + 5 = A(x + 2) + B(x – 1)
Let x = 1: A = 4
Let x = – 2: B = 3
7x + 5 4 3
∴_ =_
x–1
+_
x+2
2
x +x–2 ( ) ( )
x 3 + 2x 2 + 6x + 3 3 4
So, ____________
2 = 1 + x + ____ + ____
x+2 x–1
x +x–2
2x3 + x2 – 9x – 3 3x2 – x – 11
2. Using long division, ____________
3 2 = 2 + ___________
3 2
x – x – 4x + 4 x – x – 4x + 4
3x2 – x – 11
______________ A B C
= ____ + ____ + ____
(x – 1)(x + 2)(x – 2) x – 1 x + 2 x – 2
= 3x2 – x – 11
= A(x + 2)(x – 2) + B(x – 1)(x – 2) + C(x – 1)(x + 2)

x = 2:
–1 = 0 + 0 + 4C
1
∴ C = – _4
x = 1:
–9 = –3A + 0 + 0
∴A=3
x = –2:
3 = 0 + B(12) + 0
1
∴ B = _4
3 2
2x + x – 9x – 3 3 1 1
∫ ____________
3 2
x – x – 4x + 4
dx = ∫ 2 + ____ + ______ – ______ dx
x – 1 4(x + 2) 4(x – 2)
1 1
= 2x + 3 ln |x – 1| + _4 ln |x + 2| – _4 ln |x – 2 | + C
3. Using long division:
__
x+1
2x – 3 | 2x 2 – x – 5
‾
2x 2 – 3x
2x – 5
‾
2x – 3
–2
2x 2 – x – 5 –2
Therefore: ________
2x – 3
= x + 1 + _____
2x – 3
The fraction is already in an irreducible form.
2
2x – x – 5 –2
∫_ 2x – 3
dx = ∫ x + 1+ _
2x – 3
dx
–2
= ∫ x dx + ∫ 1 dx + ∫ _____
2x – 3
dx
x2
= __
2
+ x – ln |2x – 3| + C
5 4 3 2
3x – 5x + x + 2x + 2x – 1
4. ∫ _____________________
x – 2x + x 4 dx 3 2
Long division:
_____
3x + 1
4
x – 2x + x 3 2
| 3x 5 – 5x 4 + x 3 + 2x 2 + 2x – 1
3x 5 – 6x 4 + 3x 3
‾ x 4 – 2x 3 + 2x 2 + 2x – 1
x 2‾
x 4 – 2x 3 + x 2
‾ + 2x – 1
3x 5 – 5x 4 + x 3 + 2x 2 + 2x – 1 x 2 + 2x – 1
∴ ______________________
4 3 2 = 3x + 1 + _
4 3 2
x – 2x + x x – 2x + x

x 4 – 2x 3 + x 2 = x 2 (x – 1) 2

Partial fraction decomposition:

x 2 + 2x – 1 _
_ A B C D
= x + _2 + _ +_
x 2 (x – 1) 2 x (x – 1) (x – 1) 2
Multiplying by the denominator and equating coefficients:

A = 0; B = – 1; C = 0; D = 2
x 2 + 2x – 1 1 2
∴_
4 3
_ _
2 = – 2 + 2
x – 2x + x x (x – 1)
Integrating:
5 4 3 2
3x – 5x + x + 2x + 2x – 1 1 2
∫ ______________________
x – 2x + x 4 dx = ∫ 3x dx + ∫ 1 dx – ∫ _ dx + ∫ _ dx
3 2
x (x – 1) 2 2
3 1 2
= _2 x 2 + x + _x – _
x–1
+C
6 4 3 2
– x + x + 3x + 7x – 3
5. ∫ __________________
x – 3x 5 dx 3
Long division:
____
–x
x – 3x | – x 6 + x 4 + 3x 3 + 7x 2 – 3
5 3
– x 6 + 3x 4
‾ – 2x 4 + 3x 3 + 7x 2 – 3
– x 6 + x 4 + 3x 3 + 7x 2 – 3 – 2x 4 + 3x 3 + 7x 2 – 3
∴ __________________
5 3 = – x + ________________
5 3
x – 3x x – 3x

x 5 – 3x 3 = x 3(x 2 – 3)

– 2x 4 + 3x 3 + 7x 2 – 3 _
________________ A B C Dx + E
= x + _2 + _3 + _
x (x – 3)
3 2
x x x2 – 3
Multiplying by the denominator and equating coefficients:

A = – 2; B = 0; C = 1; D = 0; E = 3
– 2x 4 + 3x 3 + 7x 2 – 3 2 1 3
∴ ________________
5 3 = – _x + _3 + _
2
x – 3x x x –3
Integrating:
6 4 3 2
– x + x + 3x + 7x – 3 2 1 3
∫ __________________
x – 3x 5 dx = – ∫ x dx – ∫ _x dx + ∫ _ dx + ∫ _ dx
3
x x –3 3 2
( )+C
1 1 √_ 3 x+ 3
= – _2 x 2 – 2 ln x – _2 – __ ln _
2x 2√3 x – √3

1. 1.1 Start with long division:

x 4 – 2x 2 – x
___________ – 2x 2 – x + 1
___________
= x + 1 +
x3 – x2 + x – 1 x3 – x2 + x – 1
– 2x 2 – x + 1
Write as a partial fraction: ___________
3 2
x –x +x–1
x 3 – x 2 + x – 1 = (x – 1)( x 2 + 1)
Then:
– 2x 2 – x + 1
___________ A Bx + C
=_ +_
x – 1 ( x + 1)
3 2 ( ) 2
x –x +x–1
Simplified:
– 2x 2 – x + 1 = A(x 2 + 1) + (Bx + C)(x – 1)
Values of A, B, and C:
A = – 1, B = – 1, C = – 2
Therefore:
– 2x 2 – x + 1
___________ 1 (x + 2)
= –_ –_
x3 – x2 + x – 1 (x – 1) ( x 2 + 1)
and
x 4 – 2x 2 – x
___________ 1 (x + 2)
= x + 1 – _____ – _______ (4)
(x – 1) ( x + 1)
3 2 2
x –x +x–1
1.2 Factorise the denominator:

x 2 – 1 = (x + 1)(x – 1)
Then:
_4x A B
=_+_
x2 – 1 x + 1 x – 1
Simplified:
4x = A(x – 1) + B(x + 1)
Values of A and B:
A = 2; B = 2
Therefore:
4x
_____ 2 2
2 = ____
x + 1
+ ____
x – 1
(4)
x –1

– x 3 + 2x + 4 = (2 – x)( x 2 + 2x + 2)
Then
x 2 + 7x + 12
_______________ A Bx + C
=_ +_
(2 – x)( x + 2x + 2) 2 – x ( x + 2x + 2)
2 ( ) 2

Simplified:
x 2 + 7x + 12 = A(x 2 + 2x + 2) + (Bx + C)(2 – x)
Values of A and B, and C:

A = 3, B = 2, C = 3
Therefore:
x 2 + 7x + 12
_______________ 3 2x + 3
= _____ + __________ (4)
( )( ) 2 – x ( + 2x + 2)
2 ( ) 2
2 – x x + 2x + 2 x

x 3 – 3x 2 + 3x – 1 = (x – 1) 3
Then:
_2x + 1 _ A _ B _ C
3 = (x – 1) + 2 +
(x – 1) (x – 1) (x – 1) 3
Simplified:
2x + 1 = A(x – 1) 2 + B(x – 1) + C

A = 0, B = 1, C = 3
Therefore:
2x + 1 ______
______ 2 3
= + ______ (4)
(x – 1) 3 (x – 1) 2 (x – 1) 3

x 3 + x 2 + 2x = x(x 2 + x + 2)
Then:
4x 2 + 3x + 6 _
_ A Bx + C
= x +_
x(x + x + 2)
2
x2 + x + 2
Simplified:
4x 2 + 3x + 6 = A(x 2 + x + 2) + (Bx + C)x

A = 3, B = 1, C = 0
Therefore:
4x 2 + 3x + 6 _
__________ 3 x
= x + _______ (4)
x(x + x + 2)
2 2
x +x+2
2. 2.1 After long division and factorising the denominator:

u3 – u – 2
___________ u 2 – 2u – 1
___________
= 1 +
u3 – u2 + u – 1 (u – 1)(u 2 + 1)

u 2 – 2u – 1
___________ A Bu + C
=_+_
(u – 1)(u 2 + 1) (u – 1) (u 2 + 1)

Solving for the unknown coefficients: A = – 1; B = 0; C = – 2

u3 – u – 2
___________ 1 2
=1–_ –_
u3 – u2 + u – 1 (u – 1) (u 2 + 1)
Integrating:
3
u –u–2
∫ ___________
3
u –u +u–1
du = u – ln (u – 1) – 2 tan –1(u) + C
2 (6)
2.2 Partial fraction decomposition:

3v 3 – 2v 2 + 16v – 12 _
________________ Av + B _ C D
= 2 + +_
(v 2 + 4)(1 – v)v (v + 4) (v – 1) v
Solving for the unknown coefficients: A = 1; B = 0; C = – 1; D = – 3
3v 3 – 2v 2 + 16v – 12 _
________________ v 1 3
= 2 –_–_
(v 2 + 4)(v – v 2) (v + 4) (v – 1) v
Integrating:
3 2
3v – 2v + 16v – 12 1
∫ _______________ dv = _2 ln (v 2 + 4) – ln (v – 1) – 3 ln (v) + C (6)
(v + 4)(v – v )
2 2

9x 2 – 6x + 4 _
_ A B C
= 3x – 1 + _2 + _3
(3x – 1) 3 ( ) (3x – 1) (3x – 1)
Solving for the unknown coefficients: A = 1; B = 0; C = 3

9x 2 – 6x + 4 _
_ 1 3
= 3x – 1 + _3
(3x – 1) 3
( ) (3x – 1)
Integrating:
2
9x – 6x + 4 1 1
∫ _________
(3x – 1)
dx = _3 ln (3x – 1) – _______ + C
3
2(3x – 1) 2 (6)

4x 4 + 3x 3 – 9x 2 + 25x + 9 _
___________________ A B C D E
= 2x + 2 + _2 + _ x – 1
+ _2 + _3
2
(2x + 2) (x – 1) 3
( ) (2x + 2) ( ) (x – 1) (x – 1)
Solving for the unknown coefficients: A = 0; B = 3; C = 1; D = 0; E = 2

4x 4 + 3x 3 – 9x 2 + 25x + 9 _
___________________ 3 _ 1 _ 2
= 2 + x–1 +
2
(2x + 2) (x – 1) 3
(2x + 2) ( ) (x – 1) 3
Integrating:
4x 4 + 3x 3 – 9x 2 + 25x + 9 3 1
∫ (2x + 2) 2 (x – 1) 3 dx = – ______
___________________
(4x + 4)
+ ln (x – 1) – ______2 + C
(x – 1)
(6)
2.5 Simplify by taking out 4 on the denominator and numerator

4( x – 4x + 5x + x – 4x + 4)
5
_______________________
4 3 2
4( x 5 – 4x 4 + 4x 3)
After long division and factorising the denominator:

x 5 – 4x 4 + 5x 3 + x 2 – 4x + 4
_____________________ x 3 + x 2 – 4x + 4
____________
= 1 +
x 5 – 4x 4 + 4x 3 x 3 (x – 2) 2


x 3 + x 2 – 4x + 4 _
____________ A B C D E
= x + _2 + _3 + _ +_
x 3 (x – 2) 2 x x (x – 2) (x – 2) 2
Solving for the unknown coefficients: A = 0; B = 0; C = 1; D = 0; E = 1

x 5 – 4x 4 + 5x 3 + x 2 – 4x + 4
_____________________ 1 1
= 1 + _3 + _2
x 5 – 4x 4 + 4x 3 x (x – 2)
Integrating:
5 4 3 2
4x – 16x + 20x + 4x – 16x + 16 1 1
∫ _________________________
5
4x – 16x + 16x4 3 dx = x – ___ – _____
2x (x – 2)
2 +C (6)
TOTAL: [50]

MODULE
4 Differential equations
• write first order differential equations in standard form:
dy
__ + P(x)y = Q(x), where P and Q are continuous functions;
dx
• calculate the integrating factor of a first order differential equation:
I = e ∫P dx;
• determine the general solution of a first order differential equation:
ye ∫P dx = ∫ Qe ∫P dx dx;
• write second order differential equations in standard form:
d2 y
___ dy
__
2 + a + by = R(x), where a and b are real numbers;
dx dx
• use the auxiliary function of a second order differential equation to determine
the complementary function: m 2 + am + b = 0; and
• determine the particular function, R(x), of a second order differential equation,
whether it is constant, linear, quadratic or exponential.
Introduction
A differential equation is an equation that involves the derivatives of a function. It
describes the relationship between a function and its derivatives. Students have done
some introductory work on differential equations previously. This module will further
their knowledge of linear differential equations of both the first and second order.

Pre-knowledge
dy du dv
• Apply the product rule: If y = u(x) . v(x), then __ = v . ___ + u .__
dx dx dx
• Calculate partial derivatives (see Module 1)
• Differentiate parametric equations (see Module 1)
• Find the antiderivative by applying the fundamental theorem of calculus.
Integration and differentiation are inverse functions.
_d x
e = e x ⇔ ∫ e x dx = e x + C
dx
• Find the inverses of logarithms and exponential functions: ln e x = x = e ln x
• Use complex numbers to manipulate the square root of a negative number:
−1 = i 2
dy
__
1. + 3x 2 y = 9x 2
dx
P = 3x 2 and Q = 9x 2
I = e ∫P.dx
2
= e ∫3x .dx
3
= ex
yI = ∫ QI dx
3 3
e x y = ∫ 9x 2 e x . dx
3 3
e x y = 3e x + C
3
y = 3 + Ce −x
dy
__
2. =x−y
dx
P = 1 and Q = x
I = e ∫P.dx
= e ∫1.dx
= ex
yI = ∫ QI dx
e x y = ∫ x e x . dx
ex y = x ex − ex + C
y = x − 1 + Ce −x

Module 4 • Differential equations 49
dy
3. x __ = y + x 2 sin(x)
dx
1
P = − _x and Q = x sin x
I = e ∫P.dx
1
_
= e ∫−x .dx
= e −ln(x)
1
= _x
yI = ∫ QI dx
y(_x ) = ∫ (x sin(x))(_x ) dx
1 1
= ∫ sin(x) dx
= − cos(x) + C
y = − x cos(x) + Cx
dy
__
4. = sin x − 2y tan x
dx
dy
_ + 2y tan x = sin x
dx
⇒ P = 2 tan x; Q = sin x
I = e ∫P.dx
= e ∫2 tan x dx
= e 2 ln sec x = sec 2 x
yI = ∫ QI dx
y sec 2x = ∫ sin x sec 2 x dx
= ∫ tan x sec x dx
= sec x + C
y = cos x + C cos 2 x
5. xy ′ + 6y = 3x 3
6
y ′ + _x y = 3x 2
6
P = _x and Q = 3x 2
I = e ∫P.dx
6
∫ P . dx = ∫ _x . dx
1
= 6∫ _x . dx
= 6 ln x
∴ I = e ∫P.dx = e 6 ln x = e ln x
6
= x6

yI = ∫ QI dx
x 6y = ∫ 3x 2 . x 6 dx
= 3∫ x 8 dx
x9
= 3__
9
+C
3x9 C
∴ y = _9 _6 + _6
x x
3
1x C
= _3 _6 + _6
x x
1 C
= _3 + _6
3x x
d2 y
___ dy
1. + 4__ − 12y = 0
dx 2 dx
The equation has an auxiliary equation of the form:
r 2 + 4r − 12 = 0
(r − 2)(r + 6) = 0
r 1 = 2 and r 2 = − 6
y = Ae 2x + Be −6x
d2 y _
1 ___
_ dy
2 __
2. .
3 dx 2 + .
3 dx
− (1)y = 0

1 2 _
_ 2
3
r + 3r − 1 = 0
Multiplying by 3:
r 2 + 2r − 3 = 0
(r − 1)(r + 3) = 0
r 1 = 1 and r 2 = − 3
y = Ae x + Be −3x
d2 y dy
3. 4___2 − 4__ + (1)y = 0
dx dx
4r 2 − 4r + 1 = 0
1
Multiplying the equation by _4 :
1
r 2 − r + _4 = 0
(r − 2 )(r − 2 ) = 0
_1 1
_
1
r 1 = r 2 = _2
1
_
y = (A + Bx) e 2x

4. y″ − 4y ′ + 13y = 0
d 2y dy
Rewrite as: ___2 − 4__ + 13y = 0
dx dx
m 2 − 4m + 13 = 0
(m − 2) 2 + 9 = 0
∴ m = 2 ± 3i
For complex roots m = s ± ti so, s = 2 and t = 3

∴ y = e 2x[A cos(3x) + B sin(3x) ]
d 2y
___ dy
__
5. 2 = 4 − 4y
dx dx
d 2y dy
Rewrite as: ___2 − 4__ + 4y = 0
dx dx
m 2 − 4m + 4 = 0
(m − 2) 2 = 0
m1 = m2 = 2
∴ y = (A + Bx)e 2x
d2 y dy
1. Solve the differential equation: ___2 − 2__ − 8y = 2x + 1
dx dx
r 2 − 2r − 8 = 0
(r − 4)(r + 2) = 0
r 1 = 4 and r 2 = − 2
y = Ae 4x + Be −2x
The partial solution takes the form:

y = Cx + D
y′ = C
y″ = 0
Substituting in the original equation:

0 − 2C − 8(Cx + D) = 2x + 1
Grouping like terms together:

− 2C − 8D = 1
− 8Cx = 2x
The equation then works as follows:
1 1
y = − _4 x + _
16

The general solution is therefore:

1 1
y = Ae 4x + Be −2x − _ +_
4x 16
2. Determine the particular solution of the following equation:

d 2 y __
___ dy
2 − − 6y = 2e −x given y(0) = 1 and y ′(0) = 0
dx dx

r2 − r − 6 = 0
(r − 3)(r + 2) = 0
r 1 = 3 and r 2 = − 2
y = Ae 3x + Be −2x
The particular solution takes the form:

y = Ce −x
y ′ = − Ce −x
y″ = Ce −x

Ce −x − (− Ce −x) − 6(Ce −x) = 2e −x
− 4Ce −x = 2e −x
1
C = − _2

1
y = Ae 3x + Be −2x − _2 e −x
1
Find the unique solution of y = Ae 3x + Be −2x − _2 e −x for y(0) = 1 and y ′(0) = 0.
1
y ′ = 3Ae 3x − 2Be −2x + _2 e −x
When y(0) = 1:
1
1 = A + B − _2
3
A + B = _2
When y ′(0) = 0:
1
0 = 3A − 2B + _2
1
3A − 2B = − _2
8 10
Solving simultaneously, A = __
12
and B = __
12
Thus the unique solution is:
2 5 1
y = _3 e 3x + _6 e −2x − _2 e −x

d2 y dy
3. Solve the differential equation: ___2 + 2__ + 2y = sin x
dx dx
The equation in question has an auxiliary equation of the form:
r 2 + 2r + 2 = 0
There are complex roots:

r 1 = − 1 + 2i and r 2 = − 1 − 2i
y = e −x(A cos 2x + B sin 2x)

y = C cos x + D sin x
y ′ = − C sin x + D cos x
y″ = − C cos x − D sin x

− C cos x − D sin x + 2( − C sin x + D cos x) + 2(C cos x + D sin x) = sin x
Grouping like terms together:

C cos x + 2D cos x = 0
D sin x − 2C sin x = sin x
Doing transposing and divisions:
C = − 2D
D − 2C = 1
Solving both equations simultaneously:
1 −2
D = _5 C=_
5
Therefore, the general solution is as follows:
y = e −x(A cos 2x + B sin 2x ) − _5 cos x + _5 sin x
2 1
d 2y dy
4. 2 ___2 + 18y = 12__ + 36e −3x
dx dx
d 2y dy
Rewrite as: ___2 − 6__ + 9y = 18e −3x
dx dx
m 2 − 6m + 3 = 0
(m − 3) 2 = 0
m1 = m2 = 3
∴ y = (A + Bx)e 3x

y = Ce −3x
y ′ = − 3Ce −3x
y″ = 9Ce −3x

9Ce −3x − 6(− 3Ce −3x) + 9(Ce −3x) = 18e −3x

36Ce −3x = 18e −3x

1
∴ C = _2

1
y = (A + Bx)e 3x + _2 e −3x
d 2y
___ dy
__
5. 2 − 7 + 6y = 6x + 5
dx dx
m 2 − 7m + 6 = 0
(m − 6)(m − 1) = 0
m1 = 6; m2 = 1
∴ y = Ae 6x + Be x

y = Cx + D
y′ = C
y″ = 0

0 − 7C + 6(Cx + D) = 6x + 5
6C = 6
∴C=1
− 7C + 6D = 5
∴D=2

y = Ae 6x + Be x + x + 2
Find the unique solution when y(0) = 1 and y′(0) = 2

y′ = 6Ae 6x + Be x + 1
When y(0) = 1:
1=A+B+0+2
A + B = −1
When y′(0) = 2:
2 = 6A + B + 1
6A + B = 1
2 7
Solving simultaneously, A = _ and B = − _
5 5
Thus the unique solution is:
2 7
y = _e 6x − _e x + x + 2
5 5

du 3
1. 1.1 x__ = x2 + 3u P = – _x ; Q = x
dx
du _
__ 3
– u=x
dx x
1
_
∴ e–3 ∫ x dx = e–3 ln (x) = I
1
__ 1
e–3 ln (x) = e –ln (x) = e ln x = __3
3
3
x
1
u . e–3 ln (x) = ∫ x . __3 dx
x
1 1
u . __3 = ∫ __2 dx
x x
1 1
u . __3 = – _x + C
x
u = – x2 + x3 . C
dy
1.2 x2 __ + 2xy – ln (x) = 0
dx
dy _
__ 2 ln (x)
+ . y – ____ =0
dx x x2
dy _
__ 2 ln (x)
+ . y = ____
dx x x2
2 ln (x)
P = _x ; Q = ____
2
x
2
_ 1
_
∴ e ∫x.dx = e 2∫x.dx = e 2 ln x = x 2 = I
yI = ∫ QI dx
ln x
x 2y = ∫ ___ 2
2 x dx
x
= ∫ ln x dx
= x(ln x − 1) + C
(ln x − 1) C
∴ y = ______
x
+ __2
x
ln x 1 C
=_
x
− _x + _2
x
(1 + t) dy
1.3 _______ + y = 1 + t
dt
dy ____
__ y
+ =1
dt 1 + t
1
P = ____
1+t
;Q=1
1
____
∴ I = e ∫ 1 + t dt

Let u = 1 + t; du = dt
1
__
e ∫ u du
= e ln (u) = u = 1 + t
dy
__ (1 + t) + y = 1 + t
dt
d
__ (y(1 + t)) = ∫ (1 + t) dt
dt
y(1 + t) = ∫ dt + ∫ t dt
t2
y(1 + t) = t + __
2
+C
1
_ t2 + t + C
________
y= 2 1+t
dy
1.4 __ = x + 4y
dx
dy
__ – 4y = x
dx
P = –4; Q = x
∴ I = e ∫–4 dx = e –4 ∫dx = e –4x
dy –4x
__ . e y = xe –4x
dx
d
__ (y . e –4x) = xe –4x
dx
d
∫ __
dx
(ye –4x) dx = ∫ xe –4x dx
Let u = –4x
u
∴ x = __
–4
du
Then du = –4dx; dx = __
–4
. eu . (__
–4 )
u du
y . eu = ∫ (__
–4 )
1
= __
16
∫ u . eu du
Let f (x) = u; g ′(x) = eu
Then f ′(x) = du; g(x) = eu
1
y . eu = __
16
(u . eu – ∫ eu du)
1 eu
y . eu = __
16
u . eu – __
16
+C
u 1C
y = __ – __ + __u
16 16 e
–x __1 C
y = __
4
– 16 + ___
e –4x
dy
1.5 __ = xe –sin(x) – y cos(x)
dx
dy
__ + cos(x)y = x . e –sin(x)
dx
P = cos(x); Q = x . e –sin(x)
∴ I = e ∫cos(x) dx = e sin(x)

dy sin(x)
__ e . y = x . e –sin(x) . e sin(x)
dx
d
__ (ye sin(x)) = x
dx
d
∫ __
dx
(y . e sin(x)) dx = ∫ x dx
1
ye sin(x) = _2 x2 + C
y = (_2 x 2 + C) e −sin(x)
1
(4)
d 2y dy
2. 2.1 9 2 – 12 __ + 4y = 0
___
dx dx
Auxiliary equation is: 9r 2 – 12r + 4 = 0
Divide by 9 to get the monic polynomial form:
12r 4
r 2 – ___
9
+ _9 = 0
By quadratic formula:
____________
12
__
9
± (–
√
9)
12 2
__ – 4(_9 )
_______________
4
=r
2
2
r = _3
∴ (r – _3 ) = 0
2
2
2
r = _3
General solution is:
2
_
y = e 3x (A + Bx)
2
d y dy
2.2 ___2 = __
dx dx
2
d y __
___ dy
2 – =0
dx dx
Auxiliary equation is:
r2 – r = 0
r(r – 1) = 0
r = 0 or r = 1
General solution is:
y = Ae(0)x + B(1)x
y = A + Bex
d 2y dy
2.3 3 2 = y – 2 __
___
dx dx
d 2y dy
3___2 + 2__ – y = 0
dx dx
Auxiliary equation is: 3r 2 + 2r – 1 = 0
Divide by 3 to get the monic polynomial form
2 1
r 2 + _3 r – _3 = 0

By quadratic formula:
___________
2
√
– _3 ± (_3 ) – 4(__
2 2
______________
1
–3 )
2
– _3 ± _3
_____
=– 2
4
(r + 3 )(r – 1) = 0
1
_
1
r = – _3 or r = 1
General solution:
1
_
y = Ae – 3x + Bex (5)
2
dy dy
3. 3.1 ___2 – 2y = x2 – __
dx dx
d 2y __
___ dy
2 + – 2y = x2
dx dx
r2 + r – 2 = 0
(r – 1)(r + 2) = 0
∴ r = 1 or r = – 2
Characteristic equation is: y = Aex + Be –2x
Particular integral has form:
y = Cx2 + Dx + E
dy
__ = 2Cx + D
dx
d 2y
___ = 2C
dx2
Substitute in D, E:
2C + (2Cx + D) – 2(Cx2 + Dx + E) = x2
Gathering coefficients of like terms:

–2C = 1
2C – 2D = 0
2C + D – 2E = 0
1 1 3
∴ C = – _2 ; D = – _2 ; E = – _4
1 1 3
Particular integral is: y = – _2 x2 – _2 x – _4
1 1 3
y = Ae x + Be −2x − _2 x 2 − _2 x − _4
2
dy dy
3.2 ___2 – 2__ – 3y = cos(2x)
dx dx
r 2 – 2r – 3 = 0
(r – 3)(r + 1) = 0
∴ r = 3 or r = –1

Characteristic equation is:

y = Ae3x + Be–x

y = C cos(2x) + D sin(2x)
dy
__ = –2C sin(2x) + 2D cos(2x)
dx
d 2y
___ = –4C cos(2x) – 4D sin(2x)
dx2
Substitute in D, E:
–4C cos(2x) – 4D sin(2x) – 2(–2C sin (2x) + 2D cos(2x)) – 3(C cos(2x) + D sin(2x))
= cos(2x)
Gathering coefficients in like terms:
– 7C – 4D = 1 …
– 7D + 4C = 0 …
7
∴ C = _4 D (from )
–7(___
4D )
7
– 4D = 1 sub  in 
4
∴ D = – __
65
∴ C = _4 (– __
65 )
7 4 7
= – __
65
Particular integral is
7 4
y = – __
65
cos(2x) – __
65
sin(2x)
7 4
General solution is: y = Ae 3x + Be –x – __
65
cos(2x) – __
65
sin(2x)
2
dy dy
3.3 ___2 – 2 __ + y = e2x
dx dx
r 2 – 2r + r = 0
(r – 1)2 = 0
∴r=1
Characteristic equation is:

y = ex(A + Bx)

y = Ce2x
dy
__ = 2Ce2x
dx
d 2y
___ = 4Ce2x
dx2

Substitute in D, E:
4Ce2x – 2(2Ce2x) + Ce2x = e2x
Ce2x = e2x
∴C=1
Particular integral is: y = e2x
∴ General solution is:
y = ex(A + Bx) + e2x (5)
TOTAL: [50]

MODULE
5 Areas and volumes

• sketch a function on a given interval;
• calculate the areas and volumes of a given function using a definite integral;
• calculate the points of intersection of areas and volumes under two functions;
• sketch the points of intersection of areas and volumes under two functions; and
• calculate the areas and volumes of two given functions using a definite integral.
Introduction
Students have already encountered and used different integration strategies to calculate
the areas and volumes of functions in N5 Mathematics. In this module we will expand
on the topic of determining areas and volumes of spaces that are bordered by algebraic
and trigonometric functions.
Pre-knowledge
• Use different strategies to solve integrals.
• Solve definite integrals.
• Find the roots and intersection points of functions.


π
_ π
_
1.
2
∫0 cos x dx = sin x| 0 = 1 – 0 = 1 units2
2 y
1,0
0,9
0,8
0,7 f(x) = cos x
0,6
0,5
_π
0,4 ∫02 cos x dx
0,3
0,2
0,1
x
0 __
π
2
2. The roots are: y 2 – y – 12 = 0 y
(y – 4)(y + 3) = 0 5
∴ y = 4 and y = – 3 4
4
A = ∫–3 y – y – 12 dy
2 x = y2 – y – 12 3
= (_3 y 3 – _2 y 2 – 12y) |
4
1 1 2
–3
1
64 _16 27 _9
=_
3
– 2 – 12 . 4 + _
3
+ 2 – 12 . 3 x
–14 –12 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0
= – 57,167 units2 –1
–2
= 57,167 units2
–3
–4
3. The roots are: y

x – x2 = 0
0,30
x(1 – x) = 0
∴ x = 0 and x = 1 0,25
y = x – x2
|
2 3 1
1 x x 0,20
A = ∫0 (x – x 2) dx = _
2
–_
3 0
1 0,15
= _6 units2
0,10
0,05
x
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1

Module 5 • Areas and volumes 63
4. y = 5x – x 2
y
= x(5 – x)
The roots are x = 0 and x = 5. 10
5
A = ∫0 5x – x 2 dx
y = 5x – x2
= [_ 3]
2 3 5
5x x 5
2
–_
0
= [_ 3 ] [ 2 3 ]
5(5) 2 (5) 3 5(0) 2 (0) 3
2
–_ – _–_
x
–5 0 5
125 _
125
=_2
– 3 –0
125
= ___
6
units2 –5
5. y = x3
We want the area in relation to the y-axis, so write the function in terms of y:
_ 1
_
x = 3√y = y 3
The limits are given as y = 0 and y = 8. y
8 1
_
A = ∫0 y 3 dy 10 y = x3
8
[ _3 ]
4
_
8
y3
= __
4 6
0
4
= _4 [y 3] 0
8
3 _4
2
= _4 [y 3] 0
3 4 8
_ x
–4 –2 0 2 4
–2
= _4 [√(8) – √(0) ]
3 3 _4 3 _4
–4
= _4 [√(8) ]
3 3 _4
= 12 units2

1. x 2 + 2x + 3 = x + 9 y
x2 + x – 6 = 0 14
(x + 3)(x – 2) = 0 12
y=x+9
∴ x = – 3, x = 2 10
If x = – 3, y = x + 9 = – 3 + 9 = 6 8
If x = 2, y = x + 9 = 2 + 9 = 11 6
∴ (x; y) = (– 3; 6), (2; 11) y = x2 + 2x + 3
4
2
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
2. – 4x 2 + 3x + 6 = 3x + 2 y
– 4x 2 + 4 = 0 7
x2 = 1 6
y = –4x2 + 3x + 6 5
∴ x = ±1
If x = – 1, y = 3x + 2 = 3(– 1) + 2 = – 1 4
3
If x = 1, y = 3x + 2 = 3(1) + 2 = 5 y = 3x + 2
2
∴ (x; y) = (– 1; – 1), (1; 5) 1
0
x
–1,5 –1 –0,5 0,5 1 1,5
–1
–2
–3
3. 3x 2 – 3x + 2 = – 2x + 4 y
3x 2 – x – 2 = 0 7
(3x + 2)(x – 1) = 0 6
∴ x = – _2 , x = 1
3
5 y = 3x2 + 3x + 2
4
If x = – _23 , y = – 2x + 4 = – 2(– _23 ) + 4 = 5_13 3
2
If x = 1, y = – 2x + 4 = – 2(1) + 4 = 2
1 y = –2x + 4
( 3 3)
∴ (x; y) = – _2 ; 5_1 , (1; 2) x
–1 –0,5 0 0,5 1 1,5

4. – 3x 2 + 6x + 8 = x 2 – 4x + 2 y
– 4x 2 + 10x + 6 = 0 12 y = – 3x2 + 6x + 8
(4x + 2)(– x + 3) = 0 10
∴ x = – _1 , x = 3
2 8
2
If x = 3, y = x – 4x + 2 6
= 3 2 – 4(3) + 2 = – 1 4
If x = – _12 , y = (– _12 ) – 4(– _12 ) + 2

2
2
x
= _1 + 2 + 2 = 4_1
4 4
–1 0 1 2 3
–2
∴ (x; y) = (– _12 ; 4_14 ), (3; – 1) –4
y = x2 – 4x + 2
5. 5x – x 2 = x + 4 y
– x 2 + 4x – 4 = 0 10
x 2 – 4x + 4 = 0
(x – 2)(x – 2) = 0
y = 5x – x2
∴ x = 2 and there is only one point of intersection 5
If x = 2, y = x + 4 = 6
y=x+4
∴ (x; y) = (2; 6)
x
–5 0 5
–5
6. 5x + x 2 = 9x – 4 y
5x + x 2 – 9x + 4 = 0 10
x 2 – 4x + 4 = 0 y = 9x – 4
(x – 2)(x – 2) = 0
∴ x = 2 and there is only one point of intersection 5
If x = 2, y = 9x + 4 = 22
∴ (x; y) = (2; 22)
x
–5 0 5
–5
y = 5x + x 2

1. The intersection points are where: y

x 2 – x – 1 = – x 2 + 2x + 1 2,5
2
y = –x2 + 2x + 1
2x – 3x – 2 = 0 2
1,5
(2x + 1)(x – 2) = 0 1
1 0,5
x = – _2 , x = 2
x
–1 –0,5 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
2 –0,5
A = ∫–_1 (– x 2 + 2x + 1 – x 2 + x + 1) dx –1
2
2 –1,5 y = x2 – x – 1
= ∫–_1 (– 2x 2 + 3x + 2) dx –2
2
–2,5
= (– _3 x 3 + _2 x 2 + 2x) |
2
2 3
1
–_2
2 3 2 1 3 1
= – _3 . 8 + _2 . 4 + 4 – _3 . _8 – _2 . _4 + 1
125
= ___
24
≈ 5,208 units2

_ 5
2 =1
x +1 6
∴ x 2 = 4x = ± 2 5
A = ∫–2 (_ )dx – ∫–2 1 dx

2 5 2 4
2
x +1 3 y = _____
5
2
x +1
2
= (5 tan x – x)| –2 –1
2
y=1
1
= 5[tan –1(2) – tan –1(– 2)] – 4
x
–1 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
= 10 tan 2 – 4
= 7,07 units2
3. The intersection points are where:

5 x 1 2 3 4 5
6 – x = _x
f(x) 5 4 3 2 1
∴ x 2 – 6x + 5 = 0
(x – 1)(x – 5) = 0 g(x) 5 2,5 12_3 11_4 1
x = 1, x = 5
y
|
2 5
5 5 x
A = ∫1 6 – x – _x dx = 6x – _
2
– 5 ln x 6
1
= (6(5) – _ – 5 ln 5) – (6(1) – _ – 5 ln 1)
52 12 5
2 2 4
f (x) = 6 – x
25 1 3
= 30 – _
2
– 5 ln 5 – 6 + _2 + 5(0)
2 g(x) = __5x
= 12 – 5 ln 5 1
≈ 3,953 units2 x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6


