Unit Hydrocarbons | Environmental Chemistry

8
HYDROCARBONS

INTRODUCTION Alkane C4H10 C5H12 C6H14 C7H16 C8H18

Organic compounds composed of only carbon and No. of possible 2 3 5 9 18
hydrogen are known as hydrocarbons. isomers
Hydrocarbons Conformations
e di erent arrangements of atoms in space which can
be obtained due to rotation about C C bond are called
Open chain Cyclic
conformations. To represent these conformations, we
Saturated can draw three-dimensional pictures. Two simple ways
Unsaturated Alicyclic Aromatic
(Alkanes) to represent them are :
• Sawhorse projections : It is a view of molecule at
Alkenes Alkynes
a particular C – C bond and groups connected to
C C ( C C )
both the front and back carbons are drawn using
ALKANES sticks at 120° angle. e le -hand bottom end of
this, locates atoms nearer to the observer and right-
• General formula : CnH2n + 2 hand top end atoms are farther away.
• Due to inertness known as para ns.
• Only C – C and C – H single bonds are present.
• All carbons are sp3 hybridised.
Isomerism
Structural isomerism : Alkanes exhibit only chain
isomerism. Methane, ethane, propane do not exhibit
isomerism. Sawhorse projections of ethane

34 CHEMISTRY TODAY | FEBRUARY ‘18

• Newman projections : In Newman projection,
the two carbon atoms forming the -bond are in between
represented by two circles, one behind the other,
so that only front carbon is seen. e hydrogen
atoms attached to the front carbon are shown by
the bonds from the centre of the circle while the
atoms attached to the back carbon are shown by
the bonds from the circumference. Newman’s projections of ethane

Methods of Preparation Chemical Properties

n-Butane

n-Hexane

ALKENES • Larger members of the series react with chlorine

to form oily products thus, these are also known as
• General formula : CnH n ole ns.
• General representation : RR C CR R
• Hybridisation (C C) : sp 2 Dienes
• Geometry : Planar triangular Alkenes with two double bonds are known as dienes.

CHEMISTRY TODAY | FEBRUARY ‘18 35

 Dienes (CnH2n – 2) Methods of Preparation
Dehydration of alcohols
conc. H SO
R OH  2 4
443 K
→

R OH A
Structure of Double Bond
e C C bond o en known as ethylenic double bond, is Dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides
∆ L
made up of a sigma ( ) bond and a pi ( ) bond. e sigma R Br + KOH al c. →
bond is a strong bond having bond dissociation enthalpy
of about 397 kJ mol–1 while pi bond is a weak bond having Dehalogenation of dihalides
Zn/Cu K
bond dissociation enthalpy of about 284 kJ mol–1. is RCH(Br)CH(Br)R Ethanol,
∆→
is because -bond is formed by head on overlapping of
orbitals while the -bond is formed by lateral or sidewise Partial hydrogenation of alkynes E
overlapping of the orbitals. Since, extent of overlapping is R C C R
H 2 ,Pd/CaCO3
 →
(Lindlar's catalyst)
less in case of -bond than -bond, therefore, a -bond is
weaker bond than a -bond. Na/liq. NH N
R C C R (Birch
 3
reduction)
→

Kolbe’s electrolytic method E

CH2 COONa Electrolysis
CH2 COONa

Chemical Properties
Addition of hydrogen Oxidation
H 2 /Ni, Pt, or Pd alk. KMnO
 → R CH  4
→ RCH CH
523 − 573 K Cold 2
Addition of halogens OH OH
Br /CCl

2 4
→ RCHBrCH2 Br Ozonolysis
Addition of halogen acids O ,Zn/H O

3 2

→ RCHO or R2 CO
HX
( →R CH CH3
X = Br, Cl, I) Polymerisation
X (Markovnikov’s rule) Traces of oxygen
HBr /Peroxide 1500 atm, 473 −673 K
→ R CH2 CH2Br →
Alkene
Alkene

