Experiment -1

Aim:
To determine the pH of the given samples using pH paper or universal indicator. The samples whose pH has to be
determined are-
1. Dilute CH3COOH
2. Dilute NaOH
3. Salt NaCl
4. Dilute NaHCO3
5. Water
6. Lemon juice
Materials required:
1. Six test tubes
2. Test tube stand
3. Dilute acid CH3COOH
4. Dilute base NaOH
5. Salt NaCl (preparation: dissolve 1 gram salt in 10 mL distilled water)
6. Water
7. Lemon juice
8. Dilute NaHCO3
9. Glass rod
10. Measuring cylinder (10 mL)
11. Standard pH colour chart
12. pH paper
13. Glass rod
14. Dropper
15. Universal indicator
Theory:
1. pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration to determine the alkalinity or acidity of a solution.
 If the pH value of a solution is less than 7 it is an acidic solution
 If the pH value of a solution is greater than 7 it is a basic solution
 If the pH value of a solution is equal to 7 it is a neutral solution
pH scale: The pH scale consists of values which range from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very alkaline). The numbers on
the scale help to determine the hydrogen ion concentration.
pH paper: pH paper can help us know if a solution is basic, acidic or neutral. When the pH paper is dipped into a
solution whose pH has to be determined, a colour will be developed. This colour is compared with the standard pH
colour chart. Instead of pH paper, we can also use universal indicator paper or universal indicator solution.
Universal indicator: A universal indicator is a mix of pH indicator solutions that are designed to determine
the pH of solutions over a wide range of values. Put a drop of solution on the universal pH indicator paper. The colour
developed on the paper is matched with the standard pH colour chart.

Experimental Setup:
Procedure:
1. Wash six test tubes with distilled water and put them on test tube stand and label them A, B, C, D, E, F.
2. Add 2ml of CH3COOH in test tube A, Add 2ml of NaOH in test tube B, Add 2ml of NaCl in test tube C, Add 2ml
of NaHCO3 in test tube D, Add 2ml of Water in test tube E, Add 2ml of Lemon juice in test tube F.
3. Take white tile, place 6 pH paper and label them A, B, C, D, E, F.
4. Use a dropper or glass rod to put the respective sample solutions on the labelled pH paper placed on the
white tile.
5. Observe the colour change.
Observation:
Sample Colour on pH paper

A Orange

B Dark blue

C Red

D Light blue

E Green

F Pink

Result and Conclusion:

Test tube Solution pH colour paper pH Nature

Sample A CH3COOH Orange 3 Weak acid

Sample B NaOH Dark blue 14 Strong base

Sample C NaCl Red 1 Strong acid

Sample D NaHCO3 Light blue 9 Weak base

Sample E Water Green 7 Neutral

Sample F Lemon juice Pink 2 Weak acid

Precautions to be taken during the experiment:

 Use freshly prepared test sample for the experiment.
 The fruit juice sample should also be fresh to get the proper pH values.
 Glass rod or dropper used for one sample should be washed thoroughly before using it for the other samples.

Experiment -2
Aim:
To study the properties of acids (dilute HCl) and bases (dilute NaOH) by their reactions with the
following:
 1. Litmus solution (red/blue)
2. Zinc metal
3. Solid sodium carbonate
Materials required:
Test tube, Test tube stand , Cork, Test tube holder , Boiling tube, Droppers, Flat bottom flask,
Burner, Match box, Beaker, Thistle funnel, Litmus paper/solution, Fresh lime water, Glass rod,
Dilute HCl, Dilute NaOH, Zinc granules, Solid sodium carbonate
Theory:
What is acid?
Chemical species which donate proton or release H + ions when dissolved in water are called acid.
They turn blue litmus solution to red colour.
Hydrochloric acid reacts with zinc metal to produce zinc chloride and hydrogen gas. The reaction is
given below:
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Hydrochloric acid reacts with Na2CO3 to produce carbon dioxide and turns the lime water milky as it
forms calcium carbonate. The milkiness formed disappears when more than necessary carbon
dioxide is passed through the solution. The reaction is as follows:
Na2CO3(s/aq) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)
CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) → Ca(HCO3)2(aq)
Experimental Setup for Litmus Test Procedure:

1. Take a test tube stand and place two test tubes in it.
2. Label the test tube as test tube 1 and test tube 2.
3. Add 5 ml of blue litmus solution to test tube 1.
4. Add 5 ml of red litmus solution to test tube 2.
5. Use a dropper and add equal drops of hydrochloric acid in the both test tubes.
6. Wait and observe the colour change.
Experimental Setup for Reaction with Zinc metal:
Procedure
1. Take a clean and dry test tube.
2. Add zinc granules in it.
3. Submerge the zinc granules in the test tube by adding hydrochloric acid to it.
4. Close the mouth of the test tube with cork which has a glass delivery.
5. A robust explosion takes place between 2-3 minutes liberating colourless and odourless gas.
6. When a burning match stick is got near the glass tube mouth the gas burns with a pale blue
flame with a pop sound.
Reaction:
2HCl(aq) + Zn(s) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2↑
Experimental Setup for Reaction with solid sodium carbonate:

Procedure
1. Take a flat bottom flask with 1 gm of solid sodium carbonate and some distilled water.
2. Take a clean and dry double bore cork and thistle funnel which has a delivery tube fitted to
it.
3. Close the mouth of the flat flask with the double bore cork.
4. Add 2 mL of dilute hydrochloric acid.
5. Colourless and odourless gas is liberated which is passed through the lime water using the
delivery tube.
6. The colour of the lime water changes to milky.
Reaction:
Na2CO3(s/aq) + 2HCl(aq) –→ 2NaCl(aq) + CO2↑+ H2O(l)
Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2↑ –→ CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)
CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) –→ Ca(HCO3)2(aq)
Observation:
Experiment Observation

Litmus test The blue litmus solution in test tube 1 turns red
whereas there is no change in colour observed in the
test tube 2 containing red litmus solution.

Reaction with Acids such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) liberate

Zinc metal hydrogen gas when reacted with active metals such
as zinc and burns with a pop sound when burning
splinter is got near it.

Reaction with Sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid react to

Na2CO3 produce carbon dioxide gas and turns lime water
milky. When excess gas is passed the milkiness is
disappeared.

Result and Conclusion:

1. In the litmus test experiment the blue litmus solution turns to red when hydrochloric is
added. Therefore, acids such as HCl show acidic character.
2. Hydrochloric acid reacts with active metals such as zinc to form zinc chloride and liberate
hydrogen gas.
3. HCl reacts with sodium carbonate to liberate carbon dioxide gas.
Therefore, from the above three points we can conclude that HCl (Hydrochloric acid) is acidic in
nature.
Precautions to be taken during the experiment:
 Conduct the experiment in clean test tubes.
 HCl is corrosive in nature and should be handled with great care.
 Take small amount of chemicals to perform the experiments.
 While shaking the solution and reaction mixture do not spill.
 Whenever you conduct a test for hydrogen, conduct it with the least amount of gas.
 To get quick results for lime water test, pass carbon dioxide gas through the solution and
shake the test tube by placing your thumb on its mouth.

Experiment -3
Aim
To perform and observe the action of heat on crystals of ferrous sulphate and
classify the reaction.
Material Required
Ferrous sulphate crystals, test tubes, test tube holder, blue limus paper.
Theory
The crystals of ferrous sulphate are green in colour. When these crystals are
heated, following reaction takes place.

In this reaction, a single reactant breaks down to give simple products.

Therefore, this is a decomposition reaction.
Ferrous sulphate crystals (FeS04.7H20) lose water when heated and the colour of
crystals changes. It then decomposes to ferric oxide(Fe 203), sulphur dioxide (S02)
and sulphur trioxide (S03). Ferric oxide is solid while S02 and S03 are gases. Both
S02 and S03 are acidic and hence, these gases turn the blue litmus red. Sulphur
dioxide can reduce an acidified solution of potassium dichromate. This reaction
can be utilised to confirm the presence of sulphur dioxide.

Procedure And Observation Table

Resulst
On heating, ferrous sulphate decomposes to give ferric oxide, sulphur dioxide
and sulphur trioxide. This decomposition reaction.
Precautions
1. While heating ferrous sulphate, keep the mouth of test tube away from
body.
2. The gases SO2 and SO3 are very harmful, so do not take a deep breath of
these gases.
3. Always use the test tube holder for holding the test tube during heating

Experiment -4
Aim
To perform and observe the reaction of iron nails kept in copper sulphate
solution and classify the reaction.
Materials Required
Iron nails, copper sulphate solution, test tubes, test tube stand, sandpaper and
thread.
Theory
When an iron nail is immersed in copper sulphate solution, following reaction
takes place:

In the above reaction, iron ions (Fe2+) being more reactive displaces copper ions
(Cu2+) and a new compound ferrous sulphate is formed. This type of reactions is
called displacement reaction.
Procedure and observation table

Result
On keeping the iron nails in copper sulphate solution, a displacement reaction
takes place. In this displacement reaction, iron displaces copper and two new
products ferrous sulphate and copper are formed.
Precautions
1. The iron nails should be cleaned by rubbing them with a sandpaper.
2. The test tube containing iron nails and copper sulphate solution should not
be disturbed.
Experiment -5
To perform and observe the reaction of magnesium and oxygen and classify the
reaction.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Magnesium Ribbon, burner, tongs, watch glass, pH paper strip/red litmus
paper.
THEORY
Magnesium is a very active metal. It reacts with oxygen to form magnesium
oxide. During this process two elements viz, magnesium and oxygen combine
together to form a single compound magnesium oxide. Such type of reactions
are called combination reactions. Magnesium oxide is basic in nature because
when this is dissolved in water it forms magnesium hydroxide which is basic in
nature. Magnesium oxide turns red litmus solution blue.
Procedure and Observation table
RESULT
Mg burns in air giving out a flash of bright white light and combines with
oxygen to form basic magnesium oxide. MgO is basic in nature
PRECAUTIONS
1. Magnesium ribbon should be cleaned by rubbing with sand paper.
2. Hold magnesium ribbon using tongs while burning it.
3. Do not look at the bright light associated with burning Mg directly. Use
sun glasses.
4. White powder or magnesium oxide should not be touched.

Experiment-6