dro mSvidobisa #2, 2001

ICCN-is samZimari
The ICCN Statement
Responses to ICCN
A Second Day of Infamy: Terrorism in the U.S
A Dark Day in World History: Report of the Day After
mSvidobis mecniereba
Peace Science
sociologiis pikaso da struqturuli Zaladoba
iohan galtungi / saerTaSoriso ganviTareba adamianuri TvalTaxedviT `adamianis
ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis Teoria~
korneli kakaCia / erovnuli interesis cneba
manana ciramua / postkomunikacia
eka jinoriZe / afxazeTis konfliqtis mogvarebis gzebis ZiebaSi
icxak rabini / sityva warmoTqmuli nobelis premiis gadacemic ceremonialze
giorgi margvelaSvili / niCurta! - me qarTveli var!
gaga niJaraZe / qarTuli kultura: qaluri, mamakacuri, bavSvuri
rati amaRlobeli / Intelligens
Short Summer Summary from a Conflict Prevention Standpoint
Shalva Kedia / GivePeace a Chance, Mr. President
Semoqmedeba, TanagrZnoba, araZaladoba
Creativity, Empathy, Nonviolence
dina houzi / socialurad angaJirebulixelovnebis roli
Dena L. Hawes / The Role of Socially Engaged Artistic Practice
Amadeo Vermishveli / Solo Conversation of the Death Squad Member
Tusia Beridze Real vs Ideal
dali berekaSvili / zRaprebi
Tamar berekaSvili / moTxrobebi
Editorial / Irakli Zurab Kakabadze / First War of the Century or a Chance to have
Genuine Peace
irakli kakabaZe / siyvarulis doqtrina saxelmwifoebriv cxovrebaSi
The Statement of the ICCN

ICCN-is samZimari

vuerTdebiT sakacobrio tkivils

konfliqtebisa da molaparakebebis saerTaSoriso kvleviTi centri uerTdeba im

zogadsakacobrio mwuxarebas, romelic gamoiwvia SeerTebul StatebSi Cadenilma
barbarosulma teroristulma aqtebma.

The ICCN Statement

Letter of ICCN Director to his Colleagues in the United States and around the world

My dear friends and colleagues,

On behalf of the Board and entire staff of ICCN, I want to send you my deepest condolances for
the tragic events that have unfolded in the past 24 hours in the United States. We want to express
our sympathy to the families of all those that have been emotionally and physically wounded by
this inhumane act. The autrocities that we have witnessed via television here in Georgia seem
almost unbelievable, but still we have hope that these horrific events will strengthen us
spiritually, and bring us together in a united fight against terrorist activity. Please believe us that
these feelings are shared by the entire Georgian society.

In peace and brotherhood,

George Khutsishvili
Director of the International Center on Conflict and Negotiation

Tbilisi, Georgia, September 2001

Responses to ICCN regarding our letter of condolence that was sent to our many
friends and colleagues all over the world:

“Dear George:
We want to thank for your message of condolence to all of us at the National Peace Foundation.
At a time of nameless faceless violence, it is comforting to receive human messages of
understanding from across the world.
No American could wake on Wednesday morning without the sense that our world has changed.
But it will be important that our nation’s response is measured and careful, without mirroring or
escalating the devastation imposed by terrorists upon the innocent. We will all be working to
assure such a response.
And while none of us has suffered personal losses, none can escape the shock and emptiness
which follows this tragedy. We need to work together to overcome the feelings of alienation and
hopelessness which can result in violence, as we also learn to deal with the world’s changing
realities.
Thank you for reaching out to see us. We hope we can work together for a better future. Our best
wishes to you at ICCN.”

Sarah Harder
President and Stephen Strickland, Chair, National Peace Foundation

“Dear Friends Shiva, Anthony, George, Paul, Jack and Mira - oceans and thousands of miles
away from us, yet so close in our sorrow:
We are grateful to you, our friends, for your words of condolence and also hope, strength,
encouragement and energy. We thank you for sharing our grief with us and all those who are
directly or indirectly affected by this incredible act of inhumanity.
My family, my friends and IMTD are committed more deeply and more intensely than ever to
deal with conflict, to help those who hate, and to rebuild the trust that has been lost in the past
few days.
I will keep this message short so that the internet space is free for those who need it to
communicate with dear ones who need their help.
Thank you again for your kind and loving thoughts and let us continue to work together - we
simply must - there is no alternative.
In deep gratitude for your friendship and support.”

Ambassador John W. McDonald,

wife Christel G. McDonald, our family and IMTD

“Dear Dena and Irakli,

Many thanks for thinking about us and for your support. We never expected something like that
to happen in this country. This tragedy one more time indicates how small and interdependent
the world is.
We hope to write you in length later, but at this point we wanted to thank you again and say that
we are together, even if thousands of miles, kilometers, centimeters, millimeters and,
particularly, inches are between us. This is what gives us hope and strength.”

Maia and Mamuka Tsereteli

America-Georgia Business Development Council
“In his approach Huntington seems closer to the perception of radicals than to reality, his view
itself is culturalist-essentialist. It appears to me that the problem is also not vested with the
psychology of the perpetrators of terrorist actions; people psychologically capable of such
actions one would expect to find in all societies. The central question is how society is
controlling and channeling violence.
The state with a monopoly of violence has been the most popular and most efficient model of
late. Networks of professional terrorists using stateless societies (like Afghanistan) but existing
and operating without centre internationally and very flexibly and possibly serving the interest of
other states when they please or when it pays is the problem and will became only more acute in
the future.
Statehood, weakened by processes initiated in the Western World (and usually summed up as
Postmodernism or “End of Westphalia”), is under attack more than anything else. And the
clumsy rhetoric of statesmen today, searching desperately for a state to identify and punish,
shows that outside their borders states are unable to function in terms of conflict without a state-
counterpart.
A very unpleasant consequence might well be a wave of punishment of weak states for their
weakness. Russian rhetoric against NIS harbouring terrorists (and, as a matter of fact, not
controlling significant parts of their territory) may go less challenged after the NY attack. If the
US will take sustained and violent action against, for example, the weakness of Afghan
statehood without facilitating a stronger, functional alternative (as was the case in Yugoslavia)
the consequences may be highly destabilising for the region. I wonder if the very concept of
statehood will be capable of reinventing itself to counter the stresses network-society/-capital/-
terrorism is posing to it.”

Jan Koehler
Berlin, Germany

“Dear George,
Thank you for sending out the message expressing some thoughts on how the tragic attacks in
the US could happen. It is truly a tremendous shock to have such a massive loss of innocent
human life, wherever this may be in the world. I have been actually surprised by the moderation
in the US press now, after this horrible tragedy, that people are not generally calling for
indiscriminate vengeance, and that even in such circumstances, people express concern that it
does not lead to the suffering of other innocent civilians elsewhere in the world, and that it
should be absolutely clear who the perpetrators are before any action is taken, etc. There have
also been many calls not to blame particular ethnic groups and that any
actions /attacks against such communities will be strictly dealt with and stopped. I think this
points a lot to the strength of the society and the true commitment to fairness and democratic
values that most Americans have - even in such horrific circumstances.”

Lara Olson
Collaborative for Development Action, Cambrridge, Massachussets, USA

Some Additional voices in response to the September 11th tragedy

Chomsky Note…

Today’s attacks were major atrocities. In terms of number of victims they do not reach the level
of many others, for example, Clinton’s bombing of the Sudan with no credible pretext,
destroying half its pharmaceutical supplies and probably killing tens of thousands of people, (no
one knows, because the US blocked an inquiry at the UN and no one cares to pursue it). Not to
speak of much worse cases, which easily come to mind. But that this week a horrendous crime in
not in doubt. The primary victims, as usual, were working people: janitors, secretaries, firemen,
etc. It is likely to prove to be a crushing blow to Palestinians and other poor and oppressed
people. It is also likely to lead to harsh security controls, with many possible ramifications for
undermining civil liberties and internal freedom.
The events reveal, dramatically, the foolishness of ideas about “missile defense”. As has been
obvious all along, and pointed out repeatably by strategic analysts, if anyone wants to cause
immense damage in the US, including weapons of mass destruction, they are highly unlikely to
launch a missile attack, thus guaranteeing their immediate destruction.
There are innumerable easier ways that are basically unstoppable. But today’s events will,
nonetheless, be used to increase the pressure to develop these systems and put them into place.
“Defense” is a thin cover for plans for militariation of space, and with good PR, even the
flimsiest arguments will carry some weight among a frightened public. In short, the crime is a
gift to the hard jingoist right, those who hope to use force to control their domains. That is even
putting aside the likely US actions, and what they will trigger - possibly more attacks like this
one, or worse. The prospects ahead are even more ominous than they appeared to be before the
latest atrocities.

Noam Chomsky
MIT, Dr. of Linguistics and Political Philosophy, USA

Compassion and Revenge

By Gary Zukav

The attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon are occasions of great significance.
They are opportunities for you to feel inside, to find those parts of yourself that are in fear, and to
make the decision to move forward in your life without fear. That is the challenge for each
individual on this planet today. The pursuit of external power - the ability to manipulate and
control - creates only violence and destruction. The painful events in New York and Washington
are living examples of that reality.
The causal chain that created this violence is one in which compassion and wisdom are absent.
Are wisdom and compassion present in you as you watch television, and read the papers? It is
important to realize that you do not know all that came to conclusion, or into karmic balance, as
a result of these events. Because you are not able to know all that can be known about them, you
are not in a position to judge them.
When you are able to look at the events of the Earth School from this perspective, you will see
clearly the central importance of the role that you play in it. That role is this: It is for you to
decide what you will contribute to this world. Many will be asking your opinion of these events.
Each question is an opportunity for you to contribute to the love that is in the world or to the fear
that is in the world. This is the same opportunity that presents itself to you at each moment.
If you hate those who hate, you become like them. You add to the violence and the destructive
energy that now fills our world. As you make the decision to see that those who committed these
acts of violence were in extreme pain themselves, and that they were fueled by the violent parts
of ourselves—the parts that judge without mercy, strike in anger, and rejoice in the suffering of
others. They were our proxy representatives. If you can look with compassion upon those who
have suffered and those who have committed acts of cruelty alike, then you will see that all are
suffering. The remedy for suffering is not to inflict more suffering.
This is an opportunity for a massive expression of compassion. It is also an opportunity for a
massive expression of revenge. Which world do you intend to live in— a world of revenge or a
world of compassion?
 The awesome cruelty of a doomed people
By Robert Fisk

So it has come to this. The entire modern history of the Middle East - the collapse of the
Ottoman empire, the Balfour declaration, Lawrence of Arabia’s lies, the Arab revolt, the
foundation of the state of Israel, four Arab-Israeli wars and the 34 years of Israel’s brutal
occupation of Arab land - all erased within hours as those who claim to represent a crushed,
humiliated population struck back with the wickedness and awesome cruelty of a doomed
people. Is it fair - is it moral - to write this so soon, without proof, without a shred of evidence,
when the last act of barbarism in Oklahoma turned out to be the work of home-grown
Americans? I fear it is. America is at war and, unless I am grotesquely mistaken, many thousands
more are now scheduled to die in the Middle East, perhaps in America too. Some of us warned
of “the explosion to come’’. But we never dreamed this nightmare.
And yes, Osama bin Laden comes to mind, his money, his theology, his frightening dedication to
destroy American power. I have sat in front of bin Laden as he described how his men helped to
destroy the Russian army in Afghanistan and thus the Soviet Union. Their boundless confidence
allowed them to declare war on America. But this is not the war of democracy vs terror that the
world will be asked to believe in the coming hours and days. It is also about American missiles
smashing into Palestinian homes and US helicopters firing missiles into a Lebanese ambulance
in 1996 and American shells crashing into a village called Qana a few days later and about a
Lebanese militia - paid and uniformed by America’s Israeli ally - hacking and raping and
murdering their way through refugee camps.
No, there is no doubting the utter, indescribable evil of what has happened in the United States.
That Palestinians could celebrate the massacre of 20,000, perhaps 35,000 innocent people is not
only a symbol of their despair but of their political immaturity, of their failure to grasp what they
had always been accusing their Israeli enemies of doing: acting disproportionately. But we were
warned. All the years of rhetoric, all the promises to strike at the heart of America, to cut off the
head of “the American snake’’ we took for empty threats. How could a backward, conservative,
undemocratic and corrupt group of regimes and small, violent organizations fulfil such
preposterous promises? Now we know.
And in the hours that followed yesterday’s annihilation, I began to remember those other
extraordinary, unbelievable assaults upon the US and its allies, miniature now by comparison
with yesterdays’ casualties. Did not the suicide bombers who killed 241 American servicemen
and almost 100 French paratroops in Beirut on 23 October 1983, time their attacks with
unthinkable precision?
It was just 7 seconds between the Marine bombing and the destruction of the French three miles
away. Then there were the attacks on US bases in Saudi Arabia, and last year’s attempt - almost
successful it now turns out - to sink the USS Cole in Aiden. And then how easy was our failure
to recognize the new weapon of the Middle East which neither Americans or any other
Westerners could equal: the despair-driven, desperate suicide bomber.
All America’s power, wealth - and arrogance, the Arabs will be saying - could not defend the
greatest power the world has ever known from this destruction.
For journalists, even those who have literally walked through the blood of the Middle East,
words dry up here. Awesome, terrible, unspeakable, unforgivable; in the coming days, these
words will become water in the desert. And there will be, naturally and inevitably, and quite
immorally, an attempt to obscure the historical wrongs and the blood and the injustices that lie
behind yesterday’s firestorms. We will be told about “mindless terrorism’’, the “mindless” bit
being essential if we are not to realise how hated America has become in the land of the birth of
three great religions.
Ask an Arab how he responds to 20 or 30 thousand innocent deaths and he or she will respond as
good and decent people should, that it is an unspeakable crime. But they will ask why we did not
use such words about the sanctions that have destroyed the lives of perhaps half a million
children in Iraq, why we did not rage about the 17,500 civilians killed in Israel’s 1982 invasion
of Lebanon, why we allowed one nation in the Middle East to ignore UN Security Council
resolutions but bombed and sanctioned all others who did. And those basic reasons why the
Middle East caught fire last September - the Israeli occupation of Arab land, the dispossession of
Palestinians, the bombardments and state sponsored executions, the Israeli tortures ... all these
must be obscured lest they provide the smallest fractional reason for yesterday’s mass savagery.
No, Israel was not to blame - that we can be sure that Saddam Hussein and the other grotesque
dictators will claim so - but the malign influence of history and our share in its burden must
surely stand in the dark with the suicide bombers. Our broken promises, perhaps even our
destruction of the Ottoman Empire, led inevitably to this tragedy. America has bankrolled
Israel’s wars for so many years that it believed this would be cost-free. No longer so. It would be
an act of extraordinary courage and wisdom if the United States was to pause for a moment and
reflect upon its role in the world, the indifference of its government to the suffering of Arabs, the
indolence of its current president.
But of course, the United States will want to strike back against “world terror’’, who can blame
them? Indeed, who could ever point the finger at Americans now for using that pejorative and
sometimes racist word “terrorism’’? There will be those swift to condemn any suggestion that
we should look for real historical reasons for an act of violence on this world-war scale. But
unless we do so, then we are facing a conflict the like of which we have not seen since Hitler’s
death and the surrender of Japan. Korea, Vietnam, is beginning to fade away in comparison.
Eight years ago, I helped to make a television series that tried to explain why so many Muslims
had come to hate the West. Last night, I remembered some of those Muslims in that film, their
families burnt by American-made bombs and weapons. They talked about how no one would
help them but God. Theology vs technology, the suicide bomber against the nuclear power. Now
we have learnt what this means.

A Second Day of Infamy: Terrorism in the U.S

Dennis J. D. Sandole
George Mason University, Virginia, USA

The U.S. has become a symbol for many of what is wrong in the world; e.g., conflict in the
Middle East, globalization, destruction of the environment. There is only one "Great Satan" and
we are it! Indeed, if the U.S. did not exist, it would probably have to be invented as the world's
primary bogey man.
Although we are not sure who sent hijacked planes careening into the World Trade Center and
the Pentagon, it is clear that the U.S. has recently been making lots of people angry: for opting
out of Kyoto, resisting attempts to control the spread of small arms, building a missile shield in
contravention of the 1972 ABM Treaty and most recently, undermining the prospects for success
of the UN Conference Against Racism in Durban, South Africa, by walking out on it.
The culprits of yesterday's terrorism may not be those directly affected by these acts of American
unilateralism; e.g., Palestinians or other marginalized groups, anti-globalization people, or
others. Instead, as implied in the article run in The Washington Post on 2 September, about the
Wexelblat Disaster, they may constitute "the secondary effect": those who are bothered by, or
otherwise capitalize on others being affected directly by U.S. actions.
A major implication is that, in addition to finding the culprits and preserving life in the short
term, the U.S. should focus on solving the problems worldwide for which it is -- rightly or
wrongly -- held responsible. Rather than disengage from global problems, or deal with only
some in a partisan manner, the U.S. should use the great leadership potential inherent in its
superpower status to work with others in global problemsolving in a fair and just way.
For those who would declare that it would be prohibitively expensive for the U.S. to do this, I
would say that if the events of yesterday showed us anything, they demonstrated the near total
bankruptcy of the missile defense idea as well as the immeasurable costs of dealing with the
aftermath of the scale of
yesterday's paralyzing attacks.
Don't forget missile defense, but prioritize it in relation to more "technologically viable" threats
and in the process, enhance positive relations with the Russians and Chinese and, with the
resources spared the black hole of ideologically-based investment in missile defense and perhaps
new arms races, focus on solving other problems for which we are taking the rap.

A Dark Day in World History: Report of the Day After

By Dena L. Hawes
Visiting Fellow, ICCN

“Completely shocked…unbelievable” Yasser Arafat

“Mass Terrorism is the current evil of our world” Tony Blair

The September 11th terrorist attacks in New York City and Washington, DC have been
portrayed as the worst in US history, and the event is being compared by many to that of Pearl
Harbor. Thousands of people have died, including hundreds of police, firefighters and rescue
personnel who were buried in the rubble when the North and South towers of the World Trade
Center collapsed, an hour after being hit by two hijacked planes.

President Bush, who, that morning, had been scheduled to fly from Florida to Washington, DC
was instead shuttled to a nuclear fallout center in Nebraska where he made a public address
saying that these “acts of mass murder were intended to frighten Americans into chaos and
retreat”, but that we will not retreat, and those responsible for the attacks will be “hunted down
and punished”. Hours later, the American people and the whole world were struggling to take it
all in.

New York’s financial district stood in shambles after the collapsed of the World Trade Center, a
symbol of global trade for the world. There is great risk around the instability of surrounding
buildings and secondary fires occurring in lower Manhattan. The forty-seven story Salomon
brothers building located next to the World Trade Center also collapsed, as well as a neighboring
hotel. The attack couldn’t have happened at a worse time for the world economy. Economists
had been predicting a slow down in the US economy, and now there is global fear that the events
of September 11th will bring on a full-blown economic recession, that will significantly effect
the world at large. It appears as though the world economy is holding its breath, waiting to see
how quickly the US can restore confidence.
Shortly after the Trade Center attack, part of the Pentagon, headquarters for the US armed forces,
was badly damaged by another hi-jacked plane explosion, and the fire caused by the explosion
raged on for hours. Regarding the fallout of so much tragedy BBC correspondent Rob Watson
concisely stated that “the Fortress US had been breached and the American people are
shocked...”

The talk circulating all around the world is about who master-minded such a well orchestrated
and de-mobilizing attack on the two major power centers of the US and the world? Fingers were
immediately pointed at the well financed Osama bin Laden, and at Islamic terrorist groups in
general. bin Laden, who has expressed a vehement hatred towards the US, has eluded security
and surveillance forces for years. He made a video taped address saying that he was not involved
in the terrorist attack, but that he supported the attack as it “constitutes a reaction of the
oppressed people against the hands of the cruel.”

In response to the events of September 11, Robert Jensen wrote about incidents of cruelty that
happened at the hands of the US—events that he views as acts of terrorism. His writings bring
out the tit for tat relationship that the US has created with much of the third world. For instance,
when the US tried to strike out at Osama bin Laden by bombing the vaccine manufacturing
company in Sudan, in retaliation for bin Laden’s believed involvement in the bombings of US
Embassies in Africa. So the US bombed the one factory in central Africa that was manufacturing
critical vaccines for the children of that impoverished area. That bombing destroyed the factory
and killed thousands of innocent people, among them were a few of bin Laden’s Muslim
followers. Months later, the US realized that they hit the wrong target.

As Jenson wrote: “The deliberate killing of civilians for political purposes—that the US
government has committed during my lifetime…The list of countries and people who have felt
the violence of this country is long. For more than five decades throughout the Third World, the
United States has deliberately targeted civilians or engaged in violence so indiscriminate that
there is no other way to understand it except as terrorism...Vietnamese civilians bombed by the
United States. Timorese civilians killed by a U.S. proxy army of terrorists. Iraqi civilians killed
by the deliberate bombing of an entire country’s infrastructure. So my anger on this day is
directed not only at individuals who engineered the September 11 tragedy, but at those who have
held power in the United States and have engineered attacks on civilians every bit as tragic”.

In terms of who is responsible, it was pointed out in the news this morning that it would be more
constructive to look at the possibility of a wider and more varied group of terrorists, rather than
just focusing on bin Laden and Islamic terrorist groups in general. An operation of this
sophistication and magnitude would seem to be the work of highly connected people who are
privy to sophisticated systems of intelligence, and extremely well informed on US security
procedures. Many feel that bin Laden and Islamic terrorists alone could not of pulled off such a
well orchestrated attack without help from higher powers of knowledge on intelligence and
security.

Also, regarding the comparison of the September 11th terrorist attack to the Pearl Harbor attack
in 1942. This analogy could be dangerous, particularly in its potential impact on perceptions and
world views. Remembering the suspicion and anger that were waged against the Japanese-
Americans, who, after the attack of Pearl Harbor, were forced to leave their homes and property.
They were unwillfully sentenced by official authority to live internment camps, where they were
detained for years. Negative stereotypes and warped perceptions of the Japanese, their culture
and traditions, persisted for decades after the Pearl Harbor incident. Comparing this event to
Pearl Harbor could create a heightening of the already festering intolerance of Middle Eastern
and Muslim people that is very present and real in the US, due largely to ignorance and
misunderstanding.

President Bush has called the attacks on America’s Eastern Sea Board as “act of war”. NATO
has enacted article 5, viewing the attack on the US as an attack on all members of NATO. As the
US and its allies discuss their retaliation plan, and hunt for those to retaliate against, it’s not too
early for the global community to ask ourselves: what lessons can be learned here? Perhaps
somewhere along the path towards seeking truth and justice for this horrific incident, we can
begin to look much more deeply into the type of relationships that the Western World has with
the Arab and Muslim World. As long as the US continues to engage their troops in the Middle
East and helps to support the escalated violence there, and as long as the US continues to back
torrent regimes, these types of terrorist attacks will, most likely, persist. Perhaps the West needs
to start thinking about ways to begin forging a different type of relationship with the Middle
East, including generating ideas on how the US could adopt more enlightened policies around
Arab and Muslim issues.

This suggestion could be seen as a long-term project, intended to help reduce misunderstandings
and misperceptions that can and has lead to conflict and violent action. Educational institutions
and awareness raising organizations could play a leading role in assisting the general public in
gaining a greater understanding of the Muslim religion and Islamic tradition and world views,
and how the paradigmatic differences between Western culture and Islamic culture can fuel
intolerance, hatred and violence on all sides. Terrorists need to be differentiated from the whole
of the Islamic population. It needs to be understood that terrorist activities reflect a small part of
what is happening in certain parts of the world, and does not represent the vision of Muslim
religion or reflect on the whole of Islamic culture. And lastly, the mechanism, finance and
support of all terrorism needs to be effectively fought against and eliminated.

As I write, there are people who have survived the collapse of the 115 story World Trade Center
towers, and who are being rescued from the rubble. Amidst this horrific event of contemporary
world history, they symbolize for me an act of hope, extraordinary human survival, and the
many, many lessons that need to be learned.

mSvidobis mecniereba

es rubrika Cvens JurnalSi axali mecnierebis tips mSvidobis mecnie-rebas aSuqebs. es

interdiscipli-naruli mecnierebaa, romelic socia-luri da politikuri mecnierebis
ramdenime dargs sinTezurad aerTi-anebs. aq aris erTianoba filosofiisa,
fsiqologiisa, sociologiisa, samar-Talmcodneobisa da sxva mecnie-rebebisa.
kvanturi Teoriis Tanaxmad yovelTvis SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva mecnierebidan
ekleqturad saukeTeso nawilebis gaerTianeba da aqedan axali paradigmis, axali
azrovnebis tipis Camoyalibeba. me-20 saukunis bolos naTeli gaxda, rom kacobrioba
sikv-dilis aSkara safrTxis winaSea da mSvidoba, dRes yoveldRiuri leqsiko-nis
nawilia. Tumca, saqarTveloSi es tradiciulad ase iyo. “dila mSvidobi-sa”, “saRamo
mSvidobisa” da “mSvido-biT” Cveneuli semiotikis ganuyofeli nawilia ukve didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi.

am rubrikaSi Cven gTavazobT politikuri da socialuri mecnie-rebis sxvadasxva

mimarTulebis namu-Sevrebs. isini ar aris mxolod da mxolod idealisturi
politikis mim-devarTa namuSevrebi, aramed “realpo-litikis”, aramarqsistuli
radika-luri azrovnebis da sxva mimdinare-obaTa warmomadgenlebisac. Cven gvinda,
rom mkiTxveli gaecnos naaz-revis speqtrs, liberalurs, konserva-tiuls Tu
radikalurs. mSvidobis mecnierebas xSir SemTxvevaSi utopi-urs da radikalurad
idealisturs uwodebdnen warsulSi. Cven gvwams, rom es ase ar aris, rom mSvidoba
yvela adamianis moTxovnilebaa da ara patara marginaluri jgufebisa.

Peace Science
It has been about 40 years since Dr. Johan Galtung, one of the premier theorists of Peace
Research founded a journal of Peace Research. Since then, Peace Science has made significant
progress. The writings of Johan Galtung, John Burton, Louise Diamond, Dennis J. Sandole,
Christopher Mitchell, Mary Clarke, Richard Rubenstein, Howon Jeong, Michelle LeBaron and
many other visionary social scientists have given us new options, and helped us to think beyond
the narrow boundaries of power politics and so called “Realpolitik”. The science of peace is an
eclectic collection of different social and natural sciences. In our first two issues we have
published the works of some of the most distinguished peace researches, such John Burton and
Johan Galtung. We will continue to publish the works of different authors in search for new
paradigms that will enable the reader to think beyond violence. We believe that humanity is not
condemned to violence, and that there are always non-violent, constructive alternatives. On a
structural and cultural level we can explore such alternatives through creativity. Considering how
many instruments of destruction and war have manifested through previous centuries, we feel
that humankind will not survive unless we are willing to explore a variety creative alternatives.

In the Peace Science section, we are publishing a variety of perspectives on the topic of conflict
resolution and peacebuilding. We feel that a range of opinions and approaches are necessary to
build the foundation for positive peace. Here, the writings speak of peace that exists without
structural and cultural violence—peace that would enable us to improve so many aspects of our
lives. Perhaps, these efforts can help to forge a space for humanity to think about such important
things as harmony and happiness for all living beings. This is our first bilingual version, and we
hope you will enjoy this selection of readings.

sociologiis pikaso da struqturuli Zaladoba

iohan galtungi Tanamedrove sociologiisa da politologiis samyaroSi Sesulia,

rogorc erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomad-geneli. mas Tavisi moRvaweobis
manZilze gamoqveynebuli aqvs 70-ze meti naSromi. mSvidobis dargSi is jon
bartonTan, qeneT bouldingTan, anatol rapoportTan, qristofer mitCelTan da
sxvebTan erTad iTvleba dargis aRorZinebis erT-erT mTavar iniciatorad. misi
azrovneba gamoirCeva araCveulebrivi sicxadiT da gabedulebiT, romelsac Tan axlavs
Rrma ganaTleba da analitikuri unari.

iohan galtungma Tavisi pirveli doqtorantura umaRles maTematikaSi daicva 1956

wels oslos universitetSi da Semdeg 1957 wels bergenis universitetSi miiRo
sociologiis doqtoris wodeba. amis Semdeg is aswavlida msoflios mraval
universitetSi, maT Soris kolumbiis universitetSi, oslos universitetSi, tokios
universitetSi, havais universitetSi, jorj meisonis universitetSi, merilendis
universitetSi da ase Semdeg. aris oslos mSvidobis institutisa da Jurnal
“Journal Of Peace Research”-is damaarsebeli. axla is gaxlavT saerTaSoriso
samSvidobo organizacia “trans-cendis” direqtori da moRvaweobs msoflios mraval
qveyanaSi.

iohan galtungi saqarTveloSi samjer iyo. misi pirveli Camosvla daemTxva stalinis
gardacvalebas. maSin igi 23 wlis norvegieli studenti iyo, romelic mis megobar
studentTa jgufTan erTad Camovida sabWoTa kavSirSi da bedis wyalobiT gaxda
mowme erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani momentisa, “borotebis imperiis” istoriaSi. am
imperiis erT-erTi yvelaze boroti imperatoris gardacvalebas galtungi mis
samSobloSi, gorSi Sexvda da misive mogonebebiT es dauviwyari momentia misi
cxovrebidan. amis Semdeg galtungi saqarTveloSi Camodis 1997 wlis ivnisSi,
rodesac Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi karl gustav iakobsenTan erTad
marTavs ramdenime leqcias saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa fakultetze. galtungis
ideiT iwyeba muSaoba msoflioSi pirvel samSvidobo forumze, sadac mTeli
msofliodan unda Camovidnen mSvidobis mesveurni da erToblivad SeimuSavon xedva
“pozitiuri mSvidobisa”. pozitiuri mSvidoba iohan galtungis terminia, romelic
mxolod Zaladobis ararsebobas ki ar niSnavs, aramed realur mSvidobian
Tanacxovrebas, romelic emyareba samarTlianobis princips. am ideis
ganxorcielebisaTvis dResac aqtiurad muSaobs konfliqtebisa da molaparakebis
saerTaSoriso kvleviTi centri da saqarTvelos axalgazrdobis saerTaSoriso
fondi. mesamed galtungi saqarTvelos ewvia 2001 wlis martSi, rodesac
gaerTianebuli erebis ofisSi gamarTa leqcia mSvidobis damkvidrebis “transcendis
meTodis” Sesaxeb.
galtungi msoflio sociologiis istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc avtori ramdenime metad
mniSvnelovani koncefciisa. maTSi gamosarCevia “struqturuli da kulturuli
Zaladobis” termini, romelmac 1960-iani wlebis struqturalistur azrovnebaSi
mniSvnelovani Zvra moaxdina. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, pirdapiri Zaladoba aris
yovelTvis Sedegi struqturuli Zaladobisa, romelic gamoixateba sazogadoebriv
sistemaSi Cadebuli ierarqiuli momentebiTa da sxvadasxva saxis dominaciis
arsebobiT. iq sadac pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri Cagvra arsebobs, Zaladoba
aucileblad iqneba. galtungis Tanaxmad ar arsebobs mSvidoba monasa da
monaTmflobels Soris. maT Soris SeiZleba mxolod droebiTi zavi arsebobdes,
romelic adre Tu gvian dairRveva. aq galtungs fsiqologiur faqtorebTan erTad
Semoaqvs mniSvnelovani sociologiuri elementi konfliqtologiaSi. sanam arsebobs
socialuri uTanasworoba erTi an meore saxiT, yovelTvis sazogadoeba dgas
pirdapiri Zaladobrivi konfliqtis saSiSroebis winaSe. 60-iani wlebis
dasasrulisaTvis galtungma SemoiRo meore termini, romelic damkvidrda
Tanamedrove konfliqtologiaSi. es aris “rangis disikuilibriumi”. uTanasworo
rangis SemTxvevaSi Cven saqme gvaqvs struqturul ZaladobasTan. dazaveba da
uTanxmoebis daregulireba problemis gadaWras ar niSnavs. aq saWiroa konfliqturi
situaciis Zireuli transformacia, rac Tavis TavSi moicavs struqturuli da
kulturuli Zaladobis mizezebis aRmofxvras. es metad rTuli procesia, romelsac
sWirdeba didi Sroma da agreTve metad araordinaruli SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba.
TviT galtungi am SemoqmdebiTi azrovnebiT metad dajildovebuli pirovnebaa da
amitomac mas am dargSi ukve didi xania rac socialur mecnierebaTa pikasos
uwodeben.

metad sainteresoa galtungiseuli analizi dRevandel saqarTve-loSi mimdinare

movlenebisa. ra saxes atarebs dRes CvenSi arsebuli struqturuli Zaladoba? aris
Tu ara Cveni saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis dRevandel struqturaSi Cadebuli
struqturuli Zaladobis elementebi?

politikur sferoSi sainteresoa gvaqvs Tu ara Cven dRes namdvili demokratia.

bevri dRes fiqrobs, rom is mTavroba, romelic dRes saqarTveloSia, xalxis
arCeuli ar aris da xelisuflebaSi arCevnebis masiuri gayalbebis wyalobiT movida
da mas mere monopolizacias ukeTebs mTel politikur kapitals. Tumca zogi
fiqrobs, rom sabWoTa kavSirTan SedarebiT progresi saxezea.
ekonomikaSi dRes situaciis sruli baton-patronni an guSindeli wiTeli
direqtorebi an ki dRevandeli axali, qarTveli oligarqebi arian. patiosani
biznesmeni dRes saqarTveloSi iSviaTi movlenaa, Tumca arc imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom
isini saerTod ar arian bunebaSi. qarTveli oligarqebi qveynis avla didebis udides
nawils ucxoeTis ofSorul zonebSi abandeben da amiT sakuTari xalxis xarjze
cdiloben gamdidrebas. maTYam saqmeSi, arc mTavroba CamorCeba. ramdenime metad
cnobili oligarqi ki dRes, saxelmwifoebrivad mniSvnelovan Tanamdebobazec ki
gaxlavT da uSualod prezidentis mxardaWeriTac sargeblobs.

agreTve, mniSvnelovania isev kriminaluri samyaros batonoba saqarTvelos

mosaxleobaze, Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosTan erTad. kriminalebi da Sss dRes
erToblivad moqmedeben da am qveyanaSi TiTqmis yvela daucvelia. esec mosaxleobis
did SeSfoTebas iwvevs.
magram, gamouvali situacia ar arsebobs. galtungis filosofiis Tanaxmad
fatalizmis SegrZneba yvelaze, damRupveli grZnobaa nebismieri adamianisaTvis Tu
sazogadoebisaTvis. ase, rom gamosavali yovelTvis arsebobs.

sakiTxi ubralod imaSia, rogor SegviZlia Cven davZlioT is struqturuli

Zaladoba, romelic Cvens sazogadoebaSi batonobs da rogor mivceT meti optimizmis
safuZveli momaval Taobas.

saerTaSoriso ganviTareba adamianuri TvalTaxedviT `adamianis ZiriTadi

moTxovnilebebis Teoria~

iohan galtungi

`adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebisadmi midgoma~ ar aris zogadad socialuri an

kerZod ganviTarebis Semswavleli mecnierebebisadmi midgoma. arsebobs sxva
midgomebic. maTi Seswavlis sagani SeiZleba iyos struqtura (nebismieri saxis
saqonlis an momsaxurebis warmoeba-moxmarebis magaliTebi), procesi (mag.; rogor
icvleba struqtura drois ganmavlobaSi), rogor gavlenas axdens kultura da
buneba struqturasa da procesze. klasikur midgomebSi, ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeba
momqmed pirebze, maT strategiul mniSvnelobaze konfliqtebsa da TanamSromlobaSi,
maT motivaciasa da SesaZleb-lobebze. SeuZlebelia adamianis bunebis Seswavla
mxolod erTi midgomis saSualebiT; TiTqmis yvela maTgani aucilebelia adamianis
mravalmxrivi bunebis warmosaCenad. `adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovni-lebebisadmi
midgoma~, erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani midgomaa da ganviTarebis Semswavleli
mecnierebebis ganuyofeli nawilia.
am mosazrebis dasamtkiceblad Cven moviyvanT or arguments: erTi aris dadebiTi,
meore _ uaryofiTi. negatiuri argumenti emyareba mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac
sxva midgomebi usargebloa, radgan isini xels uSlian humanur ganviTarebas.
humanisturi Teoriis saxeliT SesaZlebelia mravali anti-humanuri danaSaulis
Cadena.

am mosazrebas ewinaaRmdegeba idea ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac

`ganviTarebaSi~ igulisxmeba mxolod adamianebis ganviTareba, radgan `adamiani
yvelafris sazomia.~ es ar niSnavs, rom Cven ar SegviZlia vilaparakoT sxva arsebebis
an sagnebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, magram cvlilebebi am `arsebebisa~ da `sagnebis~
ganviTarebaSi SeimCneva mxolod adamianis ganviTarebis fonze. rTuli, mudmivad
cvalebadi, xSirad daukmayofilebeli da winaaRmdegobrivi individebisagan
gansxvavebiT, `ganviTareba~ imaleba warmoebis da gadanawilebis magaliTebSi,
institutebis daarsebasa da struqturul transformaciaSi, kulturul `aspeqtebsa~
da bunebriv balansSi.
ase rom, negatiuri argumenti efuZneba mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac sxva
midgomebi usargebloa, magram ara imitom, rom es midgomebi arasworia, aramed
imitom, rom isini aravaliduria, rogorc Teoriulad, ise praqtikulad. praqtikaSi
aseT midgomebs xSirad mivyavarT anti-humanuri qmedebebisaken, radgan ar arsebobs
imisi garantia, rom es midgomebi mimarTulia adamianis mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebisaken. Cven SeiZleba vfiqrobdeT, rom demokratia diqtaturaze ukeTesia
an kapitalizmi socializms jobia, xolo demokratiuli socializmi yvelaze
ukeTesia. yvela es termini exeba socialur formaciebs da ara adamianebs. warmodgena
imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianebi socialuri formaciebis SigniT viTardebian, SeiZleba
SevadaroT warmodgenas, rom lamaz saxlSi aucileblad lamazi adamianebi unda
cxovrobdnen. Cven bevri magaliTi gvaqvs imisa, rom mdidar qveynebSi, bevri Raribi
adamiani cxovrobs, demokratiul qveyanaSi SeiZleba avtoritaruli tipis
urTierTobebi arsebobdes, socialistur qveyanaSi ki saqmeebis warmarTvis
kapitalisturi formebi Segvxvdes da a.S. mokled rom vTqvaT, amgvari midgomebis
umTavres nakls warmoadgens is, rom isini amartiveben ganviTarebis Semswavleli
mecnierebis arss da ar moicaven ZiriTad sakiTxebs. am midgomebma SeiZleba warmoqmnan
sakmaod saxifaTo praqtika, romelic gamosadegi iqneba mxolod maTTvis, vinc marTavs
ganviTarebis stadiaSi myof obieqtebs _ warmoebis menejerebi, gadanawilebis
biurokratebi, revoluciuri liderebi, institutebis damaarseblebi, ekologiisa da
kulturis damcvelebi.

`ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebisadmi midgoma~ zemoaRniSnuli problemis gadawyvetas

uwyobs xels da es aris pozitiuri argumenti. frazas, `kargad ganviTarebuli
adamiani~, SeiZleba konkretuli mni-Svneloba ar hqondes; magram aseTi arseba rom
arsebobdes, mas, albaT, Zalian didi warmodgena eqneboda sakuTar Tavze, Tayva-
nismcemlebi mas kvarcxlbekze aiyvandnen... Cven SeiZleba warmodgena gvqondes, Tu ras
niSnavs ganuviTarebeli adamiani, romlis CamorCenilobis erT-erTi mizezia ZiriTadi
moTxovnilebebis daukmayofilebloba.

ganviTareba, am SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc procesi, romelic

progresulad daakmayofilebs `adamianis ZiriTad moTxovnilebebs~, sadac sityva
`progresulad~, aRniSnavs “moTxov-nilebebis ufro farTo diapazons~ da `ufro
maRal doneebs~...
Semdeg qveTavebSi ganvixilavT “ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebisadmi midgomis~ ufro rTul
aspeqtebs. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom aucilebelia adamianis bunebis Semswavleli
sxva midgomebis gamokvleva. amisaTvis saWiroa adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb arsebuli
mravalmxrivi da mravalganzomilebiani mosazrebebis ganxilva, romlebic moicaven,
rogorc materialur, ise aramaterialur mxareebsac. ramdenadac CvenTvis cnobilia,
“ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebisadmi midgoma~ aris erTaderTi rac aerTianebs aRniSnuli
aspeqtebis farTo speqtrs.

ra aris adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnileba?

moTxovnileba unda ganvasxvaoT survilisgan, moTxovnisgan. es ukanaskneli subieqtis

mier aRiqmeba da gamoiTqmeba maTSi moTxovnileba SeiZleba igulisxmebodes, SeiZleba
_ ara; arsebobs iseTi moTxovnilebebi, romlebic am cnebebiT ar gamoiTqmis. arsebobs
mosazreba, rom adamianisTvis misi moTxovnilebebi cnobili araa. Cven SeiZleba raRac
gvsurdes an raRacas moviTxovdeT, magram realurad es CvenTvis aucilebeli
moTxovnileba arc iyos. amgvarad, ismis kiTxva: aucilebeli risTvis? imisaTvis, rom
pirovneba iyos humanuri. swored aqedan iwyeba sirTuleebi.

`moTxovnilebis~ erT-erTi aspeqti mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli aucileblobasTan; es

niSnavs, rom Cven viciT, Tu ra aris saWiro imisaTvis, rom iyo adamiani. ufro
metic, es warmodgena univer-saluria. es imas ar niSnavs, rom SeiZleba Camoiweros
minimaluri da maqsimaluri moTxovnilebebis sia, romelic saerTo iqneba yvela
adamianisTvis nebismier dros da nebismier socialur sivrceSi. ufro swori iqneba
Tu visaubrebT moTxovnilebebis gansazRvrul klasebze, rogoricaa: `usafrTxoebis
moTxovnileba,~ `keTildReobis moTxovnileba~, `identurobis moTxovnileba~,
`Tavisuflebis moTxovnileba.~ aRniSnuli klasifikaciis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba
vivaraudoT, rom nebismier droSi da nebismier sivrceSi adamianebi cdilobdnen
raRac amdagvarTan winaaRmdegobaSi mosvlas. drois nebismier monakveTSi adamianebis
saqmeebisa da moTxovnebis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia SevadginoT adamianis
moTxovnilebebis sia. bunebrivia, amgvari siebi bevri iqneboda. Sesabamisad maT
safuZvelze, SesaZlebeli iqneba adamianis saerTo moTxovnilebebis gansazRvra.

rodesac Cven vsaubrobT `raRac universaluris~ Sesaxeb, aq igulisxmeba

moTxovnileba da ara misi dakmayofilebis saSualeba; dakmayofilebis saSualebebi
SeiZleba ufro mravalferovani iyos, vidre TviTon moTxovnilebebi. ar arsebobs
yvela moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis universaluri saSualebebi. zogierTi
moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba SeuZlebelia empiriuli iSviaTobis gamo; iseTi
moTxovnilebisac ki, romelic erT pirovnebas gaaCnia. arsebobs `batonobis
moTxovnileba~, `daqvemdebarebis moTxovnileba~, `moTxovnileba, rom adamiani iyos
Tavis mezobelze ufro ganaTlebuli an ufro janmrTeli~, `poziciuri
moTxovnileba~, romlebsac sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo yvela ver ikmayofilebs.