(Anti-Markovnikov’s rule)
Addition of water (hydration) Wacker process
323 K
H O/ H SO HC CH + PdCl + H O→ CH CHO +

2 2 4
→R CH CH3 Ethene Acetaldehyde

OH (Markovnikov’s rule)
Pd + 2HCl
Diels—Alder reaction
Hydroboration – oxidation
B H /H O
2 6 2 2( alk.)
 → RCH 2CH 2 OH

Oxymercuration – demercuration
(CH COO ) Hg / THF

3 2
→ R CH CH3
H O 2
OH

36 CHEMISTRY TODAY | FEBRUARY ‘18

Isomerism – Two atoms or groups attached to doubly bonded
Alkenes exhibit the following isomerism : carbon atoms must be di erent.
• Structural isomerism : Alkenes show chain
isomerism (isomers di er with respect to chain of
ALKYNES
carbon atoms) and position isomerism (isomers • General formula : CnH n
di er in the position of the double bond).
• General representation : R C CR
• Geometrical isomerism : Geometrical isomers
• Hybridisation (C C) : sp
are the stereoisomers which have di erent
arrangements of groups or atoms around rigid • Geometry : Linear
framework of double bonds. is type of isomerism Structure of Triple Bond
arises due to restricted rotation around double bond. e simplest member of this homologous series
Isomer in which similar groups or atoms lie on the (putting, n = 2) has the molecular formula, C2H2.
same side of double bond are called cis-isomers
whereas isomer in which similar groups or atoms
lie on the opposite sides of double bond are called
trans-isomers.
A A A B Acidic nature
C C C C
B B B A Alkynes are weakly acidic in nature. As s-character
cis-form trans-form increases, acidic nature increases.
• Necessary conditions for Geometrical isomerism : Alkynes Alkenes Alkanes
2 3
– e molecule must have a C C double bond. Hybridisation : sp > sp > sp (acidic nature)
s-character : 50% 33.3% 25%
Methods of Preparation

A
L
K Industrial scale
Y
N
E Electric arc, 3270 K

From C—H to C—C at room temperature!

Recently a new method is devised to selectively
introduce aryl groups into C H bonds at room
temperature which is di erent from conventional
idea.
Firstly, iridium catalyst activates C H containing
substrate, then arylsilane attacks the metal creating
an intermediate, then oxidation of iridium centre of
intermediate causes arylation reaction.

CHEMISTRY TODAY | FEBRUARY ‘18 37

Chemical Properties

Cuprous acetylide C
(red ppt.)

L
Oxalic acid

N CHO
CHO
Glyoxal
E

AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS Methods of Preparation

Red hot tube
• Hydrocarbons with sigma bonds and delocalized 3CH CH 1870-2070 K
pi-electrons between carbon atoms forming a ring. NaOH, , CaO
COONa
• ey show aromaticity and burn with a sooty ame.
Zn,
• Carbon-hydrogen ratio is high. OH
• ey undergo electrophilic substitution reactions + – H3PO2 + H2O, Cu+
and nucleophilic aromatic substitutions. N2Cl
H2O (steam)
Huckel Rule of Aromaticity SO3H 423-473 K
Huckel rule of aromaticity is applied to all the ring 2[H], Ni-Al alloy
systems (whether they have benzene ring or not) which Cl NaOH
possess the following characteristics :
• Planarity
• Complete delocalisation of -electrons in the ring.
• Presence of (4n + 2) -electrons in the ring where,
n = 0, 1, 2, 3, …, for example,

38 CHEMISTRY TODAY | FEBRUARY ‘18

Chemical Properties

DISTINCTION TESTS FOR ALKANES, ALKENES AND ALKYNES

Alkane
Test Alkene (ethene) Alkyne (ethyne)
(ethane)
1. Br /CCl – Decolourises. Decolourises.
Dibromo derivatives, C H Br Tetrabromo derivatives, C H Br
2. Baeyer’s reagent – Decolourises. Decolourises.
(Alk. KMnO ) CH2 CH2OH CH COOH
+ H2O + O + 4[O]
CH2 CH2OH CH COOH
3. Ammoniacal Cu Cl – – Red precipitate
4. Ammoniacal silver nitrate – – White precipitate

