bXu w BPSC-114

tu&tu dk
fo”ofo|ky;
bafnjk xka/kh jk’Vªh; eqDr fo”ofo|ky;
lkekftd foKku fo|kkihB Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fpa r u &II
 BPSC-114

Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu &II

lkekftd foKku fo|kihB

bafnjk xka/kh jk’Vªh; eqDr fo”ofo|ky;
vuqoknd eaMy% MkW jktdqekj “kekZ ¼bdkbZ 1 ls 5½ ,oa lqJh dqle frokjh ¼bdkbZ 6 ls 12½

fgUnh iqujh{k.kdrkZ% MkW ;ksxe nÙkk] ,lksf”k;sV izksQslj ¼vodk'kizkIr½] eS=;

s h dkWyt
s ] fnYyh fo”ofo|ky;

dk;kZy;h lg;ksx% Jh jkds”k PkUnz tks”kh

lgk;d dk;Zikyd ¼MhIkh½] lk-fo-fo-
bXuw] eSnku x<+h] ubZ fnYyh &110068

eqnz.k lg;ksx% Jh jktho fxj/kj] Jh gseUr ijhnk

lgk;d dqylfpo] bXuw] vuqHkkx vf/kdkjh]
eSnku x<+h] ubZ fnYyh &110068 eSnku x<+h] ubZ fnYyh &110068
tqykbZ] 2022

bafnjk xk¡/kh jk"Vªh; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] 2022

@ lokZf/kdkj lqjf{krA bl Ñfr dk dksbZ Hkh va'k] fefe;ksxkz Q ;k fdlh Hkh vU; :i es]a bafnjk xk¡/kh jk"Vªh; eqDr fo'ofo|ky; dh
fyf[kr vuqefr ds fcuk fdlh vU; O;fDr n~okjk iqu#Rikfnr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
bafnjk xk¡/kh jk"Vªh; eqDr fo'ofo|ky; dh vksj ls funs'kd] lkekftd foKku fo|kihB }kjk eqfnzr ,oa izdkf'krA
bafnjk xka/kh jk"Vªh; eqDr fo'ofo|ky; dh vksj ls dqylfpo] lkexzh fuekZ.k ,oa forj.k izHkkx] bXuw }kjk eqfnzr ,oa izdkf'kr

ystj Vkbi lsfVax % Jh jkds”k pUnz tks”kh] lgk;d dk;Zikyd¼Mhih½] lk-fo-fo-] bXuw eSnku x<h] ubZ fnYYkh & 110068
eqnd
z %
fo”ks’kK lferh
Ikzks- njos”k xksiky ¼v?;{k½ izks- osysfj;u jksMªht ¼vodk'kizkIr½ izks- d`’.kk esuu
jktuhfr foKku ladk; vUrZjk’Vªh; v/;;u fo|kihB tSMj v/;;u dsUnz
lkekftd foKku fo|kihB tokgjyky usg: fo”ofo|ky;] vEcsMdj fo”ofo|ky;]
bXuw] eSnku x<+h] ubZ fnYyh ubZ fnYyh ubZ fnYyh

izks- xqjizhr egktu izks- ehuk ns”kikaMs ¼vodk'kizkIr½ izks- “ksQkyh >k
jktuhfr v/;;u dsUnz] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] jktuhfr v/;;u dsUnz]
tokgjyky usg: fo”ofo|ky;] caxyksj fo”ofo|ky;] tokgjyky usg: fo”ofo|ky;]
ubZ fnYyh caxkyq: ubZ fnYyh
Ikzks- txiky flag Ikzks- fot;”ks[kj jsM`Mh Ikzks- vuqjkx tks”kh ¼ikB~;Øe la;kstd½
jktuhfr foKku ladk; jktuhfr foKku ladk; jktuhfr foKku ladk;
lkekftd foKku fo|kihB lkekftd foKku fo|kihB lkekftd foKku fo|kihB
bXuw] eSnku x<+h] ubZ fnYyh bXuw] eSnku x<+h] ubZ fnYyh bXuw] eSnku x<+h] ubZ fnYyh

ikB~;Øe la;kstd vkSj laiknd

Ikzks- vuqjkx tks”kh
¼ikB~;Øe la;kstd½
jktuhfr foKku ladk;] lkekftd foKku fo|kihB
bafnjk xka/kh jk’Vªh; eqDr fo”ofo|ky;
eSnku x<+h] ubZ fnYyh

ikaB~;Øe fuekZ.k ny
[kaM I vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu dk ifjp;
bdkbZ 1 vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu dh izks- fcfiu dqekj frokjh] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] vkSj
mRifÙk vkSj eq[; fo'ks"krk,a MkW- jkt dqekj 'kekZ] egf"kZ d.kkn iksLV&MkWDVj Qsyks] fnYyh Ldwy vkWQ
VªkaluS'kuy vQs;lZ] baLVhV;w'ku vkWQ ,feusal] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;
[kaM II vk/kqfudrk ls lkeuk vkSj lq/kkjksa dk loky
bdkbZ 2 jkeeksgu j‚;% lkekftd lq/kkj vkSj M‚- lhek efyd] mi&izkpk;Z] dsaæh; fo|ky;] fnYyh
vk/kqfudrk dh iqf’V
bdkbZ 3 iafMrk jekckbZ% efgyk vkSj /keZ M‚- lafgrk tks'kh] lgk;d çksQslj] ukxfjd 'kkL= vkSj jktuhfr foHkkx] eqacbZ
çkf/kdj.k fo'ofo|ky;
[kaM III ijaijkvksa ds izfr opuc)rk
bdkbZ 4 Lokeh foosdkuan% ijaijk dks iqu% izkIrk jksfgr 'kekZ] lgk;d çksQslj] jktuhfr foKku LukrdksÙkj foHkkx] vk;Z d‚yst
djuk vkSj Lo;a dk fopkj yqf/k;kuk
¼uj&ukjk;.k½
bdkbZ 5 ,e- ds- xka/kh% ijaijk dh vkykspuk vkSj M‚ jkt dqekj 'kekZ] egf"kZ d.kkn iksLV&M‚DVj Qsyks] fnYyh Ldwy v‚Q
Lojkt dk fopkj VªkaluS'kuy vQs;lZ] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; vkSj xhrkatfy v=h] fjlpZ Ld‚yj]
Ldwy v‚Q lks'ky lkbalst] ts,u;w
[kaM IV jk"Vª vkSj fo'o dh dYiuk,¡
bdkbZ 6 M‚- ch-vkj- vEcsMdj% laoS/kkfud çks- osysfj;u jksfMªXl] jktuhfr v/;;u dsUnz] ts,u;w] ubZ fnYyh & 110067
yksdra= vkSj lkekftd U;k; ¼bXuw ikBîØe ,eih,lbZ &004] ;wfuV 12 ls fy;k x;k½
bdkbZ 7 johaæukFk VSxksj% jk"Vªokn vkSj M‚ fdj.k vxokus] lgk;d çksQslj] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] ,lvkj,e
fo”ocU/kqRo fo'ofo|ky; fnYyh&,ulhvkj
bdkbZ 8 tokgjyky usg:% jkT;] jk"Vª fuekZ.k M‚ fcik'kk jksth ykdM+k] lgk;d çksQslj] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] ts,elh]
vkSj /keZfujis{krk fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;
bdkbZ 9 jke euksgj yksfg;k% lektoknh yksdra= M‚ fdj.k vxokus] lgk;d çksQslj] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] ,lvkj,e
fo'ofo|ky; fnYyh&,ulhvkj
bdkbZ 10 ,e-,u- j‚;% Økafrdkjh ekuorkokn ikBîØe bZih,l 03] bdkbZ 29 ls fy;k x;k-
[kaM V leqnk; vkSj jk"Vª
bdkbZ 11 eksgEen bdcky% leqnk;] /keZ vkSj M‚ vferka'kq oekZ] ofj"B 'kks/kdrkZ] lsaVj Q‚j bfDoVh LVMht] ubZ fnYyh
vk/kqfudrk
bdkbZ 12 oh-Mh- lkojdj% fganqRo M‚ fç;adk >k] lgk;d çksQslj] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] ch,p;w
 fo’k; lwph
i`’B la[;k
[kaM I vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu dk ifjp; 09
bdkbZ 1 vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu dh mRifÙk vkSj eq[; fo'ks"krk,a 11
[kaM II vk/kqfudrk ls lkeuk vkSj lq/kkjksa dk loky 25
bdkbZ 2 jkeeksgu j‚;% lkekftd lq/kkj vkSj vk/kqfudrk dh iqf’V 27
bdkbZ 3 iafMrk jekckbZ% efgyk vkSj /keZ çkf/kdj.k 46
[kaM III ijaijkvksa ds izfr opuc)rk 61
bdkbZ 4 Lokeh foosdkuan% ijaijk dks iqu% izkIrk djuk vkSj Lo;a dk fopkj 63
¼uj&ukjk;.k½
bdkbZ 5 ,e- ds- xka/kh% ijaijk dh vkykspuk vkSj Lojkt dk fopkj 77
[kaM IV jk"Vª vkSj fo'o dh dYiuk,¡ 91
bdkbZ 6 M‚- ch-vkj- vEcsMdj% laoS/kkfud yksdra= vkSj lkekftd U;k; 93
bdkbZ 7 johaæukFk VSxksj% jk"Vªokn vkSj fo”ocU/kqRo 108
bdkbZ 8 tokgjyky usg:% jkT;] jk"Vª fuekZ.k vkSj /keZfujis{krk 124
bdkbZ 9 jke euksgj yksfg;k% lektoknh yksdra= 140
bdkbZ 10 ,e-,u- j‚;% Økafrdkjh ekuorkokn 154
[kaM V leqnk; vkSj jk"Vª 167
bdkbZ 11 eksgEen bdcky% leqnk;] /keZ vkSj vk/kqfudrk 169
bdkbZ 12 oh-Mh- lkojdj% fganqRo 186
lanHkZ xzaFk 201
 vkèkqfud Hkkjrh;
fo’k; ifjp; jktuhfrd fprau
dh mRifÙk vkSj
eq[; fo'ks"krk,a
*vkèkqfud* 'kCn dh vyx&vyx O;k[;k,a gks ldrh gSa ftlls vkèkqfud Hkkjrh;
jktuhfrd fopkj dh mRifÙk dh rkjh[k dk Bhd&Bhd irk yxkuk eqf'dy gks
tkrk gSA gkyk¡fd] ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;g vke rkSj ij 18oÈ] 19oÈ vkSj
20oÈ 'krkCnh ds le; dk izfrfu/kRo djrk gSA fo|qr pØorÊ vkSj jktsæa dqekj
ikaMs ¼2009½ us viuh iqLrd] e‚MuZ bafM;u i‚fyfVdy Fk‚V% VsDLV ,aM d‚UVsDLV
esa rdZ fn;k gS fd vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fopkj esa *jk"Vª*] *jk"Vªokn* vkSj
*jk"Vªh; igpku* ds rhu lacafèkr eqís 'kkfey gSaA dgus dh t:jr ugÈ gS fd ;s
fo"k; çkphu Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fopkjdksa ds ys[ku esa xk;c FksA