3x = x 2 + 2x – 6
12
3x – x 2 – 2x + 6 = 0
10
x2 – x – 6 = 0
(x – 3)(x + 2) = 0 8
∴ x = 3 or x = – 2 f (x) = x + 2x – 6
2
6
3
A = ∫–2 3x – (x + 2x – 6) dx 2
4
3 2
= ∫–2 – x + x + 6 dx 2
= [– _ + 6x]
3 2 3
x x
3
+_
2 0
x
–2 –6 –4 –2 2 4
= [– _ + 6(3)] – [– _ + 6(– 2)]

(3) 3 (3) 2 (– 2) 3 ( – 2) 2 –2
3
+_
2 3
+_
2
–4
= [– _ + 2 + 18] – [_3 + _2 – 12]
27 _9 8 4
3 –6
= [– _ – _ + 30]
35 7 g (x) = 3x –8
3 2
125
= ___
6
units2

5x + 1 = x 2 + 3x – 2
20
5x + 1– x 2 – 3x + 2 = 0
x 2 – 2x – 3 = 0 f (x) = 5x + 1
15
(x – 3)(x + 1) = 0 g (x) = x2 + 3x – 2
∴ x = 3 or x = – 1
3 10
A = ∫–1 5x + 1 – (x 2 + 3x – 2) dx
3
= ∫–1 – x 2 + 2x + 3 dx 5
= [– _ + x 2 + 3x]
3 3
x
3 –1
x
= [– _ ] [ 3 + (– 1) + 3(–1)]
(3) 3
(– 1) 3 –5 0 5
+ (3)2
+ 3(3) – – _ 2
3
= [– 9 + 9 + 9] – [_3 + 1 – 3]
1 –5
32
= __
3
units2

1. 1.1 V x = π∫ (f(x)) 2 dx
f(x) = 1 – x 2 with limits x = – 1 to x = 1:

y
1 2 2
∴ V = π∫–1 (1 – x ) dx
1,2
1
= π∫–1 1 – 2x 2 + x 4 dx 1
0,8
= π(x – _3 x 3 + _
5) |
1
2 x5
0,6
–1
= 2π(1 – _3 + _5 ) (symmetrical
2 1 0,4
about y-axis) 0,2

x
2 . (15 – 10 + 3) 16 –1,5 –1 –0,5 0 0,5 1 1,5
= _________________
15
π=_
15
π units3
1.2 V x = π∫ (f(x)) 2 dx y
Substitute f(x) = 2e x with limits 18

16
x = 1 to x = 2: 14
2 12
∴ V = π∫1 (2e x) 2 dx
10
2 8
= 4π∫1 e 2x dx
6
= 4π(_2 e 2x) |
2
1 4
1 2
x
= 2π(e – e ) = 296,6 units3
4 2
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
1.3 V x = π∫ (f(x)) 2 dx y
2
x
Substitute f(x) = x – __
3
with limits 0,8
x = 0 to x = 2: 0,7
0,6
∴ V = π∫0 (x – _
3)
2
2 x2
dx 0,5
= π∫0 (x 2 – _3 x 3 + _
9)
2 2 x 4 0,4
dx 0,3
= π(_
3 3.4 5.9) |
3 4 5 2 0,2
x 2x x
–_+_ 0,1
0
x
= π(_3 – _ 45 )
8 16 32
6
+_ 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
= π(_
45 )
32
= 2,23 units3

2. 2.1 Rewrite the function in terms of y: y

x = y2 1,2
V y = π∫ (f(y)) dy 2
1
= π∫0 (y ) dy
1 2 2 0,8
0,6
|
1
y5
= π_
5 0 0,4
π
= _5 = 0,63 units3 0,2
x
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2
2.2 Rewrite the function in terms of y: y

_
x = √y 3,5
V y = π∫ (f(y)) 2 dy 3
_ 2,5
= π∫0 (√y ) 2 dy
3
|
2 3
y 9 1,5
= π_ = _ π = 14,1 units3
2 0 2
1
0,5
x
0 0,5 1 1,5 2
2.3 V y = π∫ (f(y)) 2 dy y
( 3 ) dy
2
2 y2 2,5
= π∫1 _
2
|
2
y5
= π_
9.5 1,5
1
= π(_
45 45 )
32 1
– _ = 2,16 units3 1
0,5
x
0 0,5 1 1,5 2

2.4 V y = π∫ (f(y)) 2 dy y
π
_ _ 1,8
= π∫0 (√sin y ) 2 dy
2 __
π
1,6 2
π
_ 1,4
= π∫0 sin y dy
2
1,2
π
__
= – π . cos y| 2 1
0
0,8
= – π(0 – 1) = π units3
0,6
0,4
0,2
x
0 0,5 1 1,5
b y
1. V y = 2π∫a xy dx
1
V y = 2π∫0 x(1 – x 2) dx
1
1
= 2π∫0 x – x 3 dx y = 1 – x2
= 2π(_2 x 2 – _4 x 4) |
1 0,5
1 1
0
= 2π[(_2 – _4 ) – (0)]
1 1
x
–2 –1 0 1 2
π
= __2 = 6,283 units3
b
2. V y = 2π∫a xy dx y
2 18
= 2π∫1 x . 2e x dx
16
14
= 4π(xe x – e x)| 21
12
10 y = 2e x
= 4π[(2e 2 – e 2) – (1e 1 – e 1)]
8
6
= 4πe 2 ≈ 92,85 units3 4
2
x
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5

b
3. V x = 2π∫a xy dy y
= 2π∫0 (3y – 4y 2) . y dy
2
3
2
x = 3y – 4y 2
= 2π∫0 3y 2 – 4y 3 dy 2
= 2π(y 3 – y 4)|
2
1
0
= 2π[(2 3 – 2 4) – 0] x
–14 –12 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0
= – 16π ≈ 50,266 units3 –1
–2
b y
4. V y = 2π∫a x . f(x) dx
= 2π∫0 x . (3x 2 – x 3) dx
3
6
= 2π∫0 (3x 3 – x 4) dx 5
3
4 y 2 = 3x2 – x3
= 2π[3_ 5 ]0
3
x4 _x5
4
– 3
= 2π (3_ – 0)
(3) 4 (3) 5 2
4
–_
5
1
= 2π (3_ – 0)
(3) 4 _(3) 5
4
– 5 x
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
= 2π (_
20 )
243 –1
–2
= 24,3π = 76,341 units3
b
5. V x = 2π∫a y . f(y) dy y
= 2π∫1 y . (1 + y 2) dy
2
4
= 2π∫1 (y + y 3) dy
2 3
x = 1 + y2
2
= 2π[_ 4 ]1
2
y2 _y4
2
+ 1
= 2π[(_ 4 ) ( 2 4 )]
(2) 2 (2) 4 (1) 2 (1) 4 x
2
+_ – _+_ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
–1
= 2π (2 + 4 – _4 )
3
–2
= 2π (_ 4)
21
–3
21 –4
= __
2
π = 32,987 units3

1. Determine the intersection points:

x 2 = 2x
∴ x 2 – 2x = 0
x(x – 2) = 0
x = 0 and x = 2
d
V x = π ∫c [f (x) 2 – g(x) 2 dx
2 2
= π ∫0 (2x) 2 – (x 2) dx
2
= π ∫0 4x 2 – x 4 dx
2
= π (_43 x 3 – _15 x 5) | 0
= π(_
32 _
3 5)
– 32 = 13,404 units3

_
y
2y = _2
2
√
y
4y 4 = _ 2
4
8y – y = 0
y(8y 3 – 1) = 0
∴ y = 0 and y 3 = _18 ⇒ y = _12
_
V y = π ∫0 ( _2 ) – (2y 2) dy
_1 2
y
√
2 2
_1
y
= π ∫02 _2 – 4y 4 dy
_1
= π (_ 5 ) |
2 5 2
y 4y
_
4
–
0
= π[_
16 5 ( 32 )]
1 _
–4 _ 1
= π_
10 – 4
160
= π_3
80
= 0,118 units3

x 2 – 2x + 2 = – x 2 – 3x + 3
∴ 2x 2 + x – 1 = 0
(2x – 1)(x + 1) = 0
∴ x = _1 and x = – 1
2

V x = π ∫c [f (x) 2 – g(x) 2] dx
d
_1 2 2
= π ∫–2 1 (– x 2 – 3x + 3) – (x 2 – 2x + 2) dx
_1
= π ∫–2 1 (x 4 + 3x 3 – 3x 2 + 3x 3 + 9x 2 – 9x – 3x 2 – 9x + 9)
– (x 4 – 2x 3 + 2x 2 – 2x 3 + 4x 2 – 4x + 2x 2 – 4x + 4) dx
_1
= π ∫–2 1 10x 3 – 5x 2 – 10x + 5 dx
_1
= π (10_
x4 _x3 _x2
+ 5x) |
2
4
– 5 3
– 10 2 –1
= π(_
10 _
– 5 –_
64 24 8
+ 52 ) – π(_
10 _ 10 _
4
+ 53 – _
10
2
– 5)
= π(_________________________________________________
15 – 20 – 120 + 240 – 240 – 160 + 480 + 480
96 )
= π_
225
32
= 22,089 units3
4. 4.1 Rotation about the x-axis

Find the points of intersection: y
4
_
x
= 9 – 2x 10
2x 2 – 9x + 4 = 0 (0,5; 8)
8
(2x – 1)(x – 4) = 0
6
∴ x = 0,5 or x = 4; y = 8 or y = 1 y = 9 – 2x
Points of intersection: (0,5; 8); (4; 1) 4
4 4
y = _x ∴ x = _y
2
9–y (4; 1) y = __4x
y = 9 – 2x ∴ x = _2 x
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
V x = 2π∫1 y[_ – _y ] dy
8 9–y 4
2
= π∫1 y[(9 – y) – (_y )] dy

8 8
8
= – π∫1 y 2 – 9y + 8 dy
= – π[_ + 8y]
8
y3 _y2
3
– 9 2 1
= – π[– _ 6]
160 23
3
–_
343
= ___
6
π = 57,167π = 179,594 units3

4.2 Rotation about the y-axis

We use the same graph and intersection points as for 4.1.
V y = 2π∫0,5 x[(9 – 2x) – _x ] dx
4 4
4
= 2π∫0,5 – 2x 2 + 9x – 4 dx
= 2π[– 2_ – 4x]
4
x3 x2
3
+ 9_
2 0,5
= 2π[_ – (– 0,958)]
40
3
= 28,583π = 89,796 units3
5. Rotation about the x-axis

y
4
__
3 y = √x
y=2
2
∆y (2; 4)
1
x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
The area is bounded by y = 0 and y = 2, these are the limits of the integral.
__
y = √x ∴ x = y 2
2
V x = 2π∫0 y(x) dy
2
= 2π∫0 y y 2 dy
2
= 2π∫0 y 3 dy
= 2π[_
4 ]0
2
y4
= 2π[4]
= 8π = 25,133 units3

1. 1.1 f(x) = x 2 – 3x – 2 between – 2 ≤ x ≤ 5
Limits:
5
A x = ∫–2 x 2 – 3x – 2 dx
5
1 3
= _3 x 3 – _2 x 2 – 2x | –2
125 75 8 12
= ___
3
– __
2
– 10 + _3 + __
2
–4
7
= – _6 ≈ 1,167 units2
f (x) = x2 – 3x – 2
6
4
5
∫–2 x2 – 3x – 2 dx
2
x
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
–2
–4
(5)
1.2 Limits: y
x2 = x 1,4
∴ x(x – 1) = 0 1,2
⇒ x = 0 and x = 1 1
0,8
1
A = ∫0 x – x 2 dx y=x
0,6
|
1
x2 x3 0,4 y = x2
= __
2
– __
3 0 0,2
1 1
= _2 – _3 – 0 x
–0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2
1 –0,2
= _6 ≈ 0,167 units2
(5)

1.3 Limits: y
x2 y=1
_ =1 1
4
0,9
x2 = 4 0,8 x
2
∫2–2 1 – _ dx
∴ x = ±2 0,7 4
0,6
Area:
0,5
2 x2
A = ∫–2 1 – _
4
dx 0,4 x
y = ___
2
4
0,3
= (x – _
12 ) |
2
x3 0,2
–2 0,1
8 8 x
=2–_
12
+2–_
12 –2 –1 0 1 2
2
= 2_3 ≈ 2,667 units2 (5)
1.4 Limits: y
4x 2 = x 4
18
4 = x2 16
y = 4x2
∴ x = ±2 14
12
Area: 10 ∫2–2 4x 2 – x 4 dx
2
A = ∫–2 4x – x dx
2 4 8
6
y = x4
|
3 5 2
4x x 4
=_
3
–_
5 –2 2
32 32 32 32 x
=_
3
–_
5
+_
3
–_
5 –2 –1 0 1 2
128
= ___
15
≈ 8,533 units2 (5)
2. 2.1 Roots:
– y 2 + 2y + 3 = 0
(y + 1)(– y + 3) = 0
∴ y = – 1 and y = 3

Volume:
b
V y = π∫a f(y) 2 dy
= π∫–1 (– y 2 + 2y + 3) dy
3 2
= π∫–1 (y 4 – 2y 3 – 3y 2 – 2y 3 + 4y 2 + 6y – 3y 2 + 6y + 9) dy
3
= π∫–1 (y 4 – 4y 3 – 2y 2 + 12y + 9) dy
3
= π(_ + 9y) |
3
y5 _4y 4 _2y 3 _12y 2
5
– 4
– 3
+ 2 –1
= π[(___ – 81 – 18 + 54 + 27) – (– _5 – 1 + _3 + 6 – 9)]

243 1 2
5
512
= π . ___
15
= 107,233 units3
3
–y2 = 2y + 3
2
x
0 1 2 3 4
–1
–4
–2
z
0
2 –y2 + 2y + 3
4
3
y 1
–1
–4 –2 0 2 4
x
(5)

2.2 Limits are given: 0 ≤ x ≤ 2

b
V x = π∫a f(x) 2 dx
2
= π∫0 (x + 1) 2 dx
2
= π∫0 (x 2 + 2x + 1) dx
= π(_ + x 2 + x) |
2
x3
3 0
= π(_3 + 4 + 2)
8
26
= __
3
π ≈ 27,227 units3 (5)
3. 3.1 Rewrite in terms of y:

1
x = _2 y + 1
∴ y = 2x – 2
Limits:
y=0⇒x=1
y=2⇒x=2
Volume:
b
V y = 2π∫a x f(x) dx
2
= 2π∫1 x(2x – 2) dx
2
= 4π∫1 (x 2 – x) dx
= 4π(_
3 2 ) |
2
x3 x2
–_
1
= 4π(_3 – 2 – _3 + _2 )
8 1 1
10
= __
3
π ≈ 10,472 units3 (5)
1
3.2 Given: y = _2 x 2 + x
dy
_ =x+1
dx
∴ dy = (x + 1) dx

Volume:
b
V x = 2π∫a xy dy
= 2π∫1 x(_2 x 2 + x)(x + 1) dx

3 1
3
= π∫1 (x 4 + 3x 3 + 2x 2) dx
= π(_ 3 ) |
3
x5 3x 4 2x 3
5
+_
4
+_
1
= π(_ 3 5 4 3)
243 243 54 1 3 2
5
+_
4
+_ –_–_–_
= 395 units3 (5)
4. 4.1 Limits:
1 2
_
3
x = 2x
∴ x = 0 and x = 6
Volume:
d
V x = π∫c [f(x) 2 – gx) 2| dx
V x = π∫0 (2x) 2 – (_3 x 2) dx

2
6 1
= π(_3 x 3 – _
9.5 ) |
6
4 1
x5
0
= π(288 – _ – 0)
7776
45
= 115,2 . π ≈ 361,911 units3 (5)
4.2. Limits:
y2 + 4 = 8
∴ y = ±2
Volume:
d
V y = π∫c [f(y) 2 – gy) 2| dy
= π∫–2 8 2 – (4 + y 2) dy
2 2
= π∫–2 (64 – 16 – 8y 2 – y 4) dy
2
= π(48y – _3 y 3 – _5 y 5) |
2
8 1
–2
= π(48 . 2 – _3 . 8 – _ 5)
8 32 8 32
5
+ 48 . 2 – _3 . 8 – _
= π(192 – ___ 5)
128 64
3
– __ ≈ 428,932 units3 (5)
TOTAL: [50]

MODULE
6 Centroids and centre of gravity

• calculate the centroid and centre of gravity of one or two given functions;
• calculate the distance from any of the reference axes to the centroid of the area:
– between a given curve and an axis;
– between two given curves; and
• calculate the distance from a reference axis to the centre of gravity of a solid of
revolution generated when:
– the area between a given curve and an axis is rotated about a reference
axis;
– the area between two given curves is rotated about a reference axis.
When answering questions, they should be able to:
• sketch functions on a given interval;
• calculate and sketch the points of intersection of two functions; and
• calculate the centroid and centre of gravity of one or two given functions.
Introduction
We have previously covered a few integration applications throughout the course. This
module will add new ones such as centroid and centre of gravity. These concepts were
briefly covered in N5 Mathematics but will now be explored in more detail. Students
will learn how to perform calculations with the centroid and centre of gravity.
Pre-knowledge
• Use different strategies to solve integrals.
• Find the roots and intersection points of functions.
• Sketch a function on a given interval.
• Sketch the points of intersection of areas and volumes under two functions.
• Calculate the areas and volumes between two functions.