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

Environmental chemistry is the branch of chemistry

that deals with the study of various chemical
processes taking place in the various segments of the
environment.
REGIONS OF THE ATMOSPHERE First direct proof of ozone hole recovery!
For the rst time, scientists have shown through
direct satellite observations of the ozone hole that
levels of ozone-destroying chlorine are declining
(due to international ban on chloro uorocarbons),
resulting in 20 per cent less ozone-depletion during
the Antarctic winter than there was in 2005.

AIR POLLUTION
It is the addition of undesirable materials into the
atmosphere either due to natural phenomena or due to
human activity on the earth which adversely a ect the
quality of the air and hence, a ects the life on the earth.

CHEMISTRY TODAY | FEBRUARY ‘18 39

Pollutants Major sources E ects
CO Incomplete combustion of carbonaceous Carbon monoxide is toxic. It binds with
matter in automobile engines and defective haemoglobin in red blood cells and prevents
furnaces, incomplete combustion of them from combining with oxygen. Low
agricultural and slash matter, volcanic levels of CO cause headache and dizziness.
eruptions, forest res. Concentration of ~1% causes death in minutes.
NOx Combustion of fuel, natural forest res, Toxic to living tissues, harmful to paints, textiles
stationary combustion sources (factories and and metals.
power plants), transportation.
SOx Stationary combustion sources, industries ey are respiratory tract irritants, low
involved in metallurgy, coal, decay products, concentration causes throat, eye irritation and
volcanoes. breathlessness, a ect larynx.
Hydrocarbons Combustion of fuel in automobiles, re neries, At concentration greater than 500–1000 ppm,
anaerobic bacterial decomposition of organic they have carcinogenic e ect in lungs. ey
matter, natural gas. react with O2 and NOx to form photochemical
smog which have a strong damaging e ect on
human beings as well as on plants.
CFC’s CFC’s were used primarily as refrigerants, React with stratospheric ozone. When CFC’s
in aerosol sprays and in the plastic industry. are broken down, chlorine free radicals are
Freons are stable (lasts for over 80 years), produced. ese can react with more than
in ammable and inert (in the lower 10,000 molecules of ozone thus, depleting the
atmosphere). ozone layer.
Particulates Volcanic eruptions, y ash, smelting and Inhalation of metallic particles leads to
mining operations, smoke from incomplete respiratory disorders like asthma, bronchitis,
combustion, dust from crushers and grinders. lung cancer, etc.

Smog radiations cause skin cancer, eye cataract, and harmful

• e word smog is derived from smoke and fog. It is to vegetation.
the major air pollutant. • Depletion of ozone is caused by oxides of nitrogen :
Smoke + Fog Smog N O+h NO + N
(Reactive)
(containing harmful gases)
NO + O NO + O
• Smog is of two types : O +h O +O
Classical smog Photochemical smog NO + O NO + O
Also called as Also called as Los Angeles 2O + h 3O (Net reaction)
London smo g . smog . • e presence of oxides of nitrogen increase the
Formed due to oxides of Formed due to oxides of decomposition of O .
sulphur. nitrogen. • Depletion of ozone by chloro uorocarbons :
Contains primary Contains secondary CF Cl + h CF Cl• + Cl•
pollutants. pollutants. CFCl
•
+h •
CFCl • + Cl•
Cl + O ClO +O (Reactive)
Causes bronchitis and Causes irritation in eyes. • •
problems in lungs. ClO + O Cl + O
It is reducing in nature. It is oxidising in nature. O +O 2O (Net reaction)
Stratospheric Pollution GREENHOUSE EFFECT AND GLOBAL WARMING
Ozone depletion : e ozone layer existing between e retention of heat by the earth and atmosphere from
15 to 25 km above the earth’s surface, shield the earth the sun and its prevention to escape into the outer space
from the harmful UV radiations from the sun. e UV is known as greenhouse e ect.

