(Type The Document Title) : Light Detector Using LDR

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ECE 2

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LI GHT DETECTOR USI NG LDR


6/9/2014





I NTRODUCTI ON
A photoresistor or light dependent resistor (LDR) is a resistor whose resistance
decreases with increasing incident light intensity; in other words, it exhibits
photoconductivity. It can also be referred to as a photoconductor or CdS device, from
"cadmium sulfide," which is the material from which the device is made and that
actually exhibits the variation in resistance with light level.
A photo resistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. If light falling on the device
is of high enough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound
electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free electron
(and its hole partner) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance.


OBJ ECTI VES
Demonstration of working of light dependent resistor and Here by explaining
application of photocell with two light sensitive circuits. Finally analyzing its
advantages and disadvantages in real life.

MATERI ALS REQUI RED
A few Jumper WireS
9 Volts Battery
9 Volts Battery Clip
Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)
Light Emitting Diode (LED) with any color of choice
TLC3704 Quad Comparator (only one of its four comparators will be used)
(Alternatively, you can use the single LM311N Comparator with 8pin)
3362P-103-ND 10K Ohms Variable Resistor
1K Ohms (Brown-Black-Red) Resistor X2
330 Ohms (Orange-Orange-Brown) Resistor



Procedure
Insert first transistor Q1-BC547 (NPN) on breadboard (or general PCB) as
shown in the circuit diagram 1.
Connect another transistor Q2- BC547 (NPN) on breadboard as in step 1.
Connect wires across emitter pin of both transistors and ve terminal of battery
(lowest/ bottom row of breadboard.)
Connect a wire across Collector pin of transistor Q1 and Base pin of transistor
Q2.
Connect a resistor 1K across positive terminal of battery (topmost row of
breadboard) and Collector pin of transistor Q1.
Connect Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) across positive terminal of battery
(topmost row of breadboard) and base terminal of transistor Q1.
insert a resistor- 330 Ohm across base pin of transistor Q1 and negative terminal
of battery (lowest bottom row of breadboard).
Connect a resistor 330R across positive terminal of battery (topmost row of
breadboard) and anode terminal of LED (Light emitting diode) & Connect the
cathode terminal of LED to Collector pin of transistor Q2.


WORKI NG
There are two basic circuits using light dependent resistors - the first is activated by
darkness, the second is activated by light. The two circuits are very similar and just require
an LDR, some standard resistors, a variable resistor (aka potentiometer), and any small
signal transistor
I n the circuit diagram above, the relay up whenever the LDR is in darkness. The 10K
variable resistor is used to fine-tune the level of darkness required before the Relay up. The
10K standard resistor can be changed as required to achieve the desired effect, although
any replacement must be at least 1K to protect the transistor from being damaged by
excessive current.

FEATURES
Advantages
1. Wide spectral response
2. Low cost
3. Wide ambient temperature range

Disadvantages
1. Very in accurate
2. Batch variation can be really large
CI RCUIT DI AGRAM







APPLI CATI ONS
I nexpensive cadmium sulphide cells can be found in many consumer items such as camera
light meters, street lights, clock radios, alarm devices, and outdoor clocks.
They are also used in some dynamic compressors together with a small incandescent lamp
or light emitting diode to control gain reduction.
LDR is used in light interruption detectors, automatic light circuits, and logarithmic law
photographic light meters.

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