eksVs rkSj ij vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; Çpru dks nks pj.kksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk
gSA igyk pj.k *lkekftd lqèkkj* dk FkkA bl pj.k ds fopkjd Lons'kh lekt
ds vkarfjd mRFkku ls vfèkd lacfa /kr FksA nwljk pj.k] dà ek;uksa esa vfèkd
tfVy vkSj cukoV okyk] og pj.k gS ftls ge jk"Vªoknh pj.k ds :i esa ukfer
dj ldrs gSaA bl pj.k ds mís'; jktuhfr vkSj lÙkk ds eqíksa vkSj vkSifuosf'kd
'kklu ls Lora=rk ds eqíksa ij vfèkd fu.kkZ;d :i ls LFkkukarfjr gks tkrs gSaA
;g ;kn j[kuk egRoiw.kZ gS fd ftls ge *jk"Vªoknh pj.k* dg jgs gSa] og dsoy
,d vk'kqfyfi vfHkO;fä gS] D;ksafd bl vofèk esa] dà vkSj ço`fÙk;k¡ vkSj èkkjk,¡
FkÈ] ftUgsa dsoy *jk"Vªokn* ds 'kh"kZd ds rgr lekfgr ugÈ fd;k tk ldrk gSA
de ls de] eqfLye vkSj nfyr tSlh egRoiw.kZ èkkjk,a gSa tks bl vofèk esa ckSf)d
vkSj jktuhfrd *Lo;a dh [kkst* dks fpfàr djrh gSaA

jkeèkkjh Çlg fnudj ds vuqlkj] vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fopkj dks fczfV'k
vkSifuosf'kd uhfr;ksa ds f[kykQ Hkkjrh; ijaijk dh çfrfØ;k] çfrjksèk vkSj
ykecanh ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA iqutkZxj.k dh Hkkouk ds ekè;e ls]
if'peh vkèkqfudrk dks ldkjkRed rjhds ls viukus dk ç;kl fd;k x;k] tcfd
iqu#RFkkuokn ds ekè;e ls] Hkkjrh; ijaijk us çfrfØ;k vkSj çfrjksèk }kjk fczfV'k
mifuos'kokn dk tokc nsus dh dksf'k'k dh ¼fgeka'kq j‚; vkSj ,e ih Çlg] 2017½A
bl ckr ij çdk'k Mkyk tk ldrk gS fd vBkjgoÈ 'krkCnh esa ;wjksi esa tks
Kkuksn; 'kq: gqvk] mlus mu vkoktksa dks tUe fn;k] tks vU; lH;rkvksa ij
;wjksih; yksxksa dh Js"Brk dks mfpr Bgjkrh FkÈA vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd
fopkjdksa us u dsoy bldh le`) lkaL—frd fojklr dks mtkxj djds Hkkjrh;ksa
ij xoZ djus dh dksf'k'k dh] cfYd dqN us if'peh lH;rk dh vkykspuk djus
dk Hkh ç;kl fd;kA xkaèkh dh if'peh lH;rk dh vkykspuk] ,d mnkgj.k gS
D;ksafd if'peh lH;rk esa uSfrd vkSj vkè;kfRed vk;keksa dk vHkko FkkA bl
ikBîØe esa vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd Çpru ds dqN egRoiw.kZ fopkjdksa dks
'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA bls ikap Cy‚d esa ckaVk x;k gSA

[kaM 1 ,d bdkà vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fopkj dh mRifÙk vkSj eq[;

fo'ks"krk,a ds lkFk vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd Çpru dk ifjp; nsrk gSA [kaM 2
vkèkqfudrk ds lkFk vkeuk&lkeuk vkSj lqèkkjksa ds ç'u ls lacafèkr gSA blesa
7
[k.M I jkeeksgu jk; vkSj iafMrk jekckà ds fopkj 'kkfey gSaA [kaM 3 ijaijk ij
vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; foosdkuan vkSj xkaèkh ds fopkjksa ij çdk'k Mkyrk gSA [kaM 4 vEcsMdj] VSxksj]
jktuhfrd Çpru usg:] yksfg;k vkSj ,e ,u j‚; tSls fopkjdksa ds ekè;e ls jk"Vª vkSj nqfu;k dh
dk Ikfjp;
dYiukvksa ij çdk'k Mkyrk gSA leqnk; vkSj jk"Vª ds ckjs esa bdcky vkSj
lkojdj ds fopkjksa dk mYys[k [kaM 5 esa feyrk gSA

çR;sd bdkà esa çxfr dk vkdyu djus ds fy, cks/k iz'u gSa vkSj çR;sd bdkÃ
ds var esa mÙkj fn, x, gSaA ikBîØe ds var esa i<+us dh ,d lwph gS tks
ifjçs{; dks O;kid cukus vkSj vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fopkj ds vè;;u esa
xgjkà rd tkus esa enn djsxhA

8
 vkèkqfud Hkkjrh;
jktuhfrd fprau
dh mRifÙk vkSj
eq[; fo'ks"krk,a

[k.M I
vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd
Çpru dk Ikfjp;

9
[k.M I
[kaM I ifjp;
vkèkqfud Hkkjrh;
jktuhfrd Çpru
dk Ikfjp; Hkkjr esa 19oÈ lnh ds jktuhfrd fopkjdksa us ;g fo'ys"k.k djus dh dksf'k'k dh
fd dSls Hkkjr tSlk fo'kky ns'k vèkhurk esa vk x;kA mudk mís'; fons'kh 'kklu
ls Lora=rk çkIr djuk FkkA vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; Çpru dks nks pj.kksa esa foHkkftr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA igyk pj.k lkekftd lqèkkj dk FkkA bl pj.k ds fopkjd
Lons'kh lekt ds vkarfjd mRFkku ls vfèkd Çpfrr FksA nwljk pj.k] dà ek;uksa
esa vfèkd tfVy vkSj cukoV okyk] og pj.k gS ftls ge jk"Vªoknh pj.k ds :i
esa ukfer dj ldrs gSaA vius oSpkfjd vkSj lkaL—frd vkfèkiR; dks LFkkfir djus
ds fy,] vaxzstksa us teÈnkjksa vkSj f'kf{kr 'kgjh eè;e oxZ tSls Hkkjrh;ksa ds chp
vius leFkZd cuk,A gkyk¡fd] bl le; ds nkSjku vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu dh ,d
çfr}a}h le> Hkh fodflr gqà ftlus ikjaifjd çFkkvksa vkSj laLFkkuksa dh ljkguk
dhA mnkjokfn;ksa us fczfV'k 'kklu ds ldkjkRed igyqvksa ij çdk'k MkykA
jkeeksgu jk;] joÈæukFk VSxksj] nknk Hkkà ukSjksth] th- ds- xks[kys] ,e- th- jkukMs]
lkFk gh lh vkj nkl vkSj eksrh yky usg: us Hkkjr esa fczfV'k 'kklu ds ykHkksa
dh vyx&vyx ek=k esa ckr dhA dqN vaxzsth ewY;ksa vkSj laLFkkuksa dh ljkguk
ds ckotwn] mifuos'kokn fojksèkh jk"Vªoknh fopkjèkkjk dh lHkh èkkjk,a vkerkSj ij
;g ekurh FkÈ fd vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu vekuoh; vkSj 'kks"k.kdkjh FkkA 20oÈ lnh
ds mnkjokfn;ksa us vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu dh *lH;rk* dh Hkwfedk dk [kaMu fd,
fcuk lÙkk ds gLrkarj.k dh xqgkj yxkÃA 1920 dk n'kd mifuos'k fojksèkh lksp
ds dêjokn dk n'kd FkkA f'kf{kr ;qokvksa ds ,d oxZ us xkaèkh ds fopkjksa vkSj
rjhdksa dh vkykspuk vkSj jktuhfrd la?k"kZ ds u, rjhdksa dks fodflr djus dh
ekax dhA bl ço`fÙk ls Økafrdkjh jk"Vªoknh mHkjsA lqHkk"k paæ cksl vkSj
tokgjyky usg: bl [kaM ds çoäk cusA foosdkuan vkSj vjÇcnks ?kks"k }kjk
fodflr jktuhfr ds fy, vfuok;Z :i ls Hkkjrh; vkè;kfRed –f"Vdks.k us xkaèkh
esa viuh fujarj vfHkO;fä ikÃA ,d vU; ço`fÙk dk çfrfufèkRo lektokfn;ksa vkSj
dE;qfuLVksa us fd;kA ,e- ,u- jk; 1920 ds n'kd esa Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLVksa ds
vkfèkdkfjd fopkjd cus vkSj mUgksaus mifuos'kokn fojksèkh dks foÜo iwt a hokn ds
f[kykQ vfHk;ku ds lkFk tksM+us ij tksj fn;kA dkaxzsl lektoknh fopkjdksa]
fo'ks"k :i ls t; çdk'k ukjk;.k vkSj vkpk;Z ujsæa nso us jk"Vªokn ds lkFk
lektokn dks la'ysf"kr djus vkSj jk"Vªokn dh lsok esa] ;kuh mifuos'kokn fojksèkh
la?k"kZ esa lektokn dks ykus dk ç;kl fd;kA