40 CHEMISTRY TODAY | FEBRUARY ‘18

• Greenhouse gases such as CO2, ozone, methane, • Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) : It is
chloro uorocarbons and water vapours form a de ned as, the amount of free oxygen required
thick cover around the earth which prevents the IR for biological oxidation of the organic matter by
rays emitted by the earth to escape.
aerobic conditions at 20°C for a period of ve days.
• It gradually leads to increase in temperature of
Its unit is mg/L or ppm. An average sewage has
atmosphere. is phenomenon of increasing earth’s
BOD value of 100 to 150 mg/L.
temperature is called global warming.
• e relative contribution of di erent greenhouse • Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) : It is measure
gases : of all types of oxidisable impurities (biologically
CO2(50%), CH4(19%), CFC’s(17%), O3(8%), oxidisable and biologically inert organic matter
N2O(4%), H2O(2%) such as cellulose) present in the sewage. COD
Methods to prevent global warming values are higher than BOD values.
• By minimising uses of cars.
• By plantation. Eutrophication
• By avoiding burning of dry leaves, etc. • Eutrophication is a process whereby water bodies,
receive excess nutrients that stimulate excessive
ACID RAIN plant growth (algae, periphyton attached algae and
• e oxides of C, N and S present in the atmosphere, other plant weeds). is enhanced plant growth,
dissolve in water and produce acids which lower o en called an algal bloom, reduces dissolved
the pH of rain water below 5.6. is is known as oxygen in the water.
acid rain.
• e acids are toxic to vegetation, react with marble SOIL POLLUTION
and damage buildings, corrode water pipes and
produce salts with heavy metal ions viz., Cu, Pb, Hg • e addition of substances in an inde nite
and Al which are toxic in nature. proportion changing the productivity of the soil is
known as soil pollution.
WATER POLLUTION
Sources of soil pollution
• Water pollution is de ned as, the contamination
of water by foreign substances which makes it
harmful for health of animals, plants or aquatic Pesticides Industrial Radioactive
life and makes it un t for domestic, industrial and e uents/wastes pollutants
agricultural use.
Pollutants Major sources
Insecticides Herbicides Fungicides
Natural Leaching of minerals, silt from
(DDT, BHC, (NaClO3, (Organomercury
wastes soil erosion, falling of organic
aldrin) Na3AsO3) compounds)
matter from banks, etc.
Organic Pesticides, surfactants, E ects of Soil Pollution
chemicals detergents, industrial wastes.
• Pollution runs-o into rivers and kills the shes,
Metals (Hg, As, Pb, Nuclear power plants, mining,
plants and other aquatic life.
Cd, etc.) metal plating industries.
Man-made wastes Sewage, domestic wastes, soaps • Contaminated soil decreases soil fertility and hence,
and detergents, wastes from there is decrease in the crop yield.
animal sheds and slaughter • People living near polluted land tend to have
houses, run o from agricultural higher incidences of migraine, nausea, fatigue, skin
elds, industrial wastes. disorders and even miscarriages.

CHEMISTRY TODAY | FEBRUARY ‘18 41

Control of Soil Pollution materials and/or substances. Incineration of waste
• Reuse and recycle unwanted items. materials converts the waste into ash, ue gases
particulates and heat, which can in turn be used to
• Make use of organic fertilizers and organic
generate electricity. Incinerators reduce the volume
pesticides because they are usually made of natural
of the original waste by almost 95%.
substances so, are biodegradable.
• Cut down the usage of paper or use recycled paper. GREEN CHEMISTRY
CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION • Green chemistry is a chemical philosophy
encouraging the design of products and processes
• Waste management : Environmental pollution can that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of
be controlled to a certain extent by managing the hazardous susbtances.
waste disposal in a proper way.
• Green chemistry refers to the redesign of chemical
• Recycling : A large amount of disposed waste products and processes with the goal of reducing
material can be reused by recycling the waste. or eliminating any negative environmental or
us, it reduces the land ll and converts waste into health e ects. Examples of green chemistry
usable forms. projects include : nding non-toxic, non-volatile
• Incineration : Incineration is a waste treatment solvent substitutes, developing new catalysts and
technology that involves the combustion of organic environmental friendly materials.