Cveni dainteresebis sagans warmoadgens “adamianis moTxov-nilebebi~. am terminSi

igulisxmeba moTxovnilebebi, romlebic Tavs iyrian erT pirovnebaSi. moTxovnilebis
subieqti aris adamiani, magram moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis saSualebebs, im
aucilebel `raRaceebs~ yvela individi ar iziarebs an SeiZleba iziarebdes mxolod
garkveul socialur konteqstSi. problemas warmoadgens is faqti, rom termini
`moTxovnileba~, mxolod subieqtTan mimar-TebaSi ar gamoiyeneba; xSirad saubroben
`erovnul moTxovnilebebze~ (qveynis prestiJi), `socialur moTxovnilebebze~ (mag.;
qalaqSi kargi wyalgayvanilobis arseboba), `jgufis moTxovnilebebze~ (mag.:
Sexvedrebis adgilis arseboba). aq saubari ar aris imaze, rom ar arsebobs am
socialuri erTobebis an momqmedebis funqcionirebis pirobebi, termini
“moTxovnileba~, gamoiyeneba mxolod moTxovnilebis subieqtTan mimarTebaSi, xolo
erTaderTi subieqti, romelic CvenTvis cnobilia, aris adamiani. It is only in them
that the “click of correspondence” between need satisfier can be experienced.
adamianebs moTxovnilebebis Sesaxeb warmodgena socialur konteqstSi uviTardebaT,
maTi umravlesoba sakuTar moTxovnilebebs socialur konteqstSi ikmayofilebs, am
SemTxvevaSiEE mniSvneloba ara aqvs im faqts, rom jgufebs, qalaqebs da qveynebs ar
gaaCniaT goneba, romliTac SeZlebdnen sakuTari moTxovnilebebis gacnobierebas.
gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom amgvar socialur erTobebs gaaCniaT is survilebi da
moTxovnebi, romlebic maT mmarTvel elitebs axasiaTebT.
termini `ZiriTadi~ gamoiyeneba moTxovnilebis cnebis gansasazRvrad, Semdeg aspeqtSi:
nebismieri moTxovnileba unda dakmayofildes imisaTvis, rom moTxovnilebis
subieqtma ifunqcios, rogorc pirovnebam. rodesac ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebi
daukmayofi-lebelia, warmoiqmneba fundamenturi dezintegracia. es ar aris obscurum
per obscurium ganszaRvreba, radgan Cven fundamentur dezintegracias ase Tu ise
vicnobT. individis doneze isini vlindeba sikvdilianobasa da daavadebebSi;
ukanaskneli iyofa or katego-riad _ somaturi da fsiqikuri daavadebebi. miuxedavad
imisa, rom moTxovnilebebi individualuria, maTi daukmayofileblobis Sedegad
warmoSobili dezintegracia aucileblad individualur doneze ar vlindeba. is
SeiZleba gamovlindes socialuri dezintegraciis saxiTac.
socialuri dezintegraciis ori tipi SeiZleba ganisazRvros `duRilisa~ da
“gayinvis ~ metaforuli gamoyenebiT: erTi mxriv, arsebobs iseTi sazogadoeba,
romelic ganicdis apaTias, naklebad aqtiuria saerTo saqmianobaSi; meore mxriv, ki
aris sazogadoeba, romelic zedmetad aqtiuri da winaaRmdegobrivia. iseve, rogorc
adamianis biologiuri sikvdili, socialuri dezintegraciac uciloblad savalalo
ar aris: amiT bolo eReba imas, rac ukve sicocxlisunariani aRar aris.
zemoTaRniSnuli orive magaliTi dezintegraciis niSania. naklebad sainteresoa imis
garkveva, Tu romeli maTgania socialuri dezintegraciis mizezi: is, rom adamianis
moTxovnilebebi sakmarisad ar aris dakmayofilebuli, Tu is, rom sazogadoebas
dezinegraciis gamo ar SeuZlia adamianis moTxov-nilebebis dakmayofileba. albaT, es
ori movlena erTi da imave procesis nawilia. Cveni azriT, socialuri
dezintegracia imis maCvenebelia, rom konkretul istoriul periodSi adamianis
ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebi ar kmayofildeba.

yvelaferi, rac am qveTavSi iTqva erTi faqtis maCvenebelia: miuxedavad imisa, rom
Cven ar gvinda “moTxovnilebis~ gansazRvrebis mkacr CarCoebSi moqceva, es termini
Tavisuflad ar unda gamoiyenebodes. es gamoiwvevs `moTxovnilebis~ gansazRvris
prob-lemas, radgan individs Tavad ar SeuZlia moTxovnilebis gansazRvra. bolos
gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom moTxovnilebebSi vgulisxmobT ZiriTad adamianur
moTxovnilebebs, radgan ‘moTxovnilebebi~ aris (1) `adamianuri~ da (2) `ZiriTadi~.

adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis tipologiis Sesaxeb

zemoT Cven SevexeT gansxvavebas `materialur~ da `aramateri-alur~ moTxovnilebebs

Soris. am gansxvavebis dazustebis ori gza arsebobs: moTxovnilebis subieqtTan da
moTxovnilebis dakmayo-filebis saSualebasTan mimarTebaSi gansazRvra. pirveli
ukavSirdeba moTxovnilebebis subieqts, meore dakmayofilebis saSualebas.

arsebobs tradicia, romlis mixedviTac SeiZleba ganvasxvaoT adamianis sxeuli da

tvini da, Sesabamisad, somaturi da fsiqikuri (sulieri) moTxovnilebebi. erT-erTi
sirTule am gansazRvrisas aris is, rom sxeuli da tvini erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebulia. aris Tu ara, Tundac ugemuri saWmlis miRebisa da cud kompaniaSi
yofnis procesi mxolod somaturi moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba? ra Tqma unda,
arsebobs procesebi, romlebic mxolod somaturia, magram Wamis procesSi SimSilis
grZnoba mcirdeba, kmayofileba izrdeba da es sulieri Tu ara, mentaluri movlena
maincaa. Tumca, sxeulsa da tvins Soris gansxvaveba Cven aq didad ver dagvexmareba.
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebaze damyarebuli gansxvavebac problematuria.
SedarebiT advili gasagebia, Tu ra aris materialuri moTxovnilebebis
damakmayofilebeli saSualeba: policiisa da samxedro teqnika, sakvebi, tansacmeli,
TavSesafrebi, samedicino teqnika, saskolo inventari, satransporto-sakomunikacio
saSualebebi. yvela es sagani iSviaTia da amitom eqvemdebareba princips, “Tu Sen
Cemze meti gaqvs, maSin me Senze naklebi maqvs da piriqiT~.

arsebobs aramaterialuri moTxovnilebebis damakmayofilebeli saSualebebi, romlis

magaliTia socialuri struqturebi. adamianebma erTad yofnis moTxovnileba rom
daikmayofilon, telekomunikaciebs ver gamoiyeneben. marto yofnis survilis
dasakmayofileblad geografiuli daSoreba saWiro ar aris, magram sasurveli da
damakmayofilebelia. orive SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc “adamianis dasaxlebis
magaliTi~ da miekuTvnos “struqturuli mowyobis~ kategorias. pirveli magaliTi
meorisgan gansxavebiT did geografiul sivrces ar saWiroebs, geografiuli sivrce
iSviaTia, Tu gaviTva-liswinebT dedamiwis sasrulobas. yovelTvis arsebobs materia-
luri SezRudvebi da aqedan gamomdinare SesaZleblobebic SezRudulia.

rogor SeiZleba adamianebis klasificireba? SeiZleba vamtkico, rom Cemi meuRle ki

ar aris “moTxovnilebebis damkmayofilebeli~, aramed misi siyvaruli, misi Tvalebis
gamometyveleba, misi xma, Cveni grZnoba, rodesac savse mTvares SevyurebT. ra Tqma
unda, Znelia amis gansazRvra, rogorc materialurisa, magram, namdvilad
eqvemdebareba princips, “Tu me maqvs meti, viRacas eqneba Cemze naklebi~. amave dros,
Tu me siyvarulis ufro didi unari da SesaZlebloba maqvs, es ar niSnavs, rom
viRacas Cemze naklebi unda hqondes. es simarTlea da Tanac Zalian mniSvnelovani. me
SeiZleba dainteresebuli viyo siyvaruliT, konkretul SemTxvevaSi da ara zogadad.
literatura da adamianebis gamocdileba adasturebs, rom aq iSviaTobis principia
Cabmuli. zogadad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aramaterialuri moTxovnilebebis sferoc
xasiaTdeba iSviaTobiT.

rogorc moTxovnilebebi, ise maTi dakmayofilebis saSualebebi mudmivad ar arseboben.

isini warmoiqmneba socialur konteqstSi da maszea damokidebuli. nebismieri
socialuri konteqsti SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas or aspeqtSi _ momqmedTa jgufi da
struqturebis erToblioba. aucilebelia, ganvasxvavoT momqmedebze damokidebuli da
struqturebze damokidebuli moTxovnilebebi. momqmedze damokidebuli moTxovnileba
iseTi moTxovnilebaa, romelic damokidebulia motivaciasa da momqmedis
SesaZleblobaze - xeli Seuwyos an SeuSalos moTxovnilebis ganxorcielebas;
struqturaze damokidebuli moTxovnileba iseTi moTxovnilebaa, romlis
ganxorcielebis donec socialuri struqturisTvisaa damaxasia-Tebeli, mis
avtomatur Sedegs warmoadgensNda ar aris damokidebuli konkretuli momqmedis
motivaciasa da SesaZleblobebze. am or kategorias SeiZleba mesamec daematos _
bunebaze damokidebuli SesaZleblobebi. socialuri analizisTvis ganvixiloT, Tu
rogor gavlenas axdens socialuri konteqsti moTxovnilebebis dakmayo-filebasa Tu
daukmayofileblobaze.

cxrili 1.1

adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis tipologia

momqmedebze damokidebuli struqturaze damokidebuli

materialuri usafrTxoeba/Zaladoba keTildReoba/siduxWire
aramaterialuri Tavisufleba/zewola identuroba/gaucxoeba

cxrilSi moyvanili moTxovnilebebis oTxi tipi zemoaRniSnul or gansxvavebas

emyareba. moTxovnilebebis dayofa momqmedebze da struqturaze damokidebul
moTxovnilebebad, problematuria. usafrTxoebis moTxovnileba materialurs
mivakuTvneT, radgan policiisa da samxedro uzrunvelyofa, usafrTxoebis sferos
exeba. safrTxe SeiZleba modiodes unariani momqmedebis mzakvruli motivaciidan.
usafrTxoebis moTxovnileba SeiZleba struqturaze damokidebuli gaxdes, radgan
struqturas gaaCnia SesaZlebloba uzrunvelyos misi wevrebi garkveuli meqanizmebiT,
raTa maT SemdgomSi moaxdinon reagireba Tavdasxmaze Zaladobrivad an
araZaladobrivad. safrTxe SeiZleba aseve warmoiSvas struqturidan _ magaliTad
eqsploatatoruli urTierTobebi zogadad jgufsa da konkretulad sazogadoebas
Soris. amave dros safrTxis warmoqmnaze orive faqtorma SeiZleba imoqmedos (es,
rogorc wesi, ase xdeba xolme): struqturebi warmoSoben `borot~ momqmedebs da
Semdeg momqmedebi borotad iyeneben cud struqturas.

tipologia SeiZleba praqtikuladac gamoviyenoT moTxov-nilebebis

damakmayofileblebsa da moTxovnilebebis dakmayo-filebasTan dakavSirebuli
problemebis gadasawyvetad. magaliTad, rodesac xalxi SimSilobs, SeuZlebelia
momqmedis dadanaSauleba, amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos struqtura, romelic
araTanasworad anawilebs bunebriv da adamianur resursebs. igive SeiZleba iTqvas
gaucxoebazec: es aris socialuri konteqstis Sedegi. represia gansxvavebulia:
adamianis UuflebebSi warmodgenili formebi momqmedebzea damokidebuli.
cxrilSi 1.1 moTxovnilebebi tipebad aris dayofili. cxrilSi 1.2 Cven SevecadeT es
moTxovnilebebi migvesadagebina mdidar, industriul qveynebTan. cxril 1.2
CamoTvlil moTxovnilebaTa sias dasavluri xasiaTi aqvs da, Sesabamisad, gamogvadgeba
dasavleTis sazogadoebebis problemebis gansaxilvelad. hipoTeza mdgomareobs imaSi,
rom damakmayofileblebi uzrunvelyofen moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas. unda
aRiniSnos, rom am cxrilis Sedgenisas sistematuri empiriuli gamokvlevebi ar
Catarebula. Cven es cxrili SevadgineT imisTvis, raTa giCvenoT Tu rogor SeiZleba
molaparakebebis gaadvileba moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis gziT.

arsebobs Tu ara moTxovnilebebis ierarqia?

moTxovnilebebis Sesaxeb arsebul literaturaSi, metnaklebad garkveviT aris

Camoyalibebuli moTxovnilebebis ieraerqia. ganasxvaveben “fiziologiur~ anu
“cxovelur~ moTxovnilebebs (ufro somaturi an materialuria), romlebic ierarqiis
pirvel safexurzea da fsiqikuri anu sulieri moTxovnilebebi (sxvanairad rom
vTqvaT, pirovnuli da Tavisuflebis moTxovnilebebi), romlebic ierarqiis Semdeg
safexurze dgas. es Tezisi SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT aqsiologiur Teziss (Tu
moTxovnilebebi amaRlebulia ufro naklebad aris cxoveluri); SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT
empiriul Teziss ( faqtobrivad, xdeba ufro dabali moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofileba); SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT normatiul Tezissac (amaRlebuli
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebamde, yuradReba unda mieqces dabal moTxovnilebebs).
amgvari Tezisi saSiSroebas uqmnis `adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebisadmi
midgomas~, radgan zRudavs misi ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebs. nebismieri amgvari
Tezisi aramarto zRudavs kulturul mravalferovnebas, aramed_adamianTa
mravalferovnebasac Tavad kulturis SigniT da TiToeuli pirovnebis sicocxlis
ganmavlobaSi. mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom aramaterialuri moTxovni-lebebi `ufro
amaRlebulia~, vidre materialuri moTxovnilebebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc
inteligenciisa da asketebis mimarT miniWebuli poziciis dakanoneba.

cxrili 1.2
adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis sia: moqmedi hipoTeza

zogierT sazogadoebaSi arsebuli damakmayofileblebi

usafrTxoebis moTxovnilebebi _ Zaladobis Tavidan
(gadarCenis moTxovnileba) acileba
_ individualuri pirebis policia
winaaRmdeg Cadenili¸
Zaladobis (Tavdasxma, wameba) Tavidanñacileba samxedro
_ koleqtiuri Zaladobis Tavidan acileba
(saSinao da sagareo omebi)
keTildReobis moTxovnilebebi _siRaribis Tavidan
acileba
(uzrunvelyofis moTxovnilebebi)
_sakvebiT, wyliT, ZiliT sakvebi, wyali, haeri
da haeriT uzrunvelyofa
_moZraoba da gamoyofa fizikuri Tavisufleba
_klimatisa da garemosgan dacva tansacmeli, TavSesafari
_daavadebisgan dacva mkurnaloba
_zedmeti daZabulobisgan dacva Sromis dazogva
_TviTgamoxatva, dialogi, ganaTleba swavla
pirovnuli moTxovnilebebi
(siaxlovis moTxovnileba) _ gaucxoebis Tavidan
acileba
_TviTgamoxatva,SemoqmedebiToba, samuSao adgilebi
praqtika, samuSao
_TviTaqtualizacia, samuSao adgilebi,
potencialis realizacia dasveneba
_keTildReoba, bedniereba, rekreacia, ojaxi
sixaruli
_aqtiuroba da subieqtoba; rekreacia, ojaxi
arapasiuroba, klientad da obieqtad aryofna
_gamowveva da axali gamocdileba rekreacia
_moxibvla; siyvaruli; seqsi; pirveladi jgufebi
megobrebi; qorwineba; reproduqcia
 _ safuZveli, mikuTvnebuloba, meoradi jgufebi
mxardaWera, Sefaseba, msgavs
adaminebTan gaerTianeba
_socialuri Zalebis gageba, politikuri saqmianoba
socialuri gamWvirvaloba
_bunebasTan siaxlove bunebrivi parkebi
_miznis arsi, cxovrebis mniSvneloba, religia, ideologia
zebunebriv ZalebTan siaxlove
Tavisuflebis moTxovnileba _zewolis Tavidan
(Tavisufleba raRacisTvis; arCevani) acileba
_informaciisa da azris miRebisa komunikacia
da gamoxatvis arCevani
_adamianebisa da adgilebis naxvisa mogzauroba
da daTvalierebis arCevani
_cnobierebis formirebis arCevani Sexvedrebi, masobrivi
informaciis saSualebebi
_mobilizaciis arCevani organizaciebi, partiebi
_konfrontaciis arCevani arCevnebi
_profesiis arCevani Sromis bazari
_sacxovrebeli adgilis arCevani ?
_meuRlis arCevani saqorwino bazari
_saqonlisa da momsaxurebis arCevani (super) marketi
_sicocxlis arCevani ?

moTxovnilebebis Sesaxeb Teoriebs ZiriTadad inteleqtualebi ayalibeben. es sakiTxi

ganxilvas saWiroebs, magaliTisaTvis utopi-ebic gamodgeba.

es imdenad ierarqiul Teziss ar exeba, ramdenadac empiriuls: Tu empiriulad

damtkicda, rom adamianebi jer materialur moTxovnilebebs ikmayofileben da Semdeg
aramaterialurs, maSinac ki, rodesac maT aravin aiZulebs amgvarad moqcevas, daskvna
Zalze mniSvnelovani iqneba. empiriuli Tezisi adamianis qcevis wesebis dasadgenad
sakmarisad safuZvliani ar aris. xalxs surs, ganicdides Zaladobasa da ubedurebas
da sicocxlis fasad ibrZolos Tavisuflebisa da pirovnuli moTxovnilebebis
dasakmayofileblad. es Tezisi safuZvlianad SeiZleba CaiTvalos mxolod yvelaze
dabali moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisas _ ukiduresi gaWirvebisas (SimSiloba,
bunebis an adamianis mier miyenebuli tkivilis gancda, gamoyofaze an ZiriTad
sanitarul pirobebze uaris Tqma, moZraobaze uaris Tqma, seqsualuri ‘SimSili~)
prioritetebi naTelia. aseT SemTxvevebSi epiTeti “cxoveluri qceva~ xSirad
gamoiyeneba. amas akavSireben eqstremalur qcevasTan, magaliTad, sakoncentracio
banakis pirobebSi.
Cven ar uarvyofT imas, rom adamianebSi arsebobs ZiriTadi fiziologiuri reaqciebi,
romelsac Cven ganvixilavT, rogorc eqstremalur situacias _ realurad
akontrolebs adamianis qcevas. magram es ar niSnavs, rom:

1. yvela adamiani nebismier situaciaSi aRniSnuli moTxov-nilebebis maqsimalurad

dakmayofilebas cdilobs an yovel SemTxvevaSi cdilobs daakmayofilos es
moTxovnilebebi da naklebad aqcevs yuradRebas sxva moTxovnilebebs.

2. es ar niSnavs imas, rom aramaterialuri moTxovnilebebi am dros adamianSi ar

arsebobs. ubralod isini meore planze iweven, sanam gaWirvebis daZleva ar moxdeba.

3. es ar niSnavs, rom gaWirvebisas yvela adamians moqmedebis erTnairi limitebi aqvs.

arsebobs mosazreba, rom sxvadasxva kulturul garemoSi mcxovreb adamianebs
fiziologiuri gaWirvebis atanis gansxvavebuli SesaZlebloba aqvT. asea Tu ise, es
cnobierebis wvrTnisa da praqtikis Sedegia.

mravalferovnebis mxriv yvelaze saSiSi aris normatiuli Tezisi. SesaZlo empiriuli

wanamZRvari normis donezea ayvanili da SesaZlebelia hqondes politikuri Sedegebi.
Tezisis arsi, faqtobrivad, SemdegSi mdgomareobs: individualur da jgufur doneze
konkretuli politika da strategia droSi Tanamimdevrulad unda dalagdes.
prioritetuli unda iyos, jer materialuri da Semdeg aramaterialuri
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba. normatiuli Tezisi SeiZleba gaxdes aramaterialuri
moTxovnilebebis mimarT uyuradRebobis winapiroba da amis argumentad SeiZleba
mohyavdeT is faqti, rom `aramaterialuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis dro jer
ar mosula~. amis Sedegad individualur da jgufur doneze aramaterialuri
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba SeiZleba gaurkveveli droiT gadaidos.

praqtikaSi am Tezisis gamoyenebam SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos iseTi politikis

gatarebas, romelic ekonomikur keTildReobasa da usafrTxoebas gaucxoebisa da
represiis xarjze uzrunvelyofs. problema mxolod imaSi ar mdgomareobs, rom
aramaterialuri moTxovnilebebi ierarqiis dabal safexurzea dayvanili. is
struqturebi, romlebic materialuri moTxovnilebebis dakma-yofilebas
uzrunvelyofen, SemdgomSi xels SeuSlian aramaterialuri moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofilebas.

moTxovnilebebis Teoria cdilobs Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi aRniSnuli xarvezebis

gamosworebas. sazogadoeba, romelsac ar SeuZlia mosaxleobis materialuri Tu
aramaterialuri moTxov-nilebebis dakmayofileba, SeiZleba misaRebi iyos
TeoriebisTvis, romlebic maT gansazRvraven, rogorc istoriul process an
ganviTarebisTvis aucilebel pirobas. aseTi Teoriebis saxeliT SeiZleba gamarTldes
nebismieri danaSauli da dakanondes nebismieri privilegia. amis gasamarTleblad ki
SeiZleba moyvanil iqnas is argumenti, rom es aris “istoriuli aucilebloba~ an
“erTaderTi istoriuli SesaZlebloba ganviTarebis mocemul etapze~.

moTxovnilebebis Teoria unda iyos adamianis arsis Secnobis safuZveli da unda

moiTxovdes iseTi struqturebis arsebobas, romlebic am arss pativs scemen. es
argumenti ar ewinaaRmdegeba garkveuli privilegiebis arsebobas. ubralod, ar unda
arsebobdes moTxovnilebebis iseTi Teoria, romelic sayovelTaos gaxdis da
daakanonebs garkveul prioritetebs da SezRudavs mravalferovnebas. ufro metic,
moTxovnilebaTa Teoria unda iyos garkveuli gafrTxileba, raTa sazogadoebis
sxvadasxva fenaSi ar moxdes ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis ukana planze gadaweva.
ierarqiis Tezisi SeiZleba status-qvo gaxdes struqturul aspeqtSi. ierarqiuli
Tezisis meSveobiT didi yuradReba mieqca gaWirvebis daZlevas, rac realurad
gamowveuli iyo uTanxmoebiT, romelic arsebobda aramaterialuri moTxovnilebebisa
da maTi dakmayofilebis saSualebebis SeuTanxmeblobis gamo.

aucilebelia, Tavidan aviciloT moTxovnilebebis ierarqizaciis daweseba. individebsa

da jgufebs gaaCniaT sakuTari prioritetebi da warmodgena moTxovnilebebis Sesaxeb.
moTxovnilebebis Teoriis mizania, rom mosaxleobam Tavad gansazRvros sakuTari
prioritetebi. ganviTarebis Semswavleli Teoriis mTavari mizani aris
SesaZleblobaTa zRvaris gazrda da es ufro advili iqneba, Tu ar iarsebebs
moTxovnilebebis ierarqiuli sia. adamianebma Tavad unda daadginon prioritetebi da
Tavis TavSi darwmunebul individebs yovelTvis eyofaT imis gambedaoba, rom es
sakiTxi sxvebTan dialogis meSveobiT moagvaron.

moTxovnilebebi da vesternizacia: aTi problematuri sakiTxi

zogierTi sakiTxis winaswari ganxilvis Semdeg CavuRrmavdebiT problematur

sakiTxebs. umTavresi wanamZRvari iqneba is, rom adamianebs gaaCniaT moTxovnilebebi.
arsebobs ZiriTadi dezinteg-racia an paTologia, romelic vlindeba individualur-
pirovnul an socialur doneze, rodesac moTxovnilebebi ar aris dakmayofilebuli.
radgan gamoyenebulia sityva “adamiani~, amitom es mosazreba universalur doneze
ganixileba. amave dros is bevr rames ver azustebs: moTxovnilebebi ar aris
dakonkretebuli; arsad ar aris saubari imaze Tu ganviTarebis romel etapze iCens
Tavs paTologia. adamianebi usazRvrod morCilebi ar arian. Cven gvaqvs miznebi,
romelTagan zogierTi ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis formas iRebs, es adamians SeiZleba
met-naklebad hqondes gacnobierebuli. individebisa da jgufebis ZiriTadi
moTxovnilebebi gansxvavebulia; isini morCilebi arian da moTxovnilebebi adamianebis
mier gaTavisebulia. individi morCili ar aris Tu igi garkveuli riskis winaSe ar
dgas. adamiani met-naklebad gacnobierebulad garkveul gamoTvlebs akeTebs: amis
aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba termini dakmayofileba-daukmayofilebloba. socializaciis
Teoriam SeiZleba didi roli iTamaSos nebismier moTxovnilebaTa TeoriaSi, Tu is ar
iqneba dayvanili fsiqologiur doneze, romelic socializacias damoukideblad
ganixilavs (iseve rogorc kulturisgan damoukideblad). amis gamo warmoiqmneba
problema imisa, rom adamianebi SeiZleba ganicdidnen socializacias sakuTari
moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad da amiT xeli SeuSalon sxvebs moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofilebaSi, iqneba es axlandeli Tu momavali Taoba. konfliqtebis Teoriac
SeiZleba davakavSiroT moTxovnilebebis TeoriasTan, gansakuTrebiT ki im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu viRac eZebs ganviTarebis iseT formebs, romlebic sxvebis principebs ar
ewinaaRmdegeba.

Cven SevecdebiT ganvixiloT damokidebuleba, erTi mxriv, moTxovnilebebis Zalze

farTo koncefciasa da, meore mxriv, “vesternizacias~ Soris. vesternizacia aris
procesi, romelic yvelafers dasavleTisken mimarTavs. es aris garkveuli kodi,
romelic yvela Semxvedr winaaRmdegobas kvals amCnevs da Tavis sasargeblod
gardaqmnis. es kodi garkveulwilad gamoxatulia, rogorc mosazreba imis Sesaxeb Tu
rogoraa organizebuli msoflio da adamianTa urTierTobebi; rogor viTardeba es
urTierTobebi socialur kosmologiasTan mimarTebaSi. es kodi agreTve moicavs
specifikur mosazrebebs socialuri struqturis Sesaxeb. am kodis aRsawerad
moviyvanT or mokle sias:

dasavluri socialuri kosmologia Semdegi niSnebiT xasiaTdeba:

1. dasavleTze koncentrirebuli universaluri drois koncefcia

2. sworxazovani, awmyoze koncentrirebuli drois koncefcia

3. ufro analitikuri, vidre holistikuri epistemologiis koncefcia

4. adamianTa urTierTobebSi erTmaneTze batonobis/ierarqiis (man-over-man) koncefcia

5. garesamyarosTan mimarTebaSi adamianis bunebaze batonobis (man-over-nature)

koncefcia

dasavleTis socialuri struqtura Semdegi niSnebiT xasiaTdeba:

6. muSaobis vertikaluri ganawileba, centris upiratesobiT

7. centris mier periferiisaTvis pirobebis wayeneba

8. sazogadoebis Sida da gare mxareebis dayofa

9. individebis erTmaneTisagan daSoreba

10. individebis Sinagani segmantacia da dayofa.

kidev erTxel unda aRiniSnos, rom es aris mcdeloba moTxovnilebebis zogadi

Teoria gaemijnos dasavleTis “uzustobebs~; igi akritikebs koncefciasac, romelic
win udgas dasavlur kods. praqtikasa da TeoriaSi miRweuli Sedegebis umetesobas
dasavleTis anabeWdi aqvs; Cven SevecdebiT amovicnoT es anabeWdi. Cven ar migvaCnia,
rom moTxovnilebis koncefcia dasavluria, rogorc es zemoT aRiniSna. Cven
ganvixilavT zemoT moyvanili siis TiToeul punqts da SevecdebiT xazi gavavloT
dasavlursa da zogads Soris. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania problemis daZlevis
mcdeloba.

1. dasavleTze koncentrirebuli, universaluri drois koncefcia

dasavleTi cdilobs gaavrcelos da daakanonos dasavleTis centrebSi arsebuli

procesebi, romlebic mas sayovelTaod misaRebad miaCnia. naTelia, Tu rogor
gamoiyenebs dasavleTi adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebisadmi midgomas. pirveli
nabiji iqneba ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis siis Sedgena, romelic gansazRvravs adamianis
universalur koncefcias. aseTi siis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, dasavleTSi seriozuli
cvlilebebi ar moxdeba da xalxi mTels msoflioSi Seecdeba am moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofilebas. amiT sazogadoebaSi dainergeba moTxovnilebebis garkveuli modeli.
samTavrobaTSoriso organizaciebis meSveobiT dasavleTi SeZlebs Tavisi koncefciebis
institucionalizacias, danergvas da es SeiZleba politikuri realobac gaxdes.
dasavleTma SeiZleba gamoiyenos es siebi da gaero_s an masTan dakavSirebuli
organizaciebis mier gatarebuli rezoluciebiT zewola moaxdinos sxva qveynebze da
iq dasavluri modelebi danergos.

pirvel punqtze pasuxis gacema sakmaod advilia: universaluri siebis Ziebis magivrad
moxdes konkretuli siebis Zebna. saukeTeso saSualeba iqneba konkretuli individis
moTxovnilebebis siis Zieba mocemul drosa da adgilze. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom
yovel mocemul kulturaSi SeiniSneba individTa moTxovnilebebis garkveuli
erToblioba drosa da sivrceSi.

2. sworxazovani, awmyoze koncentrirebuli drois koncefcia

am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ori problema arsebobs: dasavleTis garkveuli drois da

sivrciTi imperializmi. ZiriTadi logika SemdegSi mdgomareobs: dasavleTis
sazogadoebis amsaxveli moTxovnilebebi yvela droSi misaRebi unda iyos _
sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, es fenomeni drois CarCoebSi ar ganixileba. istoria
ganixileba, rogorc am moTxovnilebebis TandaTanobiTi realizacia, romelic isea
konstruirebuli, rom masSi asaxulia dasavluri modeli da ideebi progresis
Sesaxeb.

arsebobs meore problema, romelic termin “sworxazovanSi~ imaleba. ufro sworad

es aris moTxovnilebebis arsis anti an Tundac aradialeqtikuri xedva.
moTxovnilebebis amsaxveli terminebi calmxrivia; Cven xSirad gvesmis, rom arsebobs
usafrTxoebis moTxovnileba, magram TiTqmis arasodes saubroben safrTxis
moTxovnilebebze. arsebobs sakvebis moTxovnileba, magram sad aris SimSilis
moTxovnileba? Tu arsebobs erTad yofnis moTxovnileba, sad aris gancalkevebis an
izolaciis moTxovnileba? sad aris siZulvilis moTxovnileba, Tu arsebobs
siyvarulis moTxovnileba? adamianebs SeiZleba hqondeT moTxovnileba, rom isini
vinmes ezizRebodes, radgan adamianebs aseve aqvT imis moTxovnilebac, rom viRac
uyvardeT da Tavadac iyvnen siyvarulis obieqti.
amaze pasuxis gacema ar unda moxdes mxolod sawinaaRmdego terminebis meqanikurad
damatebiT. ufro swori iqneboda moTxovnilebebisa da maTi damakmayofilebeli
saSualebebisadmi dialeqtkuri midgomebis gamoyeneba. mSier adamianebs aqvT Wamis
moTxovnileba; iseTi adamiani, romelic yvelafriT uzrunvelyofilia, SeiZleba
ganicdides SimSilis gancdis moTxovnilebas, mas SeiZleba surdes am moTxovnilebis
dakmayofilebiT gamowveuli siamovnebis miReba.

sakvebis moTxovnileba aris procesi, romelsac arc dasawyisi aqvs, arc dasasruli;
es aris dakmayofilebisa da daukmayofileb-lobis procesi, romelsac droSi
araTanabari ritmi aqvs, es procesi ar Cerdeba da winaaRmdegobebs moicavs. “sakvebis
moTxovnileba~ ganxilul unda iqnes, rogorc ufro kompleqsuri moTxovnilebis
gamoxatuleba. Tezisi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: nebismier moTxovni-lebaSi arsebobs misi
uaryofis elementi.

3. epistemologiis ufro analitikuri, vidre holistikuri koncefcia

dasavluri epistemologia ufro analitikuria. kartezianuli gansazRvrebiT

nebismieri problema SeiZleba daiyos Semadgenel nawilebad da ganxilul iqnes
yvelaze ubralo komponentidan. problema SemdegSi mdgomareobs: SeiZleba Tu ara
nebismieri problemis an sakiTxis dayofisas misi pirvandeli arsis SenarCuneba.
magaliTad: spilos Tu davyofT igi iseTive ar darCeba; spilo rogorc mTlianoba
(holisis) ar aris xorTumis, fexebis, kudisa da a.S. jami. moTxovnilebaTa sia
komponentebis sias hgavs. kiTxva SemdegSi mdgomareobs: ra aris is mTlianoba,
romelic daiyo moTxovnilebebis siis Sesadgenad da ra moxdeba Tu am procesis
dros raime gamorCaT?
erTi mosazrebis mixedviT, moTxovnilebebis warmosaCenad pirovneba `daiyo~. aq
warmoiSoba ormagi problema: pirovnebis mTlianoba da adamianis Sesaxeb Cveni
warmodgenis mTlianoba. orive problema rTuli gadasawyvetia: SeiZleba orives
mimarT raime midgomis monaxva, magram misi gadawyveta dasavluri analitikuri
midgomis gamoyenebiT saukeTeso gamosavali ar aris.

pirvel rigSi, unda aRiniSnos, rom zogadad adamiani (Tu mas specialuri treiningi
ar aqvs gavlili) ver aRiqvams situacias moTxovnilebebisa da misi
damakmayofilebeli saSualebebis saxiT. problema mdgomareobs SemdegSi: ra xdeba,
rodesac analitikosi yofs kargad an cudad arsebobis gamocdilebas konkretul
moTxovnilebebad, iyenebs mas adamianis Sesaxeb warmodgenis gamosaxatad
moTxovnilebaTa siis saxiT, Semdeg avrcelebs am warmodgenebs xalxSi, xolo es
ukanasknelni maT iTaviseben.
analitikur da holistikur warmodgenebad dayofa ar gulisxmobs alternativebis
Tanmimdevrul dayofas or nawilad (diqotomia); es problema SeiZleba mTlianobaSi
ganvixiloT. problema imaSi ar mdgomareobs, rom unda aRmoifxvras analitikuri
azrovneba am sferoSi, ubralod unda moxdes holistikuri azrovnebis danergva.

mesame problemaa, Tu rogor xdeba es yvelaferi? rogor SeuZlia mkvlevars

daadginos warmodgenebi Tu isini calsaxad analitikuri ar aris? yvelaze saukeTeso
gamosavalia adamianebTan saubari, imis gageba Tu rogor aRiqvamen isini sxvadasxva
situaciebs.

4. adamianTa urTierTobebSi erTmaneTze batonobis koncefcia

dasavluri kosmologiis am nawilis gansamartad unda gamoviyenoT vertikaloba da

individualizmi. sazogadoeba ganxilulia rogorc junglebi, sadac konfliqtebis
gadawyveta xdeba mogebulebisa da wagebulebis gamoaaSkaravebiT da ara konsensusisa
da SeTanxmebis miRweviT. rodesac aseTi procesebi xSirad meordeba, warmoiqmneba
vertikalurad organizebuli sazogadoeba, romelSic individebi erTmaneTTan ar arian
dakavSi-rebulni. arsebobs problema, Tu rogor gavlenas moaxdens aseTi kodi
moTxovnilebebis Teoriaze. am sakiTxis ganxilvisas aqcenti unda gakeTdes
zemoxsenebul sam Temaze: konfliqti, vertikaluroba da individualizmi.
konfliqti

dasavluri moTxovnilebebis Teoriis politikur praqtikaSi gatarebisas warmoiqmneba

didi albaToba imisa, rom aRmocendes konfliqti da ara TanamSromloba. amgvari
praqtikis cxovrebaSi dasanergad upiratesoba unda mieniWos materialur
moTxovnilebebs. amasTan erTad materialuri moTxovnilebebis damakmayofilebeli
saSualebebis odenoba SezRudulia da, Sesabamisad, Tu me viRacaze meti maqvs, mas
Cemze naklebi eqneba. materialuri moTxovnilebebisami upiratesobis miniWeba
dasavluri tendenciis erT-erTi nawilia: amiT konfliqti aucileblad warmoiSoba
da is SeiZleba gamoiyenon adamianebis vertikalurad da individualurad
ganlagebisaTvis.
rodesac aqcenti aramaterialur moTxovnilebebze keTdeba, sazogadoebis
kontrolireba ufro naklebad SesaZlebelia. ra Tqma unda, aris gamonaklisebic:
SeiZleba arsebobdes aramaterialuri iSviaTobac. mniSvnelovani sakiTxia, SeiZleba
Tu ara winaaRmdegobriv da arawinaaRmdegobriv moTxovnilebebs Soris xazis gavleba
ise, rom is materialur da aramaterialur moTxovnilebebs daemTxves. sxva kodebis
meSveobiT SesaZlebelia xalxisa da sazogadoebis gakontroleba arawinaaRmdegobriv
moTxovnilebebze ufro meti aqcentirebiT, vidre _ winaaRmdegoriv moTxovnilebebze.
amasTan, ra Tqma unda, ar unda moxdes adamianis moTxovnilebebis arsebobis
ugulebelyofa.

vertikaloba

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, xdeba adamianis Sesaxeb iseTi warmodgenis gavrceleba,

romelic konfliqtis warmoqmnas uwyobs xels da sazogadoebis vertikalur
mowyobas ganapirobebs. saWiroa iTqvas, rom amis miRwevis sxva gzebic arsebobs.
moTxovnilebebis diferencireba maSinac SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes sazogadoebis
vertikaluri organizebisTvis, rodesac maTi damakmayofilebeli saSualebebi
winaaRmdegobrivi ar aris.

amis ukan dgas ara mxolod adamianebis rangebad dayofa, aramed _ kulturuli
norma, romelic mosaxleobas amisken ubiZgebs. niSnavs Tu ara es, rom dasavlur
konteqstSi Cven unda vilaparakoT ara mxolod imaze, rom viRacaze ukeTesni viyoT,
aramed imazec, rom viRacaze meti gvqondes?

erT-erTi midgoma am sakiTxisadmi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: yvela Cveni survili

“moTxovnilebad~ ar unda ganvixiloT, radgan zogjer maT ganxorcielebas SeiZleba
winaaRmdegoba Sexvdes; radgan Tu me raRac adgili maqvs sazogadoebaSi, sxvebi Cems
adgils ver daikaveben; es logikur winaaRmdegobas warmoSobs. mxolod gansazRvrebiT
am problemis gadawyveta daaxloebiT igivea, rac codvis kanoniT akrZalva.
faseulobaTa aseTi sistema kvlavac iarsebebs da ara mxolod dasavlur kodSi.
Cveni azriT, konfliqti da vertikaloba, rogorc aseTi, sazogadoebaSi danergili ar
aris., magram ra SeiZleba iTqvas individualizmis Sesaxeb?

individualizmi

ra Tqma unda, individualisturia imis mtkiceba, rom moTxovnilebis erTaderTi

subieqti adamiania. amis argumentad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT is faqti, rom erTad
yofnis moTxovnileba da siamovnebis SegrZneba TviT adamianSia. sxva Tvalsazrisebi
amis Sesaxeb crurwmenas SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT, isini empiriulad dadasturebuli ar
aris da politikur saSiSroebas warmoadgens. adamianis moTxovnileba miekuTvnebodes
iseT sazogadoebas, romliTac is iamayebs, sazogadoebis wevrebSi arsebobs; qveyana,
romelic omSi an ekonomikurad sxvaze Zlieria swored aRniSnul moTxovnilebebs
akmayofilebs; magram rogorc moTxovnileba, ise misi dakmayofilebis saSualeba
(TviT damkmayofilebelSi) individualuria. es trivialuri mosazreba sakmarisi ar
aris imisTvis, rom moTxovnilebaTa Teoria zogadad individualisturad miviC-nioT.

wminda individualisturi midgomiT, moTxovnilebis damakma-yofilebeli saSualeba

izolaciaSi myof adamianSic aris. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, moTxovnilebis
dakamyofilebisaTvis socialuri konteqsti aucilebeli ar aris. eWvgareSea, rom
moTxovnilebaTa Teoria am mimarTulebiT SeiZleba gadaixaros. magram am
mimarTulebis mqone koncefcia jer ar aris danergili.

5. garesamyarosTan mimarTebaSi adamianis bunebaze batonobis koncefcia

mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom moTxovnilebaTa subieqti mxolod adamiania, xazs usvams
ara marto adamianTa erTobliobas, romlebic moTxovnilebaTa logikuri subieqtebi
arian; bunebis meore mxares arsebobs sxva sazRvaric. buneba _ cxovelebi, mcenareebi
da sxva arsebebi _ ar ganixileba, rogorc moTxovnilebebis mqone subieqti.
dasavluri tradicia bunebas sulierebas ar aniWebs; is asulierebs mxolod adamians,
rac am TeoriaSi dasavlurobidan nasesxeb elementad gvevlineba, romelic kritikasa
da garkveul modifikacias SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros.

miuxedavad imisa, rom buneba moTxovnilebebis subieqtad ar ganixileba, arsebobs,

magaliTad, ekosisitemis gadarCenisaTvis saWiro aucilebeli pirobebi, iseve rogorc
arsebobs, kapitalisturi sistemis gadarCenisaTvis aucilebeli pirobebi (Cven
SevecdebiT es pirobebi manam ar gavaigivoT adamianis moTxovnilebebis
dasakmayofilebel saSualebebTan, sanam ar gveqneba sakmarisi mtkicebulebebi).

