AIM

Finding the pH of the following samples by using pH paper/universal indicator:

(a) Dilute hydrochloric acid (HCI) (6) Dilute sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution
(c) Dilute ethanoic acid (CH,COOH) solution (d)Lenon juiee
(e) Water () Dilute hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO) solution.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Test tubes, test tube stand, droppers or glass rod, pH paper/universal indicator, standard colour chart,
glazed white tile and samples of dil. HCI, dil. NaOH, dil. ethanoic acid (acetic acid/vinegar), Jemon-juice,
distilled water and dil. sodium bicarbonate solution.
THEORY
1. pH is the measure of hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
2. The hydrogen ion concentration (H) for an acidic solution is always greater than 10- mol L and
its pH is, therefore, always less than 7.
3. The hydrogen ion concentration of a basic solution is always less than 107 mol L' and, therefore,
its pH is always greater than 7.
4. The hydrogen ion concentration of a neutral solution is 10- mol L' and, therefore, its pH is 7.
5. The pH of a solution can be measured by using a pH paper, universal indicator or pH meter.
PROCEDURE

1. Take the given solutions in separate test tubes marked as A, B, C, D, E and F and keep them in
the test tube stand.

Dropper Strip of pH paper

pH paper Test
tube
Glazed tile Hydro- Sodium Ethanoic Lemon Distiled Sodium stand
chloric hydroxide acid juice water bicarbonate
Placing pH paper on glazed tile for testing sample solutions acid

2. Take six strips of pH paper and place them on a glazed white tile.
3. Using a dropper or a glass rod, place a drop of the test solution on the pH paper.
4. Note the colour developed on the pH paper and comnpare it with the colour chart of the pH paper.
5. Record the pH value corresponding to the colour.
6. Similarly, using a fresh dropper each time, perform the experiment with the remaining test samples
using a fresh strip of pH paper.
7. Record your observations as indicated in the table below.
8. For using universal indicator, add a few drops of universal indicator to each of the test tubes with
the test solutions.
9. Note the colour of each solution and compare it with colour on the indicator bottle.
10. Record your observations.
OBSERVATION TABLE
Colour Produced
Approximate
S.No. Sample Solution
On pH Paper Cnivereal Indieator pH Inference
A Dil. Hydrochloric acid Acidic
B Dil. Sodium hydroxide Basic

Experiments 15
 Acidic

D
Dil. Ethanoic acid
Lemon juiee
ange Acidic

E Water Cnen Neutral

F Dil. Sodium Basic

bicarbonate

CRESULT
1. The pH of dilute solutions of hydrochloric acid, ethanoic acid and lemon juice is less than 7 and
therefore, they are acidic in nature.
2. The pH of dilute solutions of sodium hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate is more than 7 and therefore,
these solutions are basic in nature.
3. The pH of water is 7 and therefore, it is neutral in nature.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Mark the test tubes carefully.
2. Use distilled water for preparing solutions.
3. Use only standard colour charts supplied with the pH paper for assessing the pH value.
4. Do not touch the pH paper with unclean and wet hands.
5. Keep the pH paper away from chemical fumes.
6. Do not touch or taste the solutions.
7. Clean the glass rod/dropper properly before reusing.
8. Do not waste pH paper.
 EXPERIMENTl6)