1. e product formed in the reaction, (a) CFCs (b) PAN

BrCH2 CH2Br (c) CO2 (d) coal burning.
C Na 5. e correct statement(s) for the following addition
ether, heat
is
BrCH2 CH2Br reactions is(are)

(a) (BrCH2)3CCH2CH2C(CH2Br)3
BrCH2 CH2Br
(b)
BrCH2 CH2Br

(c) BrCH2 CH2Br

(a) O and P are identical molecules
(b) bromination proceeds through trans-addition
(d) in both the reactions
(c) (M and O) and (N and P) are two pairs of
2. 5 L aqueous solution is kept in the presence of oxygen
enantiomers
and suitable microorganism for ve days at 20 °C.
(d) (M and O) and (N and P) are two pairs of
If the O2 consumed is 0.2 g, the BOD value of the
diastereomers. (JEE Advanced 2017)
sample is
(a) 4 ppm (b) 0.4 ppm (c) 40 ppm (d) 20 ppm 6. e correct reactivity order of the labelled bonds
towards Br + is
3. Which of the following reacts with KMnO4 but does O (4)
not react with AgNO3?
(1) (3)
(a) C2H6 (b) CH4 (c) C2H4 (d) C2H2
4. Peeling of ozone umbrella is due to
(2)

42 CHEMISTRY TODAY | FEBRUARY ‘18

 (a) 4 > 3 > 2 > 1 (b) 3 > 2 > 1 > 4 (a) O+2 , O+, NO + (b) O3
(c) 1 > 3 > 4 > 2 (d) 1 > 3 > 2 > 4 (c) N2, O2, CO2, H2O (d) O3, O+2 , O2
7. Which of the following elements will cause mottling 15. Which one of the following heptanols can be
of teeth if present in drinking water? dehydrated to hept-3-ene only?
(a) Mercury (b) Fluorine (a) Heptan-3-ol (b) Heptan-4-ol
(c) Boron (d) Chlorine (c) Heptan-2-ol (d) Heptan-1-ol
8. Propyne and propene can be distinguished by 16. The best method to prepare cyclohexene from
(a) conc. H2SO4 (b) Br2 in CCl4 cyclohexanol is by using
(c) dil. H2SO4 (d) AgNO3 in ammonia. (a) conc. HCl + ZnCl2 (b) conc. H3PO4
(c) HBr (d) conc. HCl
9. In the following structure, the double bonds are
marked as I, II, III and IV : 17. e pair of electrons in the given carbanion,
CH3C C– , is present in which of the following
II
orbitals?
(a) sp2 (b) sp (c) 2p (d) sp3
III (NEET Phase-I 2016)
18. Increased asthmatic attacks in certain seasons are
I
IV related to
(a) inhalation of seasonal pollen
(b) eating of seasonal vegetables
Geometrical isomerism is not possible at site(s) (c) low temperature
(a) I (b) III (d) wet and dry environment.
(c) I and III (d) III and IV
19. Which of the following reagents can be used for the
(JEE Main Online 2017)
conversion of C6H5CH2CH3 to C 6H5CH CH 2?
10. Cetane is a compound which has very good ignition (a) SOCl2 ; H2O (b) SO2Cl2 ; alc. KOH
property. Chemically, it is (c) Cl2/hv ; H2O (d) SOCl2 ; alc. KOH
(a) CH3(CH2)14CH3 (b) (CH3)3C(CH2)11CH3
20. Ethylidene dichloride is obtained by the reaction of
(c) C17H34 (d) none of these.
excess of HCl with
11. Soil salinity can be measured by (a) ethylene (b) acetylene
(a) calorimeter (b) potometer (c) propene (d) methane.
(c) porometer (d) conductivity meter. 21. e compound that will react most readily with
12. Which of the following is a sink for CO? gaseous bromine, has the formula
(a) Microorganisms present in the soil (a) C3H6 (b) C2H2 (c) C4H10 (d) C2H4
(b) Oceans (NEET Phase-II 2016)
(c) Plants 22. Persistent pesticides such as DDT pass into food
(d) Haemoglobin (NEET 2017) chain and increase in amount per unit weight of
13. An isomer of C5H12 gives total six isomeric products organism due to their accumulation in fat. is
on monochlorination. What will be the percentage phenomenon is called
yield of the primary monochloride which is chiral? (a) biomagni cation (b) biodegradation
Consider the following relative reactivity of (c) biosynthesis (d) decomposition.
C H bonds for chlorination : 23. Cyclone collector is used for minimising
Degree of C H 1°C H 2°C H 3°C H (a) radioactive pollution (b) air pollution
Relative reactivity 1 3 5 (c) noise pollution (d) water pollution.
for chlorination COOK