10
bdkbZ 1 vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fprau dh mRifÙk vkèkqfud Hkkjrh;
jktuhfrd fprau
vkSj eq[; fo'ks"krk, dh mRifÙk vkSj
eq[; fo'ks"krk,a
lajpuk
1-0 mís';
1-1 izLrkouk
1-2 vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd Çpru dh mRifÙk
1-3 vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd Çpru dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a
1-3-1 lkekU; fo'ks"krk,a
1-3-2 oSpkfjd fo'ks"krk,a
1-4 lkjka'k
1-5 lanHkZ
1-6 cksèk iz'uksa ds mÙkj

1-0 mís';
;g bdkà vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd Çpru dh mRifÙk vkSj fo'ks"krkvksa dk
ifjp; vkSj O;k[;k djsxhA bl bdkà dk vè;;u djus ds ckn] vki bl ;ksX;
gks tk,ax%s
 vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd Çpru dh voèkkj.kk dks le>us esa
 bldh mRifÙk vkSj çeq[k fo'ks"krkvksa dh O;k[;k djus esa
 mu çeq[k fopkjdksa ds ckjs tkuus esa &ftUgksaus vkèkqfud Hkkjrh;
jktuhfrd Çpru ds fodkl vkSj çxfr dks vkdkj fn;kA

1-1 izLrkouk
21oÈ lnh esa oSf'od Lrj ij Hkkjr ds mn; ds lkFk] Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd Çpru
esa 'kSf{kd #fp èkhjs&èkhjs c<+ jgh gSA çkphu dky ls Hkkjr esa jktuhfrd Çpru
dh fujarj vkSj yach ,sfrgkfld mifLFkfr jgh gSA vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd
fopkj dks le>uk ;g fo'ys"k.k djus ds fy, vko';d gS fd Hkkjrh; fopkjdksa


izk-s fcfiu dqekj frokjh] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] vkSj MkW- jkt dqekj
'kekZ] iksLV&MkWDVj Qsyks] fnYyh Ldwy vkWQ VªkaluS'kuy vQs;lZ] baLVhV;w'ku vkWQ ,feusl
a ]
fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;

11
[k.M I us jk"Vª] èkeZ] yksdra=] vfèkdkj] jhfr&fjoktks]a ijaijkvksa vkSj vkèkqfudrk vkfn
vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; tSlh voèkkj.kkvksa dks dSls le>kA dà Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud jktuhfrd fopkjdksa ds
jktuhfrd Çpru fy,] muds fopkjksa dk nk;jk O;kid Fkk D;ksafd mUgksua s ekuork dh ckr dhA
dk Ikfjp;
mUgksaus u dsoy Hkkjrh; nqnZ'kkvksa dks cfYd fo'o dh leL;kvksa dks Hkh gy djus
dk ç;kl fd;kA mUgksaus vPNs thou ds vius –f"Vdks.k] bfrgkl dh O;k[;k]
euq"; dh voèkkj.kk] vkÆFkd fodkl vkSj e'khuksa ds mi;ksx] uSfrdrk vkSj
jktuhfr vkfn ij fopkj O;Dr fd,A ;s eqís ,f'k;k] vÝhdk vkSj ySfVu vesfjdk
ds vU; mifuos'kksa ij leku :i ls ykxw FksA oh vkj esgrk us viuh 1974 dh
iqLrd] vkbfM;ksy‚th] e‚MukZbts'ku ,aM i‚fyfVDl bu bafM;k esa rdZ fn;k gS
fd if'peh fopkj inkFkZ vkSj vkRek] lekt vkSj laL—fr vkSj Lora=rk vkSj
lekt ds chp f}Hkktu esa dke djrk gSA Hkkjrh; fopkj bu foHkktuksa dks vlR;
vkSj lrgh dgdj [kkfjt djrk gSA ,d xSj&}Sroknh –f"Vdks.k leqnk; vkSj
lg;ksx] fo'o HkkÃpkjs vkSj ekuorkokn dks cuk, j[kus esa enn djrk gS] tcfd
;g dqyhuksa vkSj turk] lkè; vkSj lkèku] fe= vkSj 'k=q vkSj fo"k; vkSj oLrq ds
chp ds varj dks Hkh rksM+rk gS tks vkRe&lk{kkRdkj dh vksj ys tkrk gSA
vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fopkj rc mRiUu gqvk tc fczfV'k mifuos'kokn dh
eqykdkr Hkkjrh; çfrfØ;k ls gqbZ] ftls ik'pkR; ¼if'pe@fczfV'k½ vkSj vksfj,aVy
¼mifuos'kks@a Hkkjr½ fopkj çfØ;k ds chp la?k"kZ ds :i esa Hkh ekuk tk ldrk gSA
gkykafd ;g ukedj.k iqjkuk yx ldrk gS] bl la?k"kZ dh Hkkouk ledkyhu le;
esa tkjh gS ftls Xykscy u‚FkZ cuke Xykscy lkmFk ;k fodflr cuke fodkl'khy
ns'kksa ds vklikl cgl ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

1-2 vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu dh mRifÙk

Hkkjr esa fczfV'k mifuos'kokn ds fy, dksà xaHkhj vfLrRoxr pqukSrh ugÈ Fkh vkSj
mudh 'kfDr 19 oÈ 'krkCnh dh rhljh frekgh rd vPNh rjg ls LFkkfir gks
pqdh FkhA mUgksaus vius vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu dks etcwr djuk 'kq: dj fn;k
ftlds fy, mUgsa Hkkjrh; çtk ds chp ,d leFkZu vkèkkj dh vko';drk FkhA
blds fy, vaxzstksa us ,d f'kf{kr 'kgjh eè;e oxZ vkSj nwljk oxZ teÈnkjksa dk
cuk;k tks vkSifuosf'kd ç'kklu esa dk;Zjr FksA mUgksaus f'k{kk ç.kkyh ds ekè;e ls
vius lkaLÑfrd vkfèkiR; dks lq–<+ djus dh ;kstuk cukÃA ,e ,u >k ¼1975½
ds vuqlkj] Hkkjr dks vius fopkjksa ds vuq:i cukus ds fy, fczfV'k
lkezkT;okfn;ksa }kjk dqy feykdj rhu dne mBk, x,A lcls igys] mUgksua s iwjs
ns'k dks ,d ç'kklfud bdkà ds rgr laxfBr fd;kA nwljk] f'k{kk dh ,d
vaxzsth ç.kkyh dh LFkkiuk dh xà FkhA rhljk] vaxzstksa us ekuofoKkfu;ksa vkSj
iqjkrRofonksa }kjk fd, x, 'kksèkksa ds ekè;e ls Hkkjr dh lkaL—frd ghurk dks
fn[kkus dh Hkh dksf'k'k dhA blh jktuhfrd&lkekftd&lkaL—frd ifjos'k esa
vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd Çpru dk mn; gqvkA
,e ih Çlg ¼2017½ ds vuqlkj] Hkkjr esa vkèkqfud jktuhfrd fopkjksa ds mn~Hko ds
fy, ftEesnkj mRçsjd dkjd Fks & fczfV'k vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu] Hkkjrh; ijaijk
dk vkèkqfudhdj.k vkSj jk"Vª&fuekZ.k dh pqukSfr;ka] jkT; xBu vkSj vkÆFkd
fodklA fczfV'k 'kklu ls Lora=rk ds fy, Hkkjr dk yack la?k"kZ ,d ,slk vH;kl