6. muSaobis vertikaluri danawileba, centris upiratesobiT

yvelasaTvis naTelia, Tu rogor xdeba amgvari danawileba: arsebobs garkveuli

jgufi centrSi, romelic danarCen mosaxleobas umartavs maTsave moTxovnilebebs.
vesternizaciaze saubrisas es problema geopolitikuri kuTxiT ukve ganvixileT.
Cveni ganxilvis sagans warmoadgens amgvari struqturis arseboba sazogadoebis
SigniT. arseboben iseTi adamianebi, romlebic adgenen moTxovnilebaTa sias; amave
dros arian iseTebi, romlebsac moTxovnilebebs umartaven. amgvari sistema
socialistur da kapitalistur qveynebSi erTnairia: socialistur qveynebSi did
rols TamaSobs saxelmwifo biurokratia, xolo kapitalisturSi _ korporaciebi.

zemoaRniSnuli mizezebis gamo, Cven yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT materialur

moTxovnilebebze; kapitalistur qveynebSi garkveul-wilad uaryofen identurobis
moTxovnilebebs, xolo socialistur qveynebSi - Tavisuflebis moTxovnilebebs. Cven
iseTi magaliTebi SevarCieT, romlebic naTelyofen, Tu ramdenad politikuria
moTxovnilebebTan da maT damakmayofilebel saSualebebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi.
adamianebis brZola, Tavad gansazrvron sakuTari moTxovnilebebi, politikuria.
garkveulwilad es problema hgavs ganviTarebis Semswavlel mecnierebaSi arsebul
situacias: es idea, erovnul Tu saerTaSoriso doneze, gavleniani elitebis mier
dainerga, romlebic biurokratebis, kapitalistebisa da inteleqtualebisagan
Sedgebodnen. ra Tqma unda, Zalis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom ZalauflebaSi myofT
ideis daknineba SeuZliaT. igive SeiZleba iTqvas ganviTarebazec: is SeiZleba
gamoiyenon politikuri an samxedro manipulaciisa da ekonomikuri
eqsploataciisaTvis; problema ver mogvardeba, Tu ganviTareba miCneul iqneba
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisaken mimarTul procesad.

problema konkretulad moTxovnilebaTa Teoriis koncefcias ar exeba. is

dakavSirebulia moTxovnilebebis sxvebisaTvis ganmartebasTan. Tu visaubrebT
identurobis moTxovnilebebze, unda gaviTvaliswinoT adamianis survili, Tavad
ganmartos sakuTari moTxovnilebebi. individualur, jgufur, qveynisa Tu regionis
doneze moTxovnilebebis gansazRvraSi monawileoba zogad normad unda gadaiqces. am
procesSi monawileoba unda miiRon biurokratebma, kapitalistebma da
inteleqtualebma, radgan isinic adamianebi arian. magram dRevandel struqturaSi
maTi ricxvi didia.

7. centris mier periferiisaTvis pirobebis wayeneba

es sakiTxi mxolod potenciuri an faqtobrivi deperso-nifikaciis an kulturis

aRmofxvris mosalodnel SesaZleblobas ar exeba. elitebis mier SemuSavebuli
moTxovnilebaTa siis struqtura mTels msoflioSi vrceldeba, rogorc sayovelTao
norma. arsebobs imis saSiSroeba, rom moTxovnilebaTa struqturis gavrcelebis
Sedegad adamianebi moTxovnilebebis damakmayofilebel saSualebebze damokidebulni
gaxdebian. “adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebisadmi midgomiT (analizi)~ periferiis
marTvis eqvsi saSualeba arsebobs:

1. `ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebisadmi midgoma~ rogorc axali ekonomikuri wesrigis

(NEIO) sakiTxebis ukana planze gadawevis saSualeba.

2. `ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebisadmi midgoma~ rogorc intervenciis dakanonebis axali

SesaZlebloba.

3. `ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebisadmi midgoma~ rogorc bazris gafarToebis instrumenti.

4. `ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebisadmi midgoma~ rogorc mesame msoflios qveynebis

ganviTarebis Seferxebis saSualeba.

5. `ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebisadmi midgoma~ rogorc teqnikuri daxmarebis Semcirebis

SesaZlebloba.

6. `ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebisadmi midgoma~ rogorc Raribebisagan dacvis saSualeba.

M

aris Tu ara aseTi Sedegebis miRweva winaswar ganzraxuli, naklebad sainteresoa.

problema imaSi mdgomareobs, rom “ZiriTad moTxovnilebebze orientirebuli
strategia~ centris mier SeiZleba amgvarad ganxorcieldes (aq igulisxmeba mesame
msoflios qveynebSi arsebuli centrebic).

garkveulwilad es mosalodnelia. rodesac moTxovnilebebi garkveul struqturaSi

inergeba da garkveuli kodiT imarTeba, isini SeiZleba winaaRmdegobrivi gaxdes. amis
miRweva SesaZlebelia mxolod SeTavsebad moTxovnilebaTa saSualebiT, sadac
upiratesoba eniWeba mocemuli sazogadoebisaTvis yvelaze misaReb moTxovni-lebebs.
dResdReobiT, moTxovnilebebis gansaRvra xdeba ufro damakmayofilebeli
saSualebebiT, vidre piriqiT. TavisTavad igulisxmeba, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi zedmeti
aqcenti keTdeba materialur moTxovnilebebze.

8. marginalizacia - arseboba socialuri struqturis SigniT da gareT

sazogadoebrivi masebis marginalizaciis yvelaze xelisSemwyobi faqtori SeiZleba

iyos moTxovnilebebis ierarqia, romlis TavSic arian adamianebi, romlebic, pirvel
rigSi, materialuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas cdiloben (maslous
terminolo-giiT, fiziologiuri da usafrTxoebis moTxovnilebebi) da Semdeg _
aramaterialuris. moTxovnilebebisa da socialuri ierarqiebis izomorfizmi orives
gaaZlerebs. elitebi “materialuri moTxovnilebebis ideas~ humanitarizmis saxiT
gauweven propagandas. maTi mizani iqneba momavali Taobebis marginalizacia; isini
Seecdebian momavalma Taobebma, “pirvel rigSi, yvelaze gaWirvebuli fenebis
moTxovnilebebi daakmayofilon~. amis gansaxorcielebel saSualebad elitebs marTva
miaCniaT. am moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba arc Tu ise didi fasia socialur
marTvaze monopoliis SesanarCuneblad _ rogorc es xdeba xolme socialuri da
demokratiuli keTildReobis qveyanaSi.

cxrilSi 1.3 moviyvaneT realuri situaciis amsaxveli `ruka~, romelSic

moTxovnilebaTa damakmayofilebeli saSualebebi figurireben. mdidar da Rarib
qveynebSi arsebuli elitebi akmayofileben mosaxleobis ZiriTad materialur
moTxovnilebebs da garda amisa, kidev gaaCniaT moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofilebeli
materialuri saSualebebi. mosaxleobis masebs es ukanaskneli TiTqmis ar gaaCniaT;
garkveulwilad asec xdeba masebsa da elitebs Soris xazis gavleba. rac Seexeba
aramaterialuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi,
romelSic mmarTveli elita Sedgeba biurokratebis, kapitalistebisa da inteleqtua-
lebisagan, aramaterialuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba SeuZlebelia; amis
Sedegad sazogadoebaSi moimata fsiqikuri daavadebebis mqone adamianTa ricxvma.
adamianis pirovnebis amocnobis erT-erTi saSualeba masTan siaxlovea; bevri avtori
wers: “Raribebs Soris yofnisas me Sevicani guluxvoba, siTbo da solidaroba, rac
Cems garemocvaSi TiTqmis ar mxvdeba~.

cxrili 1.3
moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis done: hipoTeza

moTxovnilebaTa Teoria acalkevebs erTmaneTisgan adamianebs, romelTa ZiriTadi

moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia da adamianebs, romelTa ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebi
daukmayofilebelia. aseve xdeba garkveuli daavadebebis gankurnebisas: arsebobs
avadmyofi da janmrTeli adamianebis garkveuli dayofa, sazogadoeba maT sakuTar
wevrebad aRar aRiqvams da isini ojaxsa da samsaxurs CamoSorebulebi arian.
moTxovnilebaTa Teoria unda miuTiTebdes, rom, rodesac adamianebi romelime
moTxovnilebis daukmayofileblobas ganicdian da mis dakmayofilebas cdiloben, sxva
adamianebis moTxovnilebebic unda gaiTvaliswinon.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi materialuri moTxovnilebebis daukmayofileblobis
TvalnaTliv danaxva SeiZleba: SesaZlebelia siRaribisa da avadmyofobis danaxva.
aramaterialuri moTxovni-lebebis daukmayofilebloba ki naklebad SesamCnevia:
gaucxoebas, siyvarulis uunarobas ufro nakleb yuradRebas aqceven, vidre siRaribes.
ratom? imitom, rom Cvens sazogadoebaSi materialur moTxovnilebebze did
yuradRebas amaxvileben. aq igulisxmeba, rom materialuri problemebis sazogadoebis
SigniT gadawyveta SesaZlebelia, sxva problemebis gadaWra ki SeuZleblad aris
miCneuli. moTxovnilebebTan dakavSirebuli problemebis mogvarebisas yuradRebas
aqceven materialur `faqtebs~ da ara aramaterialur “faseulobebs~. gansxvavebul
kulturaSi, romelSic yuradReba eqceva aramaterialur moTxovnilebebs, yvelaferi
sxvanairad moxdeba.

maslous moTxovnilebaTa ierarqia dasavleTis kulturas moTxovnilebaTa Teorias

yvelaze cudi mxridan miusadagebs. magram Cven xom amis Sesaxeb ukve visaubreT?
diax, Cven es problema or doneze ganvixileT: pirvel rigSi, am ierarqias miiCneven
universalurad, ufri metad, vidre dasavleTis kulturis Taviseburebebis asaxvad.
meore sakiTxi ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi aZlierebs socialuri stratifikaciisa
da klasebis formaciis dasavlur tips. xSirad am ierarqias aradasavluri qveynebi
akritikeben. zogjer amgvari raRac SeiZleba dasavlur qveyanebSic moxdes. Cveni
azriT, sazogadoebam moTxovnilebaTa Teoria ise unda gamoiyenos, rom materialur
da aramaterialur moTxovnilebebs Tanabari upiratesobebi mieniWos. aseT SemTxvevaSi
materialuri da aramaterialuri moTxovnilebebis ierarqiis Seqmna SeuZlebeli
iqneboda. amis misaRwevad TiToeulma sazogadoebam da kulturam unda ibrZolos.

9. fragmentacia, individebis erTmaneTisgan daSoreba

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba izolaciaSi myof adamiansac

SeuZlia. sxvanairad Tu vityviT, socialuri konteqsti aucilebeli ar aris.
moTxovnilebaTa Teoria am mimarTulebiT SeiZleba gadaixaros. es “mimarTuleba~ or
nawilad SeiZleba davyoT. orives garkveuli mniSvneloba aqvs dasavlur
individualizmsa da fragmentaciaSi, magram maT SeiZleba sxvadasxva Sedegebi hqondes:
moTxovnilebis subieqtis arseboba moTxovnilebis damakmayofilebeli saSualebis
arsebobas iwvevs da moTxovnilebis damakmayofilebeli saSualeba socialur
izolaciaSi iCens Tavs. dasavluri tradicia orive SesaZleblobas erT mimarTulebad
aerTianebs.

Cveni azriT, ar unda arsebobdes moTxovnilebaTa iseTi Teoria, romelic socialuri

formaciis aseT tips moTxovnilebaTa Teoriis logikur Sedegad warmoaCens.
miuRebeli iqneba, Tu “identurobis moTxovnilebebis~ klasSi “erTad yofnis
moTxovnilebas~ ar vigulisxmebT. sazogadoeba, romelic ugulebelyofs am moTxov-
nilebas, adre Tu gvian “daisjeba~, miuxedavad imisa, cdilobs Tu ara misi
uaryofiTi mxareebis dadebiTad warmoCenas da imis mtkicebas, rom es “bunebrivi~
tendenciaa.

10. segmentacia, dayofa individebis SigniT

zemoT Cven ukve ganvixileT, Tu rogor gavlenas axdens moTxovnilebaTa ierarqireba

socialur ierarqiaze. visaubreT imaze, rom moTxovnilebaTa subieqtebis
individualizacia iwvevs moTxovnilebaTa obieqtebis warmoqmnas. axla Cven
SevecdebiT, ganvixiloT, Tu rogor gavlenas axdenen moTxovnilebebi segmentaciaze.
Cven jer ar gvisaubria imaze, Tu rogor xdeba moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba
moTxovnilebebis obiqtebiT (moTxovnilebebis damakmayofilebeli saSualebebi). drois
gasvlasTan erTad _ dila, SuadRe, saRamo, Rame _ pirovnebis qceva da
adgilmdebareoba icvleba. magaliTad, dilas pirovneba SeiZleba iyos ojaxTan erTad,
SuadRisas samsaxurSi, saRamos _ megobrebTan da Rame isev ojaxSi dabrundes. es
aris segmentirebuli qceva; integraciul qcevaSi dro aseve icvleba, magram qceva
xorcieldeba erTi da igive xalxis mimarT da adgilmdebareoba metnaklebad
erTnairia. droisa da xalxis xangrZlivad arseboba iwvevs garkveul socialur
xangrZlivobas erTi qmedebis meoriT Sesacvlelad. segmentirebuli qcevis aRsaniSnad
xSirad iyeneben termins “dayofili qceva~, radgan erTi moqmedebis meoriT
Sesacvlelad aucilebelia adgilmdebareobisa da socialuri partniorebis Secvla _
sivrcis “axali danayofi~.
es magaliTi SeiZleba yvelam ar gaiziaros. segmenturi qceva garkveulwilad
gamocdilebis dagrovebas iwvevs; integraciuli qceva ki - zedmet stabilurobas.
miuxedavad amisa, sakiTxi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: moTxovnilebaTa Teoria SeiZleba
gamoiyenon im mizniT, rom garkveuli segmentirebuli qceva moTxovnilebaTa
damakmayofilebeli saSualebis erT tips an moTxovnilebis erT klass miakuTvnon.
sivrcisa da adamianebis dayofis gareSe warmoiqmneba ucvleli xangrZlivoba erTi
moTxovnilebidan an misi damakmayofilebeli saSualebidan meoreSi. socialuri
konteqstisa da moTxovnilebebis damakmayofilebeli saSualebebis integraciam
SeiZleba ganmartos “adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis midgomis~ TeoriaSi
arsebuli holistikis problema.

`vesternizacias~ SeiZleba “manqana~ vuwodoT; warmoiqmneba amosacnobi mTlianoba,

magram is sxvadasxva mxares aris mimarTuli. Cveni azriT, moTxovnilebaTa dasavluri
Teoriebi cdiloben sayovelTaod misaRebi gaxdnen; droisadmi midgoma arawina-
aRmdegobrivi da meqanikuri gaxdeba; moTxovnilebebis epistemologia iqneba
analitikuri da ara - holistikuri; yuradReba gamaxvildeba iseT moTxovnilebebze,
romlebic daukmayofilebelia da konfliqtebs iwvevs; bunebas ganixilaven rogorc
moTxovnilebebis armqone obieqts; moxdeba muSaobis dayofa da isini, vinc
moTxovnilebebs sxvebs umartaven, am ukanasknelTa cxovrebazec moaxdenen gavlenas;
centri gaavrcelebs warmodgenebs ara mxolod moTxovnilebebis Sesaxeb, aramed maTi
damakmayofilebeli saSualebebis Sesaxebac, rac axali moTxovnilebebis warmoqmnas
gamoiwvevs; iarsebebs moTxovnilebebis ierarqia, rac dRes arsebuli stratifikaciis
Secvlas - zeda da qveda klasebis gamoyofas gamoiwvevs; moxdeba moTxovnilebebis
damakmayofilebeli saSualebebis individualizacia; moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba
zedmetad segmentirebuli gaxdeba (erTi moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba erT socialur
konteqstSi). Cven moTxovnilebaTa Teoriis amgvari gagebis winaaRmdegni varT;
Teorias aucileblad unda mohyvebodes Teoriuli da empiriuli Sedegebi.

magram es jer ar aris damtkicebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs garkveuli

gadaxrebi, es Teoria dasavluri ar aris. zemoaRniSnul aT punqtSi Cven ganvasxvaveT
moTxovnilebaTa zogadi Teoria da dasavleTSi miRebuli specifika. mkiTxvelma ar
unda gamoitanos daskvna, rom zogadi Teoria “kargia~, xolo dasavluri specifika -
“cudi~. aucilebelia arsebobdes rac SeiZleba meti dakonkreteba, magram isini
yvelasaTvis misaReb WeSmaritebad ar unda aRviqvaT. saWiroa, rom zogadi Teoria
vrceli iyos da amgvari Taviseburebebis gagebaSi dagvexmaros.

`adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis midgoma~: zogierTi susti da Zlieri mxare.

`adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis midgoma~ axali cneba ar aris. unda gamoiyos
ori tradiciuli midgoma: dasavlur-qristianuli da indur-induisturi. “puri Cveni
arsobisa mogvec Cven dRes~ minimaluri materialuri moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis
moTxovnaa, ra Tqma unda, saqme mxolod purs ar exeba); jon raskinis wigni “Unto
This Last” gamsWvalulia am ideiT (dRes dakmayofilebis wyaro ufro
sekularizebulia); marqsis TeoriaSi SeiZleba moTxovnilebebze fiqri davinaxoT;
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis istoriaSic arsebobs amis magaliTi: lord boid
oris cnobili sityva, romelic man kvebekSi, 1954 wels FAO-s daarsebisas
warmoTqva. qristianobiT STagonebuli gandi da induisturi “fesvebis~ mqone raskini
moTxovnilebebs Teoriasa da praqtikaSi yovelTvis wina planze ayenebdnen.
ganvixiloT `adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis midgomis~ Zlieri mxareebi.

yvelaze Zlieri mxare aris is, rom “adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis midgoma~
cdilobs garkveuli prioritetebis gamoyofas. `adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis
midgoma~ aris mcdeloba, yuradReba mieqces fundamentur sakiTxebs da sazoga-doebaSi
Ratakebisa da ubeduri adamianebis mimarT interesi gaCndes. raskinis wignidan
moviyvanT Semdeg frazas: ‘miTxari materialurad gaWirvebuli da sulierad ubeduri
adamianebis raodenoba sazogadoebis qveda fenaSi da getyvi, rogor sazogadoebaSi
cxovrob~. Tu Cven gaviTvaliswinebT gaWirvebuli da tanjvaSi myofi adamianebis
raodenobas, SevZlebT prioritetebis pirdapir dasaxvas.

`adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis midgomis~ mTavari sisuste SemdegSi

mdgomareobs: midgoma arafers ambobs imis Seaxeb, Tu saidan warmoiSoba ubedureba;
is socialur Teorias ar moicavs. midgomaSi araferia naTqvami socialuri
usamarTlobis Sesaxeb. adamians SeiZleba hqondes moTxovnileba, ar iyos
eqsploatirebuli an ar icxovros iseT sazogadoebaSi, romelSic amdeni
usamarTloba xdeba. socialuri samarTlianoba da Tanasworoba sazogadoebrivi
faseulobebia. arsebobs iSviaTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac aRniSnuli faseulobebi imdenad
internalizirebulia, rom moTxovnilebaTa xasiaTs Rebulobs. rasac adamiani sakuTar
TavSi grZnobs, aris konkretuli raRacis nakleboba, rac iwvevs daZabulobas an
tanjvas _ moTxovnilebaTa Teoria swored amis Seswavlas cdilobs. Tu xalxis mier
moxdeba minimaluri moTxovnilebebis gansazRvra, maSin es moTxovnilebebi
dakmayofildeba, miuxedavad imisa, iarsebebs Tu ara socialuri usamarTloba da
uTanasworoba. “adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis midgoma~ yvela socialur
sakiTxs ar moicavs; es misi koncefciis “gawelva~ iqneboda. magram arsebobs
garkveuli safrTxe: maSinac ki, rodesac materialuri da aramaterialuri
moTxovnilebebi erT donezea dayenebuli, SesaZlebelia “adamianis ZiriTadi
moTxovnilebebis midgomis~ eqsploatatorul procesebSi gamoyeneba; resursebis didi
nawilis mdidrebisadmi gadadineba, maSin, rodesac Raribebi minimumiT kmayofildebian.
albaT, SesaZlebelia socialuri minimumisa da maqsimumis daweseba, magram am
SemTxvevaSi or dones Soris usamarTloba da uTanasworoba iarsebebs; erTma
adamianma sakuTari moTxovnileba sxvis xarjze SeiZleba daikmayofilos.
moTxovnilebaTa Teoria am sakiTxis gadawyvetas mxolod moTxovnilebis subieqtTan
mimarTebaSi SeZlebs.

aRniSnuli problemis gadawyvetas Semdegi gziT unda SevecadoT: ar unda vamtkicoT,

rom “adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis midgoma~ iseTi sakiTxebis gadawyvetas
SeZlebs, romelTac igi ar moicavs. midgomas unda Seerwyas rac SeiZleba meti
Teoria, mosazreba, perspeqtiva. yvelaze mniSvnelovani iqneboda Teoriebi imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor warmoiqmneba ubedureba - aucilebelia, rom maT problemis
safuZveli amoicnon. aseve gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs konfliqtis Teorias:
moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis saSualebebi iSviaTia da xSirad arCevnis gakeTeba
gviwevs.

`adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis midgomis~ Semdegi Zlieri mxare aris adamianis

bunebis Sesaxeb mdidari warmodgenebi. moTxovnilebaTa sia, romelic cxrilSi 1.2
warmogidgineT, advilad SeiZleba danawildes sxvadasxva socialur mecnierebebs
Soris. naTelia, rom fsiqologi, socialuri fsiqologi, sociologi, politologi
da ekonomisti sxvadasxva sakiTxebze gaamaxvileben yuradRebas. “adamianis ZiriTadi
moTxovnilebebis midgoma~ cdilobs es warmodgenebi dayos bio-socialur da
fsiqologiur-kulturul warmodgenebad.

`adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis midgomis~ Semdegi susti mxare am warmodgenebis

Seswavlisas aris empiriuli procedurebis nakleboba. xalxis gamokiTxvis Sedegad
SeiZleba maTi zusti motivaciis dadgena, magram moTxovnilebebTan mimarTebaSi
situacia ufro rTulia: miuxedavad imisa, rom subieqti erTs ambobs, igi SeiZleba
sul sxvas gulisxmobdes da amitom misi naTqvamis mTeli sizustiT miReba ar
SeiZleba. Cven gamoviyenebT moTxovnilebebis ganmsazRvrel or termins:
gacnobierebuli da gaucnobierebeli (aSkara da faruli), realuri da moCvenebiTi
moTxovnilebebi: ar aris aucilebeli, rom subieqts gacnobierebuli hqondes
sakuTari moTxovnilebebi. rasac subieqti realur moTxovnilebad miiCnevs, SesaZloa,
moCvenebiTi aRmoCndes, anu mniSvnelovani ar iyos.
empiriuli meTodebi arsebobs, magram isini unda moicavdnen ufro mets, vidre
adamianis gamokiTxvaa. dialogisas mTavari aqcenti unda gakeTdes kiTxvaze: “arsebobs
Tu ara iseTi ram, ris gareSec cxovreba SeuZlebelia?~ unda arsebobdes
moTxovnilebis daukmayofileblobis gansazRvris ormxrivi mcdeloba. Cven unda
SevecadoT ganvsazRvroT, ras gavwiravT an ramden energias movaxmarT raime
moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas. amgvari dialogiT SesaZ-lebelia adamianis gonebis
saidumloebebis amocnoba.
Semdegi midgoma ufro praqtikulia da dayofas gulisxmobs. gaWirveba SeiZleba
warmoiqmnas maSin, rodesac moTxovnilebebis damakmayofilebeli saSualebebi mTlianad
an nawilobriv mainc qreba: warmoiqmneba Tu ara aseT SemTxvevaSi dezintegracia? ras
gaiReben adamianebi konkretul situaciaSi moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofi-leblad?
adamianebi xSirad Tavs swiraven Tavisuflebis an pirovnuli moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofilebas, ase rom, fizikuri gadarCena yvelaze mniSvnelovani moTxovnileba ar
aris. Cven ar uarvyofT ierarqiis arsebobas zogierT situaciaSi.

cxrilSi 1.4 mocemulia oTxi empiriuli midgoma. es cxrili SeiZleba ganvixiloT,

rogorc savarjiSo empiriul meTodologiaSi da mkiTxvels SesaZlebloba eqneba,
Tavad gansazRvros, romeli meTodia yvelaze gamosadegi da sando. unda aRiniSnos,
rom araverbaluri meTodi ufro gamosadegia, magram naklebad sandoa, amis erT-erTi
mizezia is, rom kopireba naklebad gamosadegia. verbaluri midgoma ufro sandoa da
amave dros, naklebad gamosadegi. verbaluri midgoma advili gamosayenebelia.

cxrili 1.4
moTxovnilebebis gamokvlevis empiriuli meTodebi
es oTxi midgoma socialuri praqtikis formadac SeiZleba ganvixiloT. dialogis
msvlelobaSi adamianebi erTmaneTs exmarebian da aSkaravdeba maTi realuri
moTxovnilebebi _ aSkara-gacnobie-rebuli Tu faruli-gaucnobierebeli _ raSic
igulisxmeba is, ris gareSec maT cxovreba ar SeuZliaT.

adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebisadmi midgomis~ Semdegi punqti aris is, rom is

kargad warmoaCens momavali ganviTarebis sakiTxebs. “adamianis ZiriTadi
moTxovnilebisadmi midgoma~ ufro metia, vidre prioritetebis siis Sedgena. am
midgomis sworad gagebisas aSkara xdeba is faqti, rom dakmayofilebis minimalur
dones sami ganxriT scildeba. pirveli, rac unda aRiniSnos, aris is, rom es midgoma
aaSkaravebs adamianis realur moTxovnilebebs da amiT amdidrebs adamianis arsebobis
azrs. amis aucilebeli piroba mxolod realuri da moCvenebiTi moTxovnilebebis
gansxvaveba ar aris. aucilebelia, adamianis buneba gamdidrdes faruli, magram
realuri moTxovnilebebiT. amis gamo, adamianebs erTmaneTisagan bevris swavla
SeuZliaT _ universalizmis Sesaxeb erToblivi midgomis arsi Zalian mniSvnelovania.
meore mniSvnelovani faqtori aris is, rom SesaZlebelia realuri da moCvenebiTi
moTxovnilebebis damakmayofilebelis gamokvleva. mesame mniSvnelovani faqtori aris
is, rom gveZleva saSualeba SeviswavloT moTxovnilebebsa da maT damakmayofilebel
saSualebebs Soris arsebuli damokidebuleba, gansakuTrebiT ki - rogor gavlenas
axdens axali damakmayofilebeli saSualebebis konteqsti moTxovnilebaTa rTul
kompleqsze.

am Zlieri mxaridan gamomdinareobs Semdegi sisuste: unda ganvasxvaoT daZabulobis

daZleva da ganviTareba; warmodgena amis Sesaxeb sakmarisad holistikuri ar aris.
amaze winaswari pasuxi iqneboda is, rom moTxovnilebaTa Teoria ar gulisxmobs
moTxovnilebebis erT doneze gaCerebas. moTxovnilebebi viTardeba, radgan isini
biosocialuri xasiTisaa. Cven SevecdebiT, ganvmartoT es procesi: faseulobaTa
internalizaciis gavleniT Cveni survilebis umetesoba moTxovnilebad gadaiqceva.
magram es faqti adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb warmodgenas ar gaaqarwylebs, radgan Cven
gvaqvs unari, nebismieri warmodgena dadebiTad an uaryofiTad gardavqmnaT.
`adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebisadmi midgoma~ Seucvlelia ganviTarebis
Semswavleli im mecnierebebisaTvis, romlebic ganviTarebas mxolod adamianebis
ganviTarebad miiCneven _ sxva TeoriebSi “adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebisadmi
midgoma~ usargeblo da xelisSemSlelic ki aris. asea, Tu ise, “adamianis ZiriTadi
moTxovnilebebisadmi midgoma~ iarsebebs, Tundac sxva saxeliT. moTxovnilebebis
ierarqiis zeda safexurze dayenebis nacvlad SesaZlebelia faseulobebis qveda
safexurze wamoweva da amis argumentad kulturuli ganpirobebulobis faqtis
gamoyeneba. Cven ar gavurbivarT conditio sine qua non ideas. ganviTarebis arcerTi
Teoria adamianis gareSe ver iarsebebs da aucilebeli pirobebis koncefcia kvlav
darCeba. arsebobs midgomebi, romlebic problemas ganixilaven da aman SeiZleba
seriozuli gamokvlevebisken gvibiZgos. ZiriTad problemas warmoadgenen is
adamianebi, romlebic miiCneven, rom “adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebisadmi midgoma~
iseT kiTxvebs scems pasuxs, romlebic am Teoriis farglebSi saerTod ar aris
formulirebuli; arian iseTi adamianebi, romlebic “adamianis ZiriTadi
moTxovnilebebisadmi midgomas~ akritikeben imis gamo, rom es Teoria ar pasuxobs
iseT kiTxvebs, romlebsac misi arsi ar moicavs.

momavalSi aucilebelia, arsebobdes farTo perspeqtiva, romelic `adamianis ZiriTadi

moTxovnilebebisadmi midgomasac~ moicavs da agreTve, ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis
Teoria, rac Zalian rTuli iqneba. miuxedavad amisa, es erToblioba imdenad rTuli
ar iqneba, rogorc adamianis cxovreba da sazogadoebis mravalfe-rovnebaa. dadebiT
mxared SeiZleba mogvevlinos is faqtori, romelsac bevri naklovanebad miiCnevs:
isini ara marto rTuli, aramed qaoturicaa. magram ratomac ara? iqneb aris azri
imaSi, rom isini qaoturi iyos. amiT biurokratebi, korporaciebi da inteleqtualebi
ver SeZleben moTxovnilebebis dadgenas! didi sibrZnea muSakojis zRaparSi qaosis
Seaxeb: mefe qaosi gardaicvala, rodesac CrdiloeTis da samxreTis zRvebis mefeebma
“gaamartives~ is yurebis, Tvalebisa da piris miniWebiT. swored amitom gamoviyeneT
termini ‘midgoma~ da ara ‘modeli~ an “strategia~; Cven aseve vicodiT, rom arian
iseTi pirebi, romlebic ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis Teorias am kuTxiT ganixilaven.
rasakvirvelia, saWiroa sakiTxis garkveul-wilad gamartiveba; adekvaturia Tu ara
Cveni mcdeloba - es mkiTxvelis gadasawyvetia.

Targmna Tamar Gguniam

erovnuli interesis cneba

korneli kakaCia

jons hopkinsis universitetis strategiul kvlevaTa instituti

`Cven ara gvyavs mudmivi mtrebi da arc mudmivi mokavSireebi. mxolod Cveni
interesebia mudmivi da Cveni movaleobaa mivyveT am interesebs~

lordi palmerstoni

dRes, rodesac saqarTvelo da yofili komunisturi saxelmwifoebi iwyeben msoflio

politikis sruluflebian subieqtebad Camoyalibebas, dRis wesrigSi dgeba rigi
axali sakiTxebisa, romelTa umravlesobac maTgan srulebiT axlebur gaazrebas
moiTxovs. am sakiTxebidan ZiriTadia msoflioSi sakuTari adgilisa da rolis povna,
sakuTari sagareo politikuri miznebisa da prioritetebis da, rac yvelaze
mniSvnelovania, sakuTari erovnuli interesebis gansazRvra.

erovnuli interesis, rogorc terminis damkvidreba iwyeba me-16 saukuneSi.

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis TeoriaSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba erovnul
saxelmwifoze, rogorc msoflio politikis mTavar moqmed pirze, damajerebladaa
axsnili erovnuli interesis tradiciuli interpretaciiT, romelic gaigivebulia
saxelmwifoebriv, pirvel rigSi ki mis sagareo politikur interesebTan, romelsac
SidapolitikaSi Seesatyviseba cneba sazogadoebrivi interesi.

kacobriobis istoriis manZilze saxelmwifoebi sakuTari Tavis garda ar cnobdnen

maTze maRla mdgom xelisuflebas. cxadia, saxelmwifo warmoadgens erTeuls,
romelic TviTon gansazRvravs sakuTar interesebs da am interesebis miRwevis
formebs. swored saxelmwifo interess ewodeba erovnuli interesi, xolo im
meTodebs da qmedebebs, romlebsac is mimarTavs erovnuli interesis misaRwevad
ewodeba erovnuli politika.

unda aRiniSnos, rom Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso literaturaSi erovnuli

interesebis koncefciis cneba sakmaod bundovania. vin gansazRvravs saxelmwifos
SigniT erovnul interess? icvleba Tu ara erovnuli interesi mTavrobis
mSvidobiani Tu Zaladobrivi gziT Secvlisas? saxelmwifos SigniT arsebuli romeli
jgufebi gansazRvraven, Tu romeli saxelmwifo aris mteri da romeli moyvare?
rodesac arsebobs Sida dapirispireba erovnuli interesisa da erovnuli politikis
Sesaxeb, romeli Sexeduleba warmoadgens namdvilad erovnuls? gaaCniaT Tu ara
saxelmwifoebs xangrZliv periodze gaTvlili interesebi, romlebic ganpirobebulia
maTi geografiuli mdebareobiT, resursebis bazis, mosaxleobis, kulturuli
kavSirebis arsebobiT? Uuamrav am sakiTxze pasuxi sakmaod bundovania.

msoflio istoriis xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi individebi da calkeuli

jgufebi apelirebdnen erovnuli interesebis cnebiT, raTa gaemarTlebinaT is
politika, romelsac isini atarebdnen. Hhanibals miaCnda, rom karTagenis erovnul
interesebSi Sedioda romis imperiasTan omi; magram istoriam dagvanaxa, rom punikuri
omebis wagebam ara marto Seasusta karTagenis erovnuli interesebi, aramed daangria
misi saxelmwifoebrioba. Nnapoleoni Tvlida, rom safrangeTis erovnul interesebs
warmoadgenda ruseTis winaaRmdeg dawyebuli CrdiloeTis kampania.

erovnuli interesis cneba dResac sxvadasxvanairad aris gansazRvruli. Sors rom ar

wavideT, aviRoT magaliTi saqarTvelos uaxloesi warsulidan. 1991 wels cnobili
gkCp-s movlenebis dros prezident gamsaxurdias miaCnda, rom mis mier erovnuli
gvardiis gauqmeba nakarnaxevi iyo erovnuli interesebiT,1 Tumca mravali Cveni
moqalaqe mas amaSi ar eTanxmeboda. Aaseve 1993 wels saxelmwifo sabWosa da mis
imJamindel Tavmjdomares miaCndaT, rom saqarTvelos erovnuli interesebiT iyo
ganpirobebuli afxazeTSi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gagzavna im mizniT, raTa daecvaT
rkinigzis magistrali, romelic aerTianebda amierkavkasias ruseTTan, aseve cota
mogvianebiT imave Zalebis gagzavna samegreloSi konstituciuri wesrigis
aRsadgenad.2 Tumca mravali Cveni moqalaqe sifrTxiliT ekideboda am ambavs.
moqalaqeebi DdResac svamen samarTlian SekiTxvas, iyo Tu ara gamarTlebuli
saqarTvelos Sesvla dsT-Si yovelive imis Semdeg, rac gaakeTa ruseTma afxazeTSi
omis dros da ramdenad emsaxureba Cvens, DRevandel erovnul interesebs aseTi
odiozuri organizaciis wevroba.

maS ra aris erovnuli interesi da vin unda gasazRvros igi? ra faqtorebma unda
iTamaSon gadamwyveti roli misi gansazRvrisas? msoflioSi arsebuli 190
saxelmwifos swored es sakiTxebi aqvs gadasawyveti. sxvadasxva individebs sxvadasxva
pasuxebi gaaCniaT am SekiTxvaze.
arsebobs mosazreba, rom ekonomikuri kriteriumi aris erovnuli interesis
amosavali wertili da nebismieri politika, romelic aZlierebs saxelmwifos
ekonomikur mdgomareobas, swored erovnuli interesebiT aris ganpirobebuli.
saxelmwifos savaWro balansis gaumjobeseba, misi industriuli bazis gaZliereba,
mis sargeblobaSi energomatareblebisa da bunebrivi gazis arseboba - ai, swored es
warmoadgens erovnul interess. Tumca, rogorc praqtika adasturebs, xSirad
ekonomikuri kriteriumi winaaRmdegobaSi modis sxva kriteriumebTan. MmagaliTisTvis,
unda gaagrZelos Tu ara erTma saxelmwifom vaWroba meore saxelmwifosTan, Tu es
saxelmwifo am resursebs iyenebs sxva saxelmwifoTa teritoriebis dasapyrobad?

aseTi dilemis winaSe aRmoCnda aSS da azerbaijani Cveni saukunis sxvadasxva

periodSi, pirveli germaniasa da iaponiasTan mimarTebaSi meore msoflio omis
dawyebis win, xolo meore - somxeTTan mimarTebaSi, romelic aqtiurad uWerda mxars
mTiani yarabaRis mier azerbaijanuli miwebis mitacebas. Aaseve sainteresoa, unda
gaagrZelos Tu ara erTma saxelmwifom meoresTan ekonomikuri kavSirebi misi
mineraluri resursebis moxmarebis mizniT, Tu am meoris Sida socialuri da
politikuri sistema ewinaaRmdegeba pirveli saxelmwifos moqalaqeTa Sexedulebebs.
Aamis TvalsaCino magaliTia aSS-s urTierToba samxreT afrikis respublikasTan
aparTeidis wlebSi da Tanamedrove evropis saxelmwifoTa politika erayis mimarT.

meore kriteriumi romelic xSirad ixmareba erovnuli interesebis gansasazRvravad,

aris ideologiuri kriteriumi. Mmravali saxelmwifo Riad Tu dafarulad
sargeblobs ideologiiT, raTa gaamarTlos sakuTari politika da xelisuflebis
legitimuroba. bolo xanebamde komunisturi blokis saxelmwifoebi xelmZRva-
nelobdnen marqsizm-leninizmis principebiT da zogadad miaCndaT, rom maTi interesebi
erTmaneTs emTxveoda. erovnuli interesis aseTive gageba gaaCndaT dasavleTis
liberalur-demokratiul saxelmwifoebsac. solidarobis imave poziciaze idgnen
ganviTarebadi qveynebi, romlebic mxars uWerdnen erTmaneTs saerTaSoriso ekonomikur
sistemaSi sakuTari adgilis povnaSi. amasTanave sabWoTa kavSirisa da aRmosavleT
evropis komunisturi sistemis rRvevam ideologiuri kriteriumi gaxada naklebad
mniSvnelovani saxelmwifoTa erovnuli interesebis gansazRvrisas. Tumca unda iTqvas,
rom ideologiuri kriteriumi jer kidev axdens gavlenas erovnul interesze, xolo
zogierT saxelmwifoSi mas kvlav mniSvnelovani gavlena gaaCnia. Mmagram mTlianobaSi
Tu vimsjelebT, ideologiuri kriteriumis gavlena erovnuli interesis
gansazRvraze mniSvnelovnad Semcirda.

Zlierebis zrda warmoadgens erovnuli interesebis gansazRvris kidev erT meTods.

realpolitikis cnobilma maestrom hans morgentaum Zliereba, Zalaufleba, Zala
gansazRvra rogorc yvelafris nebismomcemi movlena, romelic saSualebas aZlevs
erT saxelmwifos daamyaros da SeinarCunos kontroli meore saxelmwifoze. Aqedan
gamomdinare, nebismieri politika, romelic gaaZlierebs saxelmwifos Zlierebas,
warmoadgens erovnul interess3 . ra Tqma unda, SesaZlebelia Zlierebis gavrcoba
iseTi xerxebiT, rogoricaa ekonomikuri maCveneblebis gaumjobeseba, ideologiuri
mobilizebiTa da TavdacviTunarianobis ganmtkicebiT. Morgentaus SexedulebiT
swored Zliereba uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifos gadarCenas, amitomac yvela
saxelmwifos interess warmoadgens, rom flobdes rac SeiZleba met siZlieres.

samxedro usafrTxoeba an upiratesoba aris erovnuli interesis gansazRvris kidev

erTi cnobili kriteriumi. rodesac Zalas gaaCnia aseTi mniSvnelovani roli
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, bunebrivia, saxelmwifoebi samxedro usafrTxoebis
sakiTxebs ganixilaven maTi erovnuli interesebis prioritetul sferod. samxedro
usafrTxoebis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom yoveli saxelmwifos movaleobaa daicvas
sakuTari mosaxleobis usafrTxoeba; xolo samxedro upiratesobis momxreebi Tvlian,
rom aseTi usafrTxoebis misaRwevad saukeTeso gzaa samxedro upiratesobis mopoveba.

kanoniereba da Mmorali warmoadgens erovnuli interesebis gansazRvris kedev erT

kriteriums. Tumca xSir SemTxvevaSi marTalisa da mtyuanis garkveva advilia, magram
Tu ufro Rrmad davukvirdebiT, Zalze gagviZneldeba kanonierebisa da moralis
zRvaris dadgena. 1994 wels haitiSi datrialebulma movlenebma dagvanaxa is
sirTuleebi, romelic Tan axlavs am process. EerTis mxriv, gasagebi iyo is, rom
samxedroebma Camoagdes kanonierad arCeuli prezidenti, ris Sedegadac qveyanaSi
damyarda terorisa da ganukiTxaobis atmosfero. Mmagram, meores mxriv, ismis kiTxva,
aZlevda Tu ara es aSS-s intervenciis uflebas im mizniT, raTa xelisuflebisgan
CamoeSorebina samxedroebi da aRedgina prezident aristidis mTavroba? Dda meorec,
gaeros mier dagvianebiT miRebuli rezolucia, romelic amarTlebda intervencias,
aris ki sakmarisi sabuTi intervenciis gasamarTleblad?

erovnuli interesis gansazRvris kidev erT kriteriums warmoadgens kulturuli

naTesaoba, romlis mimdevrebi erovnul interess gansazRvraven sxva enobrivi Tu
tradiciebiT monaTesave saxelmwifoebis interesebTan mWidro kavSirSi. zogierTebs
miaCniaT, rom eTnikuri da rasobrivi sakiTxebi TamaSobs mniSvnelovan rols
erovnuli interesebis gansazRvrisas. sxvebisTvis ki erovnuli interesebis cneba
warmoadgens qmedebas, romelic saSualebas aZlevs saxelmwifos damoukideblad
miiRos yvela mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba, miuxedavad misi ekonomikuri, samxedro
Tu politikuri potencialisa.

aRsaniSnavia, rom xSirad mTavrobebis donezec ki ar arsebobs erTgvarovani pasuxi

imaze, Tu ra aris erovnuli interesi da rogor SeiZleba misi miRweva. MmagaliTad,
saxelmwifo Cinovnikebs da, zogadad, biurokratias erovnuli interesi
identificirebuli aqvs misi uwyebis interesTan. isini, vinc muSaoben Tavdacvis
sferoSi, Tvlian, rom Tavdacvis sferoSi dafinansebis Sekveca pirdapir emuqreba
saxelmwifos erovnul interesebs. xolo sxvebi, vinc pasuxismgebeli arian sagareo
urTierTobebze, soflis meurneobaze da a.S. Tvlian, rom biujetis Sekveca maT
seqtorSi gavlenas iqoniebs mTeli qveynis interesebze. es principi gasagebadaa
gadmocemuli Semdeg gamonaTqvamSi: Cinovnikis pozicia, damokidebulia imaze, Tu sad
zis igi.

politikuri realistebis mixedviT saxelmwifoTa erovnuli interesebi cvlebadia.

arsebobs e.w legitimuri da aralegitimuri erovnuli interesebi. legitimuri
ewodeba iseT interess, rodesac saxelmwifoebs ar SeuZliaT maT gareSe gaZleba, anu
am interesebis ugulebelyofis SemTxvevaSi safrTxe emuqreba maT gadarCenas.
legitimuri interesebis magaliTs warmoadgens afxazeTi da cxinvalis regioni,
romelTa gareSec saqarTvelos saxelmwi-foebriobas safrTxe emuqreba, vinaidan
saqarTvelos teritoriuli daqucmaceba safrTxes Seuqmnis qarTveli eris fizikur
arsebobas. samwuxarod, saqarTvelos amis mware istoriuli gamocdileba ukve aqvs.
garda amisa, arsebobs e.w. tradiciuli erovnuli interesebic. magaliTad me-19-20
saukunis dasawyisamde didi britaneTis imperiis erovnul interesebs warmoadgenda
Tavisufali vaWroba zRvaze, vinaidan mas sasicocxlo mniSvneloba hqonda
koloniebTan urTierTobebisas, aseTive tradiciuli iyo mefis ruseTis swrafva
konstantinopolisa da Tbili zRvebis portebisaken, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos
tradiciul interesebSi iyo derbendisa da darialis karibWeTa kontroli, romelic
gamomdinareobda saqarTvelos geopolitikuri interesebidan.

arsebobs moklevadiani da grZelvadiani erovnuli interesebi. moklevadian erovnul

interesebs warmoadgens iseTi interesebi, romelTa miRweva SesaZlebelia uaxloes
momavalSi. aseTi interesebis warmoSobas xels uwyobs saxelmwifosa da mTavrobis
aucilebeli saWiroebani, xolo grZelvadiani erovnuli interesebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia iseTi miznebi, romlebic ZiriTadad warmoadgens garkveuli eris
politikur, kulturul Tu ekonomikur miswrafebebs, romelzec mniSvnelovan
gavlenas axdens misi istoria da erovnuli ideologia. AaseT erovnul interesebs
xSirad axasiaTebs optimizmi, winaaRmdegobrioba, mesianizmi, ideologiuri
eqstremizmi, roca pirvels axasiaTebs metnaklebi pragmatizmi, ganxorcielebis
aucilebloba da Zalze xSirad emyareba sagareo politikis sistematur dagegmvas.

da bolos, suverenizmis msgavsad erovnuli interesi warmoadgens MniSvnelovani

funqciis mqone cnebas. Ppolitikuri liderebi xSirad iyeneben mas, raTa miiRon
mosaxleobis farTo fenebis mxardaWera erovnuli erTianobis uzrunvelsayofad.
politikosebi mas efeqturad iyeneben, rogorc simbolos Rrma krizisebisa da
mTavrobebis arakompetenturobis misaCqmalad. erovnuli interesi da erovnul
usafrTxoebaze apelireba xSirad gamxdara ukanono saqmianobis gamarTlebis mizezi,
rogorc saerTaSoriso politikaSi, ise qveynis SigniTac.

zemoTmoyvanili magaliTebidan Cans, rom Eerovnuli interesis gansazRvra

warmoadgens rTul problemas, radganac qveynis SigniTac ki TiToeuli jgufi
sxvadasxvanairad gansazRvravs mas. Ees aris koncefcia, romelsac ar gaaCnia
universaluri definicia. Mmagram amave dros is warmoadgens iseT sasargeblo
koncefcias, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs zogadad mainc gavigoT is miznebi,
romlebsac eZieben saxelmwifoebi saerTaSoriso politikaSi.

