M 14 Light Switch (1) 2

SR NO CHAPTER NAME PAGE NO
1 Introduction 5
2 Circuit diagram 6
3 Working 7
4 Components List 8
5 Components Description 9 -14
6 APLLICATION 15
7 CONCLUSION 15
INTRODUCTION
Here we have explained a dark detector circuit by using 555 timer IC and a LDR (Light
Dependent Resistor) which senses the light in surroundings and if it does not find the light, it
triggers the IC and glows an LED attached with the circuit. In place of LED we can also use a
buzzer or speaker to use it as dark detector alarm. The concept of this LDR circuit is quite simple
and based on the working of LDR. So lets first understand more about LDRs.
LDRs are a type resistors made from semiconductor materials to enable them to have their
light sensitive properties. There are many types of LDRs but one of the most popular material
used is cadmium sulphide (CdS). These LDRs or also known as photo resistors works on the
principle of “Photo Conductivity”. Now what this principle says is , whenever light falls on the
surface of the LDR (in this case) the conductance of the element increases or in other words the
resistance of the LDR falls when the light falls on the surface of the LDR. This property of the
decrease in resistance for the LDR is achieved because it is a property of semiconductor material
used on the surface.
Here in this dark detecting LED circuit, LDR is configured with 555 timer IC in
ASTABLE mode in such a way that 555 ASTABLE generates square wave when the light
intensity goes below a certain level.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
WORKING
Above figure shows the circuit diagram of dark detecting LED. This circuit shows how
we can convert a simple astable mode circuit to a “dark sensor”. We just need to add an LDR
and a resistor in the circuit, then it simply works as dark detector. A general purpose LDR is used
for sensing the light. When proper light is falling on the LDR its resistance is very low. When
there is no light the LDR resistance increases. At this time the IC is triggered and glows the LED
attached with the circuit.
COMPONENT LIST
Component Description
RESISTOR
A package of material which exhibits a certain resistance made up into a single unit is called
a resistor. Different res. having the same resistance value may be different in physical size and
construction depending on its power and applications.
Figure above shows a typical carbon film res. which is commonly used in the market.
Chip resistor is becoming more common nowadays replacing carbon film resistor.
Figure below shows the typical form of the carbon form of resistors.
VALUE AND TOLERANCE OF RESISTANCE
Unit of resistance is ohms; the symbol for ohm is an omega. Res. values are normally
shown using colored bands. Each color represents a number as shown in the table below.
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR
Compact but glossy, these are available in the range of <1 µF to 1 F with working
voltages up to several hundred volts DC. The dielectric is a thin layer of aluminum oxide.
They contain corrosive liquid and can burst if the device is connected backwards. The oxide
insulating layer will tend to deteriorate in the absence of a sufficient rejuvenating voltage,
and eventually the capacitor will lose its ability to withstand voltage if voltage is not
applied. A capacitor to which this has happened can often be "reformed" by connecting it
to a voltage source through a resistor and allowing the resulting current to slowly restore
the oxide layer. Bipolar electrolytic (also called Non-Polarized or NP capacitors) contain
two capacitors connected in series opposition and are used when the DC bias voltage must
occasionally reverse. Bad frequency and temperature characteristics make them unsuited
for high-frequency applications. Typical values are a few nf to fared.
A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of

condenser separated by a dielectric. When a voltage potential difference exists between the
conductors, an electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and
produces a mechanical force between the plates. The effect is greatest between wide, flat,
parallel, narrowly separated conductors.
The applications of capacitor are energy storage, power factor correction, signal
coupling, noise filters, and motor starters.
LM555-SE555-NE555 (single timer)
Features
• High current drive Capability (200mA)

• Adjustable Duty Cycle
• Temperature Stability of 0.005%/°C
• Timing From m Sec to Hours
• Turn off Time Less than 2µSec
Applications
• Precision Timing
• Pulse Generation
• Time Delay Generation
• Sequential Timing
Description
The LM555/NE555/SA555 is a highly stable controller capable of producing accurate
timing pulses. With monostable operation, the time delay is controlled by one external resistor
and one capacitor. With astable operation, the frequency and duty cycle are accurately
controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor.
8-pin dip model
Block diagram
Absolute Maximum Ratings (TA = 25°C)
Parameter Symbol Value Unit
Supply Voltage VCC 16 V
Lead Temperature (Soldering 10sec) TLEAD 300
Power Dissipation PD 600 mW
Operating Temperature Range LM555/NE555 TOPR 0 ~ +70 °X

SA555 -40 ~ +85
Storage Temperature Range TSTG -65 ~ °X

+150
Notes
1. Supply current when output is high is typically 1mA less at VCC = 5V
2. Tested at VCC = 5.0V and VCC = 15V
3. This will determine maximum value of RA + RB for 15V operation, the max. Total
R = 20MΩ, and for 5V operation the max. Total R = 6.7MΩ.
APPLICATIONS
We can use this circuit as clap switch controlled fan.
We can also use this circuit as clap controlled tube.
We can also use this circuit as multiple devices controlled with clap for automations.
CONCLUSION
when it’s dark, the LDR’s resistance increases and so the voltage at the voltage divider
drops below 0.8V, causing the 555 timer IC to turn OFF. When there is enough light, the
voltage at the reset pin goes above 0.8V and the IC turns ON.

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SR NO CHAPTER NAME PAGE NO

5 Components Description 9 -14

A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of

• High current drive Capability (200mA)

Parameter Symbol Value Unit

Supply Voltage VCC 16 V

Lead Temperature (Soldering 10sec) TLEAD 300

Power Dissipation PD 600 mW

Operating Temperature Range LM555/NE555 TOPR 0 ~ +70 °X

Storage Temperature Range TSTG -65 ~ °X

2. Tested at VCC = 5.0V and VCC = 15V

R = 20MΩ, and for 5V operation the max. Total R = 6.7MΩ.

We can use this circuit as clap switch controlled fan.

We can also use this circuit as clap controlled tube.

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