Module 6 • Centroids and centre of gravity 81
x2
y
_ ∫x x . f(x) dx
1. 1.1 x = _________
x
1
18
∫x f(x) dx
2
1
16
4 2
∫ x . x dx 14
= ________
0
4 2
∫0 x dx 12
10
|
1 4 4
__ g(x) = x2
x 4 8
= ___
4
1 3
__ x
3
= _4 x = 3 | 0
6
3 0 4
x2 1 2
∫x __2 (f(x)) 2 dx
_ _________ x
y= x 1
0 1 2 3 4
∫x f(x) dx
2
41
Shape bounded by a function and
∫0 __2 x 4 dx
______ an axis
= 4
∫0 x 2 dx y
|
1 4
__ x 5
3 24 _
1 ___
= 2 . 15 3 = _
_
__ x 10
48
x = 10 = 4,8
0
| 18
16
3 0
14
_ _
∴ (x; y) = (3; 4,8) 12
10
g(x) = x2
8
6
4,8
4
2
x
0 1 2 3 4
Centroid of the area beneath the function
1.2 For a circle: y

r2 = x2 + y2 ∴ y2 = r2 − x2 2
= 22 − x 2 ______
1,5 y = √4 – x2
= 4 − x2
_
y = √4 − x 2 = f(x) 1
x2
∫x x . f(x) dx
x_ = _________
x
1
0,5
∫x f(x) dx
2
_
2 x
∫0 x . √4 − x 2 dx
___________ 0 0,5 1 1,5 2
= 2
_
∫0 √4 − x 2 dx
A quarter circle

It is hard to calculate these integrals. However:

_ x2 x2
2
∫0 √4 − x 2 dx = ∫x f(x) dx = ∫x dA = A
1 1
But we know the area of a circle is:

A = πr 2
1
Therefore, for this __4 circle with r = 2:
x2 2
π.2
∫x dA = _4
=π
1
_ _
We also know that due to symmetry for this shape: x = y
_
Therefore, let us try the y formula y
since it will get rid of the square
2
root integration:
x2 1 ______
_ ∫x __2 (f(x)) 2 dx 1,5 y = √4 – x2
y = _________
x
1
∫x f(x) dx
2
1
∫0 (4 − x 2) dx
2
1 _________
_ 0,85
= 2. π
0,5
1 2(
=_ ∫ 4 − x 2) dx
2π 0
x
2π (
4x − _3 x 3) |
2 0
1 1 0,5 1 1,5 2
=_ 0,85
0
2π (
8 − _3 ) = _
1 8 8 Centroid of a quarter circle
=_ 3π
≈ 0,849
_ _
∴ (x; y) = (_
3π 3π )
8 _8
;
1.3 (Remember that radians are used for the trigonometric calculations.)
x2
∫x x(f(x) − g(x)) dx
_ _____________
x= x 1
y
∫x (f(x) − g(x)) dx
2
1
2,5
∫0 x(2 sin x − __4 x 2) dx

2 1
f (y) = 2 sin x
= ______________ 2,0
∫0 (2 sin x − __4 x 2) dx
2 1
1,5
2
− 2x cos x + 2 sin x − ___
___________________ 4.4
x4
1
| 1,0
= 0
2
1 3
− 2 cos x − ___
4.3
x | 0 g(x) = __14 x2
0,5
− 4 cos 2 + 2 sin 2 − 1 + 0 cos 0 − 2 sin 0
= _________________________
2 x
− 2 cos 2 − __3 + 2 cos 0 0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5
1,66 + 1,82 − 1 + 0 − 0 A shape bounded by two curves

= _________________
0,83 − 0,67 + 2
≈ 1,148

x2 1
_ ∫x __2 ([f(x)] 2 − [g(x)] 2) dx y
y = ________________
1
x
∫x (f(x) − g(x)) dx 2,5
2
f (y) = 2 sin x
∫0 __2 ([2 sin x] 2 − [__4 x 2] ) dx
2
21 1 2,0
= __________________
∫0 (2 sin x − __4 x 2) dx
2 1
1,5
|
1 2 1,0
__ 5
1 2x − sin 2x − 80 x
= _2 . _____________ 1
− 2 cos x − __ x 3 12 0,5 g(x) = __14 x2
0
__ 2 x
1 4 − sin 4 − 5 − sin 0 0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5
= _2 . _______________
8 ≈ 1,006 1,1
− 2 cos 2 − __ + 2 cos 0
12
Centroid of the area between
Therefore the centroid of the shape is: two curves
_ _
(x; y) = (1,148; 1,006)
x2
_ ∫x x . f(x) dx
2. 2.1 x = _________
x
1
∫x f(x) dx
2
3 1
_
∫0 x . 2 x dx
= _______31
∫0 _2 x dx
1 3 2
_ ∫ x dx
= ______
2 0
_1 3
∫ x dx
2 0
3
|______
_
2 3 |
1 _
. x
1 3
= 0
3
|_12 ._12x | 2
0
1 3
_ .3 − 0
= _______
6
1 2
_ .3 − 0
4
27
__
= __
6
9= 2 units
_
4
The distance is 2 units from the y-axis.

x2
_ ∫x x(f(x) − g(x)) dx
2.2 x = _____________
x
1
∫x (f(x) − g(x)) dx
2
∫0 x(2x − _2 x 2) dx
4 1
= ____________
∫0 (2x − _2 x 2) dx
4 1
∫0 ( 2 )
4 1
2x 2 − _x 3 dx
= ____________
∫0 (2x − _2 x 2) dx
4 1
[2 3 − 2 ( 4 )] 0
3 4 4
x
__ x
1 __
_
= __________
[2 2 − 2 ( 3 )] 0
2 3 4
x
__ x
1 __
_
(2 3 − 2 ( 4 )) − (0 − 0)
3 4
4
__ 1 __
_ 4
= ________________
(2 2 − 2 ( 3 )) − (0 − 0)
2 3
4
__ 1 __
_ 4
(6)
=_
3 ( )
= 2 units
The distance is 2 units from the y-axis.
1. The y- and z-centres of gravity are at the origins of these two axes, so only the
x centroid must be calculated.
x2
Rewrite __
4
+ y 2 = 1 in terms of y: y
_
______
y= 1−_
4 √ x2
1
√ x
y = 1 – __
4
2
We sketch this function and find

the limits. 0,5
x2
_ ∫x x dV
x = ______
x
1
x
∫x dV
2
1
0 0,5 1 1,5 2
For the disk:

dV = πy 2 dx = π(1 − _
4)
x2
dx

For 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
_ ∫0 x . π(1 − 4 ) dx
2 x2
__
∴ x = _____________
∫0 π(1 − __
4)
2
2 x
dx
∫0 (x − __
4)
2 x3
dx
= __________
∫0 (1 − __
4)
2
2 x
dx
|
2
1 2 __
__ x4
x − 16
= _______
2
x3
x − __
12 0
4 __
__ 16
− −0
= ________
2 16
8
2 − __12
−0
3
= _4
So, the centre of gravity is at ( __4 ; 0; 0)

3
_ _ _
2. Both y and z are at the origins of their axes, therefore only x needs to be calculated.
x2
_
9
+ y2 = 1
_ y
∴ y = f(x) = 1 − _
9 √ x2
______
1
√ x
y = 1 – __
2
x + 3y = 3 0,8
9
x
∴ y = g(x) = 1 − _3 0,6
0,4 y = 1 – __13 x
∫a x . [f(x) 2 − g(x) 2] dx
b
_ _______________ 0,2
x=
∫a [f(x) 2 − g(x) 2] dx
b
x
0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0
∫0 x . [(1 − __ − 1 − __3 ) ] dx
9) (
2
3 x x 2
= _____________________
∫0 [(1 − __ − 1 − __3 ) ] dx
9) (
2
3 x x 2
∫0 x . [1 − __ 9]
3 x2 2x x2
9
− 1 + __
3
− __ dx
= ____________________
∫0 [1 − __ 9]
2 2
3 x 2x x
9
− 1 + __
3
− __ dx
∫0 [− ___ 3 ]
3 2x 3 2x 2
9
+ ___ dx
= ____________
∫0 [− ___ 3]
2
3 2x 2x
9
+ __ dx
|
3
2x 4 2x 3
− ___ + ___
= _________
4.9 3.3
2x 3 2x 2
− ___ + ___
3.9 2.3 0
9
− __2 + 6 − 0
________
= −2 + 3
3
= _2 = 1,5 So, the centre of gravity is at (1,5; 0; 0)

3. Sketch the function to find the limits.
y
2
x
–2 0 2
By inspection the limits are y = 0 and y = 2.

_
Rewrite y = 2 − x 2 in terms of x: x = √2 − y
y2
_ ∫y y dV
y = ______
y
1
; dV = πx 2 dy
∫y dV
2
b
_ π ∫a yx dy
2
y = _______
b
π ∫ x 2 dy
a
_
π ∫ y(√2 − y ) 2 dy
2
____________
= 02 _ 2
π ∫ (√2 − y ) dy
0
2
∫0 y(2 − y) dy
= _________
2
∫ (2 − y) dy
0
2
∫0 2y − y 2 dy
_________
= 2
∫ (2 − y) dy
0
= [___ 3 ]0 [ 2 ]0
2 2
2y 2 __
y3 y2
__
2
− ÷ 2y −
= (4 − _) ÷ (4 − _)
8 4
3 2
= (_) ÷ (2) = _
4 2
3 3
_ 2
∴y=_
3

4. Sketch the functions.
x
–2 0 2
_
Find the limits by inspection: x = 0 and x = 1. The shape is at the origin so y = 0.
x2
_ ∫x x dV
x = ______
y ; dV = πy 2 dx
1
∫y dV
2
b
_ π ∫a xy dx
2
x = _______
b
π ∫ y 2 dx
a
2
π ∫ x(x 3 + 2) dx
1
____________
= 01 3 2
π ∫ (x + 2) dx
0
1
∫0 x 7 + 4x 4 + 4x dx
= ______________
1
∫ x 6 + 4x 3 + 4 dx
0
= [__ 2 ]0 [ 7
+ 4x]
1 1
x8 4x 5 4x 2 x7 4x 4
8
+ ___
5
+ ___ ÷ __ + ___
4 0
= (_8 + _5 + _2 ) ÷ (_7 + _4 + 4)
1 4 4 1 4
= (________)÷( 7 )
5 + 32 + 80
_____ 1 + 35
40
= (___
40 ) ( 36 )
117 7
× __
91
= ___
160
The centre of gravity is at (___; 0) or (0,569; 0).

91
160

5. Sketch the functions.
x
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2
–4
–6
b
V x = π ∫ y 21 − y 22 dx
a
= π ∫ (x) 2 − (36 − x 2 )dx

6
0
= π ∫ (2x 2 − 36) dx
6
0
= π[___ − 36x]
6
2x 3
3 0
= π[____ − 36(6)]
2(6) 3
3
= π[144 − 216]
= − 72π units 3
V m−y = π ∫ x(y 21 − y 22) dx
b
a
= π ∫ x(2x 2 − 36) dx
6
0
6
= π ∫ 2x 3 − 36x dx
0
= π[___ − 2 x 2]
6
2x 4 __
36
4 0
= π[____ (6) 2]
2(6) 4 36
4
− __
2
= π[648 − 648]
= 0 units 4
_
∴x=0
_ _
As y = 0 and z = 0 we can see that the centre of gravity is at the origin.

1. 1.1 The two curves plotted y

on the same axes along
9
with their points of
intercept are shown 8
(4; 8)
alongside.
7
Find x by letting the two
equations equal each 6
y = 2x
other.
5
1 2
_
2
x = 2x
4
1 2 y = __12 x2
_ x − 2x = 0
2 3
x(_2 x − 2) = 0
1
2
∴ x = 0 or x = 4 1
y = 2x x
(0; 0) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
∴ for x = 0, y = 0 and
for x = 4, y = 8
The points of intersection are (0; 0) and (4; 8) (4)
1.2 To find the x-coordinate of the centroid:

x2
_ ∫x x(f(x) − g(x)) dx
x = ____________
x
1
∫x (f(x) − g(x)) dx
2
∫0 x(2x − __2 x 2) dx
4 1
____________
= 4
∫0 (2x − __2 x 2) dx
1
∫0 (2x 2 − __2 x 3) dx
4 1
____________
= 4
∫0 (2x − __2 x 2) dx
1
[2 3 − 2 4 ] 0
4
x3
__ __ __ 1 x4
= _________
[2 2 − 2 3 ] 0
4
x2
__ __ __1 x3
=2

To find the y-coordinate of the centroid:

x2 1
_ ∫x 2 ([f(x)] − [g(x)] ) dx
__ 2 2
y = ________________
1
x
∫x (f(x) − g(x)) dx
2
∫0 __2 ((2x) 2 − (__12 x 2) ) dx

41 2
= ________________
∫0 (2x − __2 x 2) dx
4 1
∫0 (2x 2 − __8 x 4) dx
4 1
= ____________
∫0 (2x − __2 x 2) dx
4 1
[2 3 − 8 5 ] 0
4
x3
__ __ __ 1 x5
= _________
[2 2 − 2 3 ] 0
4
x2
__ __ __ 1 x3
(2 3 − 8 ( 5 )) − (0 − 0)
43
__ _ __ 1 45
= ________________
(2 2 − 2 ( 3 )) − (0 − 0)
42
__ _ __ 1 43
(16)
=_
(5)
= 3,2 units
_ _
Therefore, the coordinates of the centroid are (x; y) = (2; 3,2). (8)
2. 2.1 Find values for sketching:
x 0 0,25 0,5 0,75 1

y 0 0,243 0,433 0,496 0
0,6
y 2 = x 2(1 − x 2)
0,4
0,2
x
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
(2)

2.2 By inspection the limits are x = 0 and x = 1.

2 b
V x = π∫a y dx
= π∫0 x (1 − x ) dx
2 1 2
2 14
= π∫0 x − x dx
= π[_ 5]
1
x3 _x5
3
−
0
= π(_13 − _15 )
=_2
15
π = 0,419 units 3 (3)
2.3 The shape is at the origin and revolved about the x-axis, therefore we only
_
need to find x.
x2
_ ∫x x dV
x = ______
x
1
∫x dV
2
∫x x dV = π ∫a x(y 2) dx
x2 b
1
= π∫0 x[x (1 − x )] dx
1 2 2
13 5
= π∫0 x − x dx
= π[_ 6]
1
x4 _x6
4
−
0
= π(_14 − _16 )
=_1
12
π = 0,262 units 4
1
__
_ 12 π ____
0,262 _ 5
∴ x = ___
2 or 0,419 = 8
__π
15
So the centroid is at (_; 0; 0)

5
(5)
8

3. 3.1 Sketch the graph and show the strip.
x
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2
–4
–6
(2)
b
3.2 V x = π ∫ y 2 dx
a
6
= π ∫ 36 − x 2 dx
0
= π[36x − __
3]
6
x3
0
= π[36(6) − ___
3 ]
(6) 3
= 144π or 452,390 units 3 (4)
3.3 V m−y = π ∫ x(y 2) dx

b
a
= π ∫ x(36 − x 2) dx
6
0
6
= π ∫ 36x − x 3 dx
0
= π[__ 4 ]0
6
36 2 __x4
2
x −
= 324π = 1 017,876 units 4

_ 324π _9
∴ x = ____ = = 2,25
144π 4
(4)
TOTAL: [32]

MODULE
7 Second moment of area, moment of

inertia and centre of fluid pressure
• calculate the second moment of area, with respect to a reference axis, of:
– an area between a given curve and an axis;
– an area between two given curves;
• calculate the moment of inertia of a solid of revolution generated when the
area between:
– a given curve and an axis is rotated about an axis;
– two given curves is rotated about an axis; and
• calculate the depth of the centre of fluid pressure on a vertical plane submerged
in the fluid with respect to the surface fluid.
When answering questions, you should be able to:
• sketch functions on a given interval;
• calculate and sketch the points of intersection of two functions; and
• calculate the second moment of area, the moment of inertia and the centre of
fluid pressure of one or two given functions.
Introduction
In Module 6 we calculated the first moment of area (centroid) and first moment of
mass (centre of gravity). In this module we will calculate the second moment of area
and second moment of mass (moment of inertia). The techniques in N5 Mathematics
applied to rectangular or circular lamina. These techniques will now be expanded to
include areas or solids of revolution formed between a curve and an axis, or between
two curves. Students will also learn to determine the centre of pressure in a fluid. These
three calculations are very similar.

Pre-knowledge
Students should already know how to use integration to calculate several related
quantities including:
• The second moment of area and moment of inertia for rectangular and circular
lamina.
• The first moment of area, or the first moment of mass for a solid of revolution,
between a curve and an axis, or between two curves.
A m = ∫ r 2 dA
V m = ∫ r dV
• The volume of a solid of revolution, particularly using the shell method:
V = ∫ dV = 2π∫ r dA
1.
y
4 y = 4 – x2
x
0 2
d
1.1 About the x-axis, I x = ∫c y 2 dA and dA = x dy, with c = 0 and d = 4.
Substituting the y’s:
dy = − 2x dx. When c = 0 then a = 2. When d = 4 then b = 0.
d
∴ I x = ∫c y 2 x dy
2
= ∫a (4 − x 2) x(− 2x dx)
b
= − 2∫2 (16x 2 − 8x 4 + x 6) dx
0
= − 2[_
16 3 _
3
x − 8 5 _
5
x + 7 ]
1 7 0
x
2
4
= 19,505 m

Module 7 • Second moment of area, moment of inertia and centre of fluid pressure 95
b
1.2 About the y-axis, I y = ∫a x 2 dA and dA = y dx, with a = 0 and b = 2.
Therefore
2
I y = ∫0 x 2 y dx
= ∫0 x 2(4 − x 2) dx
2
= [_34 x 3 − _15 x 5]
2
0
4
= 4,267 m
2.
y
d
50
y = e 2x
A2
c
x
0 A1 2
About the x-axis, c = e 2(0) = 1 and d = e 2(2) = e 4.