BASIC BUILDING CONCEPTS

Acids are sour in taste while bases are bitter in taste.
When an acid reacts with a metal, hydrogen gas is evolved and a corresponding salt is formed.
When a base reacts with a metal, along with the evolution of hydrogen gas a salt is formed which has
a negative ion composed of metal and oxygen.
When an acid reacts with a metal carbonate, it gives the corresponding salt, carbon dioxide gas and water.
Bases do not react with metal carbonate.
AIM
(A) Studying the properties of acids (HCI) by their reaction with
() Litmus solution(BlueRed)
(i) Zinc metal(Zn)
(i) Solid sodium carbonate(Na,CO).
ATERIALS REQUIRED
Test tubes, test tube stand, test tube holder, cork, droppers, beaker, litmus (red and blue), Zn metal granules,
solid sodium carbonate, dil. HC1.
wBORY
1. HCI is an acid. Acids turn blue litmus red and do not affect red litmus.
2. On reacting with zinc metal, it forms a salt, zinc chloride (ZnCl,) and hydrogen gas (H,) is liberated.
Zn(s) + 2HC\(aq) ZnC1,(aq) + H,‘
Hydrogen gas burns in air with a pop sound.
2H,g) + 0,g) ’2H,00)
3. HCI reacts with sodium carbonate (aqueous/solid) to liberate carbon
dioxide(CO,) which turns lime
water milky. When excess of CO, is passed through the solution, the milkiness disappears.
Na,C0,slaq) + 2HClaq) ’ 2NaClaq) + H,0) + CO,e)
SalOHDaq) CO,g)CaCO,fs)+H,04)
White ppt
(Milky)
VCacO,(s) + H,00) +C0,g)’ Ca(HCO),(aq)
Soluble
(Milkiness disappears)
PROCEDURE AND OBSERVATION TABLE
S.No. Experiment Observation Inference
1. Litmus test
Take 1 ml dil, HCI in two Blue litmus turns red. HCI has acidic character.
test tubes each. Mark themn No
A and B and put them in change in the colour of
red litmus.
a test tube stand. Add blue
litmus in test tube A and
red litmus in test tube B.
Observe the colour change
in both.
 2 Reaction with Zn metal
Take a test tube and add Bubbles of hydrogen gas Zn eacts with dil HC and
zinc granules to it. Add to it are formed.
dil. HCL. Place a cork with iberates hydrogen gas
a fine jet on the mouth of
the test tube.
Bring a lighted matehstickA pop sound is obtained.
near the mouth of the fine jet
after sometime and observe.

Na,C0, test
Take a small amount of sodiumn A colourless, odourless gas C0, gas is iberated on the reaction
carbonate in a test tube and is evolved. between dil. HCl and Na C0,
add il. HCl dropwise.
Pass the gas evolved The evolved gas turns lime 2HC+ Na, C0,’2NaC+C0, + HO
through lime water and water milky. On passing the
observe the changes. gas in excess of ime water,
the milkiness disappears

Flame
Capillary tube
Cork
Clamp Rubber
stopper
HCI(dilute) Rubber
Hydrogan gas bubbles stopper
Solid particles of Zn

Sodium cerbonete&
bydirochloric acid
Lime water
Fig. Action of HCl on Zn metal.
Fig Action of HCl on Na C0, and
passing Co, ges into lime water.
RESULT
1. HCl turns blue litmus red.
2. It releases H, gas on reaction with Zn metal.
3. It iberates CO, gas on reaction with Na, CO
VPRECAUTIONS
1. HCI is corrosive, therefore, handle it with care.
2. Use small quantities of chemicals.
3. A fne jet should be taken for burning hydrogen.
4. Use clean zine metal, otherwise the reaction will occur very slowly.
5. Wash your hands properly with soap after the experiment.