1. ix. saqarTvelos respublika. 1991 w

2. ix. afxazeTis sakiTxi oficialur dokumentebSi. 1989-1999w.w nawili I Tbilisi

2000. gv.80

3. Hans Morgenthau. ,,Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, 5th ed.New
York Tavi 3. 1973

4. Richard Mansbach. The Global Puzzle. Hougton Mifflin Company. 2000 p.81

postkomunikacia

anu samSoblo dedis ZuZui

manana ciramua

qarTul-amerikuli sazogadoebriv saqmeTa instituti

`Cven postmodernistebi varT...” ase iwyebs leqcias irakli kakabaZe. vin Cven,
qarTvelebi? Tu studentebi? egeb momavali saxelmwifo moxeleebi? xorxe luis
borxesi adarebs or don kixots - erTi XVII saukunis niWieri TviTnaswavli
espanelis qmnilebaa, meore ki uiliam jeimsis Tanamedrove pier menarisa, romelic,
samwuxarod, Tavisi winamorbedis naRvaws xelmeored gvilagebs, oRond
ukumimdevrobiT - bolodan Tavisken, Tanamedrove Tvalsa-wieridan. teqsti,
mogexsenebaT Cemo batono, ucvlelia, magram Tanamedrove avtoris gvari mis sruliad
axlebur datvirTvas da xedvis axlebur wakiTxvas iTxovs. borxesi SekiTxvas svams:
“Tu luis silenss an jeims joiss mivawerT “qristes mibaZvis Sesaxeb” traqtatis
avtorobas, nuTu es SesamCnev siaxles ar Semoitans saTuT sulier moZRvrebaSi?” (“Î
ïîäðàæàíèè Xðèñòó” - òðàêòàò ïðèïèñûâàåìûé ãåðìàíîíèäåðëàíäñêîìó äåÿòåëþ öåðêâè
Ôîìå Êåìïèéñêîìó (îê. 1380-1471) ).

amrigad, post modernistTa postulatebi istoriuli Tvalsawieridan citataTa

rigis uwyveti jaWviT borkaven sityvisa Tu presis Tavisuflebas. TanamedroveTa
azri, gajerebuli mraval sxva avtorTa gamonaTqvamebiT, demokratiul xasiaTs iZens.
igi ivseba sxvaTa Tanamoazreobis, dasturis principiT. sainteresoa, demokratiam
Seqmna postmoderni, Tu piruku? istoriuli qronologia albaT Cvens SemTxvevaSi
Seuferebelia, vinaidan terminis saboloo formulireba movlenis manamde ar
arsebobas sruliadac ar niSnavs da xSiria anaqronizmi.

magram demokratia samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos safuZvelia da kanonis uzenaesobas

aRiarebs, kanonisa, romlisTvisac ‘vardTa da nexvTa vinaTgan mze swored moefinebis”.
amgvari postulati erTi SexedulebiT qristianul moZRvrebaSi povebs Rrma fesvebs
da mimarTulia eri-saxelmwifoebs Soris sazRvrebis moSlisaken. dRes am movlenas
xSirad globalizaciis saxeliT moixsenieben da farad saerTaSoriso
xelSekrulebebi, konvenciebi, aqti Tu paqti aufarebiaT. maTi misiaa areguliron
konkretuli SemTxvevebi (Tu, ra Tqma unda, eri-saxelmwifos konstitucias ar
ewinaaRmdegeba), iqneba es konfliqtebi Tu ekonomikuri urTierTobani saerTaSoriso
doneze. sakiTxis amgvari ganTavseba qaRaldze sakmaod keTilganwyobilad gamoiyureba
pirovnebis usafrTxoebis, TviTorientaciis TvalsazrisiT. erTiani startis
deklarirebiT moxibluli sazogadoeba Tanasaworuflebianobis princips taSis kvriT
egebeba da marTlac swams RvTisagan boZebuli Tavisuflebisa. sazogadoebasTan
urTierTobis dros ki, roca individi waawydeba ierarqiuli struqturis mkacr
diferenciacias, iwyebs sxvadasxva izmebiT mis Semkobas (iqneba es kapitalizmi,
monopolizmi, sionizmi, rasizmi, Tu a. S.)
demokratia ki erTi SexedviT mmarTvelobis ufro moqnili formaa, romelic jon
bartoniseul “Ria wignis” princips ufro uaxlovdeba Tavisuflebis, identurobis,
pativiscemis aRiarebiT. es mTavari ontologiuri Rirebulebebi im momentamde rCebian
humanisturi modifikaciis niRbis qveS, sanam erovnul interesTa sazRvarze ar
gadaikveTeba saerTaSoriso interesebi. mware magaliTad dRevandeli iugoslavia minda
moviyvano, romelic kanonis uzenaesobisa da demokratiis SeZaxiliT kusturicas
films magonebs. filmis finalSi kunZulad qceuli miwis nagleji mozeime
micvalebulTa aCrdilebisa da xaliani Zroxebis navsayudlad gairiya. samuel
hanTingtoni ki imeds gamoTqvams, rom momavalSi msoflio warmodgenili iqneba
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli civilizaciebiT da TiToeuli maTgani iswavlis
sxvebTan Tanaarsebobas. misi naSromi “civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba” civilazicias
gansazRvravs, rogorc kulturuli identurobis yvelaze farTo dones:
“ganisazRvreba obieqturi xasiaTis saerTo niSnebis arsebobiT, rogoricaa ena,
istoria, religia, zne-Cveulebani, institutebi, _ agreTve adamianTa subieqturi
TviTidentifikacia.” amgvar kriteriumebze dayrdnobiT hanTingtoni masStabTa da
araerT-gvarovnebis miuxedavad gamoyofs eqvs ZiriTad tips:

1. dasavluri;
2. islamuri;
3. konfuciuri;
4. iaponuri;
5. induisturi;
6. marTlmadideblur-slavuri.

rogorc vxedavT, dasavluri da marTlmadideblur-slavuri tipi gansxvavebulia

qronologiurad am klasifikaciaSi da SesaZloa iugoslaviis magaliTze ruseTis
xelisuflebis poziciac amis dasturi iyos. ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma 28
ivnisis “vesti”-s gamoSvebaSi ukmayofileba gamoTqva slobodan miloSeviCis
saerTaSoriso tribunalSi gadacemis Taobaze. man momxdar faqts Semdegnairi
interpretacia gaukeTa: ‘Íàöèÿ, êîòîðàÿ ïðåäà¸ò íàðîäíîãî ãåðîÿ ÷óæåçåìöàì â ðóêè íà
ðàñòåðçàíèå, íå äîñòîéíà íà ñóùåñòâîâàíèå”. cxadia, amgvari mkveTri gamonaTqvami
faqizi dasavluri yurisaTvis sakmaod mWaxed JRers da aramc da aramc ar
gamoxatavs dasavluri civilizaciisaTvis sasurvel odas. maxsendeba merab
mamardaSvilis pasuxi vladivostokeli bavSvis SekiTxvaze: _ “sad aris parizi,
Sorsao?” _ “gaaCnia, saidan Sorsao”. aTvlis wertili paradigmis koordinatTa
gansazRvrisaTvis aucilebeli qvakuTxedia da misi sazRvrebi sulac ar aris
aucilebeli meore paradigmis paralelurad igive sakoordinato sibrtyeze
mdebareobdes.

“Cven kacTa mogvca qveyana, gvaqvs uTvalavi feriTa”, ase rom, rusuli azri
gansxvavdeba dasavlurisagan. magram demokratia xom `Ria wignia”, igi
gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procesSi mravalTa monawileobas gulisxmobs, SedarebiT
Ria sistemaa. xalxis rCeulni da ara xeldasxmuli mefeni qmnian kanonebs, raTa
kanonma am xalxis neba gamoxatos. es xdeba saxelmwifoTa doneze, xolo
saerTaSoriso doneze xalxis rCeulTa rCeulni adgenen saerTaSoriso normebs. am
Teoriis mixedviT yvelas aqvs miniWebuli ufleba gaakeTos arCevani, moixados
moqalaqeobrivi vali da pasuxi agos im kanonebze, romelsac mis mier dasaxelebuli
rCeulni missave sasikeTod SeimuSaveben. maT winasaarCevno periodSi mas-mediidan
ukiJineben “Cven ki ara, Tqven, xalxi marTavT qveyanaso”. arCevnebis damTavrebisTanave
molodinTa gacruebis, nihilizmisa Tu cinizmis periodebSi igive mas-mediidan bralsa
sdeben _ “rac erio, is berio” _ “gauTviTcnobiereblobisa da gaunaTleblobisagan
rac TeseT, imas imkiTo”.

albaT, ase iyo iugoslaviaSic. xalxis rCeulTa rCeulebma saerTaSoriso

organizaciebidan ukeT uwyian, rogor esadageba erovnuli, religiuri Tu
teritoriuli interesebi saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da demokratiis normebs. magram
mTa da bari rom ar gaswordeba? Zala ki aRmarTsa xnavs da saqarTvelos
teritoriuli mowyobis sakiTxi manam iqneba saCoTirod saTqmeli, sanam uzenaesi
kanonmdebloba mowyale TvaliT ar gadmogvxedavs.
kanonmdebeli ki xalxia, magram romeli? qarTveli Tu evropeli? Cven,
kosmopolitebi, vzidavT Cvens gaumagrebel mxrebze zogad sakacobrio normebis
tvirTs?

Tu nebas momcemT, oriode sityvas Sevawev kanonis uzenaesobas, romelsac erTi cudi
znes Wirs _ anonimuroba. musulmanuri qveynebis uzurpatorebi, diqtatorebi,
huseini iqneba es Tu arafati, aramusulmani pinoCeti Tu lenini, erisa da istoriis
winaSe ageben pasuxs maT qveyanaSi datrialebul av-kargze. stalinsac xotbasTan
erTad kaciWamia wiTel gveleSapad naTlaven. ubedur dedaTa wyevliT iborgeb da
misi neSti saflavSi qristianuli wesiT damarxva rom Rirseboda, magram ra vuyoT
dRevandel upirovno kanonebs? amitom xom ar iwereba dRes leqsebis krebuli “Cemi
deda...” (avtori ar vici). adresati ara Cans. vin daswyevlon dRevandelma dedebma,
vis Seaginos qarTvelma kacma. xalxis saxels amofarebuli anonimebi bolSevikuri
principiT “Êòî íå ñ íàìè, òîò íàø âðàã” - samxedro blokebad erTiandebian da
saerTaSoriso arSiniT zomaven erTa TviTgamorkvevas. amis Sesaxeb iugoslaveli Tu
CeCeni xalxi sisxliT wers istoriis bolo furclebs. “ena, mamuli. sarwmunoeba”
CvenTvis ukve evfemizmad iqca. msoflio standartizaciis meqanizmis bolo WanWikad
qcevaze orientirebulni `axal bolSevizms” veltviT.

`moambeSi” vismenT xSirad: `dRes, Cven damoukidebeli saqarTvelos safuZvlis

saTaveebTan vdgavarT, vakeTebT arCevans: “mze CrdiloeTidan ki ara, dasavleTidan
amodiso.” xalxis rCeuli zurab Jvania Zalian maRali tribunidan gezs gvisaxavs: “me
qarTveli var, anu evropeli!” es xom marTlmadideblur-slavuri civilizaciidan
gamosvlas da axal, dasavlur civilizaciaSi gadasaxlebas gulisxmobs! pirveli
dogma _ erTmorwmune ruseTis umcrosi Zma icvleba meore dogmiT _ erTiani
qristianuli samyaros post-sabWouri provinciiT. riT ar aris paradigmatuli
gardatexa?

meores mxriv, denis sandoniseuli real-politikis mesame punqtSi “saxelmZRvanelo

realizmi” vkiTxulobT: “gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac negatiur biologiur
determinizmTan erTad saqme gvaqvs problemebis gadaWris saWiro meqanizmebis
arqonasTan, Cven vxedavT Zaladobis metad arasaxarbielo SemTxvevebs yvela doneze.
am SemTxvevaSi Cven - rogorc gadawyvetilebis mimRebebma - yvelaferi unda gavakeToT
imisaTvis, rom davicvaT Cveni Zireuli interesebi, imisaTvis raTa gadavarCinoT
sakuTari Tavi, sakuTari roli da/an jgufi (eri). erTaderTi morali am SemTxvevaSi
am interesebis warmatebuli dacvaa.

msoflio, preistoriuli droidan moyolebuli, am principebiT axorcielebs xuTi

miliardi adamianis marTvas. vinc am principebs ar iziarebs, vinaidan arc gaugia da
arc uwvnevia sakuTar zurgze, XX saukunis SesaniSnav pirmSos, statistikas, arc
dauTvlia da albaT, arc ugulisxmia. es xalxebi namdvilad ar mRerian `biTlzebis”
cnobil simReras ‘Help! Somebody!”

Cven, qarTvelebi, ukacravad, saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi, axlis ZiebaSi ssrk-s msgavs

(aq ukve veRar vxedav paradigmatul gardatexas), magram ufro didi simaRlis
vertikalur ierarqias vaxevT kalTebs, raTa Segvifaros. iohan haltungi am
vertikals ”adamianur urTierTobaTa models - kaci-kacis winaaRmdeg” uwodebs,
“rodesac am models politikur praqtikaSi gadavitanT, es konfliqts iwvevs da ara
TanamSromlobas” (“saerTaSoriso ganviTareba adamianuri TvalTaxedviT”).
damokidebulebaTa amgvari sistema, rogorc vxedavT, `mdabalT CagvriT, mtaceblobiT
da xveWiT” xorcieldeba.

fizikosebi amboben m=Gh, es sxeulis masaa, romelic simaRlis

pirdapirproporciulia, G=constant-ia _ gravitacia aqauri wesia _ dedamiwa
trialebs da izidavs. qaragmad nu CamiTvliT. rac meti uzenaesi kanoni dagvemateba,
miT ufro didi arealis brali iqneba es, evrosabWo iqneba es Tu gaero. 5
milioniani qveynis interesebi nuTu gauZlebs 5 miliardian Targze aWedil abjars?
meore paradigmatuli gardatexa xdeba maSin, rodesac aRmovaCenT, rom “mze sworad
moefinebis” - siyalbea. sabWoTa kavSiri msoflios 1/3 teritoriaze materialuri Tu
SromiTi resursebis Tanabari ganawilebis principebs axorcielebda. igive
teritoriebze (Tu ar CavTvliT CineTs) dRes axalgazrdoba saxelmwifo programebis
daxmarebiT resursebisa da xelisuflebis ukmarisobis Teorias iTvisebs.

paradoqsia, magram faqtad rCeba sabWouri qveynis safuZveli _ marqsistuli

moZRvreba. es moZRvreba adamianis saqcielis mTavar gamsazRvrelad ekonomikas
asaxelebda. amave dros dialeqtikuri materializmis mqadageblebma sabazro
ekonomikis gzas gverdi uqcies (marqsi xom adam smitis studenti iyo), uari Tqves
Tavisufal bazarze da resursebis gadanawilebis mTeli pasuxismgebloba TviTon
itvirTes.

rac Seexeba Zalauflebas _ misi simwire daZleul iqna (Tundac Teoriulad)

xelisuflebaSi Sesvlis horizontaluri veqtoriT: “xelisufleba xalxs!”
`Zalaufleba sabWoebs!” (mmarTvelobis horizontalizmi marqsis Teoriis gverdiT,
albaT, aramarqsistul radikalTa did ukmayofilebas gamoiwvevs, magram qristianobis
ZiriTadi postulati _ Tanabari SesaZleblobebiT dawyeba - safrangeTis
burJuaziuli revoluciis monapovari iyo). `xalxi” da “sabWoebi” krebiTi saxelebia.
Tavis droze am sityvebma Secvales cnebebi: erovneba, religia, rasa. moicves didi
geografiuli teritoria da muSaTa da glexTa diqtaturam erTnair startis xazze
ganalaga yvela xelisuflebaSi mosvlis msurveli (maxsendeba filmi “Ñâèíàðêà è
Ïàñòóõ”, romlebic TavianTi damkvreluri Sromis wyalobiT kremlis saaqto
darbazSi yrilobaze moxvdebian da saxelmwifos marTvis monawileebad gadaiqcevian).

am principebze gazrdili sazogadoeba dRes saprezidento mmarTvelobas irCevs.

rogoria es sistema? jer gaumarTavi, magram ConCxi awyobili: Zlieri prezidenti da
susti parlamenti, mmarTvelobis sami Sto Zalauflebis gadanawilebiT, kontroliTa
da balansiT, kanonis uzenaesobiT. kanonis uzenaesobaze bevri visaubreT,
demokratizaciazec, magram gamogvrCa noam Comskis “manufacturing effect”, romelic
ukve aprobirebulma amerikulma demokratiam Sva da gviCvena, rom korporaciebs
ZaluZT adamianis fantaziac ki daumorCilon TavianT miznebs. mizani ki, mogexsenebaT
amarTlebs saSualebas.

henri kisinjeri ambobda: “me vicav demokratias. realurad ar arsebobs Sansi, rom
yvelam erTdroulad miaRwios bednierebas. amitom SevxedoT simarTles TvalebSi”.

morgentau adamians Zalauflebisadmi wyurvilis monad gvisaxavs, oms da

konkurencias aigivebs. makiaveli respublikis, rogorc mmarTvelobis saukeTeso
formis misaRwevad, mediCebisadmi miweril werilSi Zalis, eSmakobis gamoyenebasac
sTavazobs princs, radgan igi Tvlis, rom mxolod kargi saSualebebiT ver mivalT
karg sazogadoebamde. makiaveli, iseve rogorv volteri da ruso modian post-
renesansul periodSi iezuitebis paralelurad, magram aseTi azriT _ adamiani
adamianisaTvis mgelia. kargi SeuZlia iyos 5%-s, danarCeni ki unda imarTos ZaliT,
daSinebiT an eSmakobiT.

Zalaze damyarebuli politikuri realizmi jon bartons sakmaod moZveleburad

miaCnia. igi Zalovani politikis marcxze laparakobs da akritikebs tradiciul
idealistebs: `arsebobda rwmenaTa sistema, romelic efuZneboda TanamSromlobiTi
urTierTobis survils, magram ar arsebobda Teoria, romelic axsnida konfliqts, an
gaamarTlebda alternatiul politikas”.

dasavleTi eZebs alternatiul politikas, ikvlevs eTnikur da gaucxoebis

konfliqtebs, “vinaidan es yovelive safrTxes warmoadgens yvelaze ganviTarebuli
sazogadoebebisTvisac ki. individebi an jgufebi, romelTa ZiriTadi adamianuri
moTxovnilebebi ar aris dakmayofilebuli, ver iqcevian socialuri garemos bunebriv
nawilad da ar eqcevian kanoniT nakarnaxevi qcevis wesebis gavlenis sferoSi” (jon
bartoni “konfliqtebis mogvareba rogorc politikuri situacia”).

vebsteris (1983) gansazRvrebiT termin `konfliqtis” safuZvelia “Cxubi, brZola,

omi” da mxareTa Soris fizikur konfrontacias niSnavs. magram terminis mniSvneloba
dRes-dReobiT ufro gafarTovda da ideis, interesebis da sxvaTa mkveTr
uTanxmoebasac moicavs. igi gulisxmobs rogorc fizikur, aseve fsiqologiur
konfrontaciasac. amitom Secdoma iqneboda or dapirispirebul mxares Soris
urTierTqmedebebis ganxi - lva CxubSi, omSi an brZolaSi gadazrdis aucileblobis
WrilSi. konfliqti SeiZleba iyos uxilavic, romelic paradigmatuli gardatexis
dros Teoretikosebsa da praqtikosebs Soris arsebobs da xSirad upirispirdeba
tradiciul cnebebs. Tumca, maslous moTxovnilebaTa ierarqiaze darydnobiT,
bartoni SeimuSavebs egreT wodebul ontologiur moTxovnilebaTa Teorias da
SesaZleblad Tvlis individis socializaciis institutebis moTxovnebidan
gamomdinare. igi Tandayolil da universalur adamianur moTxovnilebebTan
(usafrTxoeba, identuroba (TviTgamorkveva), pativiscema, jgufTan kuTvnileba da
a.S.) institutebis Sewyobis gziT gvTavazobs gezis arCevas.

swored axla, sanam movlenebs CamorCenil saqarTvelos orientirebze vilaparakebdeT,

minda termini “postkomunikacia” Semovitano, romelic Cemi mogonili ar gaxlavT es
termini pirvelad 1994 wels axalgazrda qarTvelma inteleqtualebma gamoiyenes
qarvaslaSi mowyobili gamofenis saTaurad da aseTi gansazRvreba misces:
postkomunikacia sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobaa, rodesac mTavrdeba komunikacia maRal
eSelonebSi da warmoCindeba misi Sedegebi sazogadoebaSi. igi ara mxolod pirad
urTierTobebze, aramed Tanamedrove teqnologiebzec vrceldeba da am teqnologiebis
saSualebiT daiZleva droisa Tu manZilis barierebi. ufro martivad, gamorTuli
telefonis yurmilis aReba da dadeba ar cvlis adamianis Sinagan ganwyobilebas,
qcevas, magram mniSvnelovanma satelefono saubarma SeiZleba Zireulad Secvalos
adamianis ara mxolod guneba-ganwyobileba, aramed Semdgomi cxovrebac.

magram sxvagvari efeqti aqvs gamorTul televizors. mas SeuZlia ara mxolod mis
win dadgmuli yvavilebis larnaki an Cavlili bavSvis gamosaxuleba aireklos, aramed,
ara aqvs mniSvneloba Cven mas CavrTavT Tu ara, televizia, rogorc damoukidebeli
subieqti “ïàðõàåò ïî ÷åëîâå÷åñêèì ìîçãàì, êàê ñàìîå ñèëüíîå îðóäèå” (mixeil romi) da
anonimTa mier SemuSavebul sazogadoebrivi evoluciis normebs gvinergavs. mas-mediis
anu meoTxe xelisuflebis Zala imdenad STambeWdavia, rom mas verc Tbilisis da
verc ostankinos damwvari telanZebi ver SeaCereben. amas emateba komunikaciaTa axali
teqnologiebi: interneti Tu optikuri kabeli,á romelTa eleqtruli bzuili
dedamiwis brunvis gruxuns etmasneba, Cvens yurs ar esmis, infra-uxilavia da verca
vgrZnobT sad imaleba gorgonas Tavi. anonims upyria eleqtruli sadaveebi.

postkomunikaciis cneba Tavisi viwro gagebiT zedmiwevniT miesadageba saqarTvelos

dRevandel mdgomareobas. damoukideblobis xelmeored mopovebis aTi wlis Tavze
Tamamad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom ganvTavisufldiT dogmebisagan, ar gagvaCnia
saxelmwifo Tu erovnuli ideologia, postsabWouri azrovnebis es “mdare
gadmonaSTi”.

Jan bodriari wers: “amerikam vietnamis omi waago, holivudma - moigoo”. “ar
iarsebebda erayis omi, rom ara informacia omis Sesaxeb-”o.

eseigi, dRes omebs (iseve, rogorc yovelTvis) ideologia igebs da misi gaSuqebis
wyaroebi mZlavri iaraRebia. xelovnebas ki yvelaze metad ZaluZs adamianTa
cnobierebis gavlenis qveS daqvemdebareba. saqarTveloSi ar Seqmnila am 10 wlis
ganmavlobaSi arcerTi mxatvruli nawarmoebi, romelsac Tavisuflebis mopovebis
sixaruli, sakuTar ZalTa rwmena, aRmSeneblobis paTosi moetana.
erTiani strategiis deklarirebiT, dRes sityva “erovnuli” msoflio masStabSi
agresiis matareblad iqca. metalistebi da rokerebi, hipebi da pankebi
individualobis gamosaxatavad gamomwvev, garegnulad vulgarul formebs irCeven,
magram maTi gamosvlebi agresiad ar iTvleba, vinaidan revoluciaSi gadasvlis
safrTxes ar warmoadgenen. maTi cxovrebiseuli filosofia did masStabebs ver
wvdeba da Tanac energiisgan daclis advilad samarTavi formebi gaaCnia _ xmauriani
diskoTekebi, alkoholi, narkotikebi da quCis Cxubebi.
kisinjeri upirispirebs ra erTmaneTs sabWoTa wyobas da dasavlur demokratias,
gamoyofs prioritetebs: “stabiluri politikuri struqturebis mqone mTavrobebi ar
mimarTaven revoluciur an avantiuristul sagareo politikas imisaTvis, rom
aRadginon an SeinarCunon Sinauri siwynare”. (“realizmi meoce saukunis
saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa TeoriaSi”)

erovnuli Tu nacionaluri TviTidentifikacia ufro fundamentaluri adamianuri

sawyisebidan modis. misi propaganda dRes msoflios axal wesrigs did safrTxes
moutanda. arc mTlad nivelireba gamodis. Ted robert geri adamianis
moTxovnilebaTa Camoyalibebas sociumSi xedavs, romlis gasaRebic socio-ekonomikaa.
frustracia am moTxovnilebaTa daukmayofileblobiTaa gamowvuli. ‘ratom janydeba
kaci?” _ Ted geri Relative Deprivation-s molodinTa gacruebiT, SesaZleblobis
miuwvdomlobiT xsnis, rac SemdgomSi gadaizrdeba kulturul relativizmSi.
araerTgvarovani subkulturuli garemo molodinTa ar gamarTlebiT ayalibebs
konfliqts (Ted Robert Gurr “ Relative Deprivation and The Impetus to Violence”).

xom ar jobia value expectation da value capabilities Tivis zvinSi Camaluli

nemsiviT arsebobisaTvis yoveldRiur brZolaSi Caikargos. qvena seqtors,
fiziologiur moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad, didi Zalisxmeva sWirdeba. igi
informaciis did nakadSi Tavs umweod, uvicad CaTvlis da dakargavs sakuTari
Tavisadmi rwmenas. axali wesrigis mqadageblebi ki Tavs aarideben neoreaqtiul
Zalebs, vinaidan gamonTavisuflebuli erovnuli suli konfliqtis SesaZlo cxeli
keraa. mis mosagvareblad qemfTaunis tye Zalze pataraa.

xSirad mebadeba kiTxva: konfliqtologia konfliqtTa mogvarebis Tu mowyobis

teqnikas Seiswavlis? mwiri resursebis gadanawilebisas dRes ganviTarebuli qveynebis
dabal socialur fenebze metad dabalganviTarebuli eri-saxelmwifoebis xalxebi
iCagrebian. saxelmwifoebis ierarqiebad dayofam, seqtorebma, resursebisa da
ekonomikur urTierTobaTa arasamarTliani gadanawileba gamoiwvia. istoriulad
umdidresi indoeTi da mravalsaukunovani afrikis qveynebi dRes SimSiliT sikvdilis
piras aRmoCndnen.

postkomunikaciis ufro konkretuli magaliTia mraval-milioniani (da xandaxan

miliardebiani) humanitaruli programebi, romlebic BBC-is da CNN-is arxebze
karikaturulad gamoiyurebian. gvalvisagan gadaxrukul, an wyaldidobisagan
datboril afrikis qveynebs TviTmfrinavebidan paketebiT sasmel wyals uyrian,
tomrebiT fqvilsa da Saqars uzidaven _ es yovelive xangrZlivi molaparakebebis,
interaqtiuli komunikaciebis, zRva saqaRaldo samuSaoebis Sedegebia.
postkomunikacia iseTi socialuri mdgomareobaa, romelic xan molodins (vin ras
gadmogvigdebs TviTmfrinavidan), xan guliswyromas da xanac sakuTari Tavis
sibraluls gamoxatavs.
Cvens situaciaSi postkomunikacia politikuri, teritoriuli mowyobis, religiuri
daqsaqsvis molodinebSi gamoixateba _ CvenTvis

uxilav infra-sixSireebze rodis gadagviwyveten lokalur problemebs.

postkomunikaciuri mdgomareobis daZlevis saukeTeso saSualebaa:

1. pasuxismgeblobis aReba sakuTar Tavze gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis dros;

2. moqmedebis survili;
3. strategia;
4. taqtika.

noam Comski Tavis wignSi “ra unda sinamdvileSi ankl sems” wers:

“didi saidumlo ar aris is, Tu sad imyofeba namdvili Zalaufleba SeerTebul

StatebSi. is ZiriTadad imyofeba im adamianebis xelSi, vinc iRebs sainvesticio
gadawyvetilebebs - imis Sesaxeb Tu ra unda awarmoon da ra unda miawodon aqa iq.

maTi erT-erTi yvelaze didi survilia rom hyavdeT pasiuri, morCili mosaxleoba.
aqedan gamomdinare, Cven namdvilad SegviZlia gavakeToT erTi ram maTi mofortis
dasarRvevad. es aris is, rom ar viyoT pasiurni da morCilni. amis gakeTebisaTvis ki
bevri gza arsebobs.”

yovelive zemoT Tqmuli SeiZleba kanonis uzenaesobis, demokratizaciis winaaRmdeg

gamosvlad miiCnioT, amitom minda ufro konkretulad Camovayalibo Cemi monaTxrobi.
demokratizmis winaaRmdeg galaSqreba ki ara, Cvens qveyanaSi misi damkvidrebis
dasawyisSive winaswar Tqmuli faqtorebia, romlebic SegviZlia gaviTvaliswinoT sxva
qveynebis gamocdilebidan. es is sirTuleebia, romlebsac demokratia ukve gadaawyda
evoluciis procesSi. dazRveulebi arc Cven viqnebiT Secdomebisagan. don xuani
karlos kastanedas mTaSi siarulisas afrTxilebs: “dazRveuli arafrisgan xar,
gzaSi SeiZleba Tasma Segexsnas fexsacmelze, Sesakravad daixaro, lodi dageces da
daiRupo. Seni erTaderTi garantiaa, wasvlis win Tasmebi magrad Seikrao”.

xolo rac Seexeba ar viyoT `pasiurebi da davarRvioT myudroeba” _ strategiis

arCevaSi gamoikveTeba ra gzas daadgeba qarTveli eri

moqmedebis dros. rom ara konfliqturi situacia, daukmayofileblobis SegrZneba,

mravali gardaqmna Tu progresi ar iarsebebda (Tumca arsebobs uamravi mosazreba,
romelic progress uaryofs). araprogresirebadi erebi nel-nela gaqrnen, TviT
sruli idealuri modelebi aRar ganviTardnen. isini wynarad istorias Cabardnen.
(arafers vityvi erTeulebze, romlebic Tanamedrove civilizaciam muzeumis sacaviviT
etalonebad Semogvinaxa).

daukmayofileblobiT gamowveuli moqmedebis survili pirvel rigSi gaazrebuli,

mSvidobiani moqmedebiT unda gamoixatos. socialuri gardaqmnebis meTodi
individualuri Tavisuflebisaken unda warimarTos. am TvalsazrisiT ara marqsisti
radikalebi, igive postmodernistebi dRes bevr warmatebebs aRweven, maTi codna da
gamocdileba udaod bevr sikeTes mogvitans. martin luTer kingi werda
“darwmunebuli var, rom adamiani warmoadgens mizans... adamiani ki ar aris Seqmnili
saxelmwifosTvis, aramed saxelmwifoa - adamianisTvis. mahaTma gandi Zaladobas da
borotebas mTeli energiiTa da ZaliT ebrZoda, magram igi ewinaaRmdegeboda ara
siZulviliT, aramed siyvaruliT”. irakli kakabaZe sikvdilis filosofiis magier
siyvarulis doqtrinas gvacnobs “misi avtori yoveli CvenTagani SeiZleba iyos. misi
winamZRvrebi ki mocemulia did religiur swavlebebSi, xelovnebis nawarmoebebsa da
mecnierul da filosofiur naSromebSi”.

amrigad, strategia konfliqtebis CaxSoba an miCqmalvis gzas ki ara, maTi mizezebis

dadgenis safuZvelze erovnuli ideologiis gzamkvlevad unda mogvevlinos, rac
saxelmwifoebriobis SegrZnebas, identifikacias, individTa monawileobis survils
gaaRrmavebs. didi siyvaruli Selaxul, galanZRul ers gaacocxlebs. saxelmwifos
lideri, romelic Tavs dasdebs yoveli moqalaqis uflebis dasacavad, daanaxebs
xalxs urTierTobisa da TanamSromlobis Zalas, miznebisaken sikeTiT svlas, ar
moerideba patriotizmis gamovlinebas _ udaod Secvlis dRevandel nihilizms.
amitom vfiqrob, rom situacias ara anonimuri kanonis saxeliT unda gavuZRveT win,
aramed pirovnebebiT, rwmeniTa da energiiT aRsavse individebiT, romelTa qarizmac
postkomunikaciur models daamsxvrevs.

afxazeTis konfliqtis mogvarebis gzebis ZiebaSi

eka jinoriZe

qarTul-amerikuli sazogadoebriv saqmeTa instituti

termini konfliqti, vebsteris gansazRvrebiT “Cxubs, oms, brZolas niSnavs” da

ZiriTadad mxareTa Soris konfrontacias gulisxmobs. magram dRevandeli gagebiT am
terminma ufro farTo mniSvneloba SeiZina da xSirad igi fsiqologiur
konfrontaciasac gulisxmobs. igi ideis, interesebisa da sxvaTa mkveTr uTanxmoebas
moicavs, romelic sruliadac ar aris savaldebulo mxareTa Soris CxubSi, omSi an
brZolaSi gadaizardos. amrigad, xSirad konfliqts uxilavi xasiaTi SeiZleba
hqondes, rogoric iyo magaliTad, civi omis periodSi “wiTel” da “arawiTel”
msoflios gadanawilebis dros.

konfliqtebis mogvareba SedarebiT axali cnebaa, romelic jer-jerobiT ar aris

romelime sayovelTaod aRiarebuli msoflmxedvelobis nawili. amitom konfliqturi
situaciebis ganxilvisas upriani iqneboda gagvekeTebina gansxvaveba or termins –
konfliqtsa da uTanxmoebas Soris. am or termins konceptualuri diferenciacia
gaaCnia: “erTis mxriv, aris situaciebi, romlebic molaparakebadia da meores mxriv,
situaciebi, sadac kompromisi SeuZlebelia. es gansxvavebuli koncefciebi
gulisxmoben uTanxmoebebis da konfliqtebis mogvarebis sruliad gansxvavebul
midgomebs.” (“konfliqtebis mogvareba, rogorc politikuri filosofia” jon
bartoni).

Cven rodesac laparaks viwyebT afxazeTis Temaze, vcdilobT emociur gamonaTqvamebze

SevikavoT Tavi da viyoT rac SeiZleba konstruqciulebi. konstruqciuloba
gulisxmobs movlenis etapobriv aRwerasac, faqtebis konstatacias da im mizezebis
gamoZiebas, ris safuZvelzec iqmneba konfrontacia. SegviZlia gamovyoT sakiTxebi,
romlebic molaparakebadia.
Cveni ZiriTadi problema dRes-dReobiT aris is, rom rodesac afxazeTis Temaze
viwyebT laparaks, viwyebT im sakiTxebidan, sadac kompromisi dauSvebelia da swored
aq aris Cveni Secdomac.

saqarTvelos konstituciis pirveli muxlis pirvel nawilSi vkiTxulobT:

“saqarTvelo aris damoukidebeli, erTiani da ganuyofeli saxelmwifo, rac
dadasturebulia 1991 wlis 31 martis referendumiT, romelic Catarda qveynis mTel
teritoriaze, maT ASoris afxazeTis assr-Si da yofil oseTis avtonomiur olqSi
da 1991 wlis 9 aprilis saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqti”
(saqarTvelos konstitucia, I Tavi, I muxli, I nawili).

amrigad, afxazeTi ara mxolod istoriuli, ZirZveli qarTuli teritoriaa, aramed

misi saqarTvelos erTian nawilad gaformeba damoukideblobis aRdgenis dros moxda
xalxis gadawyvetilebiT, xalxis, romlis 17%-s afxazebi Seadgendnen. referendumma
daadastura adgilobrivi mosaxleobis survili da es arc yofila sakamaTo Tema,
vidre gare Zalebi Caereodnen.
dapirispirebis mizezi, rogorc vxedavT ara afxaz da qarTvel xalxs Soris unda
veZeboT, rogorc amis aRweras cdiloben rusi Jurnalistebi, aramed Zirebi veZioT
ruseTis kavkasiis xalxebis mimarT arCeul politikaSi, romelic damyarebulia
Zalismier meTodebze da cdilobs Zalauflebis SenarCunebas yvelanairi gzebiT:
iqneba es Ria konfrontacia Tu insinuaciebi, faruli meTodebi SuRlis Camogdebis,
ekonomikuri sanqciebi da a. S.

rusuli politika, iseve rogorc sxva didi saxelmwifoebis politika, istoriulad

jer isev feodaluri periodidan damyarebulia Zalismier principze, romelsac maikl
bensi Tavis statiaSi “saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis disciplina: konfliqtebis
mogvarebis momgebianoba Tu wamgebianoba” “politikur realizms” uwodebs.

denis sandoli aRwers konfliqtebis mogvarebis 4 politikur filosofias:

1. realpolitika;
2. idealpolitika;
3. marqsizmi;
4. aramarqsistuli radikalizmi;

es politikuri filosofiebi konceptualurad gansxvavdebian sakiTxis wakiTxvis da

sakiTxis dasmis TvalsazrisiT. TviToeuli maTgani adamianis bunebis sxvadasxvagvar
axsnas gvTavazobs. ZiriTadi ganxeTqilebis vaSli realpolitikasa da
idealpolitikas Soris aris adamianuri bunebis Sesaxeb mosazrebaa.

realpolitika amtkicebs, rom adamianis buneba borotia, igi codvis Svilia da mas
ar ZaluZs iyos keTili. mxolod mcireoden procents SeuZlia iyos keTili. amitom
adamianma ZaliT unda moipovos adgili sociumSi da mis Zlierebazea damokidebuli,
Tu ra ierarqiaSi moxvdeba igi. (cnobisaTvis ixileT hans morgenTaus, jorj kenanis,
henri kisinjeris nawerebi. red.)
meore Sexeduleba, ufro idealisturi ki amtkicebs, rom Tumca adamianSi arsebobs
winaaRmdegobebi, magram adamians aqvs arCevani da ZaluZs miiRos gadawyvetileba
sikeTis sasargeblod. adamians aqvs Sansi, rom mouyaros Tavi erTad sakacobrio
azrovnebaSi dagrovil pozitiur gamocdilebas da Seqmnas harmoniuli sazogadoeba.

am Zireulad gansxvavebuli warmodgenebis ukan dgas mTeli msoflios mowyobis

principi, romlebic ZiriTadad pirvel azrs iziareben da maT sandoli
“realpolitikosebs” uwodebs. es sazogadoebis mowyobis iseTi principia, rodesac
ZiriTadi devizi – adamiani adamianisaTvis mgelia – batonobs. aq aSkarad
gamokveTili ierarqiulobis, konkurenciis tendenciaa ierarqiis mZlavrad
gamokveTili vertikalizmiT. vertikalis zeda fena mbrZaneblobs, imorCilebs da
batonobs qveda fenebze. es aris mmarTvelobis iZulebiTi forma, romelmac gamoiwvia
uamravi omebi, ajanyebebi da istoriulad dagvanaxa, rom mas Tumca, “politikuri
realizmi” hqvia, igi sakmaod daSorebulia realobisagan da TviTdamangrevelia.

idealizmi ki adamianis rwmenaze, siyvarulze dafuZnebuli Teoriaa, romelsac

TanamSromlobis, urTierTpativiscemis da urTierTobebis survili axasiaTebs.
bartoni am Teoriis kritikaSi wers, rom “ZiriTadi nakli aqvs is, rom mas ar
SeuZlia axsnas konfliqti, ris gamoc ver amarTlebs alternatiul politikas”.