Therefore, there are two sections: I x = I x + I x .
1 2
For A1: the area dA = 2 dy, and:
I x = ∫0 y 2 dA = 2∫0 y 2 dy = 2[_13 y 3] = 0,667 units 4

c 1 1
1 0
For A2: the area dA = (2 − x) dy, and:

d d
I x = ∫c y 2 dA = ∫c y 2(2 − x) dy
2
Substituting the y’s:

dy = 2e 2x dx. When c = 1 then a = 0. When d = e 4 then b = 2.
2
I x = ∫a (e 2x) (2 − x)(2e 2x dx)
b
2
= ∫0 (4e 6x − 2xe 6x) dx

2
= [_46 e 6x] − 2∫0 xe 6x dx

2 2
0
1
Integrate by parts, where f = x and g ′ = e 6x, then f ′ = 1 and g = _6 e 6x:
I x = [_46 e 6x] − 2([x . _16 e 6x] − ∫0 _16 e 6x . 1 dx)

2 2 2
2 0 0
= [_46 e 6x − _26 xe 6x + _
36 ]
2 6x 2
e
0
= _13 [e 6x(_ − x)]

2
13
6 0

= 9 041,933 − 0,722
= 9 041,211 units 4
Therefore,
I x = I x + I x = 9 041,878 units 4
1 2
3.
y
A1 A2
y = 3x – 2
x
0
About the y-axis, there are two sections: I y = I y1 + I y2.

a c+2
For A1: I y1 = ∫0 x 2 dA where dA = (5 − 1) dx. When c = 1 then a = ____
3
= 1:
1
I y1 = 4∫0 x 2 dx
= 4[_13 x 3]
1
= 1,333 units 4
b d+2 7
For A2: I y2 = ∫a x 2 dA where dA = (5 − y) dx. When d = 5 then b = ____
3
= _3 :
b
I y2 = ∫a x 2(5 − y) dx
_7
= ∫13 x 2(5 − (3x − 2)) dx
_7
= ∫13 (7x 2 − 3x 3) dx
7
_
= [_73 x 3 − _34 x 4]
3
= 7,410 − 1,583
= 5,827 units 4
Therefore,
I y = I y1 + I y2 = 7,160 units 4

y
4. 4.1 Given y = 2x 2 and x = _4 . Rewrite in terms of y: y = 4x
Set the equations equal to find the intersections: 2x 2 = 4x
Solve for x: 2x 2 − 4x = 0
2x(x − 2) = 0
∴ x = 0 or x = 2 and y = 0 or y = 8
The points of intersection are (0; 0) and (2; 8).
Rough sketch:
x
0 2
4.2 dA = (y 2 − y 1) dx
b
A = ∫a (y 2 − y 1) dx
= ∫0 (4x − 2x ) dx
2 2
= [___ 3 ]
2
4x 2 2x 3
2
− ___
0
4(2) 2 2(2) 3
= ____
2
− ____
3
16
= 8 − __
3
8
= _3
∴ A = 2,667 units 2

b
4.3 I y = ∫a x (y 2 − y 1) dx
2
= ∫0 x (4x − 2x ) dx
2 2 2
2
= ∫0 4x − 2x dx
3 4
= [___ 5 ]
2
4x 4 2x 5
4
− ___
0
2(2) 5
= (2) 4 − ____
5
64
= 16 − __
5
16
= __
5
∴ I y = 3,2 units4
5. The points of intersection are (0; 0) and (2; 8).

Rough sketch:
x
0 2
__
y y
Given y = 2x and x = _4 . Rewrite in terms of x: x = _2 √
2
d
I x = ∫c y (x 1 − x 2) dy
2
__
= ∫0 y ( _2 − _4 ) dy
y y
√
8 2
5
_
y2
8___ y3
= ∫0 √_2 − __
4 dy
= [____
(7)√2 16 ] 0
7
_
8
2y 2 y4
_ − __

_ 7
_
(8) 4
√2 (8) 2 ___
= _____
7
− 16
= 292,571 − 256
= 36,571
∴ I x = 36,571 units4
b
1. The reference axis is y, so I = ρ∫a x 2 dV. Let f represent the curve y = 2x, and g the
curve y = x 2.
y = 2x
y = x2
a
x
0 b
For the solid of revolution:

dV = 2π dA = 2π(y f − y g) dx
The boundary values are the points of intersection, where f(x) = g(x):
2x = x 2
x(x − 2) = 0
∴ x = 0; x = 2
Calculate the volume of the solid of revolution, V = ∫ dV:

b
∴ V = ∫a 2π(y f − y g) dx
= 2π∫0 (2x − x 2) dx
2
= 2π [x 2 − _13 x 3]
2
= 2π(_43 ) units 3
Calculate the moment of inertia in terms of density, ρ:

b
I = ρ∫a x 2 dV
b
= 2πρ∫a x 2(y f − y g) dx

= 2πρ∫0 x 2(2x − x 2) dx
2
= 2πρ∫0 (2x 3 − x 4) dx
2
= 2πρ [_12 x 4 − _15 x 5]

2
= 2πρ(_85 ) units 4
m
Make the substitution ρ = __
V
to express the moment of inertia in terms of mass, m.
(5) _
8
2πm _
6
I = ______ = m
2π(_3 ) 5
4
= 1,2m kg.m2
b
2. The reference axis is y, so I = ρ∫a x 2 dV.
y
5 y = ex
x=2
x
0 a 2 b
The boundary values are a = 0 and b = 2. For the solid of revolution:

dV = 2π dA = 2πy dx

b
∴ V = ∫a 2πy dx
2
= 2π∫0 e x dx
= 2π [e x] 20
= 2π(e 2 − 1) units 3

b
I = ρ∫a x 2 dV
b
= 2πρ∫a x 2 y dx
2
= 2πρ∫0 x 2 e x dx
Using integration by parts, with f = x 2 and g ′ = e x, then f ′ = 2x and g = e x.

I = 2πρ([x 2 e x] 0 − ∫0 2xe x dx)
2 2

Using integration by parts again, with f = 2x and g ′ = e x, then f ′ = 2 and g = e x.
I = 2πρ([x 2 e x] 0 − [2xe x] 20 + ∫0 2e x dx)

2 2
2
= 2πρ [x 2 e x − 2xe x + 2e x] 0
= 2πρ [(x 2 − 2x + 2) e x] 0
2
= 2πρ(2e 2 − 2) units 4
m
V
2πm(2e − 2)
2
I = ___________
2π(e 2 − 1)
= 2m kg.m2
d
3. The reference axis is x, so I = ρ∫c y 2 dV.
a x x
0 b
The boundary values are c = 1 and d = 8. For the solid of revolution:

dV = 2π dA = 2πx dy
To substitute the y’s:

dy = 2 dx
(1) (8)
When c = 1 then a = __
2
. When d = 8 then b = __
2
= 4.

d
∴ V = ∫c 2πx dy
b
= 2π∫a 2x dx
4
= 2π [x 2] _1
2
= 2π(_4)
63
units 3


d
I = ρ∫c y 2 dV
d
= 2πρ∫c y 2 x dy
b
= 2πρ∫a (2x) 2 x(2 dx)
4
= 2πρ∫_1 4x 3 dx
2
4
= 2πρ [x 4] _1
2
= 2πρ(_16 )
4 095
units 4
m
V
( 16 )
4 095
2πm ____
I = ________
2π(__
4)
63
65
= __
4
m kg.m2
4. Rough sketch
10
x
0 2 4
b 2
The reference axis is y so I = ρ ∫a x dV
The boundary values are a = 2 and b = 4.

b
V = 2π ∫ y dx
a
4
= 2π ∫ 2x dx
2
4
= 2π[___]
2x 2
2 2
= 2π[(4) 2 − (2) 2]

= 2π[12]
= 24π or 75,398 units 3
b 2
I = ρ ∫a x dV
b 2
= 2πρ ∫a x y dx
4 2
= 2πρ ∫2 x 2x dx
4 3
= 2πρ ∫2 2x dx
4
= 2πρ[___]
2x 4
4 2
= πρ(____ − ____)
4
2(4) 2(2) 4
2 2
= πρ (256 − 16)
= 240πρ units4
5. Rough sketch:
x
0 2
d 2
The reference axis is x so I = ρ ∫c y dV
The boundary values are c = 0 and d = 4.

y _
Rewrite in terms of x: y = 2x ∴ x = _ and y = x 2 ∴ x = √y
2

d 2
I = ρ ∫c y dV
= 2πρ ∫c y (y 2 − _) dy
d 2 1
_ y
2
4 _5 y3
= 2πρ ∫0 y 2−__ dy
2
= 2πρ[ − ]
7
_
4
y4
2y 2 __
___
7 8 0
= 2πρ(____ − ___)
7
_
2(4) 2 (4) 4
7 8
= 2πρ(___ − ___)
256 256
7 8
= 2πρ(__)
32
7
= (__)πρ units4
64
7
1. The equations bounding the trapezium must be determined.
y
(5; 0)
x
–5 0 5
(3; – 4)
–5
The boundaries at the surface and bottom are y = 0 and y = − 4.

The coordinates at the righthand boundaries are (5; 0) and (3; − 4).
Determine the equation of the function line:
−4 − 0
m = _____
3−5
= 2 and:
y − (0) = 2[x − (5)]

∴ y = 2x − 10
The left-hand boundary is symmetrical to the right-hand boundary about

the y-axis.

You can calculate the equation of the left-side line: (− 5; 0) and (− 3; − 4) means that
m = − 2 and y = − 2x − 10. Alternatively, use the boundary x = 0 and double the
calculated values of the right-side.
Using the latter approach, the parallel strip is: dA = 2x dy
Therefore, the first moment of area is:

d
A m,x = ∫c y(2x dy)
Substitute the x, where 2x = y + 10:

0
A m,x = ∫−4 y(y + 10) dy = [_13 y 3 + 5y 2] = − 58,667 m 3
0
−4
Similarly, the second moment of area is:

d
I x = ∫c y 2(2x dy)
0
= ∫−4 y 2(y + 10) dy
= [_14 y 4 + _3 ]
10 3 0
y
−4
4
= 149,333 m
The depth of the centre of fluid pressure is:

Ix 149,333
y̿ = _
A
=_
− 58,667
= − 2,545 m ≈ 2,545 m below the surface
m,x
2. The equations bounding the triangle must be determined.
x
–1 0 1
–1 (0; –1)
(1; – 3)
–3
The boundary at the bottom is y = − 3.

The coordinates at the right-hand boundaries are (0; − 1) and (1; − 3).
( − 3) − ( − 1)
m = __________
(1) − (0)
= − 2 and:
y − (− 1) = − 2[x − (0)]
∴ y = − 2x − 1

The left-hand boundary is symmetrical to the right-hand boundary about the

y-axis. You can calculate the equation: (0; − 1) and (− 1; − 3) means that m = 2 and
y = 2x − 1. Alternatively, use the boundary x = 0 and double the calculated values
of the right-side.
The boundary values are c = − 3 and d = − 1.
d
y+1
Substitute the x, where x = − ____
2
:
A m,x = 2∫−3 y(− _

2 )
−1 y+1
dy
= − ∫−3 (y 2 + y) dy
−1
= − [_31 y 3 + _12 y 2]
−1
−3
= − [(_16 ) − (− _92 )]
= − 4,667 m 3

d
I x = ∫c y 2(2x dy)
= 2∫−3 y 2(− _
2 )
−1 y+1
dy
= − ∫−3 (y 3 + y 2) dy
−1
= − [_41 y 4 + _13 y 3]
−1
−3
= − [(− _
12 ) ( 4 )]
1
− _
45
= 11,333 m 4

Ix
y̿ = _
A m,x
11,333
= _____
− 4,667
= − 2,429 m ≈ 2,429 m below the surface

3. 3.1 The equations bounding the triangle must be determined.
x
–3 0 (0; 0) 3
(3; – 4)
–4
The boundary at the bottom is y = − 4.

The coordinates at the right-hand boundaries are (0; 0) and (3; − 4).
(− 4) − (0) 4
m = _______
3 − 0
= − _3 and:
( ) ( )
∴ y = − _43 x

4
y-axis. You can calculate the equation: (0; 0) and (− 3; − 4) means that m = _3 and
4
y = _3 x. Alternatively, use the boundary x = 0 and double the calculated values
of the right-side.
The boundary values are c = − 4 and d = 0.
d
3
Substitute the x, where x = − _4 y:
A m,x = 2∫−4 y(− _34 y) dy

0
= − _32 ∫−4 y 2 dy
0
0
= − _32 [_13 y 3]
−4
= − _1 [64]
2
= − 32 m 3


d
I x = ∫c y 2(2x dy)
= 2∫−4 y 2(− _34 y) dy

0
= − _32 ∫−4 y 3 dy
0
0
= − _32 [_41 y 4]
−4
= − _38 [− 256]
= 96 m 4

Ix
y̿ = _
A
=_96
− 32
= −3 m
m,x
From the surface, the depth of the centre of fluid pressure is 3 m below the
surface.
The total depth is 4 m, so centre of fluid pressure is (4 − 3) = 1 m above the base.
3.2 The tank is filled halfway to the top, so to a depth of 2 m. The equations
bounding the trapezium must be determined.
2 (0; 2)
x
–3 0 3
(3; – 2)
–2
Remember that the depth of the centre of fluid pressure is always measured
from the surface of the fluid, which is taken as the x-axis. Therefore, the
boundary at the surface is y = 0 and at the bottom is y = − 2.
The coordinates at the right-hand boundaries are (0; 2) and (3; − 2).
We need to determine the equation of the function line again because we
moved the x-axis:
(− 2) − (2) 4
Therefore m = _______
3 − 0
= − _3 and:
( ) ( )
y − (2) = − _43 [x − (0)]
y = − _43 x + 2

Note that the gradient is unchanged from the first part of this question. All
that changed was that the tank was “shifted up” by 2 m, if the fluid surface
remains at 0 m.
4
y-axis. You can calculate the equation: (0; 2) and (− 3; − 2) means that m = _3 and
4
y = _3 x + 2. Alternatively, use the boundary x = 0 and double the calculated
values of the right-side.
The boundary values are c = − 2 and d = 0.
d
3
Substitute the x, where x = _4 (2 − y):
A m,x = 2∫−2 y(_34 (2 − y)) dy

0
= _32 ∫−2 (2y − y 2) dy

0
0
= _23 [y 2 − _13 y 3]
−2
= _32 [− _
3]
20
= − 10 m 3

d
I x = ∫c y 2(2x dy)
= 2∫−2 y 2(_34 (2 − y)) dy

0
= _32 ∫−2 (2y 2 − y 3) dy

0
0
= _32 [_23 y 3 − _14 y 4]
−2
= _32 [_
3]
28
= 14 m 4

Ix
y̿ = _
A
=_14
− 10
= − 1,4 m
m,x
From the surface, the depth of the centre of fluid pressure is 1,4 m below the
surface.
The total depth is 2 m, so it is (2 − 1,4) = 0,6 m above the base.

1.
y
y = 3x
a x
0 b
(3)
About the y-axis, there are two sections: I y = I y1 + I y2. (1)

1,5 6
When c = 1,5 then a = ___
3
= 0,5. When d = 6 then b = _3 = 2. (2)
a
For section 1: I y1 = ∫0 x 2 dA where dA = (d − c) dx = 4,5 dx: (1)
0,5
I y1 = ∫0 4,5x 2 dx
0,5
= [1,5x 3] 0
= 0,1875 units 4 (2)

b
For section 2: I y2 = ∫a x 2 dA where dA = (d − y) dx: (1)
b
I y2 = ∫a x 2(6 − y) dx
2
= ∫0,5 x 2(6 − 3x) dx
= [2x 3 − _34 x 4]
2
0,5
= 4 − 0,203
= 3,797 units 4 (3)
Therefore,
I y = I y1 + I y2 = 3,984 units 4
2.

y
4
3 f
2 g
xg 4 xf 16 x
–4 0 8 12 20
–1
–2
–3
(4)
About the x-axis: dA = (x f − x g) dy (1)
The area is above the x-axis, so the lower boundary value is c = 0. (1)
The upper boundary value, d, is one of the points of intersection, where f(y) = g(y):
4(y + 2) = (y − 1) (y + 2) 2 4y + 8
= y 3 + 3y 2 − 40
= y 3 + 3y 2 − 4y − 120
= (y − 2)(y + 2)(y + 3)
∴ y = − 3; y = − 2; y = 2
d=2 (1)
Calculate the second moment of area: (3)
d
I x = ∫c y 2 dA
d
= ∫c y 2(x f − x g) dy
= ∫0 y 2[4(y + 2) − (y − 1) (y + 2) 2] dy
2
= ∫0 (− y 5 − 3y 4 + 4y 3 + 12y 2) dy
2
= [− _16 y 6 − _53 y 5 + y 4 + 4y 3]
2
0
4
= 18,133 units

d
3. The reference axis is x, so I = ρ∫c y 2 dV.
d
y
c x
0 a b π
(3)
π
The boundary value when a = 0 is c = 0; and when b = __2 is d = 1. (2)
For the solid of revolution:
dV = 2π dA = 2πy dx (1)

b
V = ∫a 2πy dx
_π
= 2π∫02 sin x dx
π
__
= 2π [− cos x] 02
= 2π(1) units 3 (3)
b
I = ρ∫a x 2 dV
_π
= 2πρ∫02 x 2 y dx
_π
= 2πρ∫02 x 2 sin x dx (6)
Using integration by parts, with f = x 2 and g ′ = sin x, then f ′ = 2x and g = − cos x.
I = 2πρ([− x 2 cos x] 02 − ∫02 (− 2x cos x) dx)

π
__ _π
= 2πρ(0 + ∫02 2x cos x dx)

_π
Using integration by parts again, with f = 2x and g ′ = cos x, then f ′ = 2 and g = sin x.
I = 2πρ([2x sin x] 02 − ∫02 2 sin x dx)

π
__
_π
π
__
= 2πρ [2x sin x + cos x] 02
= 2πρ(π − 1) units 4

m
V
to express the moment of inertia in terms of
mass, m. (2)
2πm(π − 1)
I=_
2π 1 ( )
= (π − 1)m units 2
= 2,142m kg.m2
4.
y
a x
0 b
–1
d
y = x2 – 4
c
–4
(3)
At the turning point, when c = − 4, then a = 0. (1)
The upper edge of the gate is where y = d = − 1.
y-axis. You can calculate the integral in two sections, x ∈ (− b; 0) and x ∈ (0; b).
Alternatively, use the boundary x = 0 and double the calculated values of the
right-side shape.
_
Since b 2 = d + 4 and using the latter approach, b = √3 . (1)
The area of the parallel strip is: (1)
dA = 2x dy
Therefore, the first moment of area is: (3)
d
Substitute the y, where dy = 2x dx: (1)
A m,x = 2∫a (x 2 − 4)x(2x dx)
b
= 4∫0 (x 4 − 4x 2) dx
√3
= 4[_15 x 5 − _43 x 3]
√3
= − 15,242 units 3

Similarly, the second moment of area is: (3)

d
I x = ∫c y 2(2x dy)
2
= 2∫a (x 2 − 4) x(2x dx)
b
= 4∫0 (x 6 − 8x 4 + 16x 2) dx
√3
= 4[_71 x 7 − _85 x 5 + _3 ]
16 3 √3
x
0
4
= 37,808 units

Ix
y̿ = _
A m,x
37,808
= ______
− 15,242
= − 2,481 units ≈ 2,481 m below the surface (2)
5. 5.1
y
water level
x
0
(– 6; – 2) –2 (6; – 2)
∆y
(– 4; – 4) –4 (4; – 4)
(2)
5.2 m = _
−2 + 4
6−4
=1
y + 2 = (x − 6)
∴ y = x − 8 and x = y + 8
First moment of area:
b −2
∫a r dA = ∫−4 2y(y + 8) dy
−2
= 2∫−4 y 2 + 8y dy
= 2[_ + 4y 2]
3 −2
y
3 −4
= 2[_ + 4(16))]
3
+ 4( − 2) 2 − (_
(− 2) − 64
3 3
= − 58,667 m 3 (4)

5.3 Second moment of area:

b −2
∫a r 2 dA = ∫−4 y 2 2(y + 8) dy
−2
= 2∫−4 y 3 + 8y 2 dy
= 2[_ 3 ] −4
4 3 −2
y 8y
_
4
+
= 2[_ − (_ 3 )]
(− 2) 4 _8(− 2) 3 ( − 4)
4
8( − 4)
3
4
− 3 4
+_
= 66 m 4
Depth of the centre of pressure:

_ 66 m 4
y = _________3 = − 1,125 m (4)
− 58,667 m
TOTAL: [55]

MODULE
8 Combinations of differentiation
and integration
• calculate the arc length of a given curve between two given points by applying
differentiation and integration for:
– non-parametric equations;
– parametric equations; and
• calculate the area of the surface of revolution generated when the arc of a curve
between two points rotates through a full revolution about an axis for:
– non-parametric equations;
– parametric equations.
Introduction
This course covers a variety of calculus techniques often used in engineering. In this
final module, differentiation and integration techniques are combined to determine
complicated dimensions. Students will learn how to calculate the length of a curve, and
the area of a rotated surface. This is just a small glimpse into the many interesting and
practical combinations and applications of calculus.
Pre-knowledge
• Many advanced integration techniques, such as:
– Inspection
– Algebraic substitution
– Integration by parts
– Trigonometric substitution
– Trigonometric identities
• How to differentiate parametric equations.