12
Fkk ftlus gekjs fofoèk ns'k ds lkekftd] jktuhfrd] vkÆFkd vkSj lkaL—frd vkèkqfud Hkkjrh;
igyqvksa esa cnyko fd,A vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fopkj 18oÈ & 19oÈ jktuhfrd fprau
'krkCnh esa mRiUu gqvk tc Hkkjr ls fczfV'k mifuos'kokn ds fy, fofoèk dh mRifÙk vkSj
eq[; fo'ks"krk,a
çfrfØ;k,a gqbZA vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fopkj vkSj Hkkjrh; iqutkZxj.k ¼tks
caxky esa 'kq: gqvk½ dk ,d lkFk mn; gqvkA caxky Hkkjr ds iqutkZxj.k esa cM+h
Hkwfedk fuHkkus ds fy, LokHkkfod :i ls vuqdwy Fkk D;ksafd dydÙkk fczfV'k
'kklu dk iqjkuk dsæa FkkA 'kq#vkrh Ldwy] d‚yst vkSj çsl ;gÈ ls 'kq: gq,A
vius ÅtkZoku yksxksa] rqyukRed :i ls le`) okf.kfT;d vkSj —f"k {ks= ds lkFk]
caxky u, voljksa dk ykHk mBkus ds fy, mRlqd FkkA Hkkjr ds Lora=rk
lsukfu;ksa dk ,d cM+k fgLlk caxky ls vk;k Fkk ¼czkmu] 1953½A
Hkkjrh;ksa ds ,d oxZ esa ckSf)d tkx`fr vkà tks ml le; Hkkjrh; lekt dh
leL;kvksa ls cgqr çHkkfor Fks vkSj os mUgsa nwj djus ds fy, –<+ FksA ;g lkaL—
frd iru dk nkSj Fkk D;ksafd jpukRedrk vkSj fo'ys"k.kkRed lksp dh
vko';drk de gks jgh FkhA yksx iqjkus vaèkfo'oklksa vkSj gBèkÆerk esa Qal x, Fks]
tcfd gekjs usrkvksa }kjk bu eqíksa dks nwj djus vkSj vrhr ds xkSjo dks iqu% çkIr
djus ds ç;kl fd, x, FksA gkyk¡fd] iqutkZxj.k dh ç—fr if'pe esa vkSj Hkkjr
ds lanHkZ esa fHkUu FkhA if'pe esa] ;g igys ¼çkphu xzhl½ tks dqN gqvk Fkk] mldk
iqu#RFkku FkkA Hkkjr es]a iqutkZxj.k dk vFkZ fiNyh ijaijkvksa dks R;kxuk vkSj
çkphu ijaijkvksa esa okil tkuk ugÈ Fkk] cfYd blds ctk;] iqjkuh ijaijkvksa dks
rdZlaxrrk ds ekè;e ls ns[kuk FkkA ;g vrhr dh cgkyh ds ctk; ckSf)d vkSj
lkaL—frd iqu[kksZt dk nkSj FkkA Hkkjrh; iqutkZx`fr Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds lanHkZ esa
Fkh ftlus if'pe ds leku fopkjksa vkSj voèkkj.kkvksa dks Lohdkj djuk vklku
cuk fn;kA mnkgj.k ds fy,] Hkkjr esa çkphu vkSj eè;dky esa lfg".kqrk vkSj
èkeZfujis{krk ds fopkj FksA mifu"knksa dk dguk gS fd iwjh nqfu;k ,d ifjokj gS ¼
olqèkSo dqVqEcde ½ tcfd vdcj dk lqyg&,&dqy ¼lHkh ds lkFk 'kkafr½ 'kkafr
vkSj ln~Hkko lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, Fkk ¼Hkêkpk;Z] 2022½A ;g ml ckr ds fy,
Hkh [kM+k Fkk ftls if'pe lfg".kqrk dgsxkA Hkkjr ds Lora=rk laxzke ds usrkvksa ds
chp bl ckr ij cgl fNM+ xà fd igys D;k vkuk pkfg,] jktuhfrd Lora=rk
;k lkekftd Lora=rk ¼lqèkkj½A cky xaxkèkj fryd] vjÇcnks vkSj oh Mh lkojdj
us jktuhfrd Lora=rk dks vfèkd egRo fn;k tcfd jkeeksgu jk;] xkaèkh] VSxksj
vkSj vacM s dj us igys lkekftd lqèkkj dks çkFkfedrk nhA fryd us ,e th
jkukMs vkSj xksiky —".k xks[kys ds lqèkkj ç;klksa dk fojksèk fd;k D;ksfa d mudk
ekuuk Fkk fd Lojkt ;k Hkkjrh; Lora=rk dks lkekftd lqèkkj ls igys vkuk
gksuk pkfg,] tcfd os muds if'peh rjhdksa vkSj –f"Vdks.k ds Hkh f[kykQ Fks
¼czkmu] 1953½A
nwljh ckr ;g gS fd vkèkqfudrk dh Hkkouk vkSj mifuos'kokn ds chp varÆojksèk
FkkA vkèkqfudrk us lkoZHkkSfed Lora=rk dk vkºoku fd;k tcfd mifuos'kokn
,d ,slk fopkj gS tks vèkhurk vkSj inkuqØe dk i{k ysrk gS vkSj blfy,]
Lora=rk ds f[kykQ FkkA bl ckr ij çdk'k Mkyk x;k gS fd vaxzst dHkh Hkh
Hkkjr dk vkèkqfudhdj.k ugÈ djuk pkgrs Fks] ysfdu os Hkkjr dh eè;;qxhurk dk
if'pehdj.k djuk pkgrs Fks D;ksafd Hkkjr esa fczfV'k 'kklu dks tkjh j[kus ds
fy, Hkkjr dh fujarj eè;;qxhurk vko';d Fkh ¼>k] 1975½A bl ckr ij çdk'k
13
[k.M I Mkyk tk ldrk gS fd 18oÈ 'krkCnh esa ;wjksi esa 'kq: gq, Kkuksn; us mu vkoktksa
vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; dks tUe fn;k tks vU; lH;rkvksa ij ;wjksih; yksxksa dh uLyh; Js"Brk dks mfpr
jktuhfrd Çpru Bgjkrs Fks ¼ftls OgkbV eSUl cMZu Hkh dgk tkrk gS] tks bl –f"Vdks.k dk leFkZu
dk Ikfjp;
djrk gS fd xksjs yksxksa dks xSj&'osr yksxksa ds ekeyksa dk izca/ku djuk pkfg,
D;ksafd xSj&'osr ,d fuEu lH;rk gSa½A vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fopkjdksa us
u dsoy bldh le`) lkaL—frd fojklr dks mtkxj djds Hkkjrh;ksa esa xoZ dh
Hkkouk ykus dksf'k'k dh] cfYd dqN us if'peh lH;rk dh vkykspuk djus dk Hkh
ç;kl fd;kA xkaèkh dh if'peh lH;rk dh vkykspuk ftlesa uSfrd vkSj
vkè;kfRed vk;keksa dk vHkko Fkk] ,d mnkgj.k gSA if'peh vkèkqfudrk vkSj
mifuos'kokn ds lkj ds chp ;g }a} Hkkjr ds Lora=rk laxzke ds usrkvksa dks
cgqr vPNh rjg ls irk Fkk] ftUgksaus 20oÈ 'krkCnh esa Hkkjr esa fczfV'k 'kklu ds
nks"kksa dks ns[kuk 'kq: fd;k vkSj varr% Hkkjr ds fy, Lora=rk dh ekax dhA
,e ih Çlg ¼2017½ us vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fopkj ds fodkl ds lkr
eq[; pj.k vkSj Lo:i fn, gSaA
 çfrfØ;k'khy] 1857 ds foæksg dh rjg
 jktk jkeeksgu jk; ds czã lekt] eksgEeMu ,aXyks&vksfj,aVy d‚yst]
vyhx<+ vkSj dkaxzsl ds uje nyA tSls mÙkjnk;h
 iqu#RFkkuoknh] mnkgj.k ds fy, Lokeh n;kuan ljLorh dk vk;Z lekt]
nsocan Ldwy vkSj dkaxzsl ds pjeiaFkh
 Hkxr Çlg vkSj mudh ÇgnqLrku fjoksY;w'kujh ikVÊ ¼HRA½ tSls
Økafrdkjh jk"Vªoknh
 lqHkk"k paæ cksl vkSj mudh bafM;u us'kuy vkehZ tSls lSU;oknh
 ifjorZudkjh] mnkgj.kksa esa ,e ds xkaèkh] ts ,y usg: tSls dkaxszl
jk"Vªoknh 'kkfey gSa( nfyr mnkjoknh yksdrkaf=d M‚ ch vkj vacM s dj]
,e ,u j‚; vkSj jtuh ikYes nÙk tSls ekDlZoknh] dkaxzsl lektoknh vkSj
t;çdk'k ukjk;.k vkSj jke euksgj yksfg;k tSls vU; lektoknh
 lh jktxksikykpkjh vkSj gky ds uo&mnkjoknh iwt a hifr;ksa tSls eqDr
m|eh

cks/k ç'u 1
uksV% i½ vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, LFkku dk iz;ksx djsAa
ii½ vius mÙkj dh tk¡p bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkj ls djsAa

1½ if'peh vkèkqfudrk vkSj mifuos'kokn ds chp varÆojksèk ij çdk'k

Mkfy,A
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14
1-3 vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a vkèkqfud Hkkjrh;
jktuhfrd fprau
dh mRifÙk vkSj
1-3-1 lkekU; fo'ks"krk,a eq[; fo'ks"krk,a
vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd Çpru dh lkekU; fo'ks"krk,a uhps nh xà gSaA
¼d½ O;kogkfjd ifjçs{; % vfèkdka'k vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fopkjd
vius if'peh led{kksa tSls gsxys ] Vh ,p xzhu vkSj t‚u y‚d dh rjg
O;ofLFkr jktuhfrd nk'kZfud ugÈ FksA os vfèkd lkekftd vkSj
jktuhfrd dk;ZdrkZ Fks ftUgksaus ;k rks vaxzstksa ds lkFk laokn esa 'kkfey
gksdj ;k mudk fojks/k djds vius lekt dks lqèkkjus dh dksf'k'k dhA
blfy,] bl vofèk ds nkSjku dkSfVY; ds vFkZ'kkL= ;k ft;k cjuh ds
Qrok&,&tgkunkjh tSlk dksà HkO; jktuhfrd xzaFk ugÈ fy[kk x;k FkkA
¼[k½ iwoZ&fczfV'k jktuhfrd fopkj ls tqM+ko % vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd
fopkjdksa dks iwoZ&fczfV'k jktuhfrd fopkjksa ls Hkh tqM+uk iM+k tks ç—fr
esa le`) vkSj fofoèk FkkA vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fopkj Hkkjr dh
çkphu lH;rk vkSj fofHkUu fons'kh vkØe.kksa }kjk yk, x, fofHkUu fons'kh
rRoksa vkSj fopkjksa dks lek;ksftr djus dh bldh {kerk ij vkèkkfjr gS
¼Hkêkpk;Z vkSj ?kks"k] 2007½A
¼x½ Hkkjr dh fofoèkrk dk çfrÇcc % lkFk gh] Hkkjr dh fofoèkrk vkèkqfud
Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fopkjdksa ds fopkjksa esa ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA os fofHkUu
i`"BHkwfe;ksa ¼tkfr] Hkk"kk] {ks= vkfn½ ls vk, Fks vkSj mUgksaus vius fopkjksa
ds ekè;e ls vius vuqHko O;Dr fd, FksA Hkkjr ds yksxksa ds fy, tks
mifuos'kokn ds vkxeu ls igys ,d iqjkuh lH;rk ds :i esa vfLrRo esa
Fks] fons'kh 'kkldksa dks fgykuk vkSj gVkuk lcls egRoiw.kZ dk;Z FkkA
blfy,] ,d mifuos'kokn fojksèkh jk"Vªokn lkeus vk;k ftls vyx&vyx
le; ds nkSjku vyx&vyx fopkjdksa }kjk vyx&vyx rjhds ls cuk;k
x;k vkSj lajfpr fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj ;g vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd
fopkj dh vkèkkjf'kyk gSA
¼?k½ varjkZ"Vªh; ?kVukvksa dk çHkko % vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fopkjd Hkh
ml le; nqfu;k Hkj dh ?kVukvksa ls çHkkfor FksA ;wjksi esa jk"Vªokn dk
mn; fcLekdZ }kjk teZu ,dhdj.k vkSj bVyh ds ,dhdj.k ¼ brkyoh
Hkk"kk esa fjlÆtesVa ks dgk tkrk gS½ tSlh ?kVukvksa }kjk çnÆ'kr gqvk tks
muds fy, çsj.kk ds lzkrs FksA X;wlsi ekft+uh vkSj X;wlsi xSjhckYMh us
brkyoh ,dhdj.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkÃA xkaèkh] usg: vkSj lkojdj
eSftuh ds fopkjksa ls çHkkfor FksA tkiku] ,d ,f'k;kà 'kfDr }kjk :l
dh gkj] 1905 esa og varjjk"Vªh; ?kVuk Fkh ftlus Hkkjrh; Lora=rk
lsukfu;ksa dks çsfjr fd;kA xkaèkh vkSj usg: dk ekuuk Fkk fd tkiku dh
thr ls ,f'k;kà yksxksa esa vkRe&lEeku iSnk gksxk vkSj ;g vkRe&fo'okl
iSnk gksxk fd ;wjksih; 'kfDr;ksa dks ,f'k;kà yksxksa }kjk gjk;k tk ldrk
gSA