(B) Studying the properties of bases(NaOH) by their reaction with

) Litmus solution (Blue Red)
(iü) Zinc metal(Zn)
(in) Solid sodium carbonate(Na,C0
Experiments 21
LATERIALS REQUIRED
Dil. NaOH, test tubes, test tube holder, test tube stand, red and blue litmus solutions, zinc metal,
carbonate and droppers. sodium
wEORY
1. NaOH is a base. Bases turn red litmus blue and do not affect blue litmus.
2. On reacting with zinc metal, NaOH forms sodium zincate and hydrogen gas is
liberated. The hydrooe
gas burns with a pop sound.
Zn(s) + 2NaOH(aq) ’ Na,ZnO,(aq) + H,g)‘
Zinc Sodium hydroxide Sodium zincate Hydrogen
3. NaOH does not react with solid or
aqueous Na00too otxe ocooate a
pROCEDURE AND OBSERVATION TABLE
S.No. Experiment Observation Inference
1. Litmus test
Take about 1 mL of NaOH in Red litmus turns blue. NaOH has basic character.
two test tubes and mark them No
as 'A and B. Put both the test change in the colour of
blue litmus.
tubes in a test tube stand. Now,
add blue litmus in test tube 'A'
and red litmus in test tube B.
2. Reaction with Zn metal
Take a test tube and add zinc Bubbles of hydrogen gas are
Zn reacts with dil. NaOH
granules to it. Add NaOH formed and gas evolves.
solution to it and place a cork and liberates hydrogen gas.
with a fine jet on the mouth of
the test tube.
Bring a lighted matchstick near A pop sound is obtained. H
the mouth of the fine jet and
observe.
3 Na,Co, test
Take a small amount of sodium No change is observed. NaOH does not react with
carbonate in a test tube and add
sodium hydroxide solution. Na,cO,
RESULT
1. NaOH turns red litmus blue.
2. On reaction with Zn metal, it releases H, gas.
3. It does not react with Na,CO.,.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Handle NaOH with care.
2. Use small quantities of chemicals.
3. A fine jet should be taken for burning hydrogen.
4. Zn granules should be clean.
5. Wash your hands properly after completing experiment.

22 7ogether witk Science Lab Practical-10

 EXPERIMENT 2(a)

Performing and observing the action of water on quicklímne and classifying the reaction.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Calcium oxide, water, beaker, glass rod, dropper, red litmus paper, test tube, filter paper, funnel.
THEORY
Quicklime reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide. As in thís reaction two substances quícklime
and water combine to form a new substance, therefore, thís reaction is called combination reaction. This
chemical change can be represented by the given chemical equation:
26 Together with Science Lab Practical-10
 CaO(s) + H,0) Ca(OH),(aq) + heat
Calcium oxide Water Calcium hydroxide
(Quicklime) (Slaked lime)
Duringhis chemical change, heat is also released,Therefore, this is also an
example of exothermic reaction.
ROCEDURE AND OBSERVATION TABLE
The experimental procedure is described in the
table:
SNo.
Experiment
1. Take some calcium oxide (quicklime) A new Obseryation Inference
in beaker and pour some water over substance is formed Water reacts with quícklime
with a hissing sound. to form a new substance.
quicklime slowly. Stìr it with a cleanOuter surface of
slass rod and touch the outer beaker isAs heat is evolved, the reac
of beaker. surface hot. tion between water and quíck
2
lime is exothermíc.
Take a clean dropper and with its Red litmus paper
help put a drop of liquid from the turns blue. The new substance formed by
beaker on a red the reaction between water
litmus paper. and quicklime is basic in
nature.
3. Filter the mixture of beaker and On passing CO,
take about 5 ml of filtrate in a test the clear through The new substance formed by
tube. Blow air through the liquid. milky. filtrate, it turns the reaction between quick
alAlime and water is calcium
hydroxide.

-Beakerlo
Blowing
-WaternGl ueto -Droppero air
Quicklime
(Calcium oxide) -Red litmus paper
Filtrate

Fig. Action of water on quicklimes

RESULT
Two compounds, viz. quicklime and water combine to form calciumn hydroxide. Therefore, this
reaction is
an example of combination reaction.
PRECAUTIONS
1.Quicklime can cause severe burns, therefore, it should be handled with spatula.
2. Asthe reaction between quicklime and water is exothermic, water should be poured over quicklime slowly.
3. The fltrate collected should be clear.

EXPERIMENT 2(6)
AIM
etorming and observing the action of heat on ferrous sulphate crystals and classifying the reaction.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Ferrous sulphate crystals, test tubes, test tube holder, blue limu paper.