Module 8 • Combinations of differentiation and integration 117
1. 1.1 y = ln x
dy
Determining the __:
dx
dy _
_ =1 x
dx
The arc length is as follows:
_______
√
S = ∫ 1 + (_x ) dx
2
1
_____
√
x2 + 1
_____
=∫ dx
x2
_
√x + 1 dx
∴ S = ∫_
2
x
1.2 y = cos x
dy
Determining the __:
dx
dy
_ = − sin x
dx
___________
∴ S = ∫ √1 + (− sin x) 2 dx
x2
1.3 4y = x 2 ∴ y = __
4
dy
Determining the __:
dx
dy _
__ x
=
dx 2
_______
√_____
x 2
S = ∫ 1 + (_2 ) dx
= ∫ √1 + __
2
x
4
dx
_
√4 + x 2
______
∴S=∫ 2
dx
1.4 y = 5x − 7
dy
Determining the __:
dx
dy
__ =5
dx
_
S = ∫ √1 + (5) 2 dx
_
∴ S = ∫ √26 dx

2. 2.1 y 2 = (x + 3) 3 for − 1 ≤ x ≤ 2
_
y = √(x + 3) 3
dy
Determining the __:
dx
dy _ _
_ = 3 (x + 3)
dx 2 √
_______________
_ 2
√
S = ∫−1 1 + (_32 √(x + 3) ) dx
2
_
= ∫−1 _49 x + _
√
31
2
4
dx
9 31 9
Let u = _4 x + __
4
such that du = _4 dx
11 49
So, limits become: u = __
2
when x = − 1 and u = __
4
when x = 2
__ 49 _
S = _49 ∫__
11 √u du
4
2
49
__
S = _49 (_23 u 2) 11
3 4
__
__
2
49 11
Substituting boundary values __
4
and __
2
:
S = 8,882 units
_
2.2 y = √9 − x 2 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
dy
Determining the __:
dx
dy _
_ −x
= _
dx √9 − x 2

_____________
S = ∫0 1 + _
( √9 − x 2 )
1 −x
√
2
_ dx
___________
= ∫0 1 + (_ 2 ) dx
√
x2
1
9−x
_
= ∫0 (_
√ 9 − x 2)
1 9
dx
_
= ∫ 3 (_
√ 3 − x ) dx
1 1
0 2 2
Using trigonometric identities:
[
S = 3 sin −1 _x 3]0
1
Substituting boundary values 1 and 0:

S = 1,0195 units

2.3 y = 16 − x 2 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 3
dy
__ = − 2x
dx
________
√ 1 + (__) dx
2
b dy
S=∫
a dx
_
3
= ∫ √1 + 4x 2 dx
0
_________
= ∫ 4(_4 + x 2) dx
√
3 1
0
______
= 2 ∫ √_4 + x dx
13 2
0
= 2[_2 _4 + x 2 + ( 2 ) ln(x + _4 + x 2 )]
3
______ 1
_ ______
x 1
√ √
1 __
4
0
=2[_2 _4 + 3 2 + __24 ln(3 + _4 + 3 2 ) − (0 + _8 ln(0 + _2 ))]

_____ 1
_ _____
√ √
3 1 1 1 1
= 9,747 units
2.4 y = 2x 2 − 6 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
dy
__ = 4x
dx
________
√ 1 + (__) dx
2
b dy
S=∫
a dx
_
2
= ∫ √1 + 16x 2 dx
0
___________
= ∫ 16(__ + x 2) dx
√
2 1
0 16
______
= 4 ∫ √__
12 2
16
+ x dx
0
= 4[_2 __ + x 2 + (__
2) (
+ x 2 )]
2
______ 1
__ ______
x 1
√ √
1
16
16
ln x + __
16 0
______ ______
=4[_2 __ √ 32 (
+ 2 2 )] − [0 + __ ln 0 + _4 )]
32 ( √ |
2 1 1 1 1 1
16
+ 2 2 + __ ln 2 + __
16
= 8,409 units

x3
2.5 y = __
3
for 2 ≤ x ≤ 4
dy
__ =x
dx
________
√ 1 + (__) dx
2
b dy
S=∫
a dx
_
4
= ∫ √1 + x 2 dx
2
___________
= ∫ 16(__ + x 2) dx
√
2 1
0 16
_ _
= [_2 √1 + x 2 + (_2 ) ln(x + √1 + x 2 )]
4
x 1
2
_ _ _ _
= [_2 √1 + 4 2 + _2 ln(4 + √1 + 4 2 )] − [_2 √1 + 2 2 + _2 ln(2 + √1 + 2 2 )]
|
4 1 2 1
_ _ _ _
= [2√17 + _2 ln(4 + √17 )] − [√5 + _2 ln(2 + √5 )] |
1 1
= 6,336 units
1. x = t and y = 2t for t = 2 and t = 4

Differentiate both functions:
dx
__ dy
= 1 and __ = 2
dt dt
_____________
√+ (_) dt
2
S = ∫a (_ )
dy 2
dx
b
dt dt
_
4
= ∫2 √(1) 2 + (2) 2 dt
4 _
= ∫2 √5 dt
_
∴ S = [t √5 ] 42
Substituting boundary values:

_
S = 2√5 units
2. x = 1 and y = t 2 for t = 1 and t = 2

dx
__ dy
= 0 and __ = 2t
dt dt
_____________
√+ (_) dt
2
S = ∫a (_ )
dy 2
dx
b
dt dt
_
2
= ∫1 √(0) 2 + (2t) 2 dt
2
= ∫1 2t dt

∴ S = [t 2] 1
2

S = 3 units
3. x = t 2 and y = t 3 for t = 0 and t = 2

dx
__ dy
= 2t and __ = 3t 2
dt dt
_____________
√
+ (_) dt
2
S = ∫a (_ )
dy 2
b dx
dt dt
____________
= ∫0 √(2t) 2 + (3t 2) dt
2 2
_
2
= ∫0 t √4 + 9t 2 dt
Let 4 + 9t 2 = u such that du = 18t dt

Amend boundary values: when t = 0 then u = 4; and when t = 2 then u = 40
40 1 _
Now, S = ∫4 __
18
√u du
∴ S = [_
27 ]
40
1 _32
u
4
[40 2 − 4 2]
1 3
_ 3
_
S = __
27
S = 9,073 units
4. x = sin t and y = cos t for t = 0 and t = π

dx
__ dy
= cos t and __ = − sin t
dt dt
_____________
√
+ (_) dt
2
S = ∫a (_ )
dy 2
dx b
dt dt
π
________________
= ∫0 √(cos t) 2 + (− sin t) 2 dt
π
= ∫0 1 dt
∴ S = [t] π0

S = π units ≈ 3,14 units

5. x = e t and y = e 3 for t = 0 and t = 2

dx
__ dy
= e t and __ = 0
dt dt
_____________
√
+ (_) dt
2
S = ∫a (_ )
dy 2
dx
b
dt dt
_
2
= ∫0 √(e t) 2 + (0) 2 dt
∴ S = [e t] 20

S = (e 2 − 1) units ≈ 6,389 units
6. x = 3(cos t + t sin t) and y = 3(sin t − t cos t) for t = 0 and t = π

dx
__ = − 3 sin t + 3t cos t + 3 sin t = 3t cos t
dt
dy
__ = 3 cos t + 3t sin t − 3 cos t = 3t sin t
dt
____________
√ ( dt ) + ( dt ) dt
2 2
b dx
__ dy
__
S=∫
a
________________
π
= ∫ √(3t cos t) 2 + (3t sin t) 2 dt
0
________________
= ∫ √9t 2[(cos t) 2 + (sin t) 2] dt
π
0
_
π
= ∫ √9t 2 dt
0
π
= 3 ∫ t dt
0
= 3[__
2]
π
t2
0
3
= _2 π 2 units
π
7. x = e θ sin θ + 5 and y = e θ cos θ + 8 between θ = 0 and θ = __3

x = e θ sin θ + 5
dx
__ = e θ cos θ + e θ sin θ = e θ(cos θ + sin θ)
dθ
[ dθ ] = e (cos θ + sin θ)
2
dx
__ 2θ 2
y = e θcos θ + 8

dy
__ = − e θ sin θ + e θ cos θ = e θ(cos θ − sin θ)
dθ
[ dθ ] = e (cos θ − sin θ)
2
dy
__ 2θ 2
[ dθ ] + [ dθ ] = e [(cos θ + sin θ) + (cos θ − sin θ) ]

2 2
dx
__ dy
__ 2θ 2 2
= e 2θ[cos 2θ + sin 2θ + 2 sin θ cos θ + cos 2θ + sin 2θ − 2 sin θ cos θ]

= 2e 2θ
___________
√
S = ∫θ [__] + [__] dθ
2 2
θ2 dx dy
dθ dθ
1
π
__ _
= ∫ √2e 2θ dθ
3
0
_ π
__
= √2 ∫ 3 e θ dθ
0
_ π
__
= √2 [e ]0
θ 3
_
= √2 [e 3 − e 0]
π
__
= 2,616 units
1. 1.1 y = x 3 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
dy
_ = 3x 2
dx
Using appropriate formula:
_
A x = 2π∫a y 1 + (_) dx
√
2
dy b
dx
_
√1 + (3x )
2 2
2 3
= 2π∫0 x dx
_
2
= 2π∫0 x 3 √1 + 9x 4 dx
Let u = 1 + 9x 4 such that du = 36x 3 dx.

When x = a = 0, then u = 1. When x = b = 2, then u = 145.
_
A =_
2π 145
∫ √u du
x 36 1
18 3 ]
[
145
=_
π _ 2 _32
u
1
= 203,044 units 2

1
1.2 y = _2 x for 1 ≤ x ≤ 3
dy _
_ =1
dx 2 _
A x = 2π∫a y 1 + (_) dx
√
2
dy b
dx
_
= 2π∫1 _2 x 1 + (_12 ) dx
√
31 2
_
= π _54 ∫1 x dx
√
3
2 [ 2 ]1
3
=_
π √5 _
x2
_
=_
(9) _
π √5 _
2
−
(1)
|2 2 |
_
= 2√5 π units 2 ≈ 14,05 units 2
1
1.3 y = _9 x 2
= 9 x; [__] = (_9 x)
2
dy _
__ 2 dy 2 2
dx dx
1 + [__] = 1 + (_9 x) = 1 + ___

2 2
dy 2 4x 2 81 + 4x 2
= ______
dx 81 81
_
√81 + 4x 26
A x = 2π ∫ x_______
9
dx
0
Let u = 81 + 4x 2 such that du = 8x dx

When x = a = 0 then u = 81. When x = b = 6 then u = 225.
2 225 1
_ du
A x = _9 π ∫ yu 2 __
8y 81
= (_9 )(_8 )π ∫ u 2 du
2 1 225 1
_
81
36 [ _3 ]
3
_
225
1 __u2
= __ π
2 81
_ π[u 2 ]
3 225
= (__
36 )( 3 )
1 2 _
81
π[225 2 − 81 2]
1 3
_ 3
_
= __
54
= 49π or 153,938 units 2

1
1.4 x = _9 y 2
= 9 y; [__] = (_9 y)
2
dx _
__ 2 dx 2 2
dy dy
1 + [__] = 1 + (_9 y) = 1 + ___

2
dx 2 2 4y 2 81 + 4y 2
= ______
dy 81 81
_
√81 + 4y dy
2
6
A x = 2π ∫ y _______
9
0
Let u = 81 + 4y 2 such that du = 8y dy

When y = c = 0 then u = 81. When y = d = 6 then u = 225.
2 225 1
_ du
A x = _9 π ∫ yu 2 __
8y81
= (_9 )(_8 )π ∫ u 2 du
2 1 225 1
_
81
36 [ _3 ]
3
_
225
u2
1 __
= __π
2 81
_ π[u 2 ]
3 225
= (__
36 )( 3 )
1 2 _
81
π[225 2 − 81 2]
1 3
_ 3
_
= __
54
= 49π or 153,938 units 2
2. 2.1 y = cos 2t and x = sin 2t for 0 ≤ t ≤ π

Differentiating both functions:
dy
__ dx
= − 2 sin 2t and __ = 2 cos 2t
dt dt
_____________
+ (_) dt
√
2
A = 2π ∫a y (_ )
dy 2
dx b
dt dt
π
____________________
= 2π ∫0 cos 2t √(2 cos 2t) 2 + (− 2 sin 2t) 2 dt
π
________________
= 4π ∫0 cos 2t √(cos 2t) 2 + (sin 2t) 2 dt
Use the identity cos 2t + sin 2t ≡ 1:

π
A = 4π ∫0 cos 2t dt
π
= 4π [_12 sin 2t]
0
Substituting limits:
A = 0 units 2

2.2 x = t 2 and y = 3t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2

Differentiating both functions
dx
__ dy
= 2t and __ = 3
dt dt
_____________
√
+ (_) dt
2
A = 2π ∫a y (_ )
dy 2
dx
b
dt dt
_
2
= 2π ∫0 3t √(2t) 2 + (3) 2 dt
_
2
= 2π ∫0 3t √4t 2 + 9 dt
Let 4t 2 + 9 = u such that du = 8t dt.

When t = a = 0, then u = 9. When t = b = 2, then u = 25.
_
A=_
3π 25
4 ∫9
√u du
= 153,932 units 2
2.3 x = 2t + 7 and y = 4t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2

dy
__ dx
= 4 and __ = 2
dt dt
____________
√
A = 2π ∫ y (__) + (__) dt
2 2
b dx dy
a dt dt
_
2
= 2π ∫ 4t√(2) 2 + (4) 2 dt
0
2 _
= 2π ∫ 8√5 t dt
0
_ 2
= 16√5 π ∫ t dt
0
= 16√5 π [__
2]
_ 2
t2
0
_
A = 16√5 π(2 − (0))
_
= 32√5 π units 2
2.4 x = 2 cos t and y = 2 sin t for 0 ≤ t ≤ π

dy
__ dx
= 2 cos t and __ = − 2 sin t
dt dt
____________
√
A = 2π ∫ y (__) + (__) dt
2 2
dxb dy
a dt dt
_________________
π
= 2π ∫ 2 sin t√(− 2 sin t) 2 + (2 cos t) 2 dt
0
______________
π
= 2π ∫ 2 sin t√4(sin 2 t + cos 2t) dt
0

Use the identity cos 2t + sin 2t ≡ 1:

π
A = 8π ∫ sin t dt
0
= 8π[− cos t] π0
A = 8π(1 − (− 1))
= 16π units 2
π
1. Arc length of y = ln (sec x) between the points 0 ≤ x ≤ __4
________
√
Use: S = ∫a 1 + (__) dx
2
b dy
dx
dy _
_ = 1 ._ d
(sec x)
dx sec x dx
( cos x )
_
d
(sec x) = _
d _ 1
dx dx
= − 1 . (cos x) −2 . (− sin x)
=_
sin x
2
cos x
dy
∴_=_
1 sin x
dx 2
sec x cos x
dy
⇒ _ = tan x
dx
_π _
∴ S = ∫04 √1 + tan 2x dx
_π _
= ∫04 √sec 2x dx
π
__
= ln|sec x + tan x| 04
_
= ln |sec_π4 + tan_π4 | − ln |sec 0 + tan 0| = ln |√2 + 1| − ln |1 + 0|
_
= ln(√2 + 1) units ≈ 0,881 units (6)
2. Arc length given by: x = sin 2t; y = cos 2t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π

____________
√( dt ) + ( dt ) dt
2 2
b dx
__ dy
__
Use: S = ∫a
_
dx
= 2 cos 2t
dt
dy
_ = − 2 sin 2t
dt

_________________
2π
∴ S = ∫0 √(2 cos 2t) 2 + (2 sin 2t) 2 dt
_____________
2π
= ∫0 2√cos 22t + sin 22t dt
2π
= ∫0 2 dt
= [2t| 2π
0
= 4π units ≈ 12,566 units (6)

_
3. Area of surface formed by rotating y = √1 + 4x about the x-axis on the interval
1 ≤ x ≤ 5. ________
Use: A = 2π∫a y 1 + (__) dx