15
[k.M I 1920 ds n'kd esa] vaxzstksa ds f[kykQ lQy vk;fj'k çfrjksèk us Hkh vaxzstksa ds
vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; f[kykQ Hkkjr ds usrkvksa dh bPNk dks etcwr fd;kA 1916 esa vk;jySaM esa vaxzstksa
jktuhfrd Çpru ds f[kykQ ÃLVj foæksg us ,f'k;k vkSj vÝhdk esa mifuos'k fojksèkh vkanksyuksa dks
dk Ikfjp;
çsfjr fd;kA oh oh fxfj] tks ckn esa Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr cus] 1916 esa vk;jySaM esa
,d Nk= Fks vkSj ckn esa mUgksaus dgk Fkk fd mUgsa vk;fj'k yksxksa ds la?k"kZ ds
lkFk ,d iw.kZ igpku dk ,glkl gqvkA Hkkjrh; gkse:y vkanksyu vk;jySaM ds
gkse:y vkanksyu ls çsfjr FkkA çFke fo'o ;q) us Hkkjr esa vlg;ksx vkanksyu
vkSj f[kykQr vkanksyuksa dks tUe fn;k tcfd Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu f}rh; fo'o
;q) ds nkSjku 'kq: fd;k x;k FkkA;q) ds chp ds o"kks± ds nkSjku egkeanh us
fczfV'k lfgr vkSifuosf'kd 'kfDr;ksa dh vkÆFkd Hks|rk dks mtkxj fd;kA
vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fopkjdksa dks çsfjr djus okyh vU; egRoiw.kZ
varjkZ"Vªh; ?kVuk,a vesfjdh] Ýkalhlh vkSj :lh Økafr;ka gSaA vesfjdh Økafr us
nqfu;k dks fn[kk;k fd fczfV'k lÙkk dks pqukSrh nh tk ldrh gS vkSj
lQyrkiwoZd ijkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS tcfd Ýkalhlh Økafr us Lora=rk]
lekurk vkSj caèkqRo ds fopkjksa dks yksdfç; cuk;kA :lh Økafr us lektokn vkSj
lkE;okn ds fopkj fn, ftlus Jfedksa ds ,d cM+s fgLls dks Hkkjr ds Lora=rk
laxzke dh vksj vkdÆ"kr fd;kA buesa ls dà fopkj Hkkjr ds Lora= gksus ds ckn
Hkkjr ds lafoèkku esa ifjyf{kr gq,A

cks/k ç'u 2
uksV% i½ vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, LFkku dk iz;ksx djsAa
ii½ vius mÙkj dh tk¡p bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkj ls djsAa

1½ vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fopkjdksa ij fons'kh çHkko D;k Fks\

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1-3-2 oSpkfjd fo'ks"krk,a
fopkjdksa dh fofoèkrk vkSj mudh fopkjèkkjk ds vkèkkj ij vkèkqfud Hkkjrh;
jktuhfrd Çpru dks fuEu çdkj ls O;ofLFkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
¼d½ mnkjoknh lqèkkjd % Hkkjr esa mnkjoknh vius fczfV'k led{kksa tSls ts ,l
fey ls çHkkfor FksA Hkkjr esa mnkjoknh lqèkkjdksa esa jktk jkeeksgu jk;]
xksiky —".k xks[kys] ,e th jkukMs] nknkHkkà ukSjksth] ,l ,u cutÊ vkSj
lj lS;n vgen [kku 'kkfey gSaA ,d fopkj ds :i esa] mnkjokn O;fDr
dks jktuhfr] lekt vkSj vFkZ'kkL= tSls {ks=ksa esa dsæa h;rk çnku djrk gSA
mUgksaus fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd Hkkjr esa] lekt ;k leqnk; dks loksZifj egRo

16
 fn;k x;k Fkk tcfd O;fDr blds vèkhu FkkA mnkjokfn;ksa us bls Hkkjr vkèkqfud Hkkjrh;
tSlh egku lH;rk ds iru ds dkj.k ds :i esa ns[kkA Hkkjr dks jktuhfrd fprau
lkekftd lqèkkj dh t:jr Fkh tSls ;wjksi esa lqèkkj gqvkA mnkjoknh ewy dh mRifÙk vkSj
eq[; fo'ks"krk,a
:i ls fczfV'k 'kklu ds leFkZd Fks vkSj bls Hkkjr ds vkèkqfudhdj.k ds
,d okgu ds :i esa ns[krs FksA mUgksaus rdZ fn;k fd Hkkjr dks xqyke
cuk;k x;k Fkk D;ksafd blds lkekftd <kaps esa Lora=rk dh Hkkouk ugÈ
FkhA blds vykok] mudk ekuuk Fkk fd yksx muds ç;klksa dk leFkZu
rHkh djsx a s ;fn os vius okLrfod mís'; dks tkurs gksAa mnkjoknh
lqèkkjdksa us fczfV'k 'kklu dks :f<+okfn;ksa ds f[kykQ ,d lgkjs ds :i esa
ns[kk] tks fdlh Hkh rjg ds lqèkkj ds f[kykQ vkokt mBkrsA blfy,]
mUgksaus Hkkjr dks ijaijkokn ls vkèkqfudrk dh vksj ys tkus ds fy,
fczfV'k 'kklu dks vko';d le>kA mnkjoknh fopkj Hkkjr esa caxky ds
Hkæyksd] eækl ds czkã.kksa vkSj cacà esa çHkqvksa vkSj czkã.kksa tSls ikjaifjd
vfHktkr oxZ ds lkFk 'kq: gqvkA èkkÆed dBksjrk vkSj gBèkÆerk ds
f[kykQ yM+kà ds fy, jkeeksgu jk; dks *Hkkjrh; iqutkZxj.k dk tud*
Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g rdZ fn;k tk ldrk gS fd T;ksfrck Qqys vkSj M‚
ch vkj vacM s dj ds fopkj Hkh mnkjokn ls çHkkfor Fks D;ksafd mudk rdZ
Fkk fd lHkh iq#"k vkSj efgyk,a Lora= vkSj leku iSnk gq, Fks vkSj
blfy,] muds chp lkekftd foHkktu dks lekIr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A os
lkekftd U;k; ds fy, [kM+s gq, vkSj nfyr oxks± ds vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk ds
fy, tkfr inkuqØe ds f[kykQ vkokt mBkÃA lj lS;n vgen [kku
,d eqfLye lqèkkjd Fks ftUgksaus oSKkfud lksp vkSj vaxzsth f'k{kk dks ykxw
djds eqlyekuksa dh fLFkfr esa lqèkkj djus dk ç;kl fd;kA
¼[k½ :f<+oknh % vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fopkj esa] dà fopkjd Fks
ftUgksaus Hkkjr dh lkaL—frd igpku dks fQj ls [kkstus ds vius ç;klksa
esa Hkkjr ds ikjaifjd ewY;ksa dks cjdjkj j[kus dh dksf'k'k dhA mUgksua s
fopkj ;k psruk ij è;ku dsfa ær fd;k tks czãkaM dk vkèkkj vkSj lkj
cukrh gSA bldk fojksèkkHkklh –f"Vdks.k gS] HkkSfrdokn] tks dgrk gS fd
fopkj ugÈ cfYd inkFkZ gS tks czãkaM dk lkj gSA ekDlZokn] ,d
voèkkj.kk ds :i es]a HkkSfrdokn ij vkèkkfjr gSA psruk euq"; ds fy,
,d ,sls leqnk; esa jgus dk vkèkkj cu tkrh gS ftldh viuh ijaijk,a]
laL—fr vkSj igpku gksrh gSA :f<+okfn;ksa ds Hkhrj] ;g dgk tk ldrk
gS fd nks fdLesa FkÈA Lokeh n;kuan ljLorh vkSj dqN gn rd ykyk
yktir jk; iqu#RFkkuoknh Fks tks oSfnd lH;rk dk iqu#)kj pkgrs FksA
nwljh vksj] cky xaxkèkj fryd] Jh vjÇcnks vkSj fcfiu paæ iky us yksxksa
ds fy, Lora=rk dh t:jr ij tksj fn;k vkSj mudh ifjdYiuk jk"Vªh;
ladh.kZrk dk vkºoku djus ds ctk, cgqr lkoZHkkSfed Fkh ¼>k] 1975½A
Lokeh n;kuan us 1875 esa vk;Z lekt dh LFkkiuk dh] ftlus jkeeksgu
jk; ds czã lekt dks [kkfjt dj fn;k tks Çgnw laL—fr vkSj ijaijkvksa
ls vufHkK ekus x, vkSj if'peh çHkko esa vk x,A vk;Z lekt us laL—r
vkSj oSfnd f'k{kk dh odkyr dhA fryd us jkukMs vkSj xks[kys ds lqèkkj
ç;klksa dk fojksèk fd;k D;ksafd mudk ekuuk Fkk fd Lojkt dks lkekftd