(a) 26.8% (b) 25% (c) 30% (d) 50% Electrolysis

24. A
14. e chemical entities present in thermosphere of
the atmosphere are COOK

CHEMISTRY TODAY | FEBRUARY ‘18 43

 A is SOLUTIONS
(a) (b) 1. (d) : BrCH2 CH2Br
Na CH2 CH2
C Ether, heat C
CH2Br CH2 CH2
BrCH2
or
(c) (d)

Weight of oxygen (in mg)

n
2. (c) : BOD =
(JEE Main Online 2015) Volume of water samplein ( L )
Given, Weight of oxygen = 0.2 g = 200 mg
25. e dihedral angle HCH in staggered conformation
Volume of solution = 5 L
of C2H6 is
200
(a) 120° (b) 60° (c) 0° (d) 90° BOD = mg / L = 40 mg / L = 40 ppm
5
3. (c) : C2H6 and CH4 are alkanes, they do not react
26. 1,1-Dimethylcyclopropane, can be obtained
with both KMnO4 and AgNO3. Alkene (C2H4)
by the reaction
and alkyne (C2H2) both react with KMnO4 and
CH2Br decolourise it. But only alkynes react with AgNO3
Zn
(a) (CH3)2C to give white precipitate.
CH2Br 4. (a) : Peeling of ozone umbrella i.e., ozone depletion
CH2N2 is due to chloro uorocarbons (CFCs).
(b) (CH3)2C CH2 D 5. (b, d) : Bromination of alkenes always proceeds via
(c) both (a) and (b)
trans- addition.
(d) none of these.
27. Photochemical smog consists of excessive amount
of X, in addition to aldehydes, ketones, peroxyacetyl
nitrates (PAN) and so forth. X is trans-2-Butene
(a) CH4 (b) CO (c) CO2 (d) O3 ' M' 'N'

(JEE Main Online 2015)

28. SO2 and NO 2 produce pollution by increasing
(a) alkalinity (b) acidity
(c) neutrality (d) bu er action. cis-2-Butene
29. e brown haze of photochemical smog is largely ‘O’ and ‘P’ are enantiomers.
'O ' ' P'
attributable to (M and O) and (N and P) are two pairs of
(a) NO (b) NO2 diastereomers.
(c) CH3 COONO2
6. (d) : C C at position 1 is more reactive towards
O electrophile, Br+ as this is adjacent to O-atom to
(d) CH2 CHCH O provide +M-e ect. C C at position 3 is more
substituted as compared to C C at position 2.
30. For the following reaction, the product ‘A’ is
Alkyne (at position 4)is less reactive towards Br+
(i) Mg, Et2O
Br A as compared to alkene. us, the correct order of
(ii) CO 2
reactivity is 1 > 3 > 2 > 4.
(iii) H3O+
7. (b) : Mottling of teeth is due to the presence of
(a) COOH (b) ( COO)2Mg
uorine in drinking water.
O 8. (d) : Propyne gives white ppt. with AgNO3 in
ammonia (given only by terminal alkynes), but
(c) C (d) propene does not react.