√
2
dy b
dx
dy _
_ 2
= _
dx √1 + 4x
_ _
S = 2π∫1 √1 + 4x . 1 + _ 4
√
5
1 + 4x
dx
5 _
= 2π∫1 √5 + 4x dx
Let u = 5 + 4x
du
__ du
= 4 ⇒ dx = __
dx 4
When x = a = 1, then u = 9. When x = b = 5, then u = 25.
5 _
∴ 2π∫1 √5 + 4x dx
_
=_
2π 25
4 ∫9
√u du
= _π2 [u 2 (_23 )
25
|
3
_
= _π3 [u ] 9
3 25
_
2
98
= __
3
π units2 ≈ 102,625 units2 (6)
_
4. Area of surface formed by rotating y = √a 2 − x 2 about the x-axis on the interval
a
0 ≤ y ≤ __2 .
________
Use: A = 2π∫a y 1 + (__) dx

√
2
b dy
dx
dy ______
__ –x
= ______
dx √a2 – x2

a _ ____________2
√
__
( √a − x 2 )
−x
A = 2π∫0 √a 2 − x 2 1 + _______
2 _
2
dx
_________________
(a 2 − x 2)(1 + _____2 ) dx
√
a
__ 2
x
= 2π∫0 2
2
a −x
a
__
= 2π∫0 a dx
2
a
__
= 2π [ax] 02
= π a 2 units 2 (6)
π
5. Area of surface formed by rotating x = a cos 3θ and y = a sin 3θ where 0 ≤ θ ≤ __2
____________
Use: A = 2π ∫a y (__) + (__) dt

√
2 2
b dx dy
dt dt
_
dx
= − 3a cos 2θ sin θ
dθ
dy
_ = 3a sin 2θ cos θ
dθ
_π
_____________________________
A = 2π∫0 (a sin θ) √(− 3a cos 2θ sin θ) + (3a sin 2θ cos θ) dθ
2 3 2 2
_π ___________________________
= 2π∫02 (a sin 3θ) √9a 2 cos 4θ sin 2θ + 9a 2 sin 4θ cos 2θ dθ
_π _________________________
= 2π∫0 (a sin θ) √9a 2 cos 2θ sin 2θ(cos 2θ + sin 2θ) dθ
2 3
_π
= 2π∫02 (a sin 3θ) . 3 a cos θ sin θ dθ
_π
= 6π∫02 a 2cos θ sin 4θ dθ
Use the substitution u = sin θ

du
__ du
= cos θ ⇒ dθ = ____
dθ cos θ
π
When x = a = 0, then u = 0. When x = b = __2 , then u = 1.
_π
∴ 6π∫02 a 2cos θ sin 4θ dθ
1
= 6π∫0 a2 u 4 du
= 6π a 2[_15 u 5| 10
6
= _5 π a 2 units2 (6)
TOTAL: [30]

Exemplar examination paper

Time: 3 hours Marks: 100
INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1. Answer all the questions.
2. Read all the questions carefully.
3. Number the answers according to the numbering system used in this
question paper.
4. Show all intermediate steps and simplify where possible.
5. All answers must be rounded off to THREE decimals.
6. Questions may be answered in any order, but subsections of questions
must be kept together.
7. Sketches must be large, neat and fully labelled.
8. Start each question on a new page.
9. Only use a black or a blue pen.
10. Write neatly and legibly.
QUESTION 1
1.1 Given: w = 2x 2 + 4xy + 2y 2

∂w ∂w
1.1.1 Prove that 2x___ + 2y___ = 4w (4)
∂x ∂y
∂ 2w
1.1.2 Determine ___2 . (1)
∂x
1.2 If y = pq 3 find the percentage change in y when p increases by 3%
and q decreases by 2%. (5)
[10]
QUESTION 2
Determine ∫ y dx if:
y = ln (_x )
1
2.1 (1)
2.2 y = t − x 2 − 6x (4)
3 5
2.3 y = cos x − cos x (4)
2.4 y = e −5xcos 5x (5)
2.5 y = tan 4 3x (4)
[18]
This page may be photocopied

Exemplar examination paper 131
QUESTION 3
Use partial fractions to calculate the following integrals.
5 − 5x
3.1 ∫ x 3 + ________
2 dx (6)
6x + x − 1
2x 3 + 6x 2 − 12
3.2 ∫ _______________ dx (8)
x(x + 3)(x + 3x + 4)
2
[14]
QUESTION 4
1 dy 1
4.1 Find the particular solution of _x __ − __2 y = 3x − sin x + cos x
dx x
if y(1) = 2. (6)
d 2y dy
4.2 Determine the general solution of 6___2 − __ − y = 2x 2 (6)
dx dx
[12]
QUESTION 5
5.1 5.1.1 Sketch the graphs of 4x 2 + y 2 = 16 and x 2 + y 2 = 16.

Show the area bounded by the graphs in the first quadrant.
Show a representative strip parallel to the x-axis. (3)
5.1.2 Calculate the area described in QUESTION 5.1.1. (5)
5
5.2 5.2.1 Find the points of intersection of two functions y = _x and
y = 6 − x. Make a neat sketch of the curves and show the
area bounded by the curves in the first quadrant. Show the
representative strip that you would use to calculate the volume
generated (using the SHELL method) if the area is rotated
about the y-axis. (3)
5.2.2 Use the SHELL method to calculate the volume generated
5
if the area between y = _x and y = 6 − x described in
QUESTION 5.2.1 is rotated about the y-axis. (5)
[16]
QUESTION 6
6.1 Given that the area between functions x 2 + 4y 2 = 16 and x 2 + y 2 = 16

in the first quadrant is 2π units2. Calculate the distance of the
centroid of the area from the y-axis. (5)
6.2 Calculate the x-coordinate of the centre of gravity for the solid
generated about the x-axis by the area under x 2 + y 2 = 16 in the first
quadrant. (7)
[12]

QUESTION 7
A flat plate in the shape of a semicircle is placed under water across a pipe.
The straight side of the semicircle is at the water level. The plate has a
radius of 5 m.
y
water surface
x
0
γ=y
∆y
–5
7.1 Calculate the area moment of the plate about the water level. (5)
7.2 Calculate the depth of the centre of pressure on the plate if the
second moment of area of the plate about the water level is given
as 245,437 m4. (1)
[6]
QUESTION 8
8.1 Calculate the length of the curve 3y = x 3 between (0; 0) and (3; 9). (6)
_
8.2 Calculate the surface area generated, when the curve y = 3√x from
y = 0 to y = 4 rotates about the x-axis. (6)
[12]
TOTAL: 100

Formula sheet 133
Formula sheet
Any applicable formula may also be used.
TRIGONOMETRY
sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
1 + tan2 x = sec2 x
1 + cot2 x = cosec2 x
sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
cos 2A = cos2A – sin2A
tan 2A = _
2 tan A
2
1 − tan A
sin2 A = _12 – _12 cos 2A
cos2 A = _12 + _12 cos 2A

sin (A ± B) = sin A cos B ± sin B cos A
_
cos (A ± B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan (A ± B) = ___________
tan
_ A ± tan B
1 + tan A tan B
sin A cos B = _12 [sin (A + B) + sin (A – B)]
cos A sin B = _12 [sin (A + B) – sin (A – B)]
cos A cos B = _12 [cos (A + B) + cos (A – B)]
sin A sin B = _12 [cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)]
tan x = _
sin x
cos x
; sin x = _ 1
cosec x
; cos x = _ 1
sec x
f(x) _
d
f(x) ∫ f(x)dx
dx
x n+1
_
xn nxn–1 n+1
+ C (n ≠ –1)
axn a_
d n
x a ∫xn dx
dx
e ax+b
e ax+b e ax+b._
d
(ax + b) _
_
+C
dx d
(ax + b)
dx
a dx+e
a dx+e a dx+e.ln a._
d
(dx + e) ___________ +C
dx ln a._
d
(dx + e)
dx

f(x) _
d
f(x) ∫ f(x)dx
dx
ln (ax) _
1 _
. d ax x ln ax – x + C
ax dx
e f(x) e f(x)_
d
f(x) –
dx
a f(x) a f(x).ln a._

d
f(x) –
dx
ln f(x) _
1 _
. d f(x) –
f(x) dx
sin ax a cos ax –_
cos ax
a
+C
cos ax –a sin ax _
sin ax
+C
a
tan ax a sec2 ax _1 ln [sec(ax)] + C

a
cot ax –a cosec2 ax _1 ln [sin(ax)] + C

a
sec ax a sec ax tan ax _1 ln [sec ax + tan ax] + C

a
( 2 )] + C
_1 ln tan _
[
cosec ax –a cosec ax cot ax ax
a
sin f (x) cos f (x) . f ′(x) –
cos f (x) –sin f (x) . f ′(x) –
tan f (x) sec2 f (x) . f ′(x) –
cot f (x) –cosec2f (x) . f ′(x) –
sec f (x) sec f (x) tan f (x) . f ′(x) –
cosec f (x) –cosec f (x) cot f (x) . f ′(x –
f ′(x)
_
sin–1 f (x) _ –
√1 − [f(x)]
2
– f ′(x)
_
cos–1 f (x) _ –
√1 − [f(x)]
2
f ′(x)
_
tan–1 f (x) –
[f(x)] 2 + 1
– f ′(x)
_
cot–1 f (x) –
[f(x)] 2 + 1
f ′(x)
___________
sec–1 f (x) _ –
f(x)√[f(x)] 2 − 1
– f ′(x)
____________
cosec–1 f (x) _ –
f(x)√[f(x)] 2 − 1

Formula sheet 135
f(x) _
d
f(x) ∫ f(x)dx
dx
sin (2ax)
_x − _
sin2(ax) – 2 4a
+C
sin (2ax)
_x + _
cos2(ax) – 2 4a
+C
tan2(ax) – _1 tan (ax) − x + C

a
cot2(ax) – –_a1 cot (ax) − x + C
∫f(x) g ′(x) dx = f(x) g(x) – ∫ f ′(x) g(x) dx
[f(x)]
n+1
∫[f(x)] n f ′(x) dx = _
n+1
+C (n ≠ –1)
f ′(x)
∫_
f(x)
dx = ln f(x) + C
∫_
_ dx
= _1 sin –1 _
b
bx
a
+C
2
√a − b x
2 2
∫_ dx
=_1
a 2 + b 2x 2 ab
tan –1 _
bx
a
+C
_ _
∫ √a − b x dx = _
2 a2
sin –1 _
2 2 bx _
a
+ x 2
2
2b
√a − b 2 2
x +C
ln (_
∫_ a − bx )
dx
=_1 a + bx
+C
a 2 − b 2x 2 2ab
_ _ _
∫ √x 2 ± b 2 dx = _2x √x 2 ± b 2 ± _ ln [x + √x 2 ± b 2 ] + C
2
b
2
_
∫_
dx
_ = _1 ln [bx + √b 2x 2 ± a 2 ] + C
√b 2x 2 ± a 2 b
APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
AREAS
b b
A x = ∫a y dx; A x = ∫a (y1 − y2) dx
b b
A y = ∫a x dy; A y = ∫a (x1 − x2) dy

VOLUMES
V x = π∫a y 2 dx; V x = π∫a (y − y ) dx; V x = 2π∫a xy dy
b b 2 2 b
1 2
V y = π∫a x 2 dy; V y = π∫a (x − x ) dy; V y = 2π∫a xy dx

b b 2 2 b
1 2
AREA MOMENTS
A m−x = rdA A m−y = rdA
CENTROID
b b
A ∫a rdA A m−x _∫a rdA
x̄ = _ _ _
m−y
A
= A
; ȳ = A
= A
SECOND MOMENT OF AREA

b b
I x = ∫a r 2 dA; I y = ∫a r 2 dA
VOLUME MOMENTS
b b
V m−x = ∫a rdV; V m−y = ∫a rdV
CENTRE OF GRAVITY
b b
vm−y ∫a rdV vm−x _∫a rdV
x̄ = _
V
= _
V
; ȳ = _
V
= V
MOMENTS OF INERTIA
Mass = Density × volume
M = rV
DEFINITION: I = mr2
b b
GENERAL: I = ∫a r 2 dm = ρ∫a r 2 dV
CIRCULAR LAMINA
I z = _12 mr 2
I = _12 ∫a r 2 dm = _12 ρ∫a r 2 dV

b b
I x = _12 ρπ∫a y 4 dx I y = _12 ρπ∫a x 4 dy

b b
CENTRE OF FLUID PRESSURE

b 2
∫a r dA
ȳ = _ b
∫a rdA
f(x)
_ _
n =
A
+_
B
+_
C
+ ..._
Z
n
(ax + b) ax + b (ax + b) 2 (ax + b) 3 (ax + b)

Formula sheet 137
f(x)
_____________ =_
A
+_
B
+_
C
+_
D
+_
E
+_
F
(ax + b) 3(cx + d) 3 ax + b (ax + b) 2 (ax + b) 3 (cx + d) (cx + d) 2 (cx + d) 3
f(x)
________________ =_
Ax + F
+_
B
+_
C
+…+_
Z
n
(ax 2 + bx + c)(dx + e) n ax 2 + bx + c dx + e (dx + e) 2 (dx + e)
_
√
A x = ∫a 2πy 1 + (_) dx
2
b dy
dx
_
√
A = ∫ 2πy 1 + (_) dy
c 2
dx
x d dy
_
√
A = ∫ 2πx 1 + (_) dx
2
b dy
y a dx
_
√
A = ∫ 2πx 1 + (_) dy
c 2
dx
y d dy
____________
√
A = ∫ 2πy _ + (_) du
2
( du )
2 dy
u2 dx
x u1 du
____________
√
A = ∫ 2πx _ + (_) du
2
( du )
2 dy
u2 dx
y u1 du
_
√
S = ∫ 1 + (_) dx
2
b dy
a dx
_
√
S = ∫ 1 + (_) dy
2
d dx
c dy
____________
√ _ + (_) du
2
( du )
2 dy
u2 dx
S=∫ u1 du
dy
_ + Py = Q ∴ye ∫ Pdx = ∫ Qe ∫ Pdx dx
dx
y = Ae r x + Be r x r1 ≠ r2
1 2
y = e rx(A + Bx)r1 = r2
y = e ax[A cos bx + B sin bx ] r = a ± ib
( )
2
dy _
_ d _ dy _ dθ
2 =
dx dθ dx dx

Exemplar examination paper memorandum
QUESTION 1
∂w ∂w
1.1 1.1.1 ___ = 4x + 4y ___ = 4x + 4y
∂x ∂y
∂w ∂w
∴ 2x___ + 2y___ = 2x(4x + 4y) + 2y(4x + 4y)
∂x ∂y
= (4x + 4y)(2x + 2y)
= 4(x + y)2(x + y)
= 8(x + y) 2
= 8(x 2 + 2xy + y 2)
= 4(2x 2 + 4xy + 2y 2)
= 4w (4)
∂w
1.1.2 ___ = 4x + 4y
∂x
∂ 2w
∴ ___2 = 4 (1)
∂x
∂ y ∂y
1.2 ∆ y = __ ∆ p + __ ∆ q
∂p ∂q
∂y
__ ∂y
__
= q 3 = 3pq 2 ∆ p = 0,03p ∆ q = − 0,02q
∂p ∂q
∆ y = q 3(0,03p) + 3pq 2(− 0,02q)
= 0,03pq 3 − 0,06pq 3
= − 0,03pq 3
Since y = pq 3, ∆ y = − 0,03y
∴ The percentage decrease in y is 3%. (5)
[10]
QUESTION 2
∫ ln (_x ) dx = − ∫ ln x dx
1
2.1
= − (x ln x − x) + C or x − x ln x + C
Alternative:
1 1
Using f(x) = ln _x ; g ′(x) = 1; f ′(x) = − _x ; g(x) = x
∫ ln (_1x ) dx = x ln (_1x ) − ∫ __11 (− _
1
2 )x dx
_ x
x
= x ln (_1x ) − ∫ − _1x x dx
= x ln (_1x ) + ∫ 1 dx
= x ln (_1x ) + x + C

= x ln x −1 + x + C
= x(− ln x) + x + C
= x − x ln x + C (1)
2.2 t − x 2 − 6x = − [x 2 + 6x − t]
= − [x 2 + 6x + 9 − t − 9]
= − [(x + 3) 2 − t − 9]
= [(9 + t) − (x + 3) 2] 
_ _______________
∫ √t − x − 6x dx = ∫ √(9 + t) − (x + 3) 2 dx
2
_______________
9+t (x + 3) x+3
_ + ____ [9 + t − (x + 3) 2] + C
= ____
2
sin −1_____ 2 √
√9 + t
or
_
9+t x_ x+3
+ 3 ____
= ____
2
sin −1_____ + 2 √t − x 2 − 6x + C (4)
√9 + t
2.3 ∫ cos 3 x − cos 5 x dx

= ∫ cos 3 x(1 − cos 2 x)dx
= ∫ cos 3 x sin 2x dx
= ∫ cos x cos 2 x sin 2 x dx
= ∫ cos x(1 − sin 2 x) sin 2 x dx
= ∫ sin 2 x cos x − sin 4 x cos x dx
1 1
= _3 sin 3 x − _5 sin 5 x + C (4)
sin 5x
2.4 Let: f(x) = e −5x; g ′(x) = cos 5x; f ′(x) = − 5e −5x; g(x) = ____
5
∫ e −5xcos 5x dx = e −5x _
sin 5x
5
− ∫ − 5e −5x _
sin 5x
5
dx
= e −5x _
sin 5x
5
+ ∫ e −5x sin 5x dx
= e −5x _
sin 5x
5
+ e −5x.− _
cos 5x
5
− ∫ − 5e −5x.− _
cos 5x
5
dx
= _15 e −5x sin 5x − _15 e −5x cos 5x − ∫ e −5x cos 5x dx
2∫ e −5x cos 5x dx = _15 e −5x sin 5x − _15 e −5x cos 5x
∫ e −5x cos 5x dx = _
10
e sin 5x − _
1 −5x 1 −5x
10
e cos 5x + C
or
1
= __
10
e −5x[sin 5x − cos 5x] + C (5)