17
[k.M I lqèkkj ls igys gksuk pkfg,A blh rjg] vjÇcnks us psrkouh nh Fkh fd
vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; Hkkjr dks *;wjksi dk Hkwjk okuj* ugÈ cuuk pkfg,] ,slk dqN gksus dh
jktuhfrd Çpru laHkkouk gS ;fn Hkkjr if'pehdj.k dk ikyu djrk gSA mUgksaus vkxs dgk
dk Ikfjp;
fd Hkkjr vius vfLrRo dks fu;af=r djus vkSj vkdkj nsus esa l{ke ugÈ
gksxk D;ksafd bldh çkphu fojklr ik'pkR; vkèkqfudrk ds rgr u"V gks
tk,xhA Hkkjr ds vius lkaL—frd vè;;u ds vkèkkj ij] lkojdj us
ÇgnqRo dk viuk fopkj fn;k] tks vkèkqfud Çgnw jk"Vªokn dk vkèkkj curk
gSA ;g cgqla[;d jk"Vªokn dk fopkj Fkk ftlesa eqlyekuksa vkSj Ãlkb;ksa
¼ftUgsa os fons'kh èkeZ ekurs Fks½ ds ikl leku jktuhfrd vkSj lkaL—frd
LFkku ugÈ FkkA lkFk gh] lkojdj ,d rdZoknh ds :i esa lkeus vkrs gSa]
ftUgksaus Çgnw èkeZ ds Hkhrj rdZghu vkSj vokafNr çFkkvksa vkSj jhfr&fjoktksa
ds f[kykQ rdZ fn;kA muds ÇgnqRo dk mís'; lkaL—frd le:irk dk
ugÈ Fkk] cfYd jktuhfrd lesdu dh vko';drk ls le>kSrk fd, fcuk
lkaL—frd fofoèkrk ds i{kèkj Fks ¼jkxh] 2017½A
¼x½ ekuorkoknh % vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fopkj esa ekuorkokn uked
,d vkSj fopkj/kkjk FkhA mUgksaus ;g rdZ nsdj O;fDrxr cqf) vkSj le>
esa viuk fo'okl j[kk fd euq"; rdZlaxrrk ds ekè;e ls
vkRe&lk{kkRdkj çkIr dj ldrk gSA pw¡fd bldk è;ku cM+s iSekus ij
ekuork ij Fkk] ekuorkokn tkfr] jk"Vª] Çyx vkSj èkeZ tSls foHkktuksa ls
caèkk ugÈ FkkA Lokeh foosdkuan us rdZ fn;k fd vkè;kfRedrk esa iwjh
ekuork ds mRFkku dh 'kfDr gSA mUgksaus osnkar ds O;kogkfjd n'kZu ds
vkèkkj ij iwoZ vkSj if'pe] èkeZ vkSj foKku dks tksM+us dk ç;kl fd;kA
mUgksaus lektokn dk leFkZu fd;k D;ksafd ;g xjhcksa ds i{k esa Fkk
ysfdu mUgksaus HkkSfrd çxfr ds fy, bldh fujarj çfrc)rk dh otg ls
bls [kkfjt dj fn;kA vU; egRoiw.kZ ekuorkoknh ukscy iqjLdkj fotsrk
joÈæukFk VSxksj FksA og Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl }kjk leÆFkr jkT;&dsafær
jk"Vªokn ds vkykspd FksA mUgksaus leUo;rk vkSj lkoZHkkSfedrk ds fy,
rdZ fn;k] tgka O;fDrRo jk"Vªh; lhekvksa ls ijs pyk x;kA muds ikl
fo'o ,drk vkSj lg;ksx dh O;kid –f"V FkhA loZns'kh;rk ds muds
fopkj dks lg;ksx] lg&vfLrRo] ekuork vkSj vkè;kfRed lkoZHkkSfedrk
}kjk fpfàr fd;k x;k FkkA VSxksj us jk"Vªokn dh if'peh voèkkj.kk dh
vkykspuk dh Fkh D;ksafd ;g lÙkk vkSj çfrLièkkZ dh bPNk ls çsfjr Fkh] u
fd lkekftd lg;ksx lsA VSxksj us jk"Vªra= ¼jkT; dk 'kklu½ vkSj
lektra= ¼lekt dk 'kklu ½ ds chp varj fd;kA mUgksaus rdZ fn;k fd
jk"Vªra= esa] jkT; dk iru ¼mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;q) ds ifj.kkeLo:i½
lekt ds iru ds lkFk Fkk] tSlk fd çkphu xzhl vkSj jkse ds ekeys esa
gqvk FkkA ysfdu Hkkjr vkSj phu tSls ns'k jkT; esa ifjorZu ds chp viuk
vfLrRo cuk, j[kus esa l{ke Fks D;ksafd mudk fo'okl lekt ij T;knk
O;kid Fkk ¼Hkêkpk;Z] 2007½A ,e ,u j‚; ,d vkSj ekuorkoknh Fks
ftUgksaus oSKkfud ;k dêjiaFkh ekuorkokn dk viuk fopkj fn;kA mUgksaus
rdZ fn;k fd vKkurk ekuo Lora=rk ds fy, lcls cM+h ckèkk Fkh vkSj
dsoy oSKkfud Kku gh bls cgky djus esa enn dj ldrk gSA mudk