Tumca, arseboben civilizaciebi, romlebic ufro harmoniulad arian mowyobilni,

koleqtivizmis Tu pasuxismgeblobis SegrZnebis maRali doniT da es civilizaciebi,
gamoketilni Tavis TavSi TviTmyofadi elementebia da TviT srul harmoniul
sazogadoebas qmnian.
idealpolitikosebi sazrdooben humanisturi ideebiT, gamodian ra idealizmis
filosofiidan (hegeli) da SesaZleblad Tvlian sazogadoebis amgvarad mowyobas.

rusuli politika damyarebuli iyo marqsistul moZRvrebaze, romelic Tavisi arsiT

iyo materialisturi, formiT socialisturi da formalurad im maRal humanistur
idealebs asaxavda, romlebic idealistebisaTvis albaT, ufro gasagebi unda
yofiliyo, vidre ase egonaT maSindel filosofosebs.

igi uaryofda klasobriv diferenciacias – sazogadoebis dapirispirebul socialur

fenebad dayofas da erTi SexedviT xalxis interesebis damcvelad gvevlineboda.
magram es yvelaferi mxolod qaRaldze rCeboda. sinamdvileSi ierarqiuli sistema
partiuli nomenklaturis kastur principebs aRiarebda. partia, rogorc
mamoZravebeli Zala, iyo saxelmwifos warmmarTavi da igi iRebda Tavis Tavze
yvelanair pasuxismgeblobas: iqneboda es resursebis gadanawileba Tu ufro
globaluri – sxvadasxva erebze Zalauflebis gadanawileba.

realpolitikac principSi resursebisa da Zalauflebis ukmarisobaze (datacebaze)

akeTebs aqcents. magram gansxvaveba marqsizmsa da aramarqsistul Teoriebs Soris
aris is, rom marqsizmma uari Tqva sabazro ekonomikis principebze da marTvis
centralizebuli sistemis saSualebiT erTiani dagegmarebis principiT
standartizaciis maRal safexurs miaRwia. standartizacia ara mxolod warmoebis
saSualebebiT warmoebul saqonelze, aramed xalxTa standartizacia, romlebsac
erTiani samSoblo – ssrk da erTi rwmena komunizmis mSenebloba eqnebodaT. amave
dros TviT rusi xalxi gamodioda hegemonis rolSi, Tavis gadawyvetilebebs axvevda
am xalxebs da cdilobda gaefarTovebina Tavisi qveynis sazRvrebi. ruseTis
imperialisturi miswrafebebi sabWoTa kavSiris rRvevis Semdegac sakmaod
mtkivneulad igrZnoba im xalxebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebsac surT am imperiidan Tavis
daRweva.

Cvens SemTxvevaSi ruseTisTvis Zalze mtkivneuli aRmoCnda poziciebis daTmoba

amierkavkasiaSi, sadac mas mZlavrad gamagrebuli samxedro Zalebi, strategiulad
mniSvnelovani bazebi hqonda ganlagebuli.

amasTan, Savi zRvis es sanapiro mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda qveynis ekonomikaSi.

rusuli politika Tavidanve iyenebda romaelTa strategias “daSale da ibatone”. es
principi ufro aSkara gaxda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg.
mogexsenebaT “cixe Signidan gatydebiso”. amitom amierkavkasiaSi lokaluri
konfliqtebis gaCaReba ruseTs saSualebas aZlevda kavkasiis qveynebTan saurTierTobo
berketebis SenarCunebaSi. kavkasiuri saxelmwifoebi ki jer fexze ver damdgarni,
damoukideblobas SeuCvevelni ver anxorcielebdnen saTanado politikas. erovnul da
patriotul grZnobebs ayolili mosaxleoba TiTqmis umarTavi Seiqmna da situaciis
realuri Sefasebis, erTiani politikis SemuSavebis safuZvlebi ver Caiyara. yovelive
aman gamoiwvia Ria konfrontacia, Cven mivaRwieT sisxlian Setakebebs, romlebmac
ufro gaamwvava dapirispireba eTnikur doneze. saqarTvelos damoukideb-lobis
pirvelive wlebi rTuli iyo mravali Sida faqtoris gamo. qveyana moumzadebeli
aRmoCnda erTbaSad Serkineboda damoukidebeli mmarTvelobis sirTuleebs, sagareo
politikis Tu urTierTobebis gamoucdelobas. yovelive es nayofier niadags qmnida
ruseTisaTvis zegavlena moexdina afxaz, os Tu mTiani yarabaxis mosaxleobaze.

modiT isev afxazeTs davubrundeT. ra iyo imis mizezi, rom avtonomiurma

respublikam suverenul saxelmwifod gadaqceva moiTxova. iyo es xalxis neba Tu
separatistTa mcire jgufis mier xelovnurad inspirirebuli, saqarTvelos
erTianobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli aqti?
semuel hanTingtoni Camoyalibebis procesSi myof axal msofliosaTvis konfliqtis
wyarod miiCnevs ara ideologias an ekonomikas, aramed civilizaciur kuTvnilebas.
civilizacias igi gansazRvravs rogorc adamianTa kulturuli identurobis yvelaze
farTo dones da obieqturi xasiaTis saerTo niSnebis arsebobiT rogoricaa ena,
istoria, religia, zne-Cveulebani da adamianTa subieqturi TviTidentifikacia.
rogorc cnobilia, afxazi xalxi, iseve rogorc megreli, svani Tu kaxeli,
istoriulad, institucionalurad Camoyalibda rogorc erTiani qarTveli eri
TviTidentifikaciis mZlavri miTologiuri safuZvliT – qarTlosis Svilebi,
romlebmac am erovnuli erTianobisaTvis xangrZlivi da mZime istoria gamoiares. maS
ratom ismis dRes “afxazi” da “qarTveli” saidan Cndeba es dapirispireba nuTu
religiur niadagze? albaT ara, vinaidan saqarTvelos musulmanur mosaxleobis sxva
nawilebTan am moZraobas saerTo araferi aqvs. igi calke, ganyenebul dgas da arc
pretenzias gamoTqvams am niSniT.

hanTingtoni wers: civilizaciebi gansxvavdebian istoriiT, eniT, kulturiT,

tradiciebiT da rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania religiiT. rogorc vxedavT, istoriuli,
tradiciuli, kulturuli da rogorc ukve avRniSneT religiuri safuZvlebi am
konfrontacias ar gaaCnia. am TvalsazrisiT ufro didi gansxvavebaa rusul-slavur
da afxazur-qarTul civilizaciebs Soris. maS ratom eqceva ase mZlavrad rusuli
zegavlenis qveS afxazuri frTa Tu ara separatizmi?

saqarTvelom dRes gezi dasavleTisken aiRo. damoukideblobis gamocxadebasTan erTad

man kursi demokratiaze, amerikuli tipis saprezidento mmarTvelobaze aiRo. Cemi
azriT, swored aq Cndeba realuri dapirispirebis safuZveli – ruseTi
orientirebulia marTlmadideblur-slavur identifikaciaze, saqarTvelo ki -
evropul, Crdilo-amerikulze. maTi interesebi msoflios axali gadanawilebis
periodSi imijneba, xolo cxeli wertilebis Sesaqmnelad moxer-xebulia
urTierTSuRlis Tesva. es Senelebuli naRmi jer kidev sabWoTa kavSiris periodSi
iqna Cadebuli, rodesac afxazeTSi ruseTidan iniSnebodnen adgilobrivi
mmarTvelobis organoebis moxeleebi da xels uwyobdnen separatistuli, Sovinisturi
ideebis gaRrmavebas. swored sabWoTa periodSi Seiqmna afxazuri damwerloba rusuli
anbanis – kirilicas safuZvelze, gaixsna afxazuri skolebi da bolos afxazuri
universiteti. dapirispireba adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi jer ar igrZnoboda.
dapirispireba iyo mxolod zeda fenebSi – afxazur nomenklaturasa da saqarTvelos
uzenaes nomenklaturebs Soris. qveda fenebSi es mxolod stumrebis mimarT msubuqad
igrZnoboda – upiratesoba eniWebodaT rus da ucxoel turistebs, saqarTvelos sxva
mosaxleoba maTTvis naklebad saintereso iyo. amas Tan daerTo ekonomikuri
safuZveli – citrusebis didi samomxmareblo bazari ruseTi iyo.

Ted geri Tavis wignSi “ratom janydeba kaci” aRwers molodinebis Teorias,
romelic SesaZleblobebis TeoriasTan paralelurad iZleva adamianis
daukmayofileblobis SegrZnebas.

ras niSnavs adamianis daukmayofileblobis SegrZneba? maslous Teoriis mixedviT

adamians bunebrivad, sociologiurad gaaCnia yvelaze dabali, fiziologiuri
moTxovnilebani. rogorc ki es moTxovnilebani dakmayofildeba, adamiani
moTxovnilebaTa ufro maRal safexurze gadadis – es aris usafrTxoebis,
socialuri, TviTgamorkvevis da sxva moTxovnilebebi.
ras moeloda afxazuri separatizmi da ra SesaZleblobebs xedavda igi Tavis
suverenitetis moTxovnaSi? dRes, rodesac msoflio integraciul procesebSia
CarTuli da globalizaciis kursiT midis, dRes, rodesac ase gadaiqsaqsa
saerTaSoriso sabazro qselebi, mcire erebi, qveynebi, cdiloben sxvadasxva
ekonomikur Tu politikur blokebad gaerTianebas. amave dros iseTi qveynebi, sadac
iolia urTierTobaTa gamwvaveba, qucmacdebian da erTimeoresTan SuRlSi isusteben
Zalebs. (amis naTeli magaliTia iugoslavia).
daqucmacebuli saqarTvelo xom ufro Znelad dadgeba ekonomikurad fexze, xom
ufro didxans iqneba xelSemyure sxva qveynebisa. nuTu es awyobs qarTvel xalxs?

yvela es kiTxva uaryofiTi pasuxiT mTavrdeba da albaT afxazebs rom dausvaT, verc
gvipasuxeben, Tu ratom xdeba ase.
magram wlebTan erTad unda gamoikveTos is ZiriTadi mimarTuleba, romelic Semdgom
urTierTobebs ganapirobebs. aris mravali mosazreba. bevri Tvlis, rom am sakiTxis
mogvareba Zalismieri meTodebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. bevrs omis Wrilobebic ar
moSuSebia da SurisZiebis Jini, Tavganwirva amoZravebs. amis magaliTebia is
partizanuli moZraobebi, romlebic xandaxan dRes-dReobiT kidev gamoyofen xolme
Tavs galis raionSi. (Tumca, aris mosazrebac, rom es partizanuli moZraoba ara
wminda patriotul niadagzea, aramed inspirirebulia isev rusuli Zalebis mier,
raTa diskreditacia gaukeTos saqarTvelos).
zogi Tvlis, rom konfliqtis mogvareba SesaZlebelia mxolod samarTlebrivi gziT,
molaparakebis magidasTan. dRes bevri laparakobs alternatiul politikaze, iqmneba
konfliqtis Semswavleli mecniereba, institutebi, romlebic cdiloben, rom
fokusireba moxdes diplomatiaze, rogorc urTierTobis yvelaze mniSvnelovan
formaze. aseTi politika cdilobs, ar daeqvemdebaros avtoritarul kontrols da
pirvel rigSi gadaWras adamianuri problemebi, uari Tqvas iZulebiT formebze,
represiebze, romlebic adamianebis ganviTarebad miswrafebas didi xniT ver daakaveben.

saqarTvelos yvela es problema mosagvarebeli aqvs. afxazeTis Temas romc ar

SevexoT, uamravi sxva ram aris gasakeTebeli mosaxleobis minimaluri
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis TvalsazrisiT: iqneba es xelfasebis Tu pensiebis
sakiTxi, samomxmareblo minimumis sakiTxi, usafrTxoebis, samuSao adgilebis da a.S.
es yovelive isedac qmnis konfliqtur garemos da moiTxovs prevenciul samuSaoebs.
magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom sazogadoeba aucileblad unda iqnas CarTuli
konfliqtis saomar moqmedebaSi gadazrdaSi. piriqiT, saxelmwifo unda iqnes mzad,
rom winaswarve aicilos Tavidan es situacia. magram mkafiod unda iqnas gamoxatuli
is mimarTuleba, rasac centri airCevs regionebis mimarT. saqarTvelos
mosaxleobisaTvis gaurkvevlia xelisuflebis politika afxazeTTan mimarTebaSi –
erTi naTelia, rom saxelmwifo ar apirebs am problemis mogvarebas, Tumca is
mimarTavs molaparakebebs saerTaSoriso organizaciebis daxmarebiT. magram wlebi
gadis da konstruqciuli nabijebi ar idgmeba. Rrmavdeba ufskruli afxazur da
araafxazur mosaxleobas Soris. amas xels uwyobs gaTiSulobac – ar aris arc
satelevizio, arc kulturul-ekonomikuri kavSirebi. mdgomareobas arTulebs enguris
napirebTan mdgari rusuli jari.

albaT, yvelaze efeqturi da prioritetuli dResdReobiT swored ruseTis samxedro

nawilebis gayvanaa saqarTvelodan, vinaidan am konfliqtSi dainteresebuli piri
swored ruseTia da amis gamo mas ar SeuZlia iyos miukerZoebeli am or mxares
Soris. ruseTis jari ver Seasrulebs samSvidobo misias. saerTaSoriso
molaparakebebze saqarTvelom unda moiTxovos maTi Secvla neitraluri samSvidobo
formirebebiT.

yvelaze metad SemaSfoTeblad mimaCnia saqarTvelos konstituciis I Tavis II muxlis

II nawili: “saqarTvelos saxelmwifo teritoriis gasxviseba akrZalulia.
saxelmwifo sazRvrebis Secvla SeiZleba mxolod mezobel saxelmwifosTan dadebuli
ormxrivi SeTanxmebiT”. es muxli TavisTavad SesaZlebels xdis mezobel qveyanasTan
SeTanxmebas sazRvrebis Secvlis Taobaze.
amas Tan erTvis VI muxlis II nawili, sadac naTqvamia: “saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba
Seesabameba saerTaSoriso samarTlis aRiarebul principebsa da normebs. saqarTvelos
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas an SeTanxmebas, Tu igi ar ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos
konstitucias, aqvs upiratesi iuridiuli Zala Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli
aqtebis mimarT”. Cvens SemTxvevaSi, Tu vTqvaT, moxda ruseTTan saqarTvelos
molaparakeba afxazeTis teritoriis Taobaze da gaformda saerTaSoriso safuZvelze
konstituciurad saqarTvelos damcavi meqanizmi ecleba xelidan. ibadeba SekiTxva vis
uflebamosilebaSi Sedis amgvari gadawyvetileba? “saqarTvelos prezidenti
saqarTvelos umaRlesi warmomadgenelia sagareo urTierTobebSi” (Tavi IV, muxli
69. 3.). “saqarTvelos prezidenti debs saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebsa da
SeTanxmebebs, awarmoebs molaparakebas ucxoeTis saxelmwifosTan” (Tavi IV, muxli
73, (a) ).
rogor fiqrobT, qveynis ZiriTadi kanonis es nawilebi safrTxes xom ar qmnis
teritoriuli erTianobis TvalsazrisiT da xom ar moiTxovs ufro yuradRebiT
specialistTa gadasinjvas?

Semdegi nabiji saxelmwifoebriv doneze urigo ar iqneboda dasavluri gamocdilebis

gaziarebiT – mediaciis saSualebiT warmarTuliyo. rogorc mogexsenebaT, es
mimarTuleba aqcentebs akeTebs dapirispirebul mxareebSi jansaR potencialze,
romelic xels Seuwyobs konstruqciuli dialogis dawyebas da mediatoris
daxmarebiT SeTanxmebis miRwevas.
aseT dros mediatoris funqciaa dapirispirebul mxareTa miyvana molaparakebis
magidasTan ara gasamarTlebis, aramed sakuTari azris gamoTqmis SesaZleblobis
principze, ara uazro rCevebis micemiT – aramed mxareebis mosmeniTa da
konfedencialurobiT. es meTodi saqarTvelos mTavrobam ukve gamoiyena, magram
prioritetebi saWiroebebze, interesebze rTuldeba, iweleba droSi, ver Rebulobs
saTanado formulirebas da ar Cans Sedegi. ra Tqma unda, mediators – mesame
miukerZoebel pirs didi mniSvneloba aqvs, vinaidan dialogis ZiriTadi warmmarTavi
swored mesame piria, romelic yuradRebas amaxvilebs ara subieqtur relobaze,
aramed axal informaciaze. es informacia gamoavlens saerTo interesebs da
mediatori afiqsirebs mxareebis mier gamoTqmul azrebs, akonkretebs maT mierve
mignebul gamosavals. axali ideebi saSualebas iZleva miRweul iqnas gadawyvetileba.
orive mxare dgeba im poziciebze, rodesac iwyeben fiqrs konfliqtis Sedegad
Seqmnili problemebis gadaWraze. fiqsirdeba mxareebis mier mofiqrebuli da
dasaxelebuli variantebi, romelTaganac SeiZleba airCes optimaluri. amgvarad,
SeiZleba moxdes SeTanxmeba mxareebs Soris, romlebic Semdeg xelSekrulebad
gaformdeba.

molaparakebebis dros qarTul mxares urTierToba uwevs ruseTTan, romelic

yvelanairad cdilobs warmarTos procesi aramc Tu stabilizaciisaken, aramed ufro
gaamwvavos. amitom xom ar ajobebda, rom sakiTxi dagveyenebina ara ruseTTan
urTierTobis qargis qveS, aramed rogorc ufro lokaluri – qarTul-afxazuri,
eTnikuri.
afxazeTis e.w. suverenuli saxelmwifo dRevandel msoflioSi adgilis damkvidrebas,
albaT demokratiuli egidiT apirebs. maSin ratom ar SeiZleba prioritetebad iseTi
sakiTxebis gamoyofa, rogoricaa ekonomikuri Tu kulturuli TanamSromloba,
turizmis erTiani qseli, erTiani avtokefalia. mRvdelTmsaxurebas ideologiuri
Zalaufleba gaaCnia da mas SeuZlia ufro metad gaaRrmavos erTianobisaken swrafvis
moTxovnileba. afxazeTis dRevandeli mosaxleobis umravlesoba xom qristiania.
saerTo interesebi moxsnis konfrontacias, daZlevs gaTiSulo-bas, rac ekonomikuri
warmatebis safuZvels Seqmnis da etapobrivad gaaqarwylebs separatistTa politikur
ambiciebs.

qarTuli armia aseTi sakiTxebis gadawyvetis dros, ra Tqma unda, kulisebs miRma
rCeba. mas dRes funqcia ar gaaCnia – ar ZaluZs qveynis sazRvrebis gamagreba. xom ar
iqneboda samxedro sakiTxis gadasinjva erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi dRevandeli
xelisuf-lebisaTvis? ra rols asrulebs dRes qarTuli jari, ra SeuZlia mas da
saerTod Wirdeba ki aseT patara qveyanas armia Tavdacvis mizniT?

xom ar ajobebda saqarTvelos politikuri urTierTobebi liberaluri gzebiT

Camoeyalibebina, Tavidanve uari eTqva armiaze, Tavi neitralur saxelmwifod
gamoecxadebina da savaldebulo samxedro samsaxurisaTvis simboluri xasiaTi
mieniWebina.
aseTi midgoma, albaT, bevr vai patriots ukan daxevad moeCveneba. magram arsebobs
msoflio gamocdileba, rodesac globaluri pr oblemebi gadawyvetila uomrad,
sisxlis gareSe, ise, rogorc es iyo indoeTis magaliTze – etapobrivad,
erTsulovani moTxovniT.
araZaladobrivi politika mowinaaRmdege mxareebs Soris uTanxmoebis barieris
mospobas axerxebs siyvarulisa da TanagrZnobis gamowveviT. es yvelaze rTuli gzaa,
romelic moiTxovs maRal-zneobrivi sazogadoebis Seqmnas, sadac Rirseuli adamianebi
usamarTlobas SeebrZolebian jansaRi azriT da Canergaven rwmenas axali samyaros
samarTlianobis Sesaxeb.

sityva warmoTqmuli nobelis premiis gadacemic ceremonialze

icxak rabini

Tqveno udidebulesobav!

minda mivesalmo norvegiis nobelis premiis komitetis wevrebsa da pativcemul

Tavmjdomares, norvegiis premier-ministrs, laureatebs, Tavmjdomare arafatsa da
israelis sagareo saqmeTa ministrs Simon peress.

Teqvsmeti wlis asakSi, rodesac axalgazrdebi maTematikisa da bibliis

saidumloebebis amocnobas cdiloben; im asakSi, rodesac adamiani pirvel siyvaruls
ganicdis, iZulebuli viyavi, iaraRiT xelSi damecva Cemi samSoblo.

me amaze ar vocnebobdi. yovelTvis mindoda, hidroinJineri gamovsuliyavi.

vswavlobdi sasoflo-sameurneo saswavlebelSi da mimaCnda, rom hidroinJinris
profesia gaudabnoebul axlo aRmosav-leTSi mniSvnelovani iyo. me dResac ase
vfiqrob.
aTwleulebis manZilze samxedro uwyebebSi vmsaxurobdi. Cemi meTaurobiT,
axalgazrda qalebi da vaJebi, romlebsac sicocxlisa da siyvarulis wyurvili
amoZravebdaT, sicocxles swiravdnen samSoblos.
qalbatonebo da batonebo!

me xSirad mqonia SesaZlebloba, TviTmfrinavidan damenaxa israelis saxelmwifo da

mTeli axlo aRmosavleTi. merwmuneT, zemodan danaxuli xedi ulamazesia: lurji
zRvebi, mwvane mindvrebi, udabnoebi, nacrisferi mTebi, TeTri saxlebi wiTeli
saxuravebiT.
am teritoriaze bevri sasaflaocaa.

axlo aRmosavleTSi, Cvens saxelmwifoSi, agreTve egvipteSi, siriaSi, libansa da

iordaniaSi asobiT sasaflaoa. TviTmfrinavis fanjridan utyvi saflavebi moCans,
magram maTi xma wlebis manZilze gaismoda mTels msoflioSi.
dRes me minda, pativi mivago yvelas, vinc ganvlil omebSi daiRupa. agreTve, msurs
gavixseno daRupulTa ojaxis wevrebi, radgan es premia maT ekuTvniT.

qalbatonebo da batonebo!

me viyavi axalgazrda adamiani, romelic asakSi Sevida. samocda-Tormeti wlis asakSi

uamravi mogoneba maqvs. yvelaze mZafri mogo-nebebi siCumes ukavSirdeba.

Tavdacvis ministris postze yofnisas, me samxedro operaciebis ganxorcielebasTan

dakavSirebul gankargulebebs gavcemdi. gamar-jvebis an damarcxebis gancdasTan erTad,
me mudam memaxsovreba aseTi gankargulebebis Semdgomi wuTebi.

amgvar momentebs adamiani verasodes iviwyebs. me vxvdebodi, rom am gadawyvetilebebis

gamo SeiZleba adamianebi daRupuliyvnen.
am momentis win isini icinian, momavlis gegmebs awyoben da warmodgena ara aqvT imis
Sesaxeb, rom es maTi ukanaskneli dReebia.
wlebis manZilze axlo aRmosavleTi uflis mfarvelobas iyo moklebuli.
qalbatonebo da batonebo!

me viyavi axalgazrda adamiani, romelic asakSi Sevida. Cemi cxovrebis

samocdaTormeti wlis manZilze, garkveuli imedebic mqonda.
Cveni xalxis sicocxle Cvens xelTaa. dRes Cven imediT gviyureben da ainteresebT,
Tu rogori iqneba xvalindeli dRe.
bavSvi arademokratiul pirobebSi ibadeba. mas ar SeuZlia sakuTari mSoblebis arCeva.
is ver Seicvlis kanis fers an sqess, religias, erovnebasa da samSoblos. dabadebis
dRidan, mis beds qveynis liderebi gansazRvraven. maTzea damokidebuli, uzrunvel-
yofili iqneba Tu ara qveynis axali moqalaqe. axladdabadebuli bavSvis cxovreba
Cvens (mTavrobebis) xelTaa.

qalbatonebo da batonebo!

nebismier qveyanas sakuTari, sxvebisagan gansxvavebuli kanonebi, kultura, tradiciebi

aqvs, hyavs sakuTari liderebi. magram arsebobs erTi universaluri kanoni, romelic
mTeli msofliosaTvis saerToa: sicocxlis uzenaesoba.
qveynis liderebma mosaxleobas cxovrebis saukeTeso pirobebi unda Seuqmnan.
gardacvlili adamiani, miniWebuli uflebebiT ver isargeblebs. amitom nebismieri
qveyana, Tavisi moqalaqeebis dacvas unda Seecados. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi SevZlebT
moqalaqeebis jarSi gawvevas. mebrZoli moqalaqeebis dasacavad, Cven investiciebs
vdebT SeiaraRebaSi, magram miuxedavad amisa, yvela adamianis gadarCena SeuZlebelia.

adamianis gadarCenis erTaderTi saSualeba arsebobs: es aris mtkice mSvidobis

damyareba.
qalbatonebo da batonebo!

jariskacis profesia garkveul paradoqss Seicavs. jarSi Cven saukeTesoni migvyavs,

vawvdiT maT iaraRs, romelic Zalian Zviri jdeba. Cven maT momavali
movaleobebisaTvis vamzadebT. amave dros, Cven vloculobT, rom sisxlisRvra Tavidan
aviciloT.
istorias axsovs uamravi movlena, romelsac aTasobiT adamiani Seewira: aseTad
SeiZleba miviCnioT nacizmi. Cveni Taobis yvela liders mudam Tvalwin unda edgas
sasaflaoze mimavali bavSvebisa da krematoriumis SesasvlelTan mdgari qalebis
SeSinebuli saxeebi. meore msoflio omi yvelasaTvis magaliTi unda iyos.

xandaxan, sicocxlis xelSeuxeblobis dasacavad, saWiroa riski. zogjer, sakuTari

sicocxlis dasacavad brZola gvixdeba.
israelis saxelmwifoSi adamianis sicocxle umaRlesi Rirebulebaa. Cven oms manam ar
viwyebdiT, sanam sxvebma ar gvaiZules.
israelis istoriaSi cnobilia faqtebi, rodesac jariskacebi sicocxles swiravdnen
samSoblos.
uaxloes momavalSi israelis Tavdacvis saministro daasrulebs jariskacebis qcevis
kodeqsis SemuSavebas. me moviyvan ramdenime citatas:

`jariskaci sakuTar sicocxles safrTxes Seuqmnis mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es

aucilebelia masze dakisrebuli misiis gansaxorcieleblad.

adamianis xelSeuxebloba israelis Tavdacvis Zalebis nebismier qmedebaSi

gamovlindeba.~

wlebis manZilze es sityvebi Cveni qmedebis safuZvels warmoadgenda.

qalbatonebo da batonebo!

Cven, mSvidobis damyarebis procesSi varT. es rTulad misaRwevi procesia. nebismieri

Secdoma mniSvnelovnad Seaferxebs mSvidobis damyarebas.

Cven ar davnebdebiT da yovelmxriv vecdebiT, mSvidobis damyarebas, radgan mSvidoba

CvenTvis da Cveni SvilebisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi faseulobaa. mSvidobis damyareba
aseve mniSvnelovania Cveni mokavSireebisaTvis: norvegiisaTvis, aSS-sa da ruseTisaTvis.
am qveynebma mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes kairosa da vaSingtonis SeTanxmebebis
miRwevaSi. me minda, madloba movuxado yvelas, vinc samSvidobo procesis warmarTvaSi
gvexmaremoda.

dRes me aq marto ar var. me gamovdivar ebraeli xalxisa da im poetebis saxeliT,

romlebic mSvidobis damyarebaze ocnebobdnen, iseve, rogorc esaia winaswarmetyveli.
me, aseve gamovdivar ebraeli xalxis Svilebis saxeliT, iseTi Svilebisa, rogorebic
iyvnen albert ainStaini, zigmund froidi, barux spinoza da franc kafka.
me gamovdivar im milionebis saxeliT, romlebic holokostis msxverplni arian.
aseve, gamovdivar ierusalimis saxeliTac.
Tu nebas damrTavT, me visaubreb Cveni mezobeli saxelmwifoebis saxeliTac,
romlebic Cveni mtrebi iyvnen. dRes CemTan erTad aris israelis xuTi milioni
moqalaqe, aseve ebraelebi, arabebi, druzebi da Cerqezebi, romlebsac mSvidobis
damyareba surT.
qalbatonebo da batonebo!

me minda, madloba movaxseno israelis moqalaqeebs, romlebic Tavdauzogavad ibrZvian

mSvidobis dasamyareblad.
es premia, agreTve ekuTvniT egviptelebs, iordanelebsa da palestinelebs,
palestinis ganmaTavisuflebeli armiis liders, iasir arafats.

me minda, madloba movaxseno israelis mTavrobas da sagareo saqmeTa ministrs Simon

peress.
didi madloba Cems ojaxs, romelic mTeli am xnis manZilze Cems gverdiT iyo.
ra Tqma unda, did madlobas movaxseneb nobelis premiis komitetsa da mis
Tavmjdomares, aseve norvegiel ers.
qalbatonebo da batonebo!

neba miboZeT, Cemi sityva tradiciuli ebrauli locviT davasrulo:

`ufali Zalas Sehmatebs mis xalxs; ufali dalocavs mis xalxs da yvela CvenTagans
mSvidobas mogvivlens.~

niCurta! - me qarTveli var!

giorgi margvelaSvili

qarTuli sazogadoebriv saqmeTa institutis reqtori

sakiTxi, romelsac Cven SevexebiT bevrjer yofila ganxiluli mravali, gansxvavebuli

kuTxidan. nawilobriv, albaT, am ganxilvebma gvibiZges am werilis dasawerad,
nawilobrivac, albaT, survilma gamovxatoT is, rasac vgrZnobT da ase mtkivneulad
ganvicdiT Cveni arsebobis yovel dRes. muza Cveni werilisa varT Cvenve –
qarTvelebi, XXI saukunis eri, RvTiSoblis wilxvedri qveynis Svilebi, ex-gruzinebi
da Georgian Nationalebi, ranni, kaxni, Wanni da a.S.

meoce saukunis bolos Cven – am erma miviReT, Tu aRvidgineT, saxelmwifosa da eris

statusi da daviwyeT Cveni Tavisa da Cveni meobis gamoWedva axal, axla ukve
msoflio sarbielze. daviwyeT Cveni saxis Seqmna.

bevri ram gviSlida Cven xels am mniSvnelovansa da mtkivneul procesSi. pirvel

rigSi Cveni ex-Soviet warsuli. arc Tu ise advili gamodga kremlis veragi
marwuxebidan gamoZroma, da arc imdenad politikur, ramdenadac msoflmxedvelobriv
konteqstSi – “ras vgrimitobdiT qarTveli biWebi ruseTSi!”... “aqedan erTi iaSCiki
koniaki Cagvqonda da iqidan eSalonebiT dagruzuli movdiodiT”... “devuSka, tuda
suda pagulaem, sveJi vozdux paylapaem”... – mokled amis daTmoba ar aris ase
advili. Cvenma erma Seisisxlxorca da bunebrivadac moirgo orsaukunovani ruseTis
batonoba da bevr aspeqtSi igi Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyena. ruseTisagan napatronebi
Cveni qveyana, yovel calkeul saxlSi da binaSi ayvavda da gaifurCqna. carisgan,
xolo Semdeg komunisturi reJimisagan dapyrobilma qarTvelobam, qveyana garedan
SigniT, saxlSi Seitana da iq ki, ukve arxeinad daamRera.

bunebrivad, saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgena am atitudisa Tu msoflmxedvelobis

Secvlas niSnavda. saqarTvelo ganjinidan gareT – quCaSi, gzaze, sazRvrebsa da
sazRvargareT unda gamosuliyo da gamoCeniliyo. magram, es iluzia, utopia aRmoCnda,
Zneli aRmoCnda im ZiriTadi veqtoris Secvla, romelic ori saukunis manZilze
garedan SigniT azidinebda qarTvels. da rogor SeiZleboda imisi warmodgena, rom
Cven es, rodesme gagviadvildeboda, rom Cven ase uceb, erT RameSi viqceodiT
normalur erad? nebismieri Wkuadmyofeli, ara eqimic ki getyviT, rom seriozulad
gamrudebuli fsiqikis morCena erT dReSi ki ara, praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. maS
saidan unda morCeniliyo da ganaTlebuliyo mTeli eri, romelTac bolo ori
saukunis ganmavlobaSi meTodurad akninebdnen da xels uwyobdnen TviTdakninebaSi.
xels uwyobdnen imaSi, rom meoce saukunis bolos, CamovyalibebuliyaviT
saxelmwifod, erad, romelic yvelas uyvars, yvelas ecodeba, romlis gamoc
“saqarTvelos megobrebs” guli SestkivaT, magram romelsac ver Svelian sakuTari
sisulelis, sijiutisa Tu siClungis gamo?

albaT, imedi didi saqarTvelos momavlisa, Tavidanve iyo iluziuri, amas dRes bevri
xvdeba, magram ra aris imis mizezi, rac Cven Cveni Tavisagan SevqmeniT meoce saukunis
bolos? rogoria Cveni avadmyofobis furceli? diagnozi da prognozi?

diagnozi erTmniSvnelovania – gonebrivi sisuste, msubuqi debilobis formiT – anu

faqtiurad mdgomareoba, rodesac adamianis fsiqikuri ganviTareba Cerdeba garkveul
adreul etapze da ar aRwevs zrdasrul formamde. zrdasruli adamianis tani da
susti, adreuli asakisaTvis Sesaferisi azrovneba – ai saqarTvelos mosaxleobis,
qarTveli eris dRevandeli mdgomareoba.

magram, naTelia, rom debiloba individSi da gonebrivi sisuste erSi, gansxvavebulad

gamoixateba. maSin, rodesac konkretuli adamianis SefasebisaTvis, sakmarisia
daakvirdeT mis qcevas, eris SemTxvevaSi, analizi gansxvavebul parametrTa analizs
gulisxmobs, aq unda amoicnoT ufro zogadi - qcevis paternebi, socialurad
miRebuli normebi, msoflmxedvelobis formebi, ideologia, tradiciebi da wes-
Cveulebebi. am gamovlinebebis analiziT, Cven vaanalizebT sociums, rogorc aseTs da
konkretulad, qarTuli sociumis analizisas, vaskvniT, rom Cveni socialuri
organizmi, gonebrivi sisustis mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. SeniSvnisaTvis, es ar niSnavs,
rom Tu am tradiciebis, am wesebisa da am mentalitetis individs gavasinjebT
fsiqiatrs, igi mas gonebriv siClunges, anda raime fsiqiuri aSlilobis formas
daudasturebs, sruliadac ara. magram, amave dros am individebisagan Semdgari eri,
SesaZloa iyos gonebasusti. batoni mixako wereTlis gansazRvrebas rom daveTanxmoT,
eri metia, vidre misi Semadgeneli calkeuli individebis jami, eri calke cocxali
organizmia. Sesabamisad, am calke cocxali organizmis Sesaxeb SesaZlebelia
vimsjeloT ganyenebulad, rogorc calke mTelze da mivuyenoT kidec mas Sefasebis
kriteriumebi. da swored es cocxali organizmi Cveni erisa aris mZimed avad.
rogorc mogaxseneT diagnozi – gonebrivi CamorCeniloba. raSi gamoixateba? – raSi
da Cveni arsebobis wesSi. debiloba mxolod gonebriv CamorCenilobas gulisxmobs,
Sesabamisad, avadmyofi funqcionirebs principSi normalurad, xSirad normalurad
socialur aspeqtSic ki, magram aSkaraa misi gonebrivi da fizikuri ganviTarebis
Seusabamoba. anu, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, am avadmyofobis ZiriTadi niSani swored
SeusabamobaSia.

Cvens yofaSi ki, Seusabamoba vlindeba mTel rig plastebsa da doneebze. mokled:

- Seusabamoba TviTSefasebasTan. qarTvelebi, cnobierad Tu qvecnobierad, polusur,

“ze” registrSi afaseben Tavis Tavs. an Zalian kargebi, an yvelaze cudebi. ai aseT
isteriul, gadaxtoma-gadmoxtomaSi atarebs Cveni sazogadoeba dros. magram xom
bunebrivi da naTelia, rom pirvelni namdvilad ara varT, da albaT, arc meore
niSania CvenTvis srulad misaRebi. magram Cven ver vaxdenT imas, rac bunebrivia
zrdasruli inteleqtisaTvis da gonebrivi ganviTarebis erT-erT normalur etaps
warmoadgens: Cven ver vaxdenT realobisa da am realobaSi sakuTari Tavis Sefasebas.
Cven gavCerdiT daaxloebiT im safexurze, rodesac bavSvi iZaxis – “mamaCemi cis
tolaa” – da samwuxarod ver gavcdiT am etaps - “erTi qarTveli aTs sjobnida...”,
“daviT mefem es samtoniani qva erTi xeliT amoitana gelaTSi, meoreTi ki Tmas
ivarcxnida...” - da rac mTavaria vambobT da vimeorebT ra amas, Cven ar gvjera Cvenive
naTqvamis. Cven am SemTxvevaSi viqceviT zustad ise, rogorc bavSvebi, vambobT
imisaTvis, rom Cvenma naTqvamma Cvenve dagvajeros. biWs uWiravs saTamaSo saWe da
ezoSi darbis – dRRRRuuunnnnnnn.... – yviris da hgonia, rom manqana mihyavs. igives
rom gaakeTebs oci wlis asakSi, debilobas daudgenen, mizezi – asakTan Seusabamo
gonebrivi ganviTareba.

- Seusabamoni varT Cven Cvens ideologiur safuZvlebSic. “gaumarjos saqarTvelos!

genacvalebiT, gexutebiT, Tqvens siyvarulSi vtrialeb Cemo vaJkaco da dido xalxo!!!
TqvenTvis vcocxlob da TqvenTvis movkvdebi, venacvale am miwa-wyals, am xalxs da am
gagebas...” – es rom ubralod sadRegrZelo iyos, iyos ritualisaTvis naTqvami
sityva, maSin arauSavs. magram ar gegonoT, rom am sityvebis mTqmeli tyuis. am
adamians swams Tavisi naTqvamis. magram, rogor, is xom realurad moZalade, meqrTame,
gamcemi da mCagvrelia? yovelgvari normaluri logikiT igi an unda tyuodes an
disonansSi, konfliqtSi iyos sakuTar “me”-sTan. magram es ar xdeba. metic, martivi
fsiqologiuri logikiT, intensiuri gameoreba raime teqstisa, miTumetes emociuri
Tanxvedris fonze, bunebrivad qmnis Sesabamis ganwyobas da amTlianebs fsiqikas am
konkretuli mimarTulebiT. am princips xmarobs autotreiningi da bihevioristuli
fsiqologia. magram es meTodi ar Wris qarTvelze. ratom? erTi martivi mizeziT,
qarTvelis cnobiereba ar aris im etapze, rodesac xdeba pirovnebis sruli
gamTlianeba. gaixseneT, bavSvebi, erT wuTSi eqimobanas TamaSoben, meore wuTSi,
ordroSobanas, xeze Cits da fexburTs. warmoidgineT erTi saaTi eqimad rom
imuSaoT, meore - partizanad, mesame - Spionad da meoTxe - fexburTelad, erT dReSi
dagengreodaT fsiqika, zrdasruli fsiqika mimarTulia mTlianobisaken da amitom ver
uZlebs aseT radikalur cvlilebebs. zrdasruli fsiqika ufro stabiluria, bavSvisa
ki ufro labiluri da amitomac iolad audis rolebis swraf cvlas. iseve, rogorc
qarTveli eri – “venacvale qarTvelebs, gexutebiT daviTisa da Tamaris
STamomavlebo”, da amave dros, iqve, imwamsve – “ar moitan ki ara, dedabudianad
amogwyvitavT me Tqveni binZuri deda...” – arc erTSi tyuis, es CvenTvis nacnobi
personaJi da arc meoreSi – igi TamaSobs – salka, joxi, laxti, rezinobana...
_ Seusabamoba saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi. ai mipasuxeT, ranair saxelmwifos
aaSenebdnen bavSvebi, “saxelmwifoobana”, rom eTamaSad. arcaa saWiro gamocnoba –
saqarTvelos msgavss. arCevani, aradani, muSti-sila... ra aris qarTuli saxelmwifo
Tu ara TamaSi – “saxelmwifoobana”? ZiriTadi wesi TamaSisa, roca bavSvebi TamaSoben
TamaSs, aris: “arauSavs” da “mapatie ra” da “ar mindoda”; da kidev is, rom es
yvelaferi TamaSia da ara realoba. es zustad isaa, rasac Cveni saxelmwifo
warmoadgens. am saxelmwifoSi bevri ram xdeba ise, gegoneba realobasTan kavSiri ar
hqondes. erTni iparaven, mdidrdebian, iReben da iReben, meoreni Ratakdebian da
ubedurdebian. logikurad es disbalansia, disbalansi, romlis gasworebisakenac unda
iltvodes mTeli eri, magram es disbalansi narCundeba da ar icvleba. TamaSSi,
romelSic erTi mxare “Jilkobs”, meorec cdilobs “JilkobiT” moigos. yoveli
uqoneli qarTvelis mizania, ara gamoasworos viTareba, aramed TviTonac ixeiros
sxvaTa xarjze. Cveni saxelmwifo “pampulaobis” TamaSsa hgavs, Tu wagarTves burTi –
Sen xar pampula, Tu Sen waarTmev – sxva, magram burTi arsad ar midis, mas mizani
ara aqvs, igi moTamaSidan moTamaSesTan gadadis. CvenTan araa korufcia, Cven ubralod
pampulaobas vTamaSobT, dRes Sen gapampulaveben, xval Sen gaqvs burTi. Tavis arsSi
ki es yvelaferi TamaSia, Tu erTma meores fexi wamosdo, etyvis “mapatie ra, ar
mindoda” da sxvebic etyvian – “arauSavs, TamaSia ra”...