44 CHEMISTRY TODAY | FEBRUARY ‘18

9. (a) : For geometrical isomerism, di erent groups 24. (b) : O
should be attached to each sp2 hybridised C-atom. COOK C O
.
10. (a) : Cetane is chemically hexadecane
Electrolysis –2CO2
CH3(CH2)14CH3 or C16H34. It is colourless liquid and
straight chain hydrocarbon used in rating of diesel.
11. (d) : Soil salinity can be measured by conductivity COOK C O
.
meter. O .
12. (a,d) : Microorganisms present in the soil consume
atmospheric CO. Haemoglobin has higher a nity
for CO and it combines with CO to form carboxy- (Stable due to aromaticity)
.
haemoglobin.
25. (b)
13. (c) : Primary monochloride (which is chiral) is
obtained as : CH2 Br H3C
CH3 CH CH2 CH3 Monochlorination 26. (c) : (CH3)2C
Zn
C
* CH2 Br
CH3 CH3 CH CH2 CH3 H3C
CH2Cl CH3 H3C
CH2N2
6(1° H) × 1 = 6 (Chiral) ; 2 (2°H) × 3 = 6 ; C CH2 D C
1(3° H) × 5 = 5 ; 3(1° H) × 1 = 3 (Not chiral) CH3 H3C
6 27. (d) : Chemical pollutants in photochemical smog
Now, % yield = × 100 = 30%
20 are nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2), volatile organic
14. (a) compounds, ozone (O 3), peroxyacetyl nitrates.
15. (b) : CH3CH2CH2 CH CH2CH2CH3 In the presence of sunlight, the following reactions
take place : NO2 NO + O ; O + O2 O3
h
OH
Heptan-4-ol Hence, it consists of excessive amount of ozone
Dehydration
CH3CH2CH CHCH2CH2CH3 molecules also.
–H2O
Hept-3-ene 28. (b) : SO2 and NO2 produce pollution by increasing
16. (b) : Conc. H3PO4 is a dehydrating agent and it will acidity.
convert cyclohexanol to cyclohexene. 29. (b) : Photochemical smog is initiated by the
sp sp photochemical dissociation of NO2 that results in
17. (b) : CH3 C C– the formation of NO. is NO rapidly reacts with
us, pair of electrons is present in sp-hybridised O3 (formed by molecular oxygen with O-atoms)
orbital. to give NO2 (a brown gas), responsible for causing
18. (a) haze if its concentration is very high.
SO2Cl2 hv
NO2(g) NO(g) + [O]
19. (b) : C6H5CH2CH3 –SO , –HCl C6H5CHClCH3 Nascent oxygen
2
(very reactive)
Alc. KOH
–HCl
C6H5CH CH2 [O] + O2 O3 (reacts rapidly with NO)
HCl O3 + NO NO2 + O2
20. (b) : CH CH + HCl CH2 CHCl
(Brown gas, in high
Acetylene Vinyl chloride
concentration
CH3CHCl2 form haze)
Ethylidene dichloride
Mg
Alkenes due to presence of only one C C , 30. (a) : Br Et O MgBr
2
form only monochloro derivative.
Grignard reagent
21. (a) 22. (a) (i) CO2
23. (b) : Cyclone collector is used for minimising air MgBr COOH
(ii) H3O+
pollution. 

46 CHEMISTRY TODAY | FEBRUARY ‘18