18
 ekuorkokn rhu LraHkksa ij vkèkkfjr Fkk & rdZlaxrrk] uSfrdrk vkSj vkèkqfud Hkkjrh;
Lora=rkA j‚; ds fy,] Lora=rk dk vFkZ mu lHkh çfrcaèkksa dk çxfr'khy jktuhfrd fprau
:i ls xk;c gksuk Fkk tks fdlh O;fDr dh iw.kZ {kerk dh çkfIr dks dh mRifÙk vkSj
eq[; fo'ks"krk,a
jksdrs gSaA
¼?k½ tkfr O;oLFkk ds vkykspd vkSj lkekftd U;k; ds iSjksdkj % egkRek
T;ksfrck Qqy]s M‚ ch vkj vacM s dj vkSj à oh jkekLokeh uk;dj] ftUgsa
isfj;kj Hkh dgk tkrk gS] nfyr oxks± ds çeq[k çfrfufèk Fks ftUgksaus mudh
leL;kvksa dk fo'ys"k.k vkSj çdk'k Mkyk vkSj lkekftd U;k; dh ekax
dhA Qqys ij ,d çHkko Fk‚el isu dk Økafrdkjh mnkjokn FkkA mUgksaus
mPp tkfr;ksa ds çfrfufèk ds :i esa jkukMs dh jktuhfr dh vkykspuk
dh] tcfd mUgksaus blh rjg czã lekt vkSj çkFkZuk lekt dh LFkkiuk
dh Hkh vkykspuk dhA vFkZO;oLFkk ij Qqys ds fopkj turk vkSj fdlkuksa
ds fgrksa }kjk funsZf'kr Fks] ftuds ckjs esa mudk ekuuk Fkk fd lkearh
'kkldksa vkSj czkã.k dqyhuksa }kjk mudk 'kks"k.k fd;k tk jgk Fkk ¼oksjk]
1986½A mUgksaus Lora=rk vkSj lekurk ij vkèkkfjr lekt dks çkFkfedrk
nh] tcfd mUgksaus Çgnw èkeZ dks ,d u, lkoZHkkSfed èkeZ ls cnyus dk Hkh
rdZ fn;kA M‚ vEcsMdj us ,d laoSèkkfud yksdra= esa viuk fo'okl
O;Dr fd;k D;ksfa d yksdra= vkSj dkuwu ds 'kklu }kjk lajf{kr Lora=rk
vke vPNkbZ dh vksj ys tk,xhA mUgksaus bl fopkj dk leFkZu fd;k fd
jktuhfrd yksdra= dks ,d lkekftd yksdra= esa lesfdr djuk pkfg,
tgka Lora=rk] lekurk vkSj caèkqRo ewy fl)kar gSaA nfyr oxks± ds f[kykQ
HksnHkko dks dSls feVk;k tk,] bl ij vEcsMdj ds xkaèkh ds lkFk erHksn
FksA xkaèkh }kjk vLi`';rk ds Øfed vkSj 'kkafriw.kZ mUewyu ds foijhr]
vEcsMdj us tkfr ds iw.kZ mUewyu dks çkFkfedrk nhA mUgksaus vkè;kfRed
vkSj vU;&lkalkfjd [kkst ij xkaèkh ds tksj dks Lohdkj ugÈ fd;k D;ksfa d
bl nqfu;k ds eqís muds fy, leku :i ls egRoiw.kZ FksA vEcsMdj us
nfyr oxks± ds fy, f'k{kk dks cgqr egRo fn;k] tcfd mUgksaus ilan fd;k
fd os vius Lo;a ds usrk rS;kj djsAa ;g rdZ fn;k tk ldrk gS fd Qqys
vkSj vEcsMdj dk mnkjokn vfHktkr oxZ ds mnkjokn ds foijhr FkkA
¼M+½ lektoknh % lektoknh fopkj Hkkjr ds Lora=rk laxkz e esa 20oÈ 'krkCnh
ds çFke prqFkk±'k esa çdV gqvkA :lh Økafr vkSj :l esa ekDlZoknh jkT;
dh LFkkiuk dk nqfu;k Hkj esa çHkko iM+kA lektokfn;ksa dk rdZ gS fd
lekt çeq[k fgrksa }kjk fuèkkZfjr fgrksa dk ,d lacèa k gS vkSj dksà lekt
Lora= gS ;k ugÈ] ;g çeq[k fgr dh ç—fr ls fuèkkZfjr gksrk gSA Hkkjr ds
Lora=rk laxzke esa] lektoknh fopkj ,d lqlaxr fopkj ugÈ Fks] cfYd
mu fopkjksa dk ,d lewg Fks tks Hkkjr ds eqfDr vkanksyu ls laxfBr :i
ls tqMs+ gq, Fks] ftldk mís'; bl vkanksyu ds vkèkkj dks etcwr djuk
FkkA jke çlkn fcfLey] v'kQkdmYyk [kku] Hkxr Çlg vkSj paæ'ks[kj
vktkn tSls ;qok Lora=rk lsukuh Økafrdkjh lektokn ls çHkkfor Fks vkSj
ÇgnqLrku lks'kfyLV fjifCyd ,lksfl,'ku ¼,p,lvkj,½ ds lnL; FksA
vaxzstksa ds f[kykQ vÇgld rjhdksa ij xkaèkh ds tksj nsus ls ;qok oxZ dk
eksgHkax gks x;k Fkk tks mudh neudkjh uhfr;ksa ds f[kykQ Çglk dk
19
[k.M I bLrseky djus dks rS;kj FkhA Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV ikVÊ dh LFkkiuk 1925
vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; esa gqà Fkh vkSj bldh xfrfofèk ds eq[; dsæa dydÙkk] iatkc vkSj c‚Ecs
jktuhfrd Çpru FksA 1934 esa] Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dks okeiaFkh fopkjèkkjk dh vksj ys
dk Ikfjp;
tkus ds fy, dkaxzsl lks'kfyLV ikVÊ dh LFkkiuk dh xà FkhA blesa
vkpk;Z ujsæa nso vkSj t; çdk'k ukjk;.k tSls çeq[k psgjs 'kkfey FksA
nksuksa gh lektokn esa fo'okl j[krs Fks ysfdu mlesa ekuoh; ewY;ksa dks
rjk'kus dk ç;kl djrs FksA jke euksgj yksfg;k us lektoknh lksp esa
xkaèkhoknh fopkjksa dks 'kkfey djus dh odkyr dhA xkaèkh dh rjg]
yksfg;k us Hkh jktuhfrd vkSj vkÆFkd 'kfDr ds fodsaæhdj.k ds fy, rdZ
fn;kA yksfg;k us efgykvksa vkSj fiNM+h tkfr;ksa lfgr lekt ds ,d
O;kid oxZ ds fy, lkekftd U;k; dh ekax dhA O;kid lektoknh
fopkj ds Hkhrj] lqHkk"k paæ cksl vaxzstksa ds f[kykQ la?k"kZ djus ds vius
rjhdksa ds ekeys esa ,d dêjiaFkh FksA mUgksaus vÇglk ds ekxZ ij pyus
okys xkaèkh ds foijhr vaxzstksa ds f[kykQ lSU; 'kfDr ds mi;ksx dk
leFkZu fd;kA varjjk"Vªh; lacaèkksa dh 'kCnkoyh esa] cksl ,d ;FkkFkZoknh Fks
ftUgksaus lSU; 'kfDr ds egRo dks le>k vkSj teZuh vkSj tkiku nksuksa ls
enn ysus dh dksf'k'k dh] D;ksafd nksuksa ns'kksa ds vaxzstksa ds lkFk çfrdwy
lacaèk FksA
¼p½ iq#"k&efgyk lekurk ds leFkZd % tSls gh Hkkjr esa Lora=rk vkSj
lekurk ds if'peh fopkjksa us çHkko Mkyk( Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgykvksa
dh nqnZ'kk dh vksj è;ku vkdÆ"kr fd;k x;kA ;g vkerkSj ij dgk tk
ldrk gS fd iq#"k lqèkkjdksa us vkSifuosf'kd dky ds nkSjku tsM a j lekurk
ds vkanksyu dh 'kq#vkr esa dsæa h; Hkwfedk fuHkkÃA lrh vkSj efgykvksa ds
f[kykQ vU; vokafNr çFkkvksa ds f[kykQ jkeeksgu jk; dk vfHk;ku
mYys[kuh; gSA lkfo=hckà Qqys Hkkjr esa efgyk vkanksyu dh vxz.kh ds
:i esa mHkjÈ vkSj mUgksaus 1848 esa yM+fd;ksa ds fy, Hkkjr dk igyk
Ldwy 'kq: fd;kA iafMrk jekckà us tkfr O;oLFkk vkSj fir`lÙkk ds
f[kykQ tksjnkj ckr dhA mUgksaus ml le; ds Çgnw lkekftd vkSj
èkkÆed O;oLFkk ds Hkhrj efgykvksa dh nqxZfr ds f[kykQ vkokt mBkbZA
mUgksaus viuh tkfr ls ckgj 'kknh Hkh dh vkSj Ãlkà èkeZ viuk fy;kA
ckn esa] xkaèkh us Hkh efgykvksa ds ç'u dks Hkh lacksfèkr fd;k] ftUgksaus rdZ
fn;k fd efgyk,a viuh vkè;kfRed vkSj uSfrd 'kfDr esa iq#"kksa ls Js"B
gSaA mUgksaus efgykvksa ij iq#"k Js"Brk ds fopkj dks Hkh vLohdkj dj
fn;kA xkaèkh us efgykvksa ds fy, Lora=rk vkSj lekurk dh odkyr dhA
¼N½ bLykeh fopkj % fczfV'k 'kklu dh 'kq#vkr us mÙkj Hkkjr vkSj caxky
tSls eqfLye vfHktkr oxZ ds 'kklu ds var dks fpfàr fd;kA eqlyekuksa
dk vaxzstksa ds çfr fojksèkh –f"Vdks.k Fkk] tcfd os Hkkjr esa vkèkqfudrk dh
çkjafHkd èkkjkvksa ls nwj jgsA mUgksaus yksxksa dks Ãlkà cukus vkSj bLyke dh
uÈo dks u"V djus ds ç;kl ds :i esa vk/kqfudrk dh vkykspuk dhA
bldh rqyuk esa] Çgnw if'peh vkèkqfudrk ls tqM+s gq, Fks] tSlk fd igys
crk;k x;k gS vkSj u dsoy lkoZtfud jkstxkj ds ekeyksa esa cfYd
ckSf)d iqu#)kj ds lacèa k esa Hkh ykHkkFkÊ Fks ¼czkmu] 1953½A lj lS;n
20
 vgen [kku dks eqfLye lekt esa ,d mnkj lqèkkjoknh vkSj vkèkqfud Hkkjrh;
vkèkqfudrkoknh ds :i esa çfrf"Br fd;k x;k FkkA mUgksaus oSKkfud Kku jktuhfrd fprau
ds çlkj ds fy, eksgEeMu ,aXyks&vksfj,aVy d‚yst] vyhx<+ dh LFkkiuk dh mRifÙk vkSj
eq[; fo'ks"krk,a
dh FkhA mUgksaus rdZ fn;k fd bLyke vkèkqfud ewY;ksa vkSj fopkjksa ds
vuqdwy gSA dfo&nk'kZfud eksgEen bdcky Hkkjr ds Lora=rk laxzke ds
nkSjku eqlyekuksa ds chp ,d vkSj vkèkqfudhdj.k ds leFkZd FksA mUgksaus
O;fDrxr Lora=rk ds fy, rdZ nsrs gq, dgk fd fu;fr O;fDr dks vius
gkFk esa gSA bdcky bLykeh lkoZHkkSfedrk esa fo'okl djrs Fks] tcfd os
{ks=h; jk"Vªokn ds vkykspd Fks] D;ksfa d nksuksa fopkj ,d nwljs ds
fojksèkkHkklh FksA ;wjksi esa vius çokl ds nkSjku] bdcky us bLykeh laL—
fr vkSj èkeZ ds rRoksa dks èoLr djus ds Bksl ç;klksa dks ns[kk] ftlls
mUgsa Hkkjr lfgr cgqyoknh lektksa esa eqlyekuksa dh Hkykà ds ckjs esa
lansg gqvkA 1930 esa mUgksaus èkkÆed vkèkkj ij Hkkjr ds iquxZBu dk lanHkZ
fn;kA ;g è;ku j[kuk egRoiw.kZ gS fd mUgksua s dsoy èkkÆed vkèkkj ij
Hkkjr ds iquxZBu dh ekax dh] u fd Hkkjr ds foHkktu dhA gkyk¡fd] og
Hkkjr ds foHkktu vkSj ikfdLrku ds fuekZ.k ds fy, ,d oSpkfjd çsj.kk
cus ¼pØorÊ vkSj ikaMs] 2009½A vaxzstksa us Çgnw vkSj eqfLye jk"Vªokn ds
tUe esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkà FkhA bfrgkldkj vk;'kk tyky us rdZ
fn;k gS fd jk"Vªokn ds ;s nksuksa çfrLièkÊ –f"Vdks.k fczfV'k lks'ky
bathfu;Çjx ds dkj.k mBs tks 1857 ds ckn 'kq: gqvkA mUgksua s ,d
O;fDr ds èkkÆed >qdko ds vuqlkj ,d tux.kuk dh vkSj blus Çgnqvksa
vkSj eqlyekuksa ds chp mudh vkÆFkd fLFkfr ds vkèkkj ij rqyuk dh
vuqefr nh ¼Hkêkpk;Z½] 2022½A
¼t½ xkaèkh vkSj usg: ds jktuhfrd fopkj % egkRek xkaèkh vkSj tokgjyky
usg: Hkkjr ds Lora=rk laxzke esa dsæa h; O;fDr FksA xkaèkh Hkkjr dh
lH;rk ds vrhr ds xkSjo dks cgky djuk pkgrs Fks tks ekuork ds
Hkfo"; dk vkèkkj gksrkA xkaèkh dk jktuhfrd fopkj cgqvk;keh Fkk vkSj
fodkl ij mnkjoknh vkSj ekDlZoknh çopuksa ls vyx Fkk D;ksafd ;g
jkejkT; dks cgky djus ds fy, Hkkjr ds lH;rkxr lalkèkuksa ls izHkkfor
Fkk & lukruh uSfrdrk vkSj 'kkL=ksa ds ckn Lok;Ùk xkaoksa esa NksVs
ikjaifjd fdlkuksa ds lekt dh ,d dfYir vkn'kZoknh voèkkj.kkA u rks
xkaèkh us ujeiafFk;ksa dh laoSèkkfud fu"Bk dk ikyu fd;k vkSj u gh
mUgksaus pjeiafFk;ksa ds pje rjhdksa dk leFkZu fd;kA xkaèkh dk fopkj Fkk
fd Hkkjr ds fy, Lojkt fczfV'k laln ls ugÈ vk,xk vkSj u gh Çgld
lkèkuksa ds ekè;e ls] cfYd vÇgld çR;{k dkjZokà ds ekè;e ls] ftls
lR;kxzg ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA xkaèkh Lons'kh tM+ksa ds lkèkd Fks vkSj
Hkkjrh; lH;rk esa tks dqN Hkh cpkus ;ksX; vkSj mi;ksxh Fkk] mldk
vkèkqfudhdj.k djds Hkkjr dh fojklr dks cuk, j[kuk pkgrs FksA xkaèkh
us HkkSfrd dks vkè;kfRed vkSj O;fDrxr dks lkekU; vPNkbZ ds lkFk
la'ysf"kr djus dk ç;kl fd;kA O;fDrokn ds Kkuksn; laLdj.k ds
foijhr] tks euq"; dks mudh ijaijkvksa ls vyx djrk gS xkaèkh us Lok;Ùk
ds :i esa O;fDr;ksa dk leFkZu fd;k] ftUgsa muds leqnk; vkSj ijaijkvksa