- Semdegi niSania, Seusabamoba nebelobiT funqciasTan. rogorc infantiloba, rogorc

gonebrivi CamorCenilobis kidev erTi gamoxatuleba. albaT gaxsovT is dakvirveba
qarTul azrovnebaze, samocdaaTianebSi rom gakeTda, qarTuli winsarTis “Semo-“-s
analizis safuZvelze. “Semomakvda”, “SemomeWama”, “Semomeupatiura” – es xom
infantiluri, labiluri fsiqikis maxasiaTebeli terminebia. qarTvelisaTvis
bunebrivi, gasagebi da socialurad misaRebia, impulsuri qcevis dominireba. amiT,
xSirad movwonvarT kidec ucxoelebs, imitom, rom Cven advilad vambobT uars
racionaluri azrovnebis dominantze da impulsebs avyvebiT. Cveulebrivi, zrdasruli
fsiqikis pirobebSi aseTi qceva maRal emociur fons gulisxmobs, romelic aCumebs
racionalur xmas da impulsebs aZlevs prioritets; amitomac vgonivarT Cven
emociurebi. magram Cven ara emociurebi, aramed infantilurebi varT. Cven emociaTa
mozRvavebis gamo ki ara varT impulsurni, aramed imitom, rom racionalur
azrovnebas CvenSi susti safuZveli aqvs. – “iswavle miSiko, Torem meezove
gamoxval”, - “au, gamiSvi ra ezoSi, ra”... da mere ukve Semoakvdeba, SemoeWmeba da
Semoeupatiureba miSikos vinme, impulsuria biWi da imitom...
- Seusabamoba SemoqmedebaSi. gasaocaria, magram yvelaferSi pretenziuli qarTvelebi
ar arian pretenziulni imaSi, raSic yvelaze ufro maRal standartebs unda
eswrafodnen – SemoqmedebaSi. erTi mReris madonasaviT, meore xatavs maleviCiviT,
mesame wers joisis stilSi da meoTxe ajazebs bregoviCisaviT. gasaocaria,
gasaocaria, radganac xelovneba Tavis arsSi zestandartuli, Tavisufali sivrcea.
xelovneba da sazogadod Semoqmedeba sulis uSualo gamovlinebaa, misi sawyisi da
xarisxi damokidebulia imaze, ramdenad ZaluZs individs Tavisi da samyaros arsis
gaxsna da gadmocema, gaziareba. amdenad, xelovneba araa aranairad damokidebuli
dominantur stilze, modaze Tu sxva socialur standartebze, Semoqmedeba TviTon
qmnis am standartebs. garda, im SemTxvevisa, rodesac patara bavSvs ufrosebis winaSe
leqss aTqmevineben an amRereben skamze Semdgars. ai am SemTxvevaSi ki ukve mibaZvas,
kargad gamosul imitacias didi mniSvneloba aqvs. iseve, rogorc Cvens garemoSi,
kargia is, rac kargad gadmomRerebulia – marTalia, radganac Cven bavSvebi varT da
bavSvebis garemoSi vtrialebT.
magram, diagnozi, bevrad aris damokidebuli gamomwvevi mizezebis analizzec, ram
gamoiwvia avadmyofoba?
mizezi gonebrivi sisustisa, xSirad sxvadasxvaa, is SeiZleba travmuli, an
Tandayolilic iyos, magram Cvens SemTxvevaSi, albaT, ufro kompleqsur,
kombinirebul mizezTa konglomeratTan gvaqvs saqme.

- pirvelyovlisa, mizezi mZime bavSvoba, araswori aRzrdaa. am SemTxvevaSi, wili

pasuxismgeblobisa, erTmniSvnelovnad ruseTis imperiis, loTi, mflangveli da
emociurad daubalansebeli aRmzrdelebis sindiszea. ruseTma Segviqmna garemo,
romelic nebismieri bavSvis fsiqikas gaamrudebda. arc mogvxeda, gvipatrona da
gvaswavla saxelmwifod da erad cxovreba, da arc Cven mogvca Cveni Rirebulebebisa
da unarebis SenarCunebis ufleba. xan zedmetad gagvibrazdeboda da xan zedmetad
gvefereboda. xan yvelafers gvisrulebda da xan arafers. erTis mxriv, nergavda
parvis, meqrTameobis da muqTaxorobis garemos, xolo meores mxriv gvsjida Tu
elementaruli Rirsebisa an sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis precedents gamovamJRavnebdiT.
mokled, faqtiurad dagvRupa, mogviSala fsiqika.
- magram, ara mxolod ruseTi, loTi mamis pirobebSi, mniSvnelovnad amrudebda Cvens
azrovnebas Cveni dedac - qarTlis deda – erT xelSi Tasi da meoreSi xmali...
qarTlis deda akeTebda imas, rac principSi, loTi mamis pirobebSi, qalisaTvis
bunebrivia – daiwyo Tavisi bavSvis dacva da zedmeti mofrTxileba. qarTlis dedam
gaakeTa ise, rom bavSvi aramc da aramc ar Sedga kacad. isic mamasaviT yvelafers
usrulebda, gaaTavxeda da gaamaimuna. da Tanac, sawylad marto darCenils, loTi
qmris xelSi sul eSinoda Svilis dakargva, da Seecada misi bavSvoba maqsimalurad
gaewela, ise, rom ar misca bunebrivi ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba. erTis Tqma ki
SeiZleba mis gasamarTleblad – marTla ar undoda...

ar undoda, magram Sedegad miiRo, kaci bavSvis fsiqikiT. kaci, romelsac zrdasruli
adamianis erT-erTi ZiriTadi Tviseba – pasuxismgebloba da socialuri azrovneba ar
gaaCnia. aseTia qarTveli. qarTvels ar eSinia Secdomis daSvebis, cudad moqcevis,
radganac “deda yvelafers apatiebs”. deda jaridanac daixsnis, miliciidanac
gamoiyvans, umaRlesSic moawyobs, uSovnis colsac da samsaxursac – “enacvalos
deda”... ori, ukve Ripiani da ulvaS damSvenebuli kaci laguna veres auzSi
xvancalebs, erTmaneTs wyals awuweben, icinian, mxiaruloben. gegonebaT deda dgas
zeviT da uyurebs, xarobs, moeswro biWebi, pirsaxoci aqvs gadakidebuli xelze da
Tan mzrunvelad, eubneba, “ramazi, besiki, amodiT wylidan, ar gacivdeT”, da Tan
tkbeba sanaxaobiT, isini ki TamaSoben, uxariaT...
am pirobebSi, bunebrivia Zalian mZimdeba klinika da is Sedegi, rac dRes saxezea, ara
marto mosalodneli, aramed gardauvalia. gardauvalia, bavSvs, romelsac aseTi
mSoblebi hyavs, hqondes problemebi zrdasrulobis asakSi, iseve rogorc Cven.
magram, aseT xalxs, Cveulebriv garemo lmobierad eqceva, iseve, rogorc Cvenc –
niCurta – gvapatieT valebi, Cven qarTvelebi varT...

qarTuli kultura: qaluri, mamakacuri, bavSvuri

gaga niJaraZe, fsiqologi

IBM, mogexsenebaT, erT-erTi udidesi kompaniaa msoflioSi. misi filialebi da

sawarmoebi xuTive kontinentis ramdenime aTeul qveyanaSia ganTavsebuli. maTi
menejerebi, bunebrivia, sxvadasxva eris warmomadgenlebi arian, magram yvela maTgani
standartul momzadebas gadioda programiT, romelic dafuZnebuli iyo amerikuli
menejmentis Teoriisa da praqtikis saukeTeso miRwevebze. droTa ganmavlobaSi
gamoikveTa damafiqrebeli faqti – amgvarad momzadebuli menejerebi gansxvavebul
qveynebSi, gansxvavebuli warmatebiT uZRvebodnen sawarmoebs. cxadi gaxda, rom
menejmentis amerikuli modeli universaluri araa; saqmis warmatebuli
gaZRolisaTvis aucilebelia ama Tu im qveynis kulturuli Taviseburebebis
gaTvaliswineba.

kompaniam ar daiSura saxsrebi da daafinansa socialuri fsiqologiis istoriaSi

erT-erTi yvelaze masStaburi gamokvleva, romelsac saTaveSi Caudga holandieli
mecnieri g. hofstede. gamokiTxul iqna aTiaTasobiT adamiani 60-ze met qveyanaSi,
dagrovda uzarmazari informacia, romlis damuSavebis Sedegad hoftedem ara marto
gamoaswora IBM-is “Camor-Cenili~ filialebis mdgomareoba (kvlevis Semdeg
menejerTa momzadebis programaSi saTanado koreqtivebi Seitanes), aramed kulturis
fsiqologias axali Teoriac SesTavaza. am Teoriis mixedviT, arsebobs oTxi e.w.
“kulturuli ganzomileba~; saTanado statistikuri masalis damuSavebis Sedegad
TiToeul maTganze ama Tu im kulturas miewereba garkveuli ricxviTi mniSvneloba,
romelTa Tanafardoba gansazRvravs kulturis “profils~.
erT-erTi aseTi ganzomilebaa maskulinoba-feminoba, romelic gviCvenebs ramdenad,
pirobiTad rom vTqvaT, qaluria Tu mamakacuria esa Tu is kultura. maskulinur
kulturebSi tradiciuli mamakacuri Rirebulebebi mTel sazogadoebas msWvalaven, da
maT qalebic iziareben. amgvari kulturebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mamakacisa da
qalis socialuri rolebis mkveTri gamijnva da normireba; arsebobs mamakacuri da
qaluri profesiebi, saqmianoba da maTi aRreva dauSvebelia (magaliTad, qali ar unda
ijdes saWesTan); qalis cxovreba ufro mkacradaa normirebuli, xolo wesis
darRvevisaTvis mas ufro mZime sasjeli elis, vidre kacs; sazogadoebrivi
faseulobani dakavSirebulia miRwevasTan, gmirobasTan, gamarjvebasTan; fasobs
“yvelaze-yvelaze~ - yvelaze didi, yvelaze maRali da misT. msoflios ganviTarebul
kulturebSi (gasagebia, rom preindustriul etapze myofi kulturebi IBM-s
naklebad ainteresebda) maskulinobis yvelaze maRali indeqsi aRiniSna iaponiaSi;
Semdeg, soliduri CamorCeniT, modian germanul-enovani kulturebi.

feminur kulturebSi dominanturi Rirebulebebia isini, romlebic tradiciulad

qalis rols ukavSirdebian: Tavmdabloba, cxovrebis xarisxi (komforti da
daculoba), daxmarebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT sustebis mimarT, mzadyofna, bunebriv
garemoze zrunva, urTierToba fulze Zvirfasia, lamazia ara “yvelaze didi~, aramed
patara da koxta. feminurobis maCvenebliT lideroben skandinaviis qveynebi da
holandia (gavixsenoT, am qveynebis mosaxleobis didi nawili, ZiriTadad, mrisxane
vikingebis STamomavlobas warmoadgens!).
yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi hofstedes gamokvleva ar Catarebula. miuxedavad
amisa, mainc SeiZleba zogierTi daskvnis gakeTeba maskulinoba-feminurobis
TvalsazrisiT. magaliTad, rusul kulturaSi yvelaze popularuli wmindanebi iyvnen
ara rwmenisaTvis Tavdadebuli gmirebi, aramed udanaSaulo msxverplebi - borisi da
glebi, ufliswuli dimitri. es ki feminuri niSania. amasTan, rusuli kulturisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli swrafva grandiozuli Senobebisa Tu proeqtebisadmi am kulturaSi
Zlier maskulinur sawyiszedac miuTiebs. ase rom, “Sereuli~ kulturebic arsebobs.
Tu maskulinoba-feminobis TvalsazrisiT qarTul kultu-ras ganvixilavT, erTob
rTuli suraTi warmogvidgeba. erTi SexedviT, Cveni kultura calsaxad maskulinuria
- xelmZRvanel postebze mamakacebi bevrad sWarboben qalebs, ojaxSi biWis gaCena,
Cveulebriv, ufro sasurvelia, qalebis cxovrebis normebi, gansakuTrebiT seqsis
sferoSi, gacilebiT ufro mkacria; da saerTod, sazogadoebriv warmodgenaSi mamakaci
ufro Wkviani da “srulyofili~ arsebaa, vidre qali.

magram Tu ufro Rrmad CavukvirdebiT, saqmis viTareba sxvagvarad warmogvidgeba.

qarTul kulturaSi wamyvani Rirebulebaa urTierToba da ara saqme, rac feminuri
niSania. Cveni erovnuli simbolo qalia – qarTlis deda, romelic, ar dagvaviwydes,
mamakacuri atributebiTaa aRWurvili. yvelaze popularuli istoriuli figuraa -
Tamar mefe. zogadad ki yvelaze mniSvnelovani da saTayvano socialuri roli
saqarTveloSi aris deda (rasakvirvelia, dedis cneba sxva kulturebSic
umniSvnelovanesia, magram saqarTveloSi mas mainc gansakuTrebuli datvirTva aqvs).

cnobilma fsiqologma erix fromma Semoitana “dedobrivi~ da “mamobrivi~ siyvarulis

cneba. dedobrivi siyvaruli upiroboa – rogorc ar unda moiqces Svili, ra
uaryofiTi Tvisebebi ar hqondes – mas ar emuqreba mSoblis siyvarulis dakargva an
Tundac Sesusteba. mamobrivi siyvaruli ki ganpirobebulia – Tu Svili raRac
pirobebs ar Seasrulebs, igi aRar eyvarebaT.

siyvarulis aRwerili tipebi SeiZleba akavSirebdes ara marto mSoblebs da Svilebs,

aramed nebismieri sqesisa da erTmaneTTan sxvadasxva damokidebulebaSi myof
adamianebs – megobrebs, naTesavebs da a.S. fromis azriT, Tanamedrove dasavleTis
bevri problema gansazRvrulia imiT, rom aq mamobrivma siyvarulma praqtikulad
gandevna dedobrivi; urTierTobebi, maT Soris ojaxuri, formalizebulia,
gulwrfeli grZnobebi ewireba karieris, saqmis moTxovnebs. qarTul kulturaSi saqme
sawinaaRmdegodaa: “Cemiani~ yovelTvis marTalia, saqmis interesebi daqvemdebarebulia
araformaluri urTierTobis normebs, erTi sityviT, dedobrivi tipis urTierTobebia
gamefebuli.

dedobrivi tipis urTierTobaTa siWarbe qarTul kultu-raSi ganapirobebs bavSvis

aRzrdis stils da am aRzrdis saboloo “produqtsac~.

aRzrdis qarTuli stilisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia bavSi-saTvis maqsimaluri

komfortisa da zrunvis atmosferos Seqmna, misi problemebis mogvareba mSoblebis
mier, Svilis aRqma ara rogorc momavali suverenuli pirovnebisa, aramed mSoblebis
ganuyofeli nawilisa. Sedegad bavSvebs da, Sesabamisad mozrdilebs, romlebadac
iqcevian es bavSvebi, axasiaTebT nebelobis mkveTri deficiti. nebeloba fsiqikuri
funqciaa, romlis meSveobiTac adamiani amJamad arasasurvel qcevas mimarTavs, an
cnobierad iTmens gasaWirs, momavali jildos imediT (magaliTad, arcTu saintereso
sagans swavlobs im rwmeniT, rom es momaval profesiul saqmianobaSi daexmareba).
swored es Tviseba (romelic mamakacurad iTvleba) sruliad ar inergeba qarTuli
tradiciuli, ojaxuri Tu saskolo, pedagogikis mier. es ki gansazRvravs bevr iseT
problemebs, romlebic ase mZimed awevs dRevandel saqarTvelos. mTeli Cveni
sazogadoeba, saSualo individiT Tu ojaxiT dawyebuli da saxelmwifos mmarTveli
wreebiT damTavrebuli, orienti-rebulia dRevandel dReze da sruliad ar fiqrobs
momavalze. ufro sworad, gvaqvs sakmaod bundovani rwmena, rom Tu raRac moxdeba,
gamosavalic moiZebneba - vinme dagvexmareba, naTesavebi, megobrebi an amerika, -
rogorc deda gvexmareboda bavSvobaSi.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli kultura infantilizmis, anu umwifarobis,

bavSvurobis, daRiTaa aRbeWdili, da swored es gansazRvravs mamakacuri da qaluri
niSnebis erTob ucnaur kombinacias Cvens sazogadoebaSi. aq unda veZioT dedis
socialuri rolis, centraluri adgili Cvens cxovrebaSi. Cven gvsurs bavSvebad
davrCeT, amisaTvis ki mudmivad gvWirdeba deda. xSirad qarTveli mamakaci colSic
dedas eZiebs (rac zogjer seriozul konfliqts iwvevs namdvil dedasTan).

saboloo jamSi ki viRebT Cveni cxovrebis wess: nominaluri lideri mamakacia,

realuri ki - qali, ufro zustad ki deda. swored qali iRebs umeteswilad
gadawyvetilebas, rogor daixarjos ojaxuri biujeti, sad iswavlos bavSvma, rogor
daojaxdes... magram es xdeba ara marto ojaxis doneze - gavixsenoT, rogori
gavleniT sargeblobdnen qveynis pirveli pirebis colebi, madam mJavanaZiT
dawyebuli...

aRwerili viTareba araa jansaRi - sazogadoeba an maskulinuri unda iyos, an

feminuri; infantilur sazogadoebas mxolod daqvemdebarebuli qveynis statusiT
SeuZlia arseboba - swored amitom vcxovrobdiT ase udardelad sabWoTa kavSirSi.
axla udardelad veRar vcxovrobT - da verc vicxovrebT veRarasodes. magram
SegviZlia, rom ukeTesad vicxovroT - im SemTxvevaSi, Tu CavxedavT sakuTar Tavs,
momavals SevxedavT da vipoviT CvenSi Zalas, SevcvaloT cxovrebis Cveuli wesi
istoriis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad.

Intelligens

rati amaRlobeli

didi dro ar gvaSorebs im epoqebs, rodesac samyaroSi feodaluri urTierTobebi

sufevda. sisxlismieri, gvarovnul-memkvidreobiTi faqtori gansazRvravda socialuri
organizmis yoveli Sris arsebobas. mefe - umaRlesi ierarqi, romelsac Teokratiuli
cnobierebis Tanaxmad memkvidreobiT gadaecemoda niWi da ufleba yofiliyo
iniciatori ama Tu im saxelmwifoebrivi Tu sazogadoebriv-socialuri warmonaqmnis
Sinagani Zraobisa, imavdroulad ganasaxierebda sisxlis da memkvidreobiTi sawyisis
upiratesobas [romelSic davanebuli unda yofiliyo genetikuri mexsiereba da
RvTaebrivis pulsacia] sakuTriv adamianis pirovnul, individualur sawyissze.
Tanamedrove civilizaciam adamiani TiTqos gaaTavisufla feodaluri
urTierTobebisagan, magram misi Sinaganawesisagan gaTavisufleba bevrad ufro rTuli
gamodga, vidre es erTi SexedviT Cans. sinamdvileSi ki yovelive garegnulad,
movlenaTa da viTarebaTa zedapirze warimarTa. Cveni werilis mizani swored am
sanaxevrod gaTavisuflebuli, an saerTod ver gaTavisuflebuli cnobierebis
konkretul viTarebebSi gamovlenis waromCena gaxlavT. marTalia Tanamedroveobam
adamians moutana msaxurebis nacvlad “samsaxuri”, misca mas profesia, romliTac igi
damoukidebel individad, religiuri, tradiciul-kulturuli modelis gareSe
warsdga sakuTar inteligibelur samyarosTan, magram misi Tavisuflebis bedi
dResdReisobiT mainc gaurkvevlad warmogvidgeba. modiT aseT adamians pirobiTad
“adamiani profesionali”, “adamiani ganswavluli”, “adamiani Tavisufali arCevaniT”,
“adamiani fausti” vuwodoT, romelic Tanamedrove sazogadoebis srulfasovani
wevris, Tavisi gonebrivi SemoqmedebiT mcxovrebi adamianis winasaxed, arqetipad
gvesaxeba da romlis personifikaciac dagvexmareba “intelligens”-is cnebis
gansazRvrebaSi. dRes gvesmis pirovnebis Tavisuflebaze sazogadoebrivi azris
Camoyalibebaze, sazogadoebaSi pirovnebebis Tavisufal Tanacxovrebaze saubari, da
marTlac, es erTi SexedviT abstraqtuli, mkvdari da ganyenebuli, filosofiuri
spekulaciebisaTvis ganwiruli Tema, adamianis cocxal, uSinaganes moTxovnad iqca,
moTxovnad, romelic gansazRvravs TiToeuli adamianis rogorc socialur, aseve mis
kerZo, pirovnul beds.

gasuli ori saukunis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis istoriam saqarTveloSi mkveTrad

warmoaCina qarTuli sazogadoebis ararsebobis problema. inteligencia rogorc
“gonebrivad dawinaurebuli” adamianebisagan Semdgari sazogadoebis nawili, romelic
unda yofiliyo cocxali magaliTi adamianuri cnobierebis Tavisuflebisa da
sazogadoebis humanizmisken mavali gzis maorientirebeli Zala - ver Sedga.
nacvlad imisa, rom feodaluri, sisxlismieri primatisagan ganTavisuflebuli sivrce
daekavebina konkretuli adamianis pirovnul niWsa da Tvisebebs, Cveni e.w.
sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba ara Tu ver da ar, aramed Tavisuflebis piruku wavida.
daSvebuli kompromisis istoria, romelic Tavisuflebis Ralatis tolfasia, Tavis
aTvlas mefis ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobidan iwyebs. swored vasalurma
msoflmxedvelobam, romelic ase gamjdaria “warCinebuli qarTvelis” Zvalsa da
rbilSi, moitana is sabediswero da qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis damRupveli Sedegebi,
am bolo sami aTeuli wlis manZilze rom movimkeT. qarTuli saxelmwofos arqonam
da mis saTaveSi wlebis manZilze anti-saxelmwifoebrivad orientirebuli
mmarTvelobis yolam, qarTuli sazogadoebis cnobiereba ormag vasalur pirobebSi
Caayena. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis asparezze gamosuli “qarTveli fausti” Tavisi
karieris dasawyisSive veeberTela totalitaruli reJimis adgilobriv, provinciul
filialTan, romelic aseve ucxo qveynis samsaxurSi Semdgari qarTvelebiT
“kompleqteboda”, erTi SexedviT dauwerel, magram amave dros momakvdinebel
xelSekrulebas debda. misTvis aRiareba Tavs moxveuli reJimisa iyo a priori,
sakuTriv reJimi ki iZleoda garantiebs ama Tu im sferoSi moRvawe adamianis
mxardaWerisa, socialuri uzrunvelyofisa, misi moRvaweobis warmatebisa da a.S.
dausruleblad. xolo “erTguli” msaxurebis SemTxvevaSi zemoT xsenebuli
garantiebi memkvidreobiT gadacemasac eqvemdebarebodnen.

Sedegmac ar daayovna: xelSekrulebis gegma da mizani aRsrulda. politikuri

reJimebi TiTqos da mravalgzis Seicvala, xolo xelSekrulebaze xelis momwerTa
orive mxare igive darCa, Tavis uflebebSi, wodebebSi Tu socialur mdgomareobaSi,
TavianT xelSeuxebel “status quo”-Si. gauTavisuflebeli cnobierebis maxinji
mxareebi Camoyalibdnen sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis formebad, da rac mTavaria
yovelive amis Sedegi naTlad Cans qarTuli sazogadoebis degradaciasa da mis SigniT
mimdinare klasobriv urTierTobebSi. xelSekrulebis Sedegebi droTa ganmavlobaSi
“mutacias” ganicdian da saxeze gvaqvs is arnaxuli suraTi, romelic Cveni
socialuri, sazogadoebrivi, saxelmwifoebrivi, ekonomiuri, religiuri, kulturuli,
samarTlebrivi cxovrebis yvela aspeqtSi Cans. sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis
sayovelTao provincializacia, rac gamoixateba “ojaxebis”, “quCebis”, “ubnebis”,
“elitaruli skolebis”, “klaselobis”, da “bavSvobis megobrobis” cnebis viwro
Wrilidan xedvasa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis nebismieri movlenis SefasebaSi, rac
pirvel rigSi warmoSobs klanurobis princips, araprofesionalizms, xedvisa da
cnobierebis umasStabobas, romlis gareSec yoveli sazogadoeba iketeba Tavis
adgilobriv, provincialur naWuWSi da ver adis sazogadoebis Rirsebis xarisxSi.
yovelive es ki gadadis klasobriv SovinizmSi, romliTac ase “gamoirCeva” qarTuli
sazogadoeba.

“axloblobis” da “qalaqelobis” principiT inicirebuli cnobiereba - ai memkvidreoba

romelic dagvitova qarTulma “intelligens”-ma.
Cveni azriT saTave Cveni gare-socialuri da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
absurdulobisa, im msoflmxedvelobidan momdinareobs, romlis mimarTulebebsac da
“suliskveTebasac” dRemde zemoT xsenebuli xelSekruleba gansazRvravs, romelic
pirvel rigSi adamianebis cnobierebis Sida sivrceebSi daido da Semdeg “realur
planSi” ucxo qveynis saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis kabinetebSi xelmoweril iqna da
amdenad gamodga misi “sicocxlisunarianoba” xangrZlivi da mudmivmoqmedi.

qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris ar arsebobis problema naTlad gamoCnda ukanaskneli

aTwleulis manZilze. Cveni saxelmwifoebrivi mdgomareobac da azrovnebac xom amaze
miuTiTebs. ocdameerTe saukuneSi TiTqmis warumoudgenelia da SeuZlebeli,
daarwmuno (iSviaTi gamonaklisebis garda) rogorc saxelmwifo struqturis
warmomadgenelis, aseve ubralo moqalaqis cnobiereba, imaSi, rom yvelanairi
saxelmwifo struqtura da xelisufleba unda iyos sazogadoebrivi azris msaxuri,
misi msoflmxedvelobrivi orientaciis sicocxleSi momyvani da ara piriqiT. Cvens
sivrceSi demokratiis anbani da misi aso-niSnebic ki ucxoa da rogor SeiZleba
arsebobdes saxelmwifo da saxelmwifoebrivi azrovneba, roca ar arsebobs
sazogadoeba, sazogadoebrivi azri. sazogadoebrivi azris gareSe warmoudgenelia
amomrCeveli, amomrCevelis gareSe ki nebismieri xelisufleba. Cveni saxelmwifoc da
sazogadoebac am krizisSia TxemiT-fexamde Cafluli, mas ar yavs amomrCeveli.
uamomrCevlod darCenili xelisufleba ki sazogadoebis mxridan yovelgvari
kontrolis gareSe, Tavisi survilisamebr gankargavs saxelmwifos saarsebo Zalebs
da sakuTar Tavs nebismieri nabijis gadadgmis uflebas aZlevs. swored
saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebis wyvetilobaSi, qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris ar
qonaSi, klanuri interesebiT impulsirebul “moqalaqeobriv cnobierebaSi”, romelic
sakuTar TavSi ver aerTmTlianebs saxelmwifos mTlianobis ideas da yovelives
sakuTari pirobiTobidan Wvrets, unda veZeboT mizezebi Cveni sazogadoebrivi da
saxelmwofoebrivi Seumdgarobisa. ai qarTuli “sazogadoebis” dilema, qarTuli
“sazogadoebis” “uazroba”, romelic yoveli fexis nabijze iCens Tavs, radgan mas ar
gaaCnia pozicia romelic angariSgasawevi iqneboda xelisuflebis mier.

meoce saukunis samocdaaTian wlebSi swored vasaluri xelisuflebisa da amgvarive

“sazogadoebis” mier urTierT aRiarebis da xelis Sewyobis Sesaxeb “xelSekrulebis”
dadebam gamoiwvia is sabediswero da totaluri indeferentizmi da nihilizmi,
romelic adamians misTvis yvelaze Zvirfasi, pirovnuli Tavisuflebis warTmevisas
eufleba.

Cven, werilis dasawyisSive visaubreT Tanamedroveobis mier feodaluri cnobierebis

rRvevasa da im Tavisuflebaze, romelic adamianSi garegnulad, movlenaTa da
viTarebaTa zedapirze warimarTa. goeTes “fausti”, romelic maZiebeli sulis
personifikaciaa, xelSekrulebas mefistofelTan wmindad SemecnebiTi principebis
gamo debs. es mxatvruli saxe cnobierebis Tavisuflebisaken mimavali yoveli
adamianis winasaxea. misi mTeli tragedia imaSi mdgomareobs, rom xelSekruleba
romelic man dado mefistofelTan, mis Semdgom Tavisuflebas emuqreba. goeTesTvis
“intelligens”-is unariT dajildovebuli adamianis ideali, erTdroulad moicavs
rogorc SemecnebiT-SemoqmedebiT, aseve pirad-individualur Tavisuflebas.
cnobierebisa da yofierebis zRvarze dadebuli yoveli xelSek-ruleba, am sityvis
sruli mniSvnelobiT, boWavs adamianis Tavisuflebas, romelic dRes-dReisobiT
gadamwyveti faqtoria misi srulfasovani arsebobisa. Cveni azriT “intelligens”-i
adamianuri gonebis unaria, unari sayovelTao aRmqmelobisa, gagebisa, Semecnebisa,
gonierebisa, romelic Tavisufal sivrceSi xorcieldeba, da ara mogonili,
xelovnurad SeTiTxnili “gasocialurebuli”, xelSekrulebebiT SezRuduli da
“ZlierTa ama qveynisa mier” marTvadi, fsevdo-sazogadoebrivi fena, mravali aTeuli
wlis manZilze rom abrkolebs jansaRi sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas.

Short Summer Summary from a Conflict Prevention Standpoint

Summer 2001

It is no secret to anyone that last summer was a very difficult political season for Georgia. Now,
the crisis within the government has deepened. President Shevardnadze has been looking to work
his way out of this crisis, but so far, he has not found any good avenues of escape. The
Parliamentary majority and the Citizens Union party are on the brink of a breakup. The
opposition has united against the ruling party. It is interesting to note that conflicting parties such
as the left wing Socialists and the right wing Traditionalists have been able to find a common
language within the opposing and crippled Georgian Government, but this does not seem to
bring us any constructive or positive vision on how to build a country.

• Firstly, the conflict between the President and the executive branch started when the re-
establishment of the institution of the Prime Minister was proposed in late May. In exchange for
agreeing to this, the opposition demanded to increase the local government’s rights, as well as
for more de-centralization of Georgia’s economic and political system. The President did not
want to go quite so far, and he refused to adopt the changes proposed by the opposition. Finally,
parliament adopted a very controversial law on local self governance and local elections, not
really considering what Tip O’Neil said: “All politics are local”. This controversial decision was
like thrusting a large thorn into the stability of Georgia, since de-centralization is a crucial step
toward solving the problems of the disenfranchised regions. Consequently, during the last nine
years of Shevardnadze’s presidency, regional separatism has been viewed as a continual threat.
As a way to help prevent more potential conflicts, delegating more powers to the regions could
option positive steps. Also important is that opportunities for economic development be
distributed more evenly between the center and the regions. The opposition rightfully pointed
this out, but the governing coalition has not made any compromises on this point.

• Secondly, the problem of the Pankisi Gorge remains a serious threat to peace in Georgia. There
have been a number of high profile people kidnapped and taken to the gorge, and large sums of
money have been demanded for their release. Police seem to be incapable of doing anything with
the criminals. There has been a widespread feeling among the populace that the police force
itself has been involved in these kidnappings. Several of the very painful kidnapping cases have
been resolved with the involvement of young reformers in the executive and legislative branch,
but the problem still remains. Plus, the representatives of the Internal Ministry are practically
robbing their own population, since the police have been stopping bystanders and demanding
money from them for the release of anyone. As a result, many criminals are out of prison, and
many innocent people are in jail. In July, journalist Giorgi Sanaia conducted a number of good
interviews on the topic of Pankisi Gorge on his night show “Ghamis Kurieri”. Giorgi Sanaia was
murdered in late July. His murder has not yet been solved, even though the President has been
bragging about his serious international investigative help, including having the FBI’s
involvement in the investigation. Also, peacefully solving the problem of Pankisi Gorge remains
an outstanding issue for Georgia.

• Justice Minister Saakashvili proposed a law that would verify the origins of the money and the
property acquired by high government officials. There is a group called the “New Georgians”
who have been acquiring money over the past nine years, while also being government members
and public officials. Saakashvili points out that this is clearly a conflict of interest. He points to
different ministers, like Mr. Vano Chkhartishvili, Mr. Kutateladze and others. According to his
information, their wealth, which is indicated by their large, expensive homes and other
properties, greatly exceeds what their official salaries could afford. And he is wondering whether
this creates a bad image for public servants? He should realize that focusing on economic
injustice and other forms of structural violence is essential for helping to prevent violent
conflicts in Georgia.

• Finally, by the end of the summer, Mr. Shevradnadze and his Interior Minister started to talk
about the possibility of a military confrontation with Abkhazia. According to unofficial sources,
there were about 700 to 800 mercenaries brought to the conflict area. Unfortunately, the Russian
Army bases are still in Abkhazia, and everyone understands that they are the main reason for the
horrific violence that occurred on the territory of Abkhazia eight years ago. But instead of
attempting to resolve the problem in a peaceful and political way by beginning direct talks with
the Abkhaz people, (who are not the enemies of Georgian people), some elements in the
Georgian government are trying to justify possible violent action. This kind of action is not
going to benefit either Georgians or Abkhazians. It will benefit only the imperialistic forces that
are interested in keeping control of the entire area.

Give Peace a Chance, Mr. PresidentShalva Kedia

by Shalva Kedia

There is a new war in preparation!

Georgian and Chechen forces are getting ready to enter the Abkhaz border!

Russian forces are getting ready to engage in military activities!

Unfortunately, these words are heard in the Georgian press and on the streets of Tbilisi, Batumi,
Kutaisi and many other Georgian towns. Anxiety is entering the social consciousness again. We
are reminded of 1990-1993, when this country was ravaged by three civil wars. The first conflict
started in South Ossetia, then in Tbilisi and Zugdidi between supporters of Gamsakhurdia and
Shevardnadze, and finally we came to the Abkhazian tragedy. All of these wars had horrible
consequences for everyone involved. The only groups that benefited from these atrocious acts
were the high communist party apparatchik nomenklatura and their criminal “death squads”
composed of Mkhedrioni and the so-called National Guard. Neither Georgian, nor Abkhaz, nor
Ossetian people desired a war. It was a part of a political adventure. As a result of these wars,
President Shevardnadze consolidated his power. His main opponents, Zviad K. Gamsakhurdia,
Merab Kostava, and Giorgi Chanturia were murdered. Others from the National Liberation
movement were either corrupted or marginalized by a very smart but destructive policy of party
nomenklatura, who turned their class into a so called “New Georgian Bourgeoisie”. Now,
roughly 90 percent of the Georgian economy is controlled by the “Nouvo-Riche” bourgeoisie
and their criminal protectors, while the populace is starving. The rate of unemployment is much
higher then officially indicated by government reports - that is the Soviet style of telling the
truth.

Beginning in 1996, there was a three-year period of time when people felt more optimistic. They
thought that their long aspired change was coming, and finally they would be able to experience
a shift in the cycle of structural violence that the Soviet Feudal system had put them in.
Liberalism started to come into Georgia, with different developmental programs and a number of
NGOs starting to fulfill their role as the builders of civil society. The press started to operate in a
more transparent manner. People also had high hopes for fighting a corrupt nomenklatura
system, and young redformers came to parliament and started to take action. There were also
some young reform-oriented people in the executive branch. Most of the people from the “Death
Squads” were arrested, although the smarter ones managed to build big business empires on the
money that they got from killing innocent people and robbing their own country. Unfortunately,
President Shevardnadze chose to not look in their direction, and the “I know nothing” phrase was
the most convenient way for the leader of Georgia to ignore those criminals.

Civil wars and regional conflicts were temporarily suppressed. The NGO community was
working hard to start a civic dialogue, but we did not get much support or action from the
government. As a result, the Abkhaz as well as Ossetian and other intra-Georgian conflicts
remained frozen in time, waiting to explode. President Shevardnadze’s government did not
address the underlying causes of violent conflicts. Many disenfranchised people that were
extremely unhappy during the Soviet regime remained unhappy, and thousands, if not millions,
were added to their numbers. As a result, by the year 2001, structural problems in the country are
felt hard. Corruption is rampant. There are many ways to deal with this, but unfortunately, there
is not much support or will on the President’s side. Even the Chairman of the Parliament, who
stood by the President in every other critical situation, voiced his anger, declaring that the
country is at the edge of a catastrophe.

Many people in Georgia believe that Mr. Shevardnadze’s family is responsible for many of
Georgia’s outstanding economic, social and political problems. His son- in-law, Mr.
Jokhtaberidze, is the head of one of the largest private companies that owns the cell-phone
company “Magti-GSM”. His nephew, Mr. Nugzar Shevardnadze controls practically all of the
oil movement in Georgia. It is said that hundreds of millions of US dollars in taxes are not
reaching the state budget, because tax officials do not want to reveal Nugzar Shevardnadze’s
operations. Unfortunately, there is no formal investigation into this matter. According to
informed sources from the government and business community, Mr. President’s other in-law;
Guram Akhvlediani, controls many state assets. These clans are largely responsible for the
problems in Georgia’s contemporary economy.

Also, there are many charges against the government. The Minister of Internal Affairs, Mr.
Kakha Targamadze, is said to be the head of one of the largest organized crime groups that
controls a big industry of drug trafficking, prostitution, and the kidnapping of people. The police
in Georgia are closely tied to the criminal underground “Thief in Law” system. When someone
is kidnapped, the police and the criminals jointly demand ransom money for the missing person,
and if the payment is made, they always manage to return the lost person. It is very significant
that Mr. Targamadze’s kidnapping business has become extremely lucrative, given the
involvement of certain members of the government and Mafia. There are unofficial estimates
that heroin-producing factories in Pankisi Gorge make about $300 million from drugs that are
sold solely in Georgia. Annually, Georgian drug trafficking overall makes about $5 billion.
These are approximate numbers, but no one doubts that there is a huge problem here with the
drug cartel and the internal ministry. A young Georgian journalist, who opened up a dialogue in
the media about the Pankisi Gorge problems, was mercilessly murdered in his own flat, late at
night this past July. The time of his murder was carefully chosen, and a message was given to the
press community: “You do not cross the border line!” But one thing that the Georgian
Government and the Mafia do not realize is that it is impossible to hide the truth—it will always
come out.

It is widely known that the Economics Minister, Mr. Vano Chkhartishvili, is a wealthy person.
Many people talk about his conflict of interest, since he is considered to be one of the owners on
the “United Georgian Bank”, together with thugs like Anton Ingorokva, Zaza Sioridze (who is
also under the public payroll) as well as others. This group of government and corporate officials
are called the “Gurian Mafia”, as they come from the region of Guria, the same place where Mr.
Shevardnadze is from. According to reliable sources, this group has monopolized a variety of
formerly state owned assets, and they are controlling a large part of Georgian economy. Mr.
Chkhartishvili’s huge house has been a topic of discussion with almost every Georgian family.
His salary is not adequate to explain his overall wealth and assets, and naturally, everyone is
suspicious of him and his business dealings.

But these are not the only clans that control the Georgian Economy. As a result of the controlling
few, approximately 90 percent of the population is impoverished, while, at the expense of their
compatriots, a very small percentage of Georgians are extremely wealthy. However, we should
not think that these problems could not be solved. Civil Society could be beneficial in helping to
answer some of these questions. Peaceful development is absolutely essential for the survival of
the fragile democratic achievements that Georgia has made. The problem is that our President
likes to start wars, especially when he is hit with the serious political problems—but the war in
Abkhazia is not going to solve these rampant corruption problems. Moreover, it will re-create the
horrific picture of 1992-1993. Abkhaz and Georgian people do not want to engage in bloodshed.
War is only the desire of some corrupt officials and death squads who want to grab more money
and get more employment opportunities. Instead of war threats, I think our President should
focus on getting the Russian army out of Abkhazia, and then starting a peaceful dialogue with
the Abkhaz people. Abkhaz and Georgians are brothers and sisters, and they do not desire to kill
each other. I believe that when the Russians are out of Abkhazia, there will be much less of a
threat for violence than there is now. We Georgians need to substitute the “Doctrine of
Corruption and Suspicion” with the doctrine of Human understanding, compassion and love.
This is not impossible, and I think it would be wise for Mr. Shevardnadze to give peace a chance,
instead of creating conditions for violence.

Military solutions can never bring positive peace. Positive peace can be achieved by increasing
public participation, expanding the resource pie, and letting the people own their own country.
The Civil Rights of the people, including every ethnic, religious and race entity should be
defended. At the same time, we need to heartily promote the principle of equal opportunity, and
abandon feudal patterns of behavior. This country has the potential to be an example of a state
that is actively building a peaceful and prosperous society. We just need to have the political
will.

One of the starting points for Georgia will be to declare itself a non-military, non-aggressive
state, and to open up a dialogue with Abkhaz people. The South Caucasus region is a beautiful
place, and the main problems this region has are the armies, whether it’s Russian, Persian,
Georgian, Armenian or Azerbaijani. Caucasian people are much better at loving each other than
at killing each other. There are only a few elite clans that seem to prefer to have hate and scarcity
reign, instead of compassion and abundance.
If Georgia is destined to live, the latter should prevail.

Semoqmedeba, TanagrZnoba, araZaladoba

Cveni Jurnali agrZelebs rubrikas rome-lic warmogidgenT xelovnebis nawar-moebebs.

es nimuSebi, iseve rogorc mecnierebis nimuSebi sakmaod interdisciplinarulia. aq
aris moTxrobebi, kritikuli eseebi, mxatvruli instalaciebi. axal epoqaSi
warmoiSva moTxov-nileba rom gadalaxuli iqnas modernis erTferovneba da Cvens
azrovnebaSi mraval-ferovani formebi Semovides. aseve, vcdilobT axleburad
gaviazroT xelovnebis socialuri pasuxismgebloba. socialur xelovnebas CvenSi
sakmaod mdidari istoria aqvs. awmyoSic, irakli Carkvianis, kote yubeneiSvilisa Tu
sxva socialuri xelovnebis warmomadgenlebis saSualebiT, Cven gvaqvs aseTi nimuSebi.
magram amieridan sainteresoa daiwyos konkretuli msjeloba imaze, Tu ra roli
SeuZlia Seas-rulos xelovnebam Cveni cxovrebis pirobebis SedarebiT gaiolebaSi. me-
20 saukunis bolos xSirad ismoda pretenziebi Cveni xelovanebis mimarT, romlebic
xSir SemTxvevaSi mavanTa da mavanTa azriT konformistul pozicias ika-vebdnen da
ubralo xalxis gverdiT dgomas amjobinebdnen istabliSmentis mexotbeobas. ramdenad
marTalia es gamonaTqvamebi, Cveni gansasjeli ar aris. Cven vaqveynebT, rogorc
modernistebis, aseve postmodernistebis da agreTve nebismieri sxva mimdinareobis
warmo-madgenelTa nawerebs. am rubrikis mTavari mizania mkiTxvels daanaxos rom
xelovnebasac gaaCnia didi pasuxismgebloba socialuri garemos Camoyalibebasa da
SeqmnaSi.

am nomerSi gTavazobT ramdenime saintereso axali stilis nawarmoebs, romelSic

axleburi xedvaa gadmocemuli. nino CubiniSvilisa da gio sumbaZis mxatvruli xedva
metad uCveuloa tradiciuli TvalisaTvis da swored amitomac warmoadgens
Rirebulebas. dina houzis statia postmodernisa da modernis urTierTobebze, Zalian
saintereso gamowvevaa moderniste-bisaTvis. agreTve, metad sainteresoa dali da
Tamar berekaSvilebis moTxrobebis seria.

imedi gvaqvs, rom am rubrikis kiTxvisas mkiTxveli ar moiwyens.