Experiments 27
THEORY
eystals af ferrOSSulphate are green in colour. When these erystals are heated, following reaction takes place.
2FeSOs) Bient
Fe,0,s) SOg) + SO,g)
Ferrsus sulphate Ferric oxide Sulphur dioxide Sulphur trioxide
(Light green) Brown) (Colourless) (Colourless)
In this reaction, a single reactant breaks down to give simple products. Therefore, this is a decomposition reaction.
Feeas salphatecrystals (FeSo,.TH,0) lose waterwhen heated and the colour of crystals changes. It then
decompases to ferric oide Fe0), sulphur dioxide (SO) and sulphur trioxide (SO) Ferric oxide is solid
while SO, and SO, are ases Both SO, and SO, are acidic and hence, these gases turn the blue litmus
red Sulphur dioide can reduce an acidified solution of potassium dichromate. This reaction can be utilised
to confir the presence of sulphur dioxide.
Ker0agHSOag) 3S0,(g) Cr,S0,),ag) + K,SO (aq) H,00)
Putassi mate Slphuric acid Salphur dioride Chromium sulphate Potassium sulphate Water
(Green)
PROCEDURE AND OBSERVATION TABLE
The experimental procedure is given in the following table:
SNo. Experiment Observation Inference
L Take about 2 g Crystals of ferrOus The crystals are green in The colour of ferrous
sulphate in a dry test tube and note colour. sulphate is green.
the colouur of crystals
2 Heat the test tube containing ferrous The colour of crystals changes New substances are formed
sulphate to brown and colourless gas by the
with a smell of burning sulphate.
heating of ferrous
sulp-hur is evolved.
3. Bring a moist blue itmus paper in Moist blue litmus paper The gas evolved is acidic
contact with the evolved gas. turns red. in nature.

Soak a strip of flter paper in acidifed The orange colour of strip

solution of potassium dichromate and changes to green. Sulphur dioxide gas is
bring it in contact with the gas. evolved.
 RESULT
On heating, ferrous sulphate decomp0ses to give ferric oxide, sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide. This
is a decomposition reaction.
FRECAUTIONS
1. While heating ferrous sulphate, keep the mouth of test tube away
from you and your classmates.
EXPERIMENT 2(c)
wAM
Performing and observing the reaction of iron nails kept in copper sulphate solution and
classifying the reaction.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Iron nails, copper sulphate solution, test tubes, test tube stand, sandpaper and
thread.
AHEORY
When an iron nail is immersed in copper sulphate solution, following reaction takes
place:
Fe(s) CuSO
Iron
+
FeSO,(aq) Culs)
Copper sulphate Ferrous sulphate Copper
(Grey) (Blue) (Light green) (Reddish brown)
In the above reaction, iron ions (Fe) being more reactive displaces copper ions (Cu) and a new compound
ferrous sulphate is formed. This type of reactions is called displacement reaction.
PROCEDURE
1. Take two iron nails and clean them by rubbing with sandpaper.
2. Take two test tubes and mark them as 'A and B.
3. In each test tube, pour about 10 ml of copper sulphate solution.
4. Tie one iron nail with a thread and immerse this carefully in the copper sulphate solution in test
tube A for about 20 minutes. Keep aside one nail for comparison.
5. After 20 minutes, take out the iron nail from the copper sulphate solution.
6. Compare the intensity of blue colour of copper sulphate solutions of both the test tubes A' and B.
7. Also, compare the colour of iron nail dipped in copper sulphate solution with one kept aside.

Thread
Test tube B
Test tube A Stand second iron nail Stand
Copper sulphate solution Copper sulphate
solution
Iron nail (For comparison)

(For comparison)

solution of coDper sulohate

Fig. To perform and observe the reaction between iron nail and

OBSERVATIONS
The initial colour of copper sulphate solution was blue which after mmersing iron nails turns to
light green.
T'he initial colour of iron nail was grey. After immersing the nail into copper sulphate solution, a brown
appears reddish brown.
coating developed over it. Because of this coating iron nail

Experiments 29
RESULT
On keeping the iron nails in copper sulphate solution, a displacement reaction takes place. In thi
displacement reaction, iron displaces copper and two new products ferrous sulphate and copper are fomed
PRECAUTIONS
1. The iron nails should be cleaned by rubbing them with a sandpaper.
2. The test tube containing iron nails and copper sulphate solution should not be disturbed.