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[k.M I }kjk l'kDr cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A usg: ,d jk"Vªoknh vkSj jkT;&fuekZrk
vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; Fks] ftUgksaus fofoèk fopkjksa ds feJ.k dk leFkZu fd;k & mnkjokn]
jktuhfrd Çpru lektokn vkSj jk"Vªokn Hkkjrh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds fy, fof'k"V rdZ] tks
dk Ikfjp;
rdZlaxrrk vkSj oSKkfud LoHkko esa fufgr gSA ,d lektoknh ds :i esa]
usg: jkT; fu;kstu esa fo'okl djrs Fks ysfdu oxZ la?k"kZ vkSj Çglk dk
mi;ksx lkekftd ifjorZu ds fy, ugÈ fd;k tkuk FkkA blds ctk;]
usg: dk ekuuk Fkk fd yksdra= vkSj lektokn fojksèkkHkklh ugÈ Fks vkSj
lektokn dks çkIr djus ds fy, yksdrkaf=d rjhdksa dk bLrseky fd;k
tkuk pkfg, u fd Çglk dkA ,d jk"Vªoknh ds :i esa] usg: us rdZ fn;k
fd Hkkjr dh fofoèkrk jk"Vª fuekZ.k ds ç;klksa esa ckèkk ugÈ cfYd ,d
lgk;d FkhA jk"Vªokn ij muds fopkj jk"Vªokn dh *rhljh ygj* dk
fgLlk FksA var esa] mudk ekuuk Fkk fd jk"Vªh; çxfr vkSj ,drk ds fy,
èkeZfujis{krk dks c<+kok fn;k tkuk pkfg,A mUgksaus dgk fd jkT; lHkh
èkeks± ds ekeyksa esa rVLFkrk dk ikyu djsxk ¼Hkêkpk;Z] 2013½A

cks/k ç'u 3
uksV% i½ vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, LFkku dk iz;ksx djsAa
ii½ vius mÙkj dh tk¡p bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkj ls djsAa

1½ mnkj lqèkkjdksa vkSj :f<+okfn;ksa ds chp varj dks mtkxj djsAa

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1-4 lkjka'k
Hkkjr esa vkèkqfud jktuhfrd fopkjksa ds mn; ds fy, mÙkjnk;h dkjd Fks &
fczfV'k vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu] Hkkjrh; ijaijk dk vkèkqfudhdj.k vkSj jk"Vª fuekZ.k
dh pqukSfr;k¡] jkT; fuekZ.k vkSj vkÆFkd fodklA vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd
fparu Hkkjr dh fofoèkrk dks n'kkZrk gS vkSj ;g Kku dk ,d lewg Fkk tks
fl)kar ds ctk; ,d O;kogkfjd fopkj ds :i esa lkeus vk;kA vkèkqfud Hkkjrh;
jktuhfrd fopkj Hkh çkphu vkSj eè;dkyhu Hkkjrh; fopkjksa esa viuh tM+ksa ls
tqM+k gqvk gSA oSpkfjd igyqvksa ds lanHkZ esa] blesa mnkj lqèkkjd] :f<+oknh]
ekuorkoknh] tkfr O;oLFkk ds vkykspd vkSj lkekftd U;k; ds iSjksdkj]
lektoknh] efgyk&iq#"k dh lekurk ds leFkZd] bLykeh fopkj vkSj xkaèkh vkSj
usg: ds jktuhfrd fopkj 'kkfey FksA vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu pfj=
esa vfHktkR; Fkk ¼D;ksfa d bldk vfèkdka'k usr`Ro vfHktkr oxZ ls cuk Fkk½ tcfd
xkaèkh vkSj VSxksj vkSj foosdkuan tSls ekuorkokfn;ksa ds fopkjksa ds lanHkZ esa ,d
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lefUor pfj= dks fodflr djus vkSj vkdkj nsus ds ç;kl FksA rhu dkjdksa ds vkèkqfud Hkkjrh;
chp tfVy la?k"kZ gqvk fczfV'k lkekftd bathfu;Çjx] Çgnw vkSj eqfLye jk"Vªokn jktuhfrd fprau
ftlus lqfuf'pr fd;k fd 1947 esa Hkkjr dk foHkktu gks] ,d ,slh ?kVuk tks dh mRifÙk vkSj
eq[; fo'ks"krk,a
vkt Hkh nf{k.k ,f'k;kà jkT;ksa dh jktuhfr esa xwatrh jgrh gSA

1-5 lanHkZ
 Hkêkpk;Z] latqDrk cutÊ- ¼2022½- baVªksMD'ku- bu lqjFkk dqekj efyd ,aM
vafdr rksej ¼,M-½ jhfoftfVax ekMZu bafM;u FkkWV & FkhEl ,aM
izLisfDVot- uà fnYyh% lst-
 Hkêkpk;Z] ,p- ¼2007½- baVªksMD'ku- bu gfjgj Hkêkpk;Z ,aM ,- ?kks"k ¼,M-½
bafM;u i‚fyfVdy Fk‚V ,aM ewoesVa ~l% U;w baVjfçVs'kUl ,aM beÉtx
b';wt- ds ih ckxph-
 Hkêkpk;Z] gfjgj ,aM ,- ?kks"k ¼,M+½- ¼2007½- bafM;u ikWfyfVdy FkkV ,aM
ewoesaVl U;w baVjfizVs'kUl ,aM beftZax b';wt% dksydkrk % ds ih ckxph-
 czkmu] Mh eSdt sa +h- ¼1953½- n OgkbV vEczsyk% bafM;u i‚fyfVdy Fk‚V Ý‚e
euq Vw xkaèkh- dSfyQksÆu;k fo'ofo|ky; çsl-
 paæk] fcfiu- ¼1979½- us'kufyTe ,aM dksyksfu;fyTe bu ekMZu bafM;k- uÃ
fnYyh% vksfj,aV y‚UxeSu-
 pØorÊ] fo|qr ,aM ikaMs] jktsaæ dqekj- ¼2009½- ekMZu bafM;u ikWfyfVdy
FkkWV & VsDlV ,aM daVsDlj- uà fnYyh% lst-
 xqgk] jkepaæ- ¼2013½- esdlZ vkQ ekMZu bafM;k- dSfEczt% n csyduSi çsl
v‚Q gkoZMZ ;wfuoÆlVh v‚Q bafM;k-
 t;ikyu] ,u- ¼2000½- bafM;u ikWfyfVdy FkhadlZ% ekMZu bafM;u
ikWfyfVdy FkkWV- uà fnYyh% vVykafVd ifCy'klZ ,aM fMLVªhC;wVlZ-
 >k] ,e- ,u- ¼1975½- ekMZu bafM;u ikfyfVdy FkkWV & jke eksgu jk; Vw
izstVsa Ms- nfj;kxat % ehuk{kh çdk'ku-
 esgrk] ,u- vkSj NkcM+k] ,l- ih- ¼1976½- ekMZu bafM;u ikWfyfVdy FkkWV-
U;w ,dsMfed ifCyÇ'kx daiuh-
 ik<+h] ds- ,l- ¼2011½- bafM;u ikWfyfVdy FkkWV- uà fnYyh% ih,pvkÃ
yÉux çk-fyfeVsM-
 jkxh] laxhr- ¼2017½- lkojdj% ÇgnqRo ,aM fØfVd vkWQ dkLV flLVe-
bu j‚;] fgeka'kq ,aM ,e- ih- Çlg- ¼2017½- bafM;u ikWfyfVdy FkkWV &
FkhEl ,saM fFkadlZ- ,aM uks,Mk% fi;lZu-
 'kekZ] mÆeyk ,aM 'kekZ] ,l- ds- ¼1996½- bafM;u ikWfyfVdy FkkWV- uÃ
fnYyh% vVykafVd ifCy'klZ ,aM fMLVªhC;wVlZ-

23
[k.M I
1-6 cks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj
vkèkqfud Hkkjrh;
jktuhfrd Çpru
dk Ikfjp; cksèk ç'u 1
1½ vkids mÙkj esa fuEufyf[kr Çcnqvksa ij çdk'k Mkyk tkuk pkfg,
 if'peh esa vkèkqfudrk vkSj mifuos'kokn ds chp fojksèkkHkklh lacaèk
 vkèkqfudrk us lkoZHkkSfed Lora=rk dk vkºoku fd;k tcfd mifuos'kokn
us vèkhurk vkSj inkuqØe dk i{k fy;k
 if'peh Kkuksn; us vkoktksa mu vkoktksa dks tUe fn;k ftUgksaus vU;
lH;rkvksa ij ;wjksih; yksxksa dh uLyh; Js"Brk dks mfpr Bgjk;k ¼ftls
OgkbV eSUl cMZu Hkh dgk tkrk gS½
cksèk ç'u 2
1½ vkids mÙkj esa fuEufyf[kr Çcnqvksa ij çdk'k Mkyk tkuk pkfg,
 ;wjksi esa jk"Vªokn dk mn; fcLekdZ }kjk teZu ,dhdj.k] bVyh ds
,dhdj.k tSlh ?kVukvksa }kjk çnÆ'kr gqvkA
 1905 esa ,d ,f'k;kà 'kfDr] tkiku }kjk :l dh gkj
 vaxzstksa ds f[kykQ lQy vk;fj'k çfrjksèk
 çFke vkSj f}rh; fo'o ;q)
 vesfjdh] Ýkalhlh vkSj :lh Økafr;ka
cksèk ç'u 3
1½ vkids mÙkj esa fuEufyf[kr Çcnqvksa ij çdk'k Mkyk tkuk pkfg,
 Hkkjr esa mnkjoknh lqèkkjd if'peh vkèkqfudrk vkSj fczfV'k mnkjokn ls
çHkkfor Fks
 ijaijkokfn;ksa us Hkkjr ds ikjaifjd vkSj lkaL—frd ewY;ksa ij è;ku dsfa ær
fd;k
 mnkjoknh lqèkkjdksa us O;fDrxr vfèkdkjksa dks vfèkd egRo fn;k]
ijaijkokfn;ksa us leqnk; dks igys çkFkfedrk nh
 dqN mnkjokfn;ksa us rdZ fn;k fd lkekftd lqèkkj jktuhfrd lqèkkj ls
igys gksuk pkfg,] fryd tSls :f<+okfn;ksa us rdZ fn;k fd lkekftd
lqèkkj ls igys jktuhfrd lqèkkj gksuk pkfg,

24