Creativity, Empathy, Nonviolence

The words of Johan Galtung: ‘creativity, empathy, nonviolence’ represent an essential part of
peace building. We believe that creativity is a significant part of the conflict transformation
process, and without a creative approach, we can not overcome the many challenges inherited
after so many centuries of violent conflict. Another Galtungian phrase we could use is
“Diagnosis, Prognosis, Therapy”. We need to have sound diagnosis to enable us to predict
societal development, in order to develop and foster effective healing techniques. Because of
their frankness, the reader might find some of the materials in this section to be difficult to read.
Please understand that these examples are attempts to make an artistic diagnosis of direct
violence, and to emphasize the structural and cultural aspects of violent action.

In this section we offer short stories, contemporary fairy tales, visual arts installations, and
essays about the arts that challenge the notion of dogmatic perceptions in the arts and sciences.
This is the new field that is filled with mines, but we we feel it is important to risk walking this
field, as overcoming obstacles to peace often requires unleashing the creative spirit. New vision
and new paradigms are needed not just for Georgia and the South Caucasus, but for the world at
large.

You will see the extremely interesting visual arts installation of Nino Chubinishvili and Gio
Sumbadze that was dedicated to the 1999 war in Kosovo. This is a vision of how fashion, color
and design can reflect the feelings of human beings during the period of violence. Dena L.
Hawes presents an interesting overview of the relationship between socially engaged artistic
practices, conflict resolution and social transformation. We hope that you will find our writings
to be informative and evocative, and we extend our graditude for your interest in Peacetimes.

socialurad angaJirebulixelovnebis roli

dina houzi

“rodesac ori adamiani lapa-rakobs, es sazogadoebisTvis, konceptualurad mainc Ria

aqtia.
yovelTvis SeiZleba es lapa-raki Sewyviton.. ai es aris dialo-gis weris didi
nawili, mniSvne-lovani wyveta saubrisa, romelsac Tanamosaubreebi erTmaneTs ukeTe-
ben, naucbadevi cvlilebebi. amis gamo gverdi ufro cocxalia, is ufro hgavs
cxovrebas da ufro hgavs cxovrebis moZraobas.”

jeimz hilmani

rogorc artur dento wers “modernistur esTetikaSi xelov-neba mTlianad

cxovrebis gareT dgas. sakuTar sivrceSi – cariel TeTr galereaSi, aluminis
CarCoSi. im etapze, rodesac adamiani eZieba ufro Rrma kavSirs xelovnebasa da
cxovrebas Soris, modernizmi mTavrdeba”.

xelovneba TandaTan vizua-luri enisa da formaluri aRqmi-sagan – rogoric aris

materia, feri, forma - gardaiqmna raRacaSi, rac aris Sexebis wertili, Tanamo-
nawileoba da dialogi. aTwle-ulebis ganmavlobaSi modernis-tulma xelovnebam
mogvitana namu-Sevrebi, romlebic matarebelia eqstraordinaruli silamazisa da
faseulobis, sadac centraluri yuradReba eniWeba Semomqmedi individis SemoqmedebiT
genias. modernizmma Seqmna imiji xelo-vanisa, romelic aris heroikuli mamakaci,
calke mdgomi geniosi, romelic ibrZvis sazogadoebis winaaRmdeg. imis gamo, rom es
imiji mravalmxriv operirebda filo-sofiuri TvalsazrisiT msoflios udides
nawilSi, man xelovnebas moaklo sazogadoebis mSeneblobis da socialuri qmedebis
saocari potenciali.

am statiaSi minda ganvixilo modernizmidan postmodernizmamde gadasvlis

mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi; aseve saerTo niSnebi post-modernistul dialogur praq-
tikisa da konfliqtis mogvarebis procesebs Soris. mwerali da kritikosi siuzi
gabliki vrclad saubrobs Tanamedrove sazogado-ebaSi postmodernizmis rolze,
rogorc TviT gamoxatvis cal mxriv monologze, romelSic “xe-lovani msoflios
saxeebsa da ideebs axvevs Tavs da misgan pasuxs ver iRebs”. “ modernizmi-ambobs
siuzi gabliki – aris daxvewili informacia, romelic exeba pirov-nul martoobasa
da izolacias”. misgan gansxvavebiT, postmoder-nizmi warmoadgens modernizmisa da
romantizmidan ZiriTad gadasvlas, raTa gamoyos da xazi gausvas xelovnebaSi
Tanamonawileobisa da dialogis process. TiTqmis sauku-novani, “mxolod”
modernizmis, xedvaze koncentrirebuli ideo-logiis Semdeg, postmodernizmi
iTvaliswinebs tipobriv esTeTikas, romelic adamianebs Soris kavSi-ris damyarebas
uwyobs xels, raTa sabolood daubrunos xelovnebas msoflio maSstabebiT
kavSirebis gabmis unari.

xelovnebis kritikosi kle-ment grinbergi uaryofs im mosaz-rebas, rom xelovnebis

daniSnu-leba ufro maRalia, vidre ubra-lod “kargi” esTetikis Seqmna. is Tvlis,
rom arsis Zieba, mxatvri-saTvis xelis SemSlel faqtors warmoadgens. grinbergis
Tvalsaz-risiT, xelovneba mxolod xelov-nebisTvis aris faseuli, radgan sakuTari
Tavis gareT mas Rirebu-leba ar gaaCnia. rogorc siuzi gabliki xsnis, “erTis mxriv,
WeSmariti modernistisTvis audi-toria ar arsebobs. bernet niumani yovelTvis
amtkicebda, rom namdvi-li mizezi imisa, Tu ratom xatavs mxatvari, aris is, rom mas
Semd-gomSi hqondes raime, rasac Sexe-davs. erTxel, rodesac Jurnalistma hkiTxa
mxatvar kliford stils, Relavs Tu ara imaze, rom misma namuSevarma miaRwios
mnaxvelamde, man upasuxa: ”sruliadac ara, es “komiqsebis” avtorebis saqmea”.
kliford stili, umetesi modernisti mxatvrebis msgavsad, Tavis xelovnebas rogorc
socialuri sferodan damoukideblad arse-buls xedavda. modernistebi TavianT
namuSevrebs ganixilavdnen rogorc Tavisuflebis saboloo aqts, romelic komerciis,
ambiciis da politikis gareT operirebs. magram samwuxarod maTi mosazreba mcdari
aRmoCnda, radganac maTi xelovneba Zalzed politikuri gaxda. maTi namuSevrebi
ambiciuri myidvelebis mier iqna SeZenili. da isini gadaiqca fulze damyarebuli
xelovnebis centrad. magram, albaT yvelaze zianis momtani aRmoCnda modernistTa
avtonomiis principi, romelmac ganapiroba xalxis gauc-xoeba xelovnebisadmi. Cemi
azriT modernistebis mxridan “individu-aluri Tavisuflebis” moTxovna mravalmxriv
miRweul iqna xelov-nebis aqtiuri socialuri monawi-leobis potencialis xarjze.
mravali Tanamedrove xelovanis ganzraxva dRes imaSi mdgomareobs, rom ipovos Sua
wertili esTe-tiur xelovnebasa da im xelov-nebas Soris, romelic socialurad
pasuxismgebelia da rogorc adre vaxsene es statia koncentrirdeba im
postmodernistul potencialze, romelsac Seswevs unari xelov-nebis praqtikaSi
daabrunos dia-logi da Tana-monawileoba.

xelovnebis ganmarteba:
aq ganvixilavT domenik mazeaudis “river proeqts – rio grand mdinaris masiuri
gawmenda” - Tu rogor amoaqvs mas ritualis saxiT TveSi erTxel mdinaridan nagavi.
is aRwevs im stadias, roca misi damokidebuleba mdinarisadmi xdeba ufro
mniSvnelovani, vidre Tavdapirveli ekologiuri interesi. es ganapiroba mdinaris
mdgomareobiT gamowveulma misma tkivilma, da ara pragmatulma survilma raime
gawmindos. es wamovida misi moT-xovnilebidan ganekurna mdinare da yofiliyo mis
tkivilTan erTad, magram Semd-gomSi man igrZno, rom mdinaresTan uSualo dialogSi
yofna sakmarisi aRmoCnda. Tumca mravali adamia-nisaTvis amis miReba rogorc xe-
lovnebisa problematuria - siuzi gabliki.

imis ganmartebisas Tu ra ayalibebs xelovnebas sazogado-ebaSi - muzeumebma da

galereebma SesaZloa gadamwyveti roli iTamaSon. isini SeiZleba ganixile-bodnen
Tanamedrove kulturuli omis konfliqtSi yvelaze Tvalsa-Cino forumebad.
gansakuTrebiT amerikaSi isini ganuwyvetliv kritikis qarcecxlis qveS imyofe-bian,
TavianTi seleqciuri praqti-kis, mikerZoebis, varaudebisa da TavianTi kritikuli
rolisaTvis xelovnebis kanonisa da sistemis SeqmnaSi.

robert hagisi – gavleniani kriti-kosi werda: “vTvli, rom xelov-nebis sferoSi

demokratiis roli imaSi mdgomareobs, rom msoflio elitizmisgan daicvas; ara im
elitizmisgan, romelic dafuZne-bulia fulsa da socialur sta-tusze, aramed
fantaziis, warmod-genis unarze dafuZnebul elitiz-misgan.” muzeumebsa da galereebs
kulturuli identifikaciis konst-ruirebaSi Zlieri xma gaaCniaT da rogorc
hagisis komentari gvaC-venebs, isini visac ar gaaCniaT xma an warmodgena, aranair
mniSvne-lobas ar atareben da maTi inte-resebi Seusabamo aris. vrceli forumebis
Catareba imisTvis, raTa warmodgena Seiqmnas aris postmo-dernistuli filosofiis
mniSvne-lovani nawili. arsebobs uamravi magaliTi, romelic Seicavs isto-riul,
interaqtiul instala-ciebs (muzeumebsa da galereebs gareT) da moicavs
adgilobrivi sazogado-ebebis monawileobasa da dialogs vrceli periodis ganmav-
lobaSi. socialuri Sexebis kon-cefcia, rogorc auditoriis Car-Tvis gza iseve,
rogorc gza axali foru-mebis Seqmnisa tradiciuli xelov-nebis sivrcis gareT,
warmoadgens postmodernistuli praqtikis or mniSvnelovan mizans.

interaqtiuri xelovneba, dialogi da konfliqtis transformacia

mdgradi dialogi aris inte-raqtiruri procesi oTaxSi myof monawileTa da oTaxs

gareT, Tav-Tavis garemoSi myof adamianebs Soris. es aris myari mimarTulebis mqone
procesi, magram misi dinamiu-robis gamo, xSirad icvleba. mdgradi dialogi Seqmnilia
imi-saTvis, raTa SeaZlebinos monawi-leebs gamoiwvion cvlilebebi farTo sazogado
masStabiT. dia-logi mniSvnelovania konfliqtis mogvarebis praqtikaSi da aseve
mniSvnelovani komponentia mravali postmodernistuli xelovnebis praqtikaSic.
harold saundersi xsnis: ”moqalaqeebis alaparakeba konfliqtis Sesaxeb – dialogis
dawyeba umetesobisaTvis, vinc am dargSi muSaobs aris amocana, romelzec laparaki
advilia mag-ram Znelia misi sicocxleSi ganxorcieleba” araZaladobriv
situaciebSic ki individebs aSi-nebT im xalxTan saubari, vinc maTi azriT maT
diskriminacias uwevs, indiferentuli damokidebulebiT.” kvanturi fizikosi devid
bomis esem saxelwodebiT “dialogisas”, gavlena iqonia xelovanis muSaobis xerxebze.
bomma dialogis prin-cipis irgvliv saintereso ideebi ganaviTara. igi aRniSnavs, rom
dialogis procesis dros xalxs xSirad SeuZlia mravali da erTma-neTis
sapirispiro mosazrebebi erTdroulad gamoTqvas da miani-Wos mniSvneloba im
Sexedulebebs, romlebic mkveTrad gansxvavdeba maTi sakuTarisagan. bomis mixedviT
dialogis procesSi “adamiani mgrZnobiarea ara marto im proce-sebis mimarT,
romlebic mis SigniT mimdinareobs, aramed yvela im niuansis mimarT, rac mis irgvliv
aris.” boms ubralod sjeroda, rom cnobierebis gaziareba aucilebeli pirobaa
sazogadoebis gadarCe-nisaTvis. bomi grZnobda, rom dia-logis procesi daexmareboda
mas zemoT xsenebuli procesis aRzr-daSi da socialuri struqturis gardasaxvaSi -
mouTmenlobidan -monawileobaSi. am mxriv dialogs SeeZlo daekmayofilebina sazoga-
doebis moTxovna erTmaneTis mosme-nasTan dakavSirebiT. aseve moTxov-nasTan –
yofiliyvnen gaxsnilebi sxvadasxva azris mimarT. aseTi tipis dialoguri midgoma
Seiqmna ara imisTvis, rom Sejaxeba gamo-ewvia sxva poziciebs Soris, aramed,
daemtkicebina, rom yvelanair mosazrebas, gamoxatvis ufleba gaaCnia. suzi gabliki
wers - “sanam bomi gardaicvleboda igi bevrs werda dialogis Sesaxeb, radganac misi
Rrma rwmeniT raimes Secvlis erTaderTi gza iyo saubris swavla da erTmaneTis
mosmena.”

xelovnebisadmi dialoguri midgoma, gvTavazobs sazogado seq-torisaTvis mraval

SesaZleblo-bas, mas aseve saerTo filosofia gaaCnia konfliqtis gadawyvetis
praqtikasTan. arnold mindeli, romelic konfliqtebis gadaWris sferoSi
moRvaweobs, mxatvrebs mouwodebs gamoiyenon dialogis magaliTebi TavianT
namuSevrebSi. mindeli dialogis process “msof-lio namuSevars” uwodebs, romelic
moicavs konfliqturi mxareebis erTmaneTTan moyvanas da erT-maneTis mosmenisa da
azrebis gazia-rebis saSualebiT maTi poziciebis gacvlas. rogorc suzi gabliki
xsnis “dialogis gadanacvlebis meTodi qmnis interaqtiur, Tana-mowileobiTi saxis
situacias, romelic Seesabameba Cven droSi mimdinare procesebsa da sistemas.
swored am dialogis princips SeuZlia aRmofxvras is warmodgena, rom xelovneba
unda iyos sruliad calkeuli indivi-dualuri procesi.”

jozef boisi

mxatvari jozef boisi iyo politikuri aqtivisti, pedagogi. boisis namuSevrebSi

centraluri yuradReba eniWeboda adamianis SemoqmedebiTi potencialis irg-vliv
dialogis Seqmnas. 1960-iani wlebidan sicocxlis bolomde igi saTaveSi edga
saerTaSoriso kampa-nias, romelic politikuri azrisa da xelovnebis praqtikis
integri-rebas axdenda. boisi werda: “mxo-lod xelovnebas Seswevs unari daSalos
daZvelebuli socialuri sistemis represiuli efeqti, rome-lic sikvdilis pirasaa.
daSalos, raTa aSendes socialuri orga-nizmi, rogorc xelovnebis nimuSi”. am
“socialuri organizmis” mizani iyo TiToeuli individis Semoq-medebiTobis
xelSewyobiT sazoga-doebaSi TviTgamorkvevis gaZli-ereba moexdina. boiss sjeroda,
rom sanam yoveli adamiani ar gaxdeba Semoqmedi, demokratiis sruli gageba ver
moxdeba, radgan is grZnobda, rom socialuri wyobis mniSvnelovani transfor-macia
SesaZlebelia mxolod SemoqmedebiTi ideisa da qmedebis Zalis meSveobiT. boisi
xsnida xelov-nebas, rogorc process, romelsac gaaCnia unari daangrios barierebi,
romelic xalxs cxovre-bis sulieri nawilisagan izola-ciaSi amyofebs. is grZnobda,
rom yvelaze jiuti Seferxeba, romel-sac sazoga-doebebi ejaxebian, aris
stereotipebi da Cveuli azrebi. is mxars uWerda sazogadoebriv dialogs, rogorc
gzas Zveli azrovnebis aRmosafxvrelad da axali sazo-gado xedvis dasaner-gad,
romelic Seicavs adamianebis SemoqmedebiT wvlils.

san-diegos saxelmwifo universitetis profesorebi helen da niuton harisonebi

warmoadgenen erTobliv samuSaos SemoqmedebiTi meTodebiT SeunarCunon sicocxle
dabinZurebul wylebs. maTi namuSevrebi iqmneba erTmaneTTan dia-logis meSveobiT da
naCvenebia cocxal warmodgenaSi. auditoriis winaSe harisonebi warmoqmnian
ekologiurad jansaR dialogs da amgvari mimdinare warmodgenebiT maT mniSvnelovani
cvlilebebi Seitanes im konkretuli mdinaris ekologiur mdgomareobaSi, romel-zec
muSaobdnen. 1992 wels me daveswari harisonebis warmodgenas indianas saxelmwifo
universitetSi. maTi misia mdgomareobda imaSi, rom gaewmindaT vabaSis mdinaris
garkveuli nawili, romelic miedineba indianas teritoriaze. maTi dialoguri
warmodgena iyo poeturi, gaazrebuli, infor-maciis matarebeli. gaocebuli viyavi
maTi erToblivi muSaobis stiliT – Tu rogor amuSavebdnen erTmaneTis ideebs
WeSmariti jgu-furi ZalisxmeviT. mxatvari mel Cini aseve mimarTavs Tavis namuSev-
rebs kritikul ekologiuri prob-lemebisken. adamianebis jgu-febTan muSaobisas, is
Tavisi Semoqme-debiTi Zalebis koncent-rirebas axdens dabinZurebul miwaze, ro-
melsac ar SeuZlia cxovelebis an mcenareulobis sicocxlis Senar-Cuneba. Tavis
namuSevarSi “Revival Field” is muSaobs industriuli narCenebis sasaflaoze
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis minesotis Statis qalaq sent polSi, sadac miwa
mowam-lulia didi raodenobis toqsi-kuri metalebiT. specifiuri mcenareebis
gamoyvaniTa da movliT, romlebic miwidan Seisrutaven mZime metalebs, Cini da masTan
momuSave mxatvarTa jgufi xels uwyoben mowamluli industriuli sasaflaos miwis
ganaxlebas. toq-sikuri metalebi amoRebulia miwi-dan yoveli mosavalis dros imi-
saTvis, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi miwa gasufTavdes industriuli narCenebisagan.

dasasrul minda aRvniSno, rom dRes-dReobiT, mTeli msof-lios masStabiT mravali

mxatvari iyenebs xelovnebis axal formebs – im formebs, romlebic damyare-bulia
sazogadoebaze, interaqtiur proeqtebze, proeqtebze, romlebic exeba dialogebs
mniSvnelovani socialuri sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. am forumebma unda ganapirobon xe-
lovnebis axali forma, romelic aRemateba parkSi da moedanze arse-bul skulpturis
tradiciul for-mas da axal socialur aspa-rezs, romelic Seiqmneba axali sazoga-
doebrivi dialogis gasamarTad.
konfliqtis gadawyvetis sferoSi momuSave xalxisaTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania
gaacno-bieros, rom xelovnebisadmi aseTi midgoma ara nakleb relevanturia
konfliqtis gadaWris procesi-saTvis. arsebobs mravali xerxi, romliTac
konfliqtis praqti-kosebs da xelovan xalxs SeuZ-liaT erTmaneTs gauziaron Tavi-
anTi gamocdileba da Seqmnan forumebi mdgradi dialogisTvis, mokonfliqte
mxareebisTvis da farTo sazogadoebisaTvis.

me mokled Sevexe postmo-dernistuli dialoguri da Tanamo-nawileobrivi

xelovnebis Seqmnis praqtikis sakiTxs da mis unars gankurnos da moagvaros konf-
liqti.
me gTavazobT siRrmeSi gamoikvlioT xelovanis roli sazo-gado transformaciaSi.

mel Cini
ganaxlebis mindori

Dena L. Hawes / The Role of Socially Engaged Artistic Practice

Two people talking is, at least conceptually, open to the community Open to
interruption…That’s part of the value of writing-as-dialogue,
The important interruptions each makes into the other’s thought, the sudden turns. So the page is
more alive in that it’s more like life, it moves like life.

James Hillman

Within the modernist aesthetic,” Arthur C. Danto writes, “all art stands outside life, in a space of
its own, metaphorically embodied in the Plexiglas display case, the bare white gallery, the
aluminum frame. When one seeks a deeper connection between art and life than this, modernism
is over.”

Art has been gradually transforming from a visual language of solely formal concerns such as
texture, color, and form, into something that is focused on interaction, participation and dialogue.
For decades, modernistic art has brought us work of extraordinary beauty and value, with the
central focus on the creative genius of the individual creator. Modernism has given us an image
of the artist as the “heroic male”—the lone genius struggling against society. Because this image
has in many ways operated as philosophical basis for much of the world, it has deprived art of its
amazing potential for community building through compassionate social action.
In this article I will discuss important aspects of the transition from modernism to
postmodernism, and the commonalties between postmodern dialogical practices and conflict
resolution practices and processes. Writer and critic Suzi Gablik talks extensively about the role
of postmodernism in contemporary society as moving beyond modernism’s non-reciprocal
monologue of self-expression, where, “an artist or writer imposes images or ideas on the world,
but nobody can answer back”. “Embedded in modernism,” Gablik says, “is a subtle and far-
reaching message concerning the loneliness and isolation of the self.”
In comparison, postmodernism represents a major shift away from modernism and romanticism,
to emphasize the participatory and dialogical process of art. After experiencing nearly a century
of modernism’s purist, vision-oriented ideology,

postmodernism considers the possibility of a type aesthetics that helps to make connections
between people, in the service of restoring art’s potential to build positive links with the world at
large.

Art Critic Clement Greenberg rejected the idea that art has any higher purpose than to be
aesthetically “good”. He thought that content was an obstacle for painting and the search for
meaning was merely a hindrance to the painter. In Greenberg’s view, the value of art was only
for its own sake, as art had no meaning outside of itself. As Suzi Gablik explains, “In a sense, for
the committed modernist, the audience doesn’t really exist. Barnett Newman always claimed that
the real reason an artist paints is so that he will have something to look at. Once, when an
interviewer asked the painter Clyfford Still whether he was concerned that his work reach the
people, Still replied, ‘Not in the least. That is what the comic strip does’”.

Clyfford Still, like most modernist painters, saw their art as existing independently from the
social sphere. They viewed their painting as the ultimate act of freedom, operating outside of
commerce, ambition and politics. But sadly, they were proven wrong, as their art became very
political. Their work would eventually be sought after by ambitious consumers, and would
become a main focus of the commodity art market. But perhaps most damaging was the
modernist principle of autonomy, which came to alienate much of the populace from art. In my
view, the modernist’s need for “individual freedom” was in many ways achieved at the expense
of art’s hugely beneficial potential for active social involvement. The intent of many
contemporary artists today is to find some kind of middle ground between solely aesthetic art,
and art that is socially responsible. And as I stated earlier, this article will focus on
postmodernism’s potential to help bring dialogue and participation back into artmaking practice.

Defining art: Who holds the quality wand?

I discuss Dominique Mazeaud’s river project “The Great Cleansing of the Rio Grande River”,
and how she ritually cleans garbage out of the river once a month. She gets to a point where the
relationship she has with the river takes over and becomes more important than the original
ecological thrust -although even that came more out of her pain at seeing the state of the river
than from a purely pragmatic desire to clean things up. It came out of her need to try and heal the
river and be with its pain. And then it felt like just being in dialogue with the river was enough.
But for many people, this is very problematic as art. Suzi Gablik
When defining what constitutes art in a society, art museums and galleries can be crucial.
Museums and galleries could be considered the most prominent forums of conflict in the
contemporary culture war. Especially in the United States, they are constantly under fire for their
practices of selection, their biases and assumptions, and for their critical role in creating and
forging the system and canons of art. Robert Hughes, an influential commentator and critic
wrote: “I think the job of democracy, in the field of art, is to make the world safe from elitism.
Not an elitism based on money or social position, but on skill and imagination.”

Art museums and galleries have a powerful voice in the construction of cultural identity, and as
Huges’ comments indicate, those who have no voice or representation are defined as
insignificant, and their interests irrelevant. Creating forums for diverse representation is an
important issue of postmodernist philosophy, and there are many examples of this including
citywide art programs where artists or artist’s groups are commissioned to do site-specific,
interactive installations (outside of the art museum and gallery) that involve participation and
dialogue between local communities over an extended period of time. The concepts of social
interaction as a way to engage new audiences for art, as well as creating new forums outside of
traditional art spaces, are two important goals of postmodern artmaking practice.

Interactive arts, dialogue and conflict transformation

Sustained dialogue is an ongoing, interactive process between participants in a room as well as

outside of the room in each of their perspective environments. It is a process with direction, but it
is dynamic, and thus continuously changing. Sustained dialogue is designed to help enable
participants to create needed change in the larger public sector.

Dialogue is of great important to conflict resolution practice, and it is also a significant

component in much of postmodern art practice. As Harold H. Saunders explains, “Persuading
citizens to talk across lines of conflict—getting a dialogue started—is, in the words of most who
work in this field, the task that is the easiest to describe but the hardest to do…Even in non-
violent situations, individuals can find it scary to talk with people who they believe discriminate
against them, do not care about them or even hate or harm them.”

Quantum physicist David Bohm’s seminal essay entitled On Dialogue has had an impact on
artist’s mode of working. Bohm developed inspiring ideas around the principles of dialogue. He
observed that during the process of dialogue, people are able and often willing to hold multiple
and opposing opinions simultaneously, and give serious consideration to views that may be
significantly different from their own. During the process of dialogue, Bohm stated that
“everybody is sensitive to all the nuances going around and not merely to what is happening in
their own mind.” Bohm firmly believed that the sharing of consciousness was necessary for a
society to survive.

Bohm felt that the process of dialogue helped to foster this sharing, and could assist in changing
the social structure, from one of intolerance to one of participation. Thus, dialogue could help to
satisfy a society’s critical need for people to listen to each other, and to be open to different
opinions. This type of dialogical approach was designed not to attack different points of view,
but instead to make sure that all points of view get expressed. Suzi Gablik writes, “before he
died, Bohm was writing a lot about dialogue, because he believed that learning how to talk and
really listen to each other, rather than trying to win points relentlessly and put the other guy out
of business, was the only way anything would change.”

Dialogical approaches to artmaking offer many inclusive possibilities for the public sector, and
share a common philosophy with conflict resolution practice. Arnold Mindell, who works in the
field of conflict resolution has also inspired artists to use modes of dialogue in their work.
Mindell calls his dialogical process “world work”, and it involves bringing together conflicting
parties and allowing for a transformation to occur through an exchange and interpenetration that
can happen when conflicting parties listen to each other and share their viewpoints.

As Suzi Gablik explains, “Shifting into a mode of dialogue creates an interactive, participatory
kind of situation that is more relevant, I think, to the process and systems of thinking of our time.
The very principal of dialogue begins to break the spell of the notion that art or writing has to be
a totally solitary, or individual process.”

Joseph Beuys

Artist Joseph Beuys was a political activist, a teacher and an agent of political change. The focus
of Beuys work was to create dialogue around the creative potential of all humankind. He led an
international campaign from the 1960s until his death in 1986, which integrated political, thought
and art practice. Beuys wrote “Only art is capable of dismantling the repressive effects of a
senile social system that continues to totter along the deathline: to dismantle in order to build a
social organism as a work of art.” The purpose of this “social organism” was to restore the full
powers of self-determination to the populace through promoting each individual’s creativity.
Beuys believed that democracy would not be fully realized until every person became a creator,
because he felt the meaningful transformation of the social order could only happen through the
force of creative ideas and creative action.

Beuys defined art as a process with the potential to break through barriers that isolated people
from the spiritual aspects of life. He felt the most stubborn obstacles that societies faced were
stereotyping and habitual thought, and so he supported public dialogue as a way to help erode the
old world type of thinking, and to bring in a new social vision that involved the creative imput of
all the people.

San Diego State University Professors Helen and Newton Harrison work together designing
creative methods to help restore life to polluted waters. Their work is created through active
dialogue between each other that manifests as a live performance. In front of an audience, the
Harrison’s generate ecologically sound ideas through their dialogue with each other, and on a
case by case basis they have actually solved water pollution problems and transformed the
condition of the particular river that they are working on. In 1992 I attended a performance of the
Harrison’s at Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Indiana, USA. Their mission was to clean up
a certain part of the Wabash River which runs through that area of Indiana. Their performance
dialogue was poetic, intelligent, informative and inspiring. I was amazed by the manner in which
they worked together and bounced ideas off each other to solve a problem in a genuine team
effort.
Artist Mel Chin also focuses his work toward critical ecological problems in need of resolution.
Working with a group of people, he focuses his creative energies on contaminated land that is
unable to sustain plant or animal life. In his project entitled Revival Field he works with a
landfill dumping ground near St. Paul, Minnesota USA, were the soil has been polluted with
heavy metal toxins. By growing and harvesting special plants that absorb heavy metals in soil,
Chin and his team of ecologically minded artists help to revive the contaminated dumping
ground. Toxic metals are removed from the soil with each harvest to gradually create a purified
earth.
In conclusion, I want to re-emphasize that many artists around the world have become the
orchestrators of new forms of public art that focus on community-based, interactive projects, that
have manifested into sustained dialogues around important social issues. These new forums are
meant to inspire a new mode of artmaking that transcends the traditional notion of sculpture in a
public park or plaza, and work to create new social venues designed to be inviting and inclusive
to public dialogue.
I feel that it is important for people working in the field of conflict resolution to understand that
these participatory approaches in artmaking can also be very relevant and useful to conflict
transformation processes. There are numerous ways in which conflict practitioners and artists
can share with each other on their approaches to creating forums for sustained dialogues among
conflicting parties and the public at large. I have touched briefly on the topic of postmodern
dialogical and participatory artmaking practices, and its potential toward healing and
transforming conflict. I invite you to explore more in-depth the role of artists in social
transformation.

MEL CHIN
Revival Field

Solo Conversation of the Death Squad Member

Amadeo Vermishveli

Hello. My name is Givi. I want to give you my short story. The short story of my life. Or my
life’s short story. Or simply the story. People say I love to talk too much. They say once I start, I
can never finish. But I can tell you that this is not true. I do finish. Otherwise, I would not be able
to sleep. I know I am a strange fellow. But believe me, I have a lot of dignity. And I am going to
try to show you that now.

You know, I am intelligent. Some people say, I am an intelligent mother fucker. That could also
be true. Just in a good sense. I grew up on Sera, and there, we have the best mother fuckers in
Georgia. Of course, I mean this in a good sense. We restored democracy in Georgia with our
mother fucking habits. Although I should tell you privately, I do not like our current President.
He is too tricky. He has used us, and he has put many of my friends in prison. Thank God, I have
survived. Throughout my life, I have stabbed 15 people. I mean 15 people. I have beaten up
more than 100, perhaps more. But because I was on drugs for so long I forgot the exact number.
I hope you’ll forgive me for that. Beating people was never a pleasure for me, but it is a part of
my culture. I won’t even tell you how many times I have beaten my wife. That, of course, does
not count. Violence has been a way of life, although I should tell you that I do not particularly
enjoy that. But my friends from our fraternity think that this is the way of life. That is why we
backed the coup. We can’t give the power away, so the villagers come and take everything into
their hands. That does not work.

I should tell you that I had wonderful friends. They were such great people. Now, the majority
are either dead or in prison. I am so sad about this. I go to Church every other day and I pray. I
hope God will save my friend’s souls.

My friend Pudra was operating a racketeering business. In 1992 we would go to store owners
and they would give us the money without any problem. We would get a lot of money. And we
knew that the American millionaires started like that too. I know that the fittest survives, so we
were the fittest. We did many good deeds. We were helping all our relatives, friends, and even
some other people on the streets. Then we would go and rob. We would pay the police 1000
green bucks a month, and they would leave us alone. And believe me, we would not do anything
wrong. We would just go and ask for deserved money. We were their protectors. I would bring
about 2000 bucks home every day. Of course, I would spend lot of it with my friends. We would
go out to drink together, then we’d buy some cocaine, sometimes Hashish, and we’d all be happy
as hell. Those were the days. Pudra would divide the money, and he would give it to everyone
who deserved it.

But I gotta tell ya, I started to gamble hard when those God Damn Casinos showed up in town. I
started to lose a lot of money. I was making a hundred thousand bucks a month that time, which
wasn’t bad at all. But by the end of the day, I would bring 200-300 dollars home at the best. I did
not know why and how I lost so much money. Pudra was angry at me, and he would punish me.
One day he came up to me and told me: “Either you stop playing, or you go and fuck your own
mother in front of me”. That got me little scared, I have to tell ya. It is kind of awkward when
you are told this kinda thing. I felt like a junkie. Heroin is my weakness. This is my only
weakness, believe me. I don’t have any others. So Pudra was mad at me for losing that much
money, and he would rob more stores to get more money and he stopped giving it to me, because
he told me, I talk too much and I don’t do enough work. Pudra went into the oil business. And let
me tell ya, he made a hell of a lot of money! But I am in a deep shit! I somehow found myself in
deep shit! And I don’t know what to do about this.

So, I decided to become a member of the “Rioni” squad. We were paid well, and we would loot
during the civil war. We’d go to Mengrelia and loot the followers of Gamsakhurdia. It was not
much fun, since we had to rape women and kill some men to get what we wanted, but that was
the only way I could support my family. At that time, I was able to send about thousand bucks to
my family. I could not forget how my friends from our death squad killed a little boy, who was
trying to escape into the woods. They killed him just for fun. And I was throwing up for two
weeks after that. But there was no other way. I had to feed my family. And you understand, I
needed to have my heroin every two days. If I didn’t have that much money I would not be able
to live. I am just sad that I had to do those things. So many of my friends were killed during this
war. It was usually over money and power. Some of them became obsessed with their power.
Then Shevardnadze started to arrest my friends from “Rioni”. Our founder was arrested. Our
Godfather was arrested. He is in prison. So what the hell was I to do? I can’t rob those stores
anymore. They are protected by some other people. But I still have to have my heroin.

I have to tell you, my wife pisses me off some times. One day she made a declaration in front of
her family that she does not need the money that I bring home, because it is stolen. I got so mad!
I have never been more mad, my man! I busted my ass to get this bitch the money that she
desired for her dresses and her trips to Paris and New York, and she is not even thankful. She
became fucking moralistic! Man, fuck those kinds of a morals! You know how difficult is to
survive under those conditions! How difficult it is to feed your fucking family?! And then
someone comes to you and tells you that this is not good. That was so obnoxious, man! And so,
you know what did? I fucking got her out of the fucking room, and I called all of her fucking
family and I fucking drilled her in front of her mother and father. I was holding a shot gun, so
that no one had the wrong idea. I believe in God. I swear I do! But I think I was right with God. I
got her to submit. She was on her knees, and she never complained again.

You know, between us, the criminals we rape are mostly men. We try not to rape women, since
this is below our dignity. But sometimes you have to do it. And besides, she is my fucking wife,
and I am authorized by God to do whatever I want to her. And if she is ever disobedient to me, I
will do that again.
Those were the good old days. Now things have changed for the worse. Death squads do not
operate anymore. We can’t rob the stores that much. So I have to visit my friends to get a very
little money to do my little bit of drugs. The police are selling all the drugs. And it is so God
damn expensive—I can hardly afford to buy the drugs now. I want to tell you one thing that I
would probably not tell anyone else. Me and my wife are not formally together, but for the sake
of our child. We are not wife and husband anymore, in reality. But no one knows this besides
you. I have some other lovers and she knows about them. And she helps me out too. When I go
to buy the drugs from the police, I don’t always have the money. So sometimes I bring my wife,
and she gives a blow job to the chief of the police department, and then he gives me enough
heroin for about a month. What shall I do? I will die if I do not have the heroin. And she is not
complaining.
You know, I have a dream that one day Georgia will become a good country. So I don’t have to
sell my wife for heroin, so we don’t have to kill people to survive, and we don’t have to cheat
and do all those horrible things. So I could just be an intelligent person, and not a mother fucker
anymore. Sometimes, I feel so guilty. And because of that, I can’t stop talking and I can’t stay on
my own. My friends are afraid of me too. We are afraid of each other. And I wonder if one day
we will not be afraid of each other.

You know, I love my father. He would never steal. He has never beaten his wife. He never killed
a person. He has never even lied. When I think of him, I always cry. Why did it happen that I
became so different from him? He is an example for me. But my friends make fun of him,
because he does not know how to steal. Although I’m scared to say this, I am proud of him. I
should have been like him. Now I’m hitting 35 and I don’t want to feel like a bastard. I want to
be myself. And I think I am myself when I love my friends, and when I love other human beings
and I don’t take anything away from them.
Pudra was killed two years ago. Someone got so mad at him that he did not just kill him—he
also killed four of his friends. We buried them all on the same day. I was very sad, and I wanted
to kill myself. But I did not. Now, I want to continue living. I am wondering if I could do
something good. If I could learn to type on the computer. If I could learn to speak politely.

I know, my friend, I am still a mother fucker, but I try hard not to be. Believe me, I am trying. I
hope I will succeed.
I just want to go to sleep now. When I wake up I will tell you another story. I will tell you the
story of how we killed another mother fucker, Lia Barmitsva. So stay tuned in with me. I will tell
you lots of great stories about my friends. And after you hear all those great stories, you may
decide to become the president of Georgia Georgia needs a clean president like you, not a mother
fucker like us. But I will tell you this story anyway.

I will go to pee now. You see, I know when to stop talking. Whoever says I don’t stop talking is
dead wrong. I am good at it, damn it!

Real vs Ideal

by Tusia Beridze

[A fuzzy stream of consciousness, that tries to track the middle between 2 opposing points].

A long time ago I was in a really bad mood.

I wouldn’t eat, wouldn’t speak, sleep or try to love somebody.

The rehabilitation took a much longer period of time than the period of the [bad mood itself].
Within my world, the rehabilitation was going through the same steps as me, and the real world,
the couple twin, appeared to be very busy with more important things then the renovation of one,
crippled individual – like me. The world never waited for me to recover. Because it loved
[reality], the one that you can measure and count. As for me, I was truly incapable of counting
and contracting. It was me, who waited for the world. Because it gifted me with the space to use.
The weeks throughout that span assigned [forever], which appeared to be so annoying and
intolerable, that after that, for quite a time, while reading different statements about the divine
and tremendous [forever], I felt like vomiting. But this nihilistic attitude of mine lasted for some
time - not [forever]. But this story is not about these weeks of infinity, it is about another period
of time, taken from [life]. – Though not necessarily from my diminutive, infinitesimal life; but
rather out of lives which gave birth to other lives, and which penetrate the human spirit with the
[light that never goes out]. What do you think is so joyful about life? So joyful that the human
heart keeps beating after all the pain it has put up with. I know, it’s not a smart question. You all
know an answer, but you usually answer this question in a noisy room, with the tang of glamour
of the crowded fetish, and you know that answering this very question, at that very moment, in
that very room makes you a full member of the fist, and it fits you well. We all are proficient in
that field. You answer it there, thinking that it is from the depth of your heart, when it is only
your frivolity speaking. But that’s not too bad. That too is one of those sparkles which often
interferes with the solidity and stability of our polished faces and corporeal brainstorms; when
the air binds you with renovating yourself, even through the time spent on the noisy rooms with
[glamour]. Why? Because mendacity is probably the threat, and on the other hand our biggest
temptation. Though we often threaten to give up on it, and externalise into somewhat standing
above it, something that we have no idea about, that is just a stairway built through the feasible
window of our house. That’s the point, we can’t wait to get higher, and stronger. And with that
hope, we skip the most important part of this gateway: the very mendacity and triviality that is
around us and that we are fed up with. One is high if one is the lowest. In other words, one can
reach the desired highest only by staying here, on earth, fulfilling the trivial assignments, and
delivering the ongoing loop between now and then, throughout the earth but not sky, Because the
sky comes afterwards. Probably the very obvious evidence to prove the logical intersection
between [real] and [ideal]. And fortunately I got to participate in this [grand activity] too; and so
did my ancestors and so does my future-in-flesh.

[the sky comes after]…as the air gets warmer, the stream of light is brought forth. The delivery
of the light is the highest deal ever implemented. Then, in the light, we all make deals, corporate
deals, private deals, criminal, and crucially important lifetime deals. But none of these can exert
above the one that first proceeds. At a moment when we become aware of our nights and our
darkness, and of our vulnerable sleepy heads and our fragile bunch of vanities that were said, felt
or done by us in the dark. The [morning deal], if I can call it so, is the automatic release. Pale
streams crossing the air, slowly gaining brightness and waiting to be identified by the objects
below, dwelling in total dark; once the sunrise is identified, and once it spreads through the
ground, we can feel it too…-
-“ The way I felt it that morning:

DIARY#1: April 18. [all I can bless my gratitude through is several landscapes and several
shadows from the several directions of this room. How much he loves us, how much courage,
and tender joy there is in each infinitesimal gesture with which he caresses the ruts of his
creation. And if sometimes, like now there is his one, little dust of love, infinity and forgiveness
inside me, there is nothing more then the prayer of gratefulness that I can give in return, to say
that I finally noticed his divine presence around and in me. How can one bear such unspeakably
huge love for so long and receive only the debris of its edges back and still anticipate modestly,
with quivering rapture and weeping joy towards every visible and invisible earthly creature, long
slanting rays of the setting sun and the soft, tender memories that come with them. This morning
is the morning of simplicity, interaction, and peace. A deal between me and the light and I really
don’t know if its faith is blind, crippled love, but whatever it is, it’s worth any suffering and
pain”.

AUTHOR: tiny, infinitesimal files that tip-toe through my mind, and that’s ok. The sky is
changing. Not much of a sun today. And because of that the light is very [limited] and scarcely
allocated over the object that is our today’s target. We’re constructing a high-way. A HIGH-
WAY that is going to serve more then twenty million cars, bicycles and motorcycles; a highway
that is open day and night for everyone. So, we’re developing a small, architectural pattern of the
initial concept of a [high way] – the way, or the intersection of the ways that we step on from the
day of our birth. On each side, each way, there is a guide to assist you. Each one of the four ways
is high. From the place where I stand now, the construction looks this way:

Construction # 1
ALL though me and the Group of architects is in charge of constructing the main body of this
object and creating an appropriate layout for it, in the space, this still remains an argument of no
vital importance in our role towards the conceptual framework of this highway. We all are well
aquainted with the texture and the fabrics that this highway will have to eventually adopt, as well
as the heavy weight of the vehicles that will run quickly and continuously through it, leaving
nothing but the blurry trace of pollution. The reason of my presence here today has nothing to do
with my working duty and career; the main reason of why I’m conducting this and several other
operations for implementing constructions is that I decided to use them as a gateway. A gateway
that helps me to maintain all the information that will be used in this story. The contents of such
information are billions of notes, diaries and mind-projects that have never taken place in reality.
These, as I have already mentioned, are the dashes and fragments of ordinary people who deliver
the so called [keys and maps] to walk on the [ways that are high], and these who remind us of
our supreme destination, from which most of us are eluded. And they rephrase and perpetually
repeat this activity. Consequently, my role in this project, besides working out the flesh of this
gate-way, also consists of simply standing on a highway and collecting sublime data from these,
I know we are going to be attaining their life-time procedures on this very high-way.