2.5 ∫ tan 4 3x dx
= ∫ tan 2 3x tan 2 3x dx
= ∫ tan 2 3x(sec 2 3x − 1) dx
= ∫ (tan 2 3x sec 2 3x − tan 2 3x) dx
= ∫ (tan 2 3x sec 2 3x dx − ∫ tan 2 3x dx
1 tan 2 3x 1
= _3 _____
3
− _3 tan 3x + x + C (4)
[18]
QUESTION 3
3.1 6x 2 + x − 1 = (3x − 1)(2x + 1)

_
5 − 5x
=_
A
+_
B

6x 2 + x − 1 3x − 1 2x + 1
5 − 5x = A(2x + 1) + B(3x − 1)
1
When x = − _2 then B = − 3
1
When x = _3 then A = 2
∫x 3 + _
5 − 5x
2 dx = ∫ x 3 + _ 2
+_−3
3x − 1 2x + 1
dx 
6x + x − 1
x4 2 3
= __
4
+ _3 ln |3x − 1| − _2 ln |2x + 1| + C (6)
2x 3 + 6x 2 − 12
______________ A B Cx + D
3.2 = __ + ____ + ________ 
x(x + 3)(x 2 + 3x + 4) x x + 3 x + 3x + 4
2
2x 3 + 6x 2 − 12 = A(x + 3)(x 2 + 3x + 4) + Bx(x 2 + 3x + 4) + (Cx + D)x(x + 3)

If x = − 3: − 54 + 54 − 12 = B(− 3)(9 − 9 + 4) − 12 = − 12B ∴ B = 1
If x = 0: − 12 = A.3.4 ∴ A = − 1
Equate x 3: A+ B + C = 2 ⇒ − 1 + 1 + C = 2 ∴ C = 2
If x = 1: 2 + 6 − 12 = A(1 + 3)(1 + 3 + 4) + B.1.(1 + 3 + 4) + (C.1 + D).1.(1 + 3)
− 4 = 32A + 8B + 4C + 4D … (1)
Substituting A = − 1; B = 1; C = 2: − 4 = 32(− 1) + 8.1 + 4.2 + 4D ∴ D = 3
∴ ∫ ______________
2x 3 + 6x 2 − 12
dx =∫ _
−1
dx + ∫ _ 1
dx + ∫ _ 2x + 3
dx
x(x + 3)(x + 3x + 4)
2 x x + 3 2
x + 3x + 4
= − ln x + ln |x + 3| + ln |x 2 + 3x + 4| + C (8)
[14]

QUESTION 4
_ dy __
1 __ 1
4.1 − y = 3x − sin x + cos x
x dx x 2
dy _
_ − 1 y = x(3x − sin x + cos x)
dx x
1
_
e ∫P dx = e ∫−xdx
= e −ln x
−1
= e ln x
= x −1 = _1x
∫ Qe ∫P dx dx = ∫ x(3x − sin x + cos x)_1x dx
= ∫ 3x − sin x + cos x dx
2
= _3 x 2 + cos x + sin x
y
_ = _x + cos x + sin x + C
3 2
x 2
At y(1) = 2 the solution is:

_2 = _3 (1)2 + cos(1) + sin(1) + C
1 2
∴ C = − 0,882
∴ _3 x 2 + cos x + sin x − 0,882
2
y 3
The particular solution is _x = _2 x 2 + cos x + sin x − 0,882 (6)
d 2y __
___ dy
4.2 6 2 − − y = 2x 2
dx dx
6r 2 − r − 1 = 0
(3r + 1)(2r − 1) = 0
r = − _1 ; r = _1 
1 3 2 2
1 1
−_3 x _
yc = Ae + Be 2x
y = Cx 2 + Dx + E
dy
_ = 2Cx + D
dx
d 2y
_ = 2C
dx 2
6(2C) − (2Cx + D) − (Cx 2 + Dx + E) = 2x 2
12C − 2Cx − D − Cx 2 − Dx − E = 2x 2
x 2: − C = 2 ∴ C = − 2
x: − 2C − D = 0 ∴ D = 4

12C − D − E = 0 ∴ E = − 28
yp = − 2x 2 + 4x − 28
y = yc + yp
1
_ 1
_
∴ y = Ae −3x + Be 2x − 2x 2 + 4x − 28 (6)
[12]
QUESTION 5
5.1 5.1.1
y
4x 2 + y 2 = 16 4 x 2 + y 2 = 16
x
–4 –2 2 4
–2
–4
Marks awarded for: labelling circle and ellipse; x- or y-intercept of

circle; y-intercept of ellipse.
Correct shading of area
Correct representative strip (3)
5.1.2 4x 2 + y 2 = 16 and x 2 + y 2 = 16
_ _
1
∴ x = _2 √16 − y 2 and x = √16 − y 2 
b
Area = ∫a x1 − x2 dy
_ _
= ∫0 √16 − y − _12 √16 − y 2 dy
4 2
_
= _12 ∫0 √16 − y 2 dy
4
_ 4
= _12 [_ 16 − y 2 ] 
16 y _
−1 _ y
4 2√
2
sin +
0
_ _
= _12 [8 sin −1 _44 + _42 √16 − 4 2 − {8 sin −1 _04 + _02 √16 − 0 2 }]
1
= _2 [8 sin −1 1] = 6,283 = 2π units 2
(5)

5.2 5.2.1 Find the points of intersection:

_5 = 6 − x
x
x 2 − 6x + 5 = 0
(x − 5)(x − 1) = 0
∴ x = 5 or x = 1; y = 1 or y = 5
Points of intersection: (5; 1); (1; 5)
y
7
y = __5x
6
(1; 5)
5
3 y=6–x
(5; 1)
1
x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Marks awarded for: labelling line and curve; points of intersection.

Correct shading of area
Correct representative strip (3)
5.2.2 V y = 2π∫1 x[f(x) − g(x)] dx

5
= 2π∫1 x[(6 − x) − (_5x )] dx

5
5
= 2π∫1 − x 2 + 6x − 5 dx
5
= 2π[− _
x3
3
+ 6_x2
2
− 5x] 
1
= 2π[(− _
125
3
+ 75 − 25) − (− _13 + 3 − 5)]
64
= __
3
π = 21,333π = 67,021 units3 (5)
[16]

QUESTION 6
_ A m−y
6.1 x=_A
b
A m−y = ∫a r dA
_ _
= ∫0 x[√16 − x − _12 √16 − x 2 ] dx
4 2
_
= _12 ∫0 x√16 − x 2 dx
4
= _12 (− _12 )∫0 − 2x(16 − x 2) 2 dx

4 1
_
3
4
_
[ _32 ]
(16 − x 2) 2
= − _14 _______ 
0
4
= − _16 [(16 − x 2)]
0
= − _16 [(16 − 4 ) − (16 − 0 2) 2]

3
_ 3
_
2 2
32
= __
3
units2 or 10,667 units2
_ A m−y
x=_A

_ 32 16
∴ x = __
3
÷ 2π = __
3
π = 1,698 units
The centroid is 1,698 units from the y-axis. (5)
6.2 x 2 + y 2 = 16 so y 2 = 16 − x 2
vm − y
x̄ = _
V
V m−y = π∫a x(y − y ) dx

b 2 2
1 2
= π∫0 x(16 − x 2) dx
4
4
= π∫0 16x − x 3 dx
4
= π[_
16 2 _
2
x − 4 ]0
x4

= 64π = 201,062 units 4

b 2 2
V x = π∫a y − y dx
1 2
4
= π∫0 16 − x 2 dx
4
= π[16x − _
3 ]0
x3

= π[16(4) − _
3 ]
(4) 3
=_
128
3
π = 134,041 units 3
_ 201,062 _3
∴ x = ______ = = 1,5 units
134,041 2
(7)
[12]
QUESTION 7
_
7.1 The curve is given by x + y = 25 ⇒ x = √25 − y 2
2 2
First moment of area:

b b
∫a r dA = ∫a y 2x dy
_
0
= ∫−5 y 2√25 − y 2 dy
1
_
= − ∫−5 − y 2(25 − y ) dy
0 2 2
3
0
_
[ _32 ]
(25 − y )
2 2
= − _______ 
−5
0
= − _23 [(25 − y 2) 2]
3
_
−5
= − _2 [(25) 2 − {25 − (− 5) 2} 2]

3
_
3
_
3
2 3
_ 1
= − _3 (25) 2 = − 83_3 = − 83,333 m 3 (5)
_ 245,437 m 4
7.2 y̿ = _________3 = − 2,945 m (1)
− 83,333 m
[6]
QUESTION 8
dy
8.1 3y = x 3 ∴ __ = x
dx
[ dx ] = x ; 1 + [ dx ] = 1 + x 
2 2
dy
__ 2 dy
__ 2
√
S = ∫a 1 + (_) dy
2
b dy
dx
_
3
= ∫0 √1 + x 2 dy
_ _ 3
= [_2x √1 + x 2 + _12 ln (x + √1 + x 2 )] 
0

_ _ _
[ 2 √1 + 3 + 2 ln (3 + √1 + 3 ) − {0 + 2 ln (0 + √1 + 0 )}]
_3 2 _1 2 _1
_ _
= [_ 2 ]
3√10 _ln (3 + √10 ) _ln (1)
2
+ 2
−
_ _
= [_ ]
3√10 _ln (3 + √10 )
2
+ 2
= 2,034 units (6)
_ 1 dx 2
8.2 y = 3√x ; ∴ x = _9 y 2 ∴ __ = _9 y
dy
[ dy ] ( 9 y) ;
2
dx
__ _2 2
=
1 + [_
dy ]
2
(9 )
dx
= 1 + _2 y 2
2
4y
=1+_ 81
81 + 4y 2
=_
81
_
√81 + 4y dy
2
∴ A x = 2π∫0 y _
4
9
= _29 π∫81 yu 2 _
du
145 1
_
8y

= (_29 )(_18 )π∫81 u 2 du

145 _1
36 [ _3 ]
3
145
_
=_
1
π __
u2

2 81
145
2 [ _32 ]
= (_
36 )( 3 )
1 _
πu
81
1 [
=_ π 145 2 − 81 2]
3
_ 3
_
54
= 18,834π = 59,168 units 2 (6)
[12]
TOTAL: 100

Glossary 147
Glossary
A
Antiderivative – reversing the process of differentiation, the indefinite integral
Arbitrary – not specific, based on random choice rather than a specific system
Arc length (curve length) – the distance between two points along a curve
Auxiliary equation – a polynomial equation obtained by making an algebraic substitution
of the derivatives in a homogeneous differential equation
C
Candidate – a reasonable choice, a good guess
Cartesian plane – a coordinate system in two-dimensions defined by a horizontal x-axis
and a vertical y-axis
Centre of mass (centre of gravity) – the unique point at the centre of a distribution of
mass in space; the geometric centre of a line, area or volume
Centre of pressure – the vertical depth at which the net force due to fluid pressure acts
(in m)
Centroid – the centre point of a geometric object of uniform density; the gravitational
centre of a line, area or volume
Complementary function – the solution to a homogeneous differential equation; also
known as the characteristic equation
Complex number – the sum of a real and an imaginary number: n = a + bi; n ∈ C
Curve length (arc length) – the distance between two points along a curve
D
Density – the quantity of mass per unit volume
Differential equation – an equation that describes the relationship between a function
and its derivatives
Discs (also disk) – thin round objects
F
First derivative – differentiating a function once with respect to a variable
First order differential equation – differential equation that contains only first
dy
derivatives, __
dx
Fluid pressure – the force applied per unit area due to the weight of a fluid (in Pascal (Pa))
G
General solution – the sum of the complementary and particular functions resulting in a
function (or set of functions) that satisfies the differential equation
Geometry – the relationship of points, lines, angles, surfaces and solids

H
Homogeneous differential equation– involves only functions and derivatives of y, and
equals 0
I
Imaginary number – the square root of a negative number, the product of a real number
b and the imaginary unit i, where i 2 = – 1
Inertia – the resistance to movement or change in movement
Infinitesimal – an extremely small value, approaching zero
Initial conditions – starting values of the variables: x0; y0; y ′0
Integrand – the function to integrate
Irreducible factor – a factor that cannot be factorised (reduced) further; the algebraic
equivalent of a prime number
L
Lamina – a two-dimensional surface in a plane which has both mass and surface density
Linear differential equation – a differential equation where the function and its
derivatives are added (or subtracted) together and the dependent variable is of the first
degree
Linear factor – a first degree polynomial, ax + b
Lowest common denominator – the smallest expression divisible by all the terms in
question
M
Mixed partial derivative – a higher order partial derivative with respect to two or more
variables
Moment of inertia – an indication of the resistance of an object to rotation; also called
the second moment of mass (in kg.m 2)
N
Non-homogeneous differential equation – involves functions of x and constants, in
addition to functions and derivatives of y
O
Order (of differential equations) – the order of the highest derivative in the differential
equation
P
Parabola – a symmetrical and roughly U-shaped curve that is described by a quadratic
function
Parameter – an independent variable, say θ, of which more than one dependent variables,
say x and y, are functions

Glossary 149
Parametric equations –two or more equations that involve the same independent
variable or parameter to express a function
Partial derivatives – the partial derivative of a function of several variables is the
derivative with respect to one of the variables, while the other variables are held constant
Partial fraction decomposition – a method to express a rational fraction as the sum of
several rational fractions with simpler denominators
Particular function (solution) – the function that is obtained when particular values are
assigned to the arbitrary constants in the general solution of a differential equation
Q
Quadratic factor – a polynomial with a degree of 2, such as ax 2 + bx + c
R
Rational fraction – a fraction where the numerator and denominator are both
polynomials
Real number – any rational or irrational number n, where n ∈ R
Recursive – repeated
Reference axis – the axis about which the second moment of area (or other quantity) is
calculated
Rigid – resistant to change, does not bend or twist easily
Root – a solution of an algebraic equation; the x-intercept
S
Second derivative – the derivative of a derivative
Second moment of area – an indication of the resistance of a given shape to bending or
torsion; measured in m 4
Second order differential equation – differential equation that includes a second
d2 y
derivative, ___2
dx
Solids of revolution –a solid form obtained by rotating a plane curve around some
straight line that lies on the same plane
Steel profiles – products such as beams, T-sections, U-sections, angles, bars made of steel
Surface of revolution –surface formed when a curve (function) is rotated about a line
(axis)
T
Theorem – a truth established by means of accepted truths
Torsion – twisting of a body that has some resistance, as the result of an applied force
Trigonometric identity – equality that involves trigonometric functions where both sides
of the equality are defined for all values of the variables

U
Unique solution – the general solution where all the coefficients have numerical values;
sometimes called the particular solution
V
Vertices (singular: vertex) – point(s) where two or more straight lines meet

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N6 Mathematics - Lecturers Guide A4 Layout.indd 1 18/10/2022 12:32 pm

N6 Mathematics - Lecturers Guide A4 Layout.indd 2 18/10/2022 12:32 pm

Module 2: Integration techniques 16

Module 3: Partial fractions 30

Module 4: Differential equations 47

N6 Mathematics - Lecturers Guide A4 Layout.indd 3 18/10/2022 12:32 pm

Module 6: Centroids and centre of gravity 80

Module 7: Second moment of area, moment of inertia and centre of

Module 8: Combinations of differentiation and integration 116

Exemplar examination paper 130

N6 Mathematics - Lecturers Guide A4 Layout.indd 4 18/10/2022 12:32 pm

1.1 General subject aims

1.2 Specific subject aims

N6 Mathematics - Lecturers Guide A4 Layout.indd 5 18/10/2022 12:32 pm

Remember Understand Apply Analyse Evaluate Create

20% 20% 20% 10% 20% 10%

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Module Weighted value (%)

5. Areas and volumes 15

6. Centroids and centre of gravity 10

7. Second moment of area, moment of inertia and centre 15

8. Combinations of differentiation and integration 12

N6 Mathematics - Lecturers Guide A4 Layout.indd 7 18/10/2022 12:32 pm

Week Module Topic Activities Hours

1 Module 1 1.1 Partial Activity 1.1 6 hours

1–3 Module 2 2.1 Integration by parts Activity 2.1 18 hours

3–4 Module 3 3.1 Partial fraction Activity 3.1 12 hours

N6 Mathematics - Lecturers Guide A4 Layout.indd 8 18/10/2022 12:32 pm

Week Module Topic Activities Hours

4–5 Module 4 4.1 First order linear Activity 4.1 12 hours

5–7 Module 5 5.1 Areas Activity 5.1 15 hours

7–8 Module 6 6.1 Centroids Activity 6.1 10 hours

8–9 Module 7 7.1 Second moment of Activity 7.1 15 hours

N6 Mathematics - Lecturers Guide A4 Layout.indd 9 18/10/2022 12:32 pm

Week Module Topic Activities Hours

9–10 Module 8 8.1 The length of a curve Activity 8.1 12 hours

TOTAL 100 hours

N6 Mathematics - Lecturers Guide A4 Layout.indd 10 18/10/2022 12:32 pm

Students need the following pre-knowledge to successfully complete this module.

N6 Mathematics - Lecturers Guide A4 Layout.indd 1 18/10/2022 12:32 pm

Activity 1.1 SB page 8

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4 sec (4x + 3y)(x y) – 2xy tan(4x + 3y)

4x 2 y sec 2(4x + 3y) – 2xy tan(4x + 3y)

3 sec (4x + 3y)(x y) – x tan(4x + 3y)

= • Quotient rule and chain rule

3x y sec (4x + 3y) – x tan(4x + 3y)

= 4(x 4 – 2y) + (4x + 5y 4)4x 3

= 20y 3(x 4 – 2y) + (4x + 5y 4)(– 2)

N6 Mathematics - Lecturers Guide A4 Layout.indd 3 18/10/2022 12:32 pm

∴ At coordinate (2; 1):

Activity 1.2 SB page 14

First find the first partial derivatives: __ = 2x cos(x 2 – y 2) and __ = – 2y cos(x 2 – y 2)

N6 Mathematics - Lecturers Guide A4 Layout.indd 4 18/10/2022 12:32 pm

N6 Mathematics - Lecturers Guide A4 Layout.indd 5 18/10/2022 12:32 pm

N6 Mathematics - Lecturers Guide A4 Layout.indd 6 18/10/2022 12:32 pm

Activity 1.3 SB page 20

First find the first partial derivatives: = 2x cos(x 2 – y 2) and = – 2y cos(x 2 – y 2)