DIARY#2.”Today was one of those days when the world spins too fast and there is no
transparency in the air—when the path that I step on during the day is covered by ice, and when
each minute I’m about to fall down and brake my neck. It started in the early morning. They
woke me up, shouting and getting all over one another, saying: [it’s never gonna be warm
again… you’ll see. It’s going to be cold for the rest of our lives]… indeed, the cold light was the
first visual information that I received taking my blanket off and trying to find something to put
on… I was pacing up and down the room—it has never been so cold. [that morning the cold war
began]. And nobody really knew about it. We were just waiting, anticipating. Not a word was
said that morning. The city was dead.
I have a shelter. It is my duty to have a shelter. Otherwise I wouldn’t want to have one. I may
never see the sun again, and my hair will not grow… [let us find the despair and pain through
thought, within our head, but do not make it visible and flesh-like, because that is more then
pain, as it brings desolation, but nothing like the perfection of the thought. See, death is not the
key answer for those who continue to live in their flesh]. The TV is on. We’re listening to the
voice of a man called John W. Burton: “…there are such conflicts at all societal levels, that is a
situation in which ontological needs of identity and recognition, and associated human
developmental needs, are frustrated. These conflicts cannot long be continued, controlled or
suppressed, but can be resolved and prevented by the satisfaction of such needs”. Then the voice
becomes an echo, a diffused, fuzzy wave and we can hear the next words: “that conflict is a
……….. Generic phenomenon that knows no systematic boundaries. We need once again an
analytical process of conflict resolu…” – and the voice fades out and there is nothing but the roar
of the desolated TV screen in front of us.

AUTHOR: sooner or later, I’m going to take you to the second construction that I’m executing.
That, other one is more indecisive and more critical then the [high way]. I usually use it as a
comparison of two limitations, two radically different edges, that are having disputes within each
other. My life would be boring without the things I do. I know this story is boring as well, but I
just have to finish it by Monday, because I promised that next Monday is going to be different
than today.
Whatever happens, I have to take you to the other object. It is even more important then the first
one. Because less people have the chance to get there. And some of the things mentioned in this
story will be there, before a dilemma that has no end. The other object/construction is called
[bilingual stairs]. They indicate two ways, two stairways that look similar, and have different
functions and different directions. Ok, let’s go there:

BILINGUAL STAIRS

Construction#2.

These stairs assign the resemblance of the negative and positive ways –which might easily seem
the same, for one that has just started walking on them. Thus they are truly dangerous, despite
that they split in directions. Even though they both start from the zero point, which is in the
middle, between them, they have different missions. One side of the stairs is minus and the other
plus. One side runs up, while the other side runs down. It is very difficult to differentiate one
from the other. Very often people mess them up, and with the hope that they are on the right
track, they instead very actively walk down the wrong side of the stairs.

DIARY#3” I came across two parallel dreams. One of them was very sensible and close to
reality, and it looked like it was something that already happened and will keep on happening
over and over again—that was my, very tangible reality. And the other dream was very irrational
and distant. It was more likely a dream, then a desire or a wish, maybe because when I make a
wish, the centre of the wish is me, but as for this one, I was absent, I wasn’t here nor there, nor
was I ever meant to be. I suddenly felt that a real dream, consummate plan, was so unfeasible
that it could not carry myself, a human being, as its concept. There just was no place for me
there. These two dreams – real and ideal/surreal kept trying to intersect each other but there was
something that prevented these two from joining. And that something was the absence of magic
in the dream, which was [real], and the presence of the magic in the [ideal], surreal. And because
of such a gap and such a conflict between them, none of them could come true”.
AUTHOR: oh, what a shame. By the way, we have two main customers to walk the [bilingual
stairs] today. These are real vs. ideal. The argument against [real] comes first. And it too will be
a diary, collected on a [high way].

DIARY#4: [When they think...oh, that is an undeniably joyful thing to know.... the breaking
point of their thought starts with obliterating the slightest capacity for something that stands
beyond the visible form and feasible implementation of their thought. There can’t be a second
path for their desires and interests. There is only one, defined and acceptable idea, acceptable
worldwide. Their dreams—they are about an incomprehensible danger and mud, which might
provide a problem instead of a profit. The rats of the media, the rats take control and they too are
certainly the matters of God, deprived, diffused and rejected sons of the process, forever stuck in
the middle - the period within 2 determined lights, stuck twice between ever knowing or not
knowing at all. The identity of the up mentioned person, in ideal form, in some sense, works out
to be perfectly adjusted to its flesh, its material body, adequately resembling the thought and the
action, thus, incarnating into a progressive and dangerous object.]

AUTHOR: real is real. It is real because we consider it that way. Thus, while considering the
real, feasible values of the things around us, we know that there must be something beyond it.
And that’s ideal. Because we don’t possess it, only because we can’t have it. Thus it turned out
that there is only one candidate to fit my [bilingual stairs], the other—ideal is missing, as always.
There is no substantial evidence that it has ever competed with [reality], because they strive to
achieve the same goal, though through different means of communication.

DIARY#5: The diary of mine, [when I was in a bad mood]: 37 of July, and there is one, such
July – and that’s my July, with numbers that exceed the limit and which enumerate not only
months, but infinity itself, and that’s the most annoying thing ever. let’s go back to where it
begins-the shape. Now I’ll try to start a new project, a new construction. I’ll try to match the
things that have much in common or have no similarities at all. The simple, or I’d say the
simplest sketch-the circle—perfect, stunning, beautiful, and then the key—the stripe—the line
crossing it, and slightly diffusing the eye of the observer. But it is the exact key that helps the eye
precept and accept or mostly believe in the miracle of the perfect. It would undoubtedly be
almost impossible to realise the existence of the perfect, and believe in it if there would have
been no distortion—the biological interaction of the two most unmatchable creations in the
world. “There was, and will always be, the line to distract, and it will stand for the key point of
the major level of faith in the human being.”

DIARY: the last. “Idea of development is the development of human being, because human
beings are the measure of all things”. Johan Galtung.

zRaprebi

dali berekaSvili

mgelvefxva

iyo da ara iyo ra, iyo erTi mgelvefxva, romelic asanTis kolofSi cxovrobda.

mgelvefxva Zalian saSiSi mxeci iyo da yvelas Tavs esxmoda. visac ar unda Caevlo
misi kolofis gverdiT, Tagvi iqneboda Tu xoWo, spilo TuU dinozavri, xvliki Tu
veSapi, sul erTia, mgelvefxva gamoxteboda xolme Tavisi kolofidan da iWerda.
gansakuTrebiT veSapebs erCoda _ sul musri gaavlo.

Sewuxdnen veSapebi da gadawyvites adamianisTvis eTxovaT rCeva. miagzavnes erTi

veSapi adamianTan, ase da ase, Zalian Segvaviwrova mgelvefxvam da iqneb rame
gviSveloo. adamianma uTxra: me ar vici, Tu ra uyvars an ra ejavreba mgelvefxvas.
iqneba Tafli uyvars da mdogvi ejavreba, an, piriqiT, mdogvi uyvars da Tafli
ejavreba. amitom, naxevarma Tafli waisviT, meore naxevarma ki mdogvi da vnaxoT, ra
moxdebao. erTma Zalian eSmakma veSapma ki Taflic waisva da mdogvic da mgelvefxvas
kolofs Cauara. mgelvefxva maSinve gamoxta da daiWira... daiWira da dauwyo lokva.
loka, loka, loka, sanam mTeli Tafl-mdogvi ar aaloka. gaZRa da gauSva.
amis Semdeg veSapebma amoisunTqes, waisvamdnen xolme Tafl-mdogvs da arxeinad
mimodiodnen mgelvefxvas kolofis gverdiT. mgelvefxva aalokavda xolme Tafl-
mdogvs da uvneblad uSvebda.

dinozavrebi ki sulelebi iyvnen, veraferi moifiqres mgelvefxvas winaaRmdeg, amitom,

mgelvefxvam isini sul amowyvita.
ase gadaSendnen dinozavrebi.

ori muxluxa iyo da ara iyo ra, iyo ori muxluxa. erTs Tavi wiTeli hqonda,
kiseri narinjisferi, mere yviTeli, mere mwvane, mere cisferi, mere lurji, bolo ki
iisferi. meores, piriqiT Tavi iisferi hqonda, mere lurji, mere cisferi, mere
mwvane, mere yviTeli, mere narinjisferi, bolo ki wiTeli.

wiTelTava kargad Wamda da bevrs moZraobda _ totebze sul zemoT-qvemoT

daZvreboda. iisferTava ki dedikos ar ujerebda, ar Wamda. ZromiTac ar daZvreboda.
sul foTolze ijda mokuntuli da fiqrebs eZleoda.
wiTelTava ki amdeni Zromisagan ise gavarjiSda da gaTamamda, rom erTxel xis
kenweroze aZvra, mere rom, veRar naxa asaZromi, moirkala mSvildiviT, uceb
gasworda da gafrinda isariviT caSi. meore muxluxam aixeda zemoT da ras xedavs _
wiTelTava caSi amxtara da patara cisartyelad gadaqceula!

TviTonac mounda saSinlad. daiwyo zemoT asvla. didi wvalebiT aaRwia kenweros,
moirkala da ... zemoT axtomis magivrad, qvemoT Cavarda... ara, ar Cavarda, patara
abreSumis Zafs Camoekida (xom ginaxavs?).
ekida ase Zafze da dardobda, ekida da dardobda, garSemo sul abreSumis Zafi
Semoixvia, imitom, rom aRarafris danaxva ar undoda. ekida da ekida. erTxelac,
moiSora Semoxveuli da gamovida gareT... pepela. axla mas cisartyelasaviT lamazi
frTebi hqonda da frenac SeeZlo.

ase gaCnda cisartyela da pepela.

sami koWi

iyo da ara iyo ra, iyo sami koWi. erTi qvisgan iyo gamoTlili, meore _ xisgan,
mesame ki Tivisgan iyo dawnuli. idgnen erTad Taroze da kamaTobdnen, ara me
vjobivar yvelas, ara meo. am dros gamoCnda xeli da erT-erTi (qvis) koWi aiRo.
magram koWi mZime aRmoCnda da xels gauvarda. daeca fexs. fexi gamwarda da koWs
wixli hkra. koWi gagorda. xelma axla meore koWi aiRo _ Tivis. mouWira, magram
koWi daiWmuWna. xelma esec daagdo. bolos xis koWi aiRo xelma. is arc zedmetad
mZime iyo, arc zedmetad rbili. xelma masze Zafi daaxvia da didxans xmarobda. koWi
gulSi ambobda, “xom vambobdi, yvelas vjobivaro”. bolos Zafi gamoilia. magram, koWi
ar gadaugdiaT: bavSvebi mas sapnis buStebis gasaSvebad iyenebdnen. xis koWi sul
imeorebda amayad, “yvela koWze ukeTesi me varo”.
Tivis koWi ki, amasobaSi, WianWvelebma naxes. Zalian moewonaT _ is xom oqrosaviT
bzinavda da Tavis budeSi waiRes _ dedoflis taxts gavakeTebTo. marTlac, gaakeTes.
rodesac masze WianWvelebis dedofali dabrZanda, koWma Caicina TavisTvis, vin
medreboda, an rogor medrebodneno. is, ra Tqma unda, darwmunebuli iyo, rom
saukeTeso iyo.

qvis koWs raRa mouvida? ra da, roca fexma hkra da gaagora, dartyma iseTi Zlieri
iyo da ise swrafad gagorda mzis amosvlis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT, rom
guSindel dReSi amoyo Tavi, mere ufro Sors warsulSi da bolos Zvel saberZneTSi
aRmoCnda. aq mas xeli mokida mSvenierma qalwulma ariadnem da zed Zafi daaxvia.
rogorc cnobilia, ariadnem is Zafi Tezevss misca da amis gamo Tezevsma moaxerxa
labirinTidan gamosvla, mokled, am ambavs aRar movyvebi, isedac ici (Tu ar ici,
SegiZlia waikiTxo). Tezevsis saxelganTqmuli gmirobis mere koWmac gaiTqva saxeli.
maSin ki amasTan dakavSirebioT taZrebs agebdnen. koWsac auges, SuaSi qvis svetze
daabrZanes da Tayvans scemdnen.

gamoicani, ras fiqrobda am dros koWi?

sul Ppirvelad

sul pirvelad qveynad araferi iyo. iyo mxolod oTxi aminomJava, ori muxluxa, sami
koWi, mgelvefxva, glukoza da gemoglobini.
mgelvefxva TareSobda da yvelas Tavs esxmoda. ai, miaxta erT muxluxas, magram is
caSi axta da cisartyelad gadaiqca. mgelvefxvam mxolod kudidan aminomJavas
awyveta moaswro. mere meore muxluxas miaxta mgelvefxva. iman ki frTebi gamoiba da
gafrinda. mgelvefxvam mxolod aminomJavis mowyveta moaswro. mere glukozas eca.
glukozam rqebi amokra da gaeqca. amasac kudidan aminomJava aawyvita mgelvefxvam.
bolos, gemoglobins eca. gemoglobinma okeaneSi CayvinTa. mgelvefxvam bolodan
aminomJava aawyvita mxolod. yvela gausxlta mgelvefxvas, SerCa mxolod oTxi
aminomJava. ra unda eqna? moiwyina. mere adga da am aminomJavebisagan samyaro Seqmna.

sami koWi? samyaro rameze xom unda daedga, hoda, sam koWs daayrdno.

wiTelquda

iyo da ara iyo ra, iyo erTi sayvareli gogona, romelsac wiTeli qudis tareba
uyvarda da wiTelqudas eZaxdnen. yvelafrad kargi da damjeri bavSvi iyo, oRond
erTi ucnauroba sWirda: sadac ki mgels dainaxavda, mivardeboda da gadaylapavda
xolme. misi SiSiT im aremareSi mgeli ar WaWanebda. erTxel bebia gauxda avad tyis
gadaRma sofelSi. dedam wiTelqudas bebiasTvis kalaTSi Rvezeli Caudo, Tan daariga,
Sen ici, WkuiT moiqeci, tyeSi mglebs devnas nu dauwyebo. wiTelquda Sepirda (is
xom damjeri gogo iyo) da gzas gaudga. mglebis Zebna marTlac ar dauwyia.

amasobaSi tyeSi xma gavarda _ wiTelquda modiso. erTad-erTi darCenili mgeli

SiSiT dafeTda, aRar icoda sad damaluliyo. gamovarda tyidan da qoxi dainaxa. es
bebias qoxi iyo. Sevarda mgeli qoxSi, bebiisTvis Svela undoda eTxova. bebia ar
dauxvda _ ukeT gamxdariyo da bazrobaze wasuliyo. am dros mgels moaxloebuli
wiTelqudas nazi simRera moesma. mgeli aqeT eca, iqeT eca da bolos bebias loginSi
Caimala, Tavze misi CaCi daixura da cxvirze misi saTvale gaikeTa _ egeba am oxerma
ver micnos da gadavrCeo. Semovida wiTelquda. miuaxlovda bebiis logins. cota
eucnaura bebia da gadawyvita gamoerkvia, raSi iyo saqme. mere, rogorc ici, dakiTxva
mouwyo Tvalebis, cxviris, xelebisa da kbilebis Sesaxeb. swored kbilebiT icno
sawyali mgeli (bebias arc erTi kbili ar hqonda) da maSinve gadaylapa.

am dros bebia dabrunda da xedavs: zis wiTelquda gaberili mucliT da krusunebs _

muceli atkivda. bebia yvelafers mixvda, datuqsa gogona da maSinve sodiani wyali
daalevina. mgeli uvneblad amovida.

mas mere wiTelquda mglebs aRar erCoda.

cudi zRapari

erT mSvenier adgilas didi lamazi xe iyo amosuli. gazafxulze misi yvavilebi
saamur surnels afrqvevdnen, totebze Citebi WikWikebdnen, zafxulSi mis qveS
sigrile da nazi niavi iyo, Semodgomaze misi nayofiT Citebi da ciyvebi
itkbarunebdnen pirs, zamTars ki ciyvi mis fuRuroSi atarebda Tbilad da myudrod.

erTxel movida kverna, ciyvi SeWama da fuRuroSi dasaxlda. mere movida monadire,
kverna mokla, xe moWra da mis adgilas rkinis boZi CaarWo. boZi waiqca, kacs TavSi
daeca da mokla. TviTon ki daJangda.

am adgilas mere Jangisferi balaxi, kvernisferi da ciyvisferi yvavilebi amovida.

mivida erTi bavSvi da yvavilebi sul gakrifa, magram sanam moqonda, Txa wamoepara da
Taiguli SeuWama. Txas ki, amasobaSi, mgeli wamoepara da SeWama. mere bavSvic
miayola. mgelma amdeni ver gadaxarSa da fexi gafSika.

iq, sadac is gaixrwna, amovida balaxi, mere yvavilebi, mere xe, mere rkinis boZi, mere
ciyvi, mere kverna, mere Txa, mere mgeli, mere monadire, mere bavSvi, da yvela, garda
balaxis, yvavilebis, xisa da boZisa aqeT-iqeT daifanta.

mZinare mzeTunaxavi

erT mSvenier qveyanaSi mefe-dedofals didi xnis uSvilobis mere qaliSvili SeeZina.
gaxarebulebma didi wveuleba moawyes da naTliebad feriebi dapatiJes. pirvelma
feriam Tavis naTluls silamaze uboZa, meorem _ mSvenieri xma, mesamem _ simarde da
siswrafe, meoTxem ... ver moaswro verafris Tqma, roca daupatiJeblad, gajavrebuli,
beberi jadoqari Semovida da princesas udroo sikvdili aRuTqva TiTistaris
Cxvletisagan. amis mere gauCinarda. yvela SeZrwunda, magram gamovida meoTxe feria
da ganacxada, rom Tumca jadoqris wyevlas mTlianad ver gaauqmebda, mainc
Seamsubuqebda _ princesa ki ar mokvdeboda, mxolod daiZinebda asi wliT, sanam mas
princi gamoaRviZebda kocniT.

TxuTmeti-Teqvsmeti wlis mere princesa tyeSi danavardobda. aq mas erTi keTili

moxuci qali Sexvda TiTistariT xelSi (sinamdvileSi, es Cveni nacnobi boroti
jadoqari iyo gadacmuli) princesas TiTistari arasodes enaxa, radgan boroti
jadoqris winaswarmetyvelebis Semdeg mefem akrZala TiTistarebi mTel qveyanaSi da
gamoqanda misken _ jadoqari ukve qirqilebda borotad sabediswero Cxvletis
molodinSi. magram princesa ise swrafad moqroda _ is, xom qveynad yvelaze swrafi
iyo _ rom Tavi ver Seikava da asi kilometriT iqiT gadairbina.

boroti jadoqari boRmisagan iqve mokvda da Tqveni Wiri waiRo.

princesa ki amdeni sirbilisagan ise daiRala, rom wamowva da daiZina asi wliT.

mere, rasakvirvelia, movida mSvenieri princi da kocniT gaaRviZa.

wunia sapatarZlo

iyo erTi Zalian lamazi qaliSvili. saxelic lamazi da mJReri hqonda _ qserokopia.
qserokopia yvelas erTi SexedviT uyvardeboda, amitom mTxovnelebi sul Tavs exvia.
magram igi Zalian mediduri da amayi iyo da yvelas iwunebda. mobezrda mefes
(damaviwyda meTqva, rom qserokopia mefis asuli iyo) Tavisi qaliSvilis sijiute da
ucxoeTSi gaagzavna WurWlis mrecxavad.

im samrecxaoSi, sadac qserokopia aRmoCnda, sul princesebi muSaobdnen WurWlis

mrecxavebad. qserokopia rom naxes, yvelas SeSurda misi silamaze da misi saxeli.
amitom, yvelam misi mibaZva daiwyo, rom rogorme mas damsgavsebodnen da saxelic
yvelam gadairqva _ axla yvelas qserokopia erqva. aseTma moqmedebam Sedegi gamoiRo
_ zogi milioners misTxovda, zogi kinovarskvlavi gaxda, zogic _ fotomodeli.
male Cveni (namdvili) qserokopia marto darCa samrecxaoSi. gabrazda da saxlSi
dabrunda. aq is mWedels gahyva colad _ misi dakunTuli xelebi moewona da
saxelic gadairqva _ amalia gaxda.

qserokopiebma ki mTeli qveyana gaavses da daipyres.

moTxrobebi

Tamar berekaSvili

pavle
im dRes pavle cud gunebaze iyo. an ki rodis iyo karg gunebaze?! magram im dRes
ganacxada, karg gunebaze vera varo, pilateze laparakobda da uimedobas gamoTqvamda.
yvelaferSi marTali iyo, gaugebari iyo marto, ratom dRes da ara guSin an
guSinwin, an imis win, an ra iqneba xval, xvalac xom igivea? xval pavle ufro
mxiaruli movida, sinamdvileSi isev ise, magram cud gunebaze araferi dascdenia da
yvavilebsac wyali dausxa, Semdeg erT-erT ninos varcxniloba mouwona da wavida.
pilateze aRaraferi uTqvams. mesame dRes pavle axal kostumSi movida, lamazi da
saqmiani, Tumca araferi gaukeTebia, albaT emzadeboda saqmis dasawyebad. “xoroSo” _
Tqva, rac niSnavda, rom yvelaferi gasagebi iyo, isic, rom srulebiTac ar aris
yvelaferi kargad, magram man Tadarigi daiWira da miiRo rogorc aris. albaT pavle
nebismier xasiaTze unda aitano - gaifiqra merim.

ambavi

mezoblebSi xma gavarda, deida ivlita cudad gaxdao. marTlac deida ivlita ezoSi
ijda, xeli im adgilas miedo, sadac guli eguleboda da oxvra-oxvriT, magram
aRelvebuli yveboda.

_ vijeqi saxlSi, vuyurebdiT televizors. ucbad saSineli guguni momesma. valodias

vuTxari, ra xdeba meTqi. araferio, miTxra, televizoris xma ariso. ar davujere da
marTlac, ras vxedav oTaxSi dafrinavs saSineli mweri da Rrialebs. sul Savia da
bususebiani, zedized xuTi wyvili fexi aqvs da me mimiznebs. movrTe kivili, magram
ar SeeSinda. valodia gabrazda, ra gayvirebs qalo, buziao. me amisTana didi buzi ar
minaxavs, Tanac Cems Tavs. amewia wneva, sul damfoTla, Zlivs gavaswari. is Cemi
tutuci ki miyviris, modi, wavidao. me gamomyolia. ra unda Cemgan? ras merCis?
albaT Cemi sadili moewona, Canaxi gavukeTe Cems biWs. axla rom SemomeCvios,
damrCeba Svili uWmeli.

_ ai ase mouva, Tqva gugulim. _ sul veubnebi, Zalian anebivreb Sens Svils meTqi da
ar mijerebs, ai Sedegic.

“flakonCikebi”

cxra studenti iyo jgufSi: dako, mako, sofo, eka, Tako, elo, lika, cika da
gulizari. yvela erTnairi iyo, Tumca zogi maRali, zogi ki dabali, gamxdrebic da
mosuqebulebic, yvela ratrata da mxiaruli. yvela erTnairad kargad swavlobda.
yvelas uyvarda simRera da yvela igvianebda. zogi qera iyo, sxvebi Savgremani. Tvalis
feriTac albaT gansxvavdebodnen, magram mainc Zneli gasarCevi iyvnen. leqciis Semdeg
sarkesTan iyridnen Tavs da JivJivebdnen, bumbuls isworebdnen. ra ecvlebodaT
gaugebari iyo, magram amis Semdeg Zalian kmayofilebi gadiodnen quCaSi, sruli
SegnebiT, rom axla bevrad mimzidvelebi gaxdnen. brwyinavdnen da cimcimebdnen,
rogorc axlad garecxili SuSis boTlebi sxvadasxva saxelis franguli sasinji
sunamoTi _ dako, mako, sofo, eka, Tako, elo, lika, cika da gulizari
“flakonCikebi”.

dito
ditos Zalian aRizianebda qveynis gmiruli da sasaxelo warsuli, ufro sworad, ar
moswonda, rom masac unda edidebina es warsuli da eamaya misiT. saamayo xom isedac
bevri hqonda _ iyo axalgazrda, Wkviani, niWieri, progresuli, kargad icoda
inglisuri da bodriaric ai, ukve sami welia, rac wakiTxuli hqonda. cxadia,
TviTonac SeeZlo eyvira, ZirZveli da unikaluri eri varTo, magram ase xom isinic
laparakobdnen, da swored isini, visac bodriari ar hqonda wakiTxuli da
inglisurad marto “o-kei” icodnen. Tanac imaSic darwmunebuli iyo, rom zne-
CveulebebSi araferi icvleba da Tu dRes prezidentebi da saxelmwifos meTaurebi
tyuian, mruSoben, pedofiloben da zoofiloben, warsulSi miT ufro ase
moiqceodnen, rodesac mefeebi iyvnen da yvelafris uflebac hqondaT. da gana ratom
ar SeiZleba daviT aRmaSenebeli gei yofiliyo, rodesac misi saTayvanebeli fuko iyo
gei. imdeni ifiqra amaze, rom darwmunda kidec Tavis simarTleSi. marTalia,
samecniero naSroms amaze ver dawerda, radganac dasabuTeba aklda, magram kargi
moTxroba ki gamouvida _ Tanamedrove da yuradsaRebi. Zalian kmayofili iyo.

didi gza

begim SeamCnia, rom yvela did xelovans Saragzebis Cveneba uyvars _ bunuels,
felinis, kanCalovskis, da kidev vin moTvlis ramdens. gadawyvita, namdvilad didi
gza unda warmovaCinoo. didi gza mniSvnelobas aniWebs yvelafers, da, rac mTavaria,
avtors. daiwyo nanaxi didi gzebis gaxseneba. maSinve Tavisi quCa warmoudga Tvalwin
nagviani paketebiT rigSi _ ara, es ar vargao _ gaifiqra. Semdeg amerikis trasebis
gaxseneba daiwyo, magram marto kinoSi enaxa, amitom rigianad ver warmoidgina. Tavisi
soflis Saragza moigona, magram es gana didi gzaa?! Tanac am gzaze virebi da misi
mezobeli varvara dadian, es ar STaagonebda Sedevris Sesaqmnelad. icoda, rom yvela
did gzebze dadian virebi, varvarebi da sxva saeWvo arsebebi, magram Tavidanve,
warmodgenisTanave rom maT evloT, ar undoda. moiwyina. aRmoCnda, rom mas didi gza
ar hqonda.

swavluli mdivani

franci swavluli mdivani iyo. es is kaci iyo, wliur Temebs rom agrovebda
institutSi da WerSi awyobda. yvela pativs scemda, imitom, rom Tavisi saqme hqonda
da wlis bolos nebismierisTvis SeeZlo moekiTxa _ Seni Tema sad ario. francma
icoda Tavisi fasi, amitom yvelasTan Tamami da ironiuli iyo.

erTxelac wlis bolos aRmoaCina, rom yvelas moetana Temebi tatos garda. Zalian
gabrazda. es tato isedac didi xania ar moswonda, misgan mowiwebas ver grZnobda. ar
undoda dasmena dabraleboda, amitom gadawyvita angariSiT Sesuliyo direqtorTan,
romelSic ewereboda, rom 29 wliuri Temis magivrad wels marto 28 Tema
Semouvida. direqtori SeekiTxeboda, ratom aris naklebio da isic moridebiT
miugebda, tatos daagvianda motanao, albaT daaviwyda, rom CvenTan muSaobs.
direqtori ganrisxdeba da tatos samsaxuridan gaagdebs.

asec moiqca. direqtorma gadaaTvaliera angariSi, gaiRima da mdivans gasZaxa, Cai

momiduReo. francs ki Cai ar SesTavaza.
 kargi kacoba

revi kargi kaci iyo. icoda, rom kargi iyo, imitom rom TviTon iSroma Tavisi meobis
srulyofisTvis. kargi kacoba misTvis mTavari iyo. rac ginda daebralebinaT, magram
veravin ityoda, rom giJebs, Rrma moxucebs, meamboxeebs, msubuqi yofaqcevis qalebs an
moxuligno axalgazrdebs ar wyalobda. rodesac vinme usayvedurebda, raRa es giJi an
yvelas maginebeli vigindara miiRe samsaxurSio, mSvidad da keTili RimiliT
pasuxobda, me vesaubre da normaluri adamianiao, ubralod veravin ugebs.
mosayvedurec maSinve xvdeboda, ra didbunebovani adamiani iyo revi da ra mwire
TviTon. cnobili gaxda qalaqSi Tavisi keTilSobilebiTa da uangarobiT, magram rac
ufro mets laparakobdnen masze da aqebdnen, miT ufro Tavmdabali da enatkbili
xdeboda _ srulyofilebas xom sazRvari ara aqvs! gavida dro da revi gardaicvala,
giJebma, Rrma moxucebma, meamboxeebma, msubuqi yofaqcevis qalebma da daberebulma
moxuligno axalgazrdebma ki erTmaneTi daxoces, imitom rom ar iyvnen reviviT
keTilSobilni da didbunebovanni.

Editorial - redatqoris Tvalsazrisi

First War of the Century or a Chance to have Genuine Peace

by Irakli Zurab Kakabadze

There is absolutely no doubt that the day of September 11, 2001 will be remembered around the
world as the one of the worst human nightmares alongside Hiroshima, Holocaust, Genocide and
other atrocities committed by different human regimes or groups. There is also no doubt that this
was a merciless, cowardly operation, carried out with unprecedented barbarity and with no
regard for innocent human life. Our hearts and souls go out to the victims and their families and
loved ones. The horror the world has faced watching the terrorist attack live on television is
unimaginable. Many people did not believe this was real footage. I happened to be in the
Georgian province of Samtskhe-Javakheti, populated with Georgians and Armenians. Everyone
was talking about the attack on the World Trade Center. People there were shocked, and they
could not believe that this horrible tragedy happened.

Sympathies of the entire world go to America. The homeland of freedom is suffering from a
deep wound. And there are many questions regarding how and why this happened. How could
the American Air Traffic System have missed identifying the suspicious activity of these four
planes that carried out the attacks? People are also wondering what kind of experiences and what
sort of rationale can create such bitterness in a person as to motivate them to become a suicide
bomber and destroyer of lives of thousands of people?

There is no doubt that terrorists like Osama bin Laden must face justice in a universal court for
taking so many innocent lives. In the short term we can work on neutralizing terrorist groups in
general for some time, while developing long-term approaches to preventing terrorism in the
world. The new dichotomy that is materializing is the North VS South confrontation. Rich vs
poor, industrialized vs developing, multi-national corporations vs billions of starving citizens of
the world. When the majority of the global population are living below the poverty level,
religious fanatics are viewed as standing on much more stable ground. The World Trade Center,
a proud symbol of modern capitalism has created mixed feelings. To many people it seemed like
a symbol of economic imperialism, as well as an unachievable dream. In the restaurant in the
WTC, the cost of a pot of tea was the same as the monthly income of the working population in
many developing countries, including Georgia. The Pentagon was also identified as a defender of
the richest corporations who were seen as oppressing the working class majority. This situation
is not about religion; nor is it about ethnicity. America could proudly say that there is less
religious and ethnic discrimination in the US than in any other world country. Here, we are
dealing with the problem of structural violence around the world, where billions of people are
suffering from the lack of very basic human necessities. According to the UNDP data of 1998
there is about $40 billion needed annually to deal with the most basic problems of the South,
including malnutrition, lack of medical care and jobs. This amount of money is just a small part
of the total revenue of many multi-national corporations, let alone illegal drug profit.

It is, of course, difficult to say what is a remedy from this disease. But one thing is clear: in the
21st century we need to find new ways to meet the basic human needs of the majority of the
world’s population. It is not impossible, there are ways to create a more humane and just global
society. Free markets and democratic systems have the potential to bring happiness to majority
of the people in the world. As great Thomas Jefferson wrote in the declaration of American
Independence “Every man has the right for life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness”. These days
we shall say, every human being (and not just a man) in the world has this right to those
fundamental sanctities of democratic society. More then 3 billion people should not be currently
suffering from inadequate basic resources. To prevent further terrorist attacks, we need to
address and resolve the severe imbalances in global resource distribution that currently exist,
rather than demonize a religion, culture and/or nation.

President Bush has said that we are facing the first war of our new century. This is indeed, the
first war of the 21st century, and we hope that this war is going to bring perpetrators to world
justice. We also hope that this war will be waged against poverty, discrimination, deprivation,
human suffering, imperialism, and neocolonialism. America is a great country, a country where
civil liberties and civil rights are protected. Now we hope that America will lead the world in
defending the civil rights of world citizens, so there will be less people who will feel inclined to
join some wealthy fanatic or a self-declared violent Messiah.

Creating more opportunities for people in the so called third world, and giving them a chance to
participate and engage in a true democratic process is the way out of the terrorist nightmare. The
free market certainly could be a productive and even compassionate system, and this can happen
when people compete with and against scarcity and poverty, instead of competing with each
other. This also happens when we explore collaboration instead of domination. God has created
all of us as equals, and all human beings are entitled to have a decent life.Now, when the world
is becoming smaller and smaller, we need to take more and more responsibility for those
millions of world citizens, who live and die in a horrible misery. We simply cannot ignore them
anymore, since all of us are vulnerable to terrorism. And for creating this positive peace we need
to work hard. It is not going to be easy, but it is possible.

Meanwhile we pray for those who have died, and extend our deepest compassion to their loved
ones.

God bless America; we believe that justice will prevail.

siyvarulis doqtrina saxelmwifoebriv cxovrebaSi

irakli kakabaZe
bevris wera SeiZleba siyvarulis doqtrinis Teoriuli mxareebis Sesaxeb. Tumca, me
minda, konkretulad gavCerde erT metad mniSvnelovan aspeqtze. es aris is, Tu ra
praqtikuli meqanizmebi SeiZleba gamoinaxos im saSineli struqturuli Zaladobis
gadasalaxavad, romelSiac dRes saqarTvelo aris moqceuli sxavdasxva subieqturi,
Tu obieqturi mizezis gamo.

pirvel rigSi aucileblad unda iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi jer kidev sabWoTa dros
Camoyalibda saocari struqturuli uTanasworoba sxvadasxva klasebs Soris. es
albaT paradoqsulia, magram sabWoTa kavSiri bevrad ufro klasobrivad Sovinisturi
sazogadoeba iyo, vidre ganviTarebuli kapitalisturi qveynebi. aq, Raribi
mosaxleobis uflebebi arasdros yofila daculi. piriqiT, isini bevrad ufro
saSinlad iyvnen eqspluatirebulni, vidre muSebi arian kapitalistur qveynebSi. ar
arsebobda namdvili profkavSirebi. Sedegad miviReT naxevrad batonymuri da naxevrad
monaTmflobeluri saxelmwifo, romelsac saxelad socialisturi erqva. sabWoTa
nomenklatura modernizebul feodalur klass warmoadgenda da mosaxleobis 80
procenti mainc monisa da ymis mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda. aman warmoSva udidesi
socialuri zRvari da SuRli mosaxleobis sxvadasxva klasebs Soris. klasobrivad
Sovinisturi sazogadoebis arseboba iyo erT-erTi mTavari mizezi, 90-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi momxdari socialuri kataklizmebisa.

amasTan erTad sazogadoebaSi ar arsebobda konfliqtebis mSvidobianad mogvarebis

instituti. konfliqtebis daregulireba ZiriTadad xdeboda an korumpirebuli
nomenklaturuli klasis mier, an kidev ufro korumpirebuli, kriminaluri,
egreTwodebuli kanonieri qurdebis saSualebiT. orives interesebSi Sedioda
ZiriTadad sakuTari mosaxleobis Zarcva-gleja da ierarqiul-totalitaruli
sistemis gamyareba. rogorc ki maT sistemas safrTxe daemuqra 1991 wels, yofili
cekas mdivnebi da kriminalebi myisve erTad dadgnen sakuTari wesrigis dasacavad. es,
ra Tqma unda, imas ar niSnavs, rom saqarTvelos pirvel xelisuflebas Secdomebi ar
hqonda. magram, xelisuflebis Zaladobrivma damxobam uaresi Sedegi mogvitana. aman
gamoiwvia qurdul-komunisturi mentalitetis aRzeveba. am sindromidan saqarTvelo
dRemde ver gamovida.

mainc ra gamosavals gvTavazobs siyvarulis doqtrina im problemebidan, romlebzec

axla gvqonda saubari?..

pirvel rigSi vexebiT klasobriv sakiTxs. komunistur-feodaluri weswyobileba

socialuri ganviTarebis saSualebas aZlevda mosaxleobis Zalian patara procents.
axla Cvens post-komunistur-qurdul garemoSi ki es ufro aSkarad gamoCnda.
mosaxleobis yvelaze meti 10 procents aqvs socialurad gasaZlisi pirobebi. kargad
cxovroben mxolod yofili cekas mdivnebi, kriminalebi (sxvadasxva jiSis qurdebi da
mafiozebi) da oligarqebi (axali qarTuli msxvili burJuazia). danarCeni adamianebis
ekonomikuri uflebebi ilaxeba. socialuri ganviTarebis saSualeba ara aqvs
praqtikulad aravis. socialur ekonomikuri liberalizacia, aucilebelia cxovrebis
normalizaciisaTvis. normaluri cxovreba adamianebis umravlesobisaTvis
xelmisawvdomi unda gaxdes. Cvens droSi aucilebelia iyos socialuri samarTali,
romelic sakuTrebis yvela formas daeyrdnoba. ara mxolod kerZos, aramed
saxelmwifos, sazogadoebrivsa Tu kooperatiuls. erT-erTi sakuTrebis formis
gafetiSebas yovelTvis cud Sedegamde mivyavarT. sazogadoebrivi sawyisis win
wamoweva ki aucilebeli pirobaa normaluri, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
damkvidrebisaTvis. am SemTxvevaSi marto milton fridmanisa da Cikagos ekonomikuri
skolis mimdevrobas, CvenTvis kargi iqneba rom agreTve gamoviyenoT sxvadasxva
ekonomikuri skolebis swavlebebic. es aris londonis ekonomikuri skolis da
keinsianelebis ekonomikuri Teoriebi, agreTve sxva ekleqturi ekonomikuri
swavlebebi. mTavari principi is aris rom libertarianuli Tavisufleba da
progresuli, socialuri Tanasworoba, erTmaneTTan aucileblad antagonistur
urTierTobaSi ar aris. siyvaruli da Tavisufleba erTad arseboben, rac ar unda
amtkicon zedmetad eWvianma qmrebma, rom es ase aris, amis miRweva socialur
sferoSi namdvilad SesaZlebelia. sxvaTa Soris, Tavadi ilia WavWavaZis mier
warmodgenili qarTuli sazogadoeba, swored aseT models unda dayrdnoboda.

meore, ZiriTadi postulati, romelic asazrdoebs Cvens feodalur-oligarqiul

sistemas, aris is ukmarisobis panikuri SiSi, romelic gaaCniaT cekas mdivnebsa da
kriminalebs. am ukmarisobis mwvave SegrZnebis gamo, sazogadoebaSi gamefebulia didi
Zrwola ukmarisobis winaSe da hyvavis sixarbe. qonebisa da Zalauflebis dataceba
sxvis xarjze. es yvelanairad arahumanuri da araqristianuli principi sazogadoebas
katastrofis piras ayenebs. rac ar unda siuxve iyos qveyanaSi, sanam aseTi principebi
batonobs, manam ar SeiZleba gvqondes mSvidoba. monas da monaTmflobels Soris
arasdros iqneba namdvili mSvidoba. am problemis gadaWra SesaZlebelia mxolod im
gziT Tu Cven gavacnobierebT, rom resursebisa da Zalauflebis gayofa yovelTvis
SesaZlebelia. miT umetes iseT patara qveyanaSi, rogoric saqarTveloa. gasayofi aq
araferia da patara qveyanaSi siuxve bevrad advili misaRwevia, vidre iseT qveynebSi,
rogoricaa indoeTi da CineTi. da Tu Cinelebma SesZles is, rom ekonomikuri
siRatake maTTvis iseTi didi problema ar aris, rogorc politikuri despotia,
maSin CvenTan yvelanairi aseTi problemis gadaWra SeiZleba.

The Statement of the ICCN

About the Terrorist Attack on the United States of America on September 11, 2001

Was Huntington right in the end? Are we facing the danger of global civilizational wars in the
21st century?

How is it possible that someone who is embittered about his people’s suffering and oppression
could feel that the response would be to hurt other people? The whole of mankind is divided
civilizationally into those who accept this solution, and those who deny it. How can the blood of
thousands of people whose only fault is that they are Americans or happen to be in America, be
taken in exchange for the suffering of other people in other places in the world? How can anyone
in the world consciously join in this well orchestrated celebration of Evil? Is it not the time for
humankind to ask this final question of survival?

We feel as being unquestionably on the side of those who have already answered this latter
question for themselves. Now we need to put aside all the differences, ambitions, stereotypes and
negative perceptions, and express one whole spirit in favor of life, justice and democracy. It’s
time to realize that anyone who accepts the idea of terrorism as a solution to problems,
contributes to its materialization.

We should not indulge in the danger of temptation to identify the Villain as Arabs or Muslims or
Middle Easterners. The Villains are just sick persons with money; faceless cowards, who are no
less dangerous as that. Now faceless, or rather UFO (unidentified faceless objects), they need to
be identified and punished. But the evil should be identified and dealt with within ourselves, as
to witness evil and not act, is also evil.

People, let us all regret that we have allowed this to happen.

JurnalSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi SeiZleba ar emTxveodes redkolegiis an

konfliqtologiis centris pozicias

The Peace Times Published by: International Center on Conflict and Negotiation
Supported by: Cordaid

dro mSvidobisa gamoicema konfliqtebisa da molaparakebebis saerTaSoriso kvleviTi

centris mier holandiuri fondis `qordeid~-is finansuri mxardaWeriT

redaqtori: irakli kakabaZe

redaqtoris moadgile: lela ciskariSvili
saredaqcio kolegia: dali berekaSvili, giga bokeria, laSa buRaZe, giorgi
margvelaSvili,rusiko mSvidobaZe, gaga niJaraZe, gio sumbaZe, daTo turaSvili,
giorgi xuciSvili
dizaini: GOSLAB

gansakuTrebuli madloba: nana meliwkaurs da cisana odiSarias

ISBN: 99928-824-3-3

misamarTi: iv. maCablis 5, 1 sarTuli, Tbilisi 380007, saqarTvelo

safosto misamarTi: safosto yuTi 38, Tbilisi 380079, saqarTvelo
telefonebi: 99-99-87, 93-91-78
faqsi: 93-91-78
E-mail: confpro@ access.sanet.ge
http://iccn.tripod.com

© 2001 by ICCN