EXPERIMENT 2(d)
AIM
Performing and observing the reaction between sodium sulphate and barium hloride solutions
and classifying the reaction.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Sodium sulphate solution, barium chloride solution, test tubes, beaker.
THEORY
When the solutions of sodium sulphate and barium chloride are mixed, a white precipitate of barium
sulphate is formed. Chemical equation for this chemical change can be given as follows:
Na,SO,(aq) + BaCl,aq) BaSO,(s) 2NaCl(aq)
Sodium sulphate Barium chloride Barium sulphate Sodium chloride
In thisreaction, both sodium sulphate and barium chloride exchange ions. Hence, this type of
called double displacement reaction. reaction is
PROCEDURE
1. Take 5 ml of sodium sulphate solution in a test tube and mark it
as A'.
2. Take 5 ml of barium chloride solution in another test tube and mark it as B.
3. Mix the solutions of test tubes A and B in a beaker.
4. With the help of a clean glass rod, stir the mixture kept in beaker.
5. Record your observation.

Before mixing

After mixing
Na,SO BaCl

Clear solution of
sodium chloride

Na,SO. BaCl,
(Colourless) (Colourless) White precipitate of
barium sulphate
Fig. Double displacement reaction between sodium
sulphate and barium chloride

OBSERVATION
On mixing the solutions of sodium sulphate and barium chloride, a white precipitate i

30 Togtker utk Science Lab Practical 10

RESULT
On mixing the solutions of sodium sulphate and barium chloride, a double displacement reaction takes place.
In this reaction sodium sulphate and barium chloride exchange ions and new products barium sulphate
(white ppt) and sodium chloride are formed.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Test tubes, beaker and glass rod should be cleaned.
2. Equal volumes of sodium sulphate and barium chloride solutions should be used.
 EXPERIMENT 3
BASIC BUILDING CONCEPTS
Metals can be arranged on the basis of relative reactivity. The arrangement of metals in a vertical
column in order of their decreasing reactivity downwards is called the reactivity series of metals.
In reactivity series, the most reactive metal (K) is
metal (Au) is placed at the bottom. placed at the top of the series while the least reactive
A more reactive metal can displace a less
reactive metal from its
Hydrogen which is a non-metal is also placed in reactivity series. salt solution or compounds.
Metals which lie above hydrogen in reactivity series are more reactive than
metals can displace hydrogen from its compounds like acids hydrogen. Therefore, these
and
Metals lying below hydrogen in reactivity series are less reactive thanwater.
displace hydrogen from acids and water. hydrogen. These metals cannot
Element Symbol
Potassium K Decreasing
Chemical
Reactivity
Most Reactive
Sodium Na
Calcium Ca
Magnesium Mg
Aluminium Al
Zinc Zn
Iron Fe
Tin Sn
Lead Pb
Hydrogen H Standard Reference
Copper Cu
Mercury Hg
Silver Ag
Gold Au Least Reactive

() Observing the action of Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals on the following salt solutions:
(a) ZnSO,(aq.) (6) FeSO,(aq.) (c) CuSO,(aq.) (d) Al,(sO),(aq.)
(ii) Arranging
result.
Zn, Fe, Cuand Al (metals) in the decreasing order of reactivity based on the above
LMATERIALS REQUIRED
Test tubes, test tube stand, metals-Zn granules, Fe filings, Cu turnings, Al foil and aqueous solutions of
zinc sulphate, ferrous sulphate, copper sulphate and aluminium sulphate.
THEORY
n a displacement reaction an ion or an atom in a compound is replaced by an ion or an atom of zine
sulphate element. It may be denoted as
X + YZ XZ + Y
The displacement reactions are based on the reactivity series, where a more reactive metal displaces a
less reactive metal from its salt solution.
For three different metals A, B, , if metal Areplaces metal Bfrom its aqueous solution then metal Ais
more reactive than metal B.

Experiments 35
 solut
displaces metal B from its salt solution, but metal A displaces metalCfrom its salt
Mmetal C reactivity is:
follows that the increasing order of B<O < A.
solution, the blue colour of copper sulphate starta fod
When pieces of Zn are dipped in copper sulphate following renet
bottom. This occurs because of the
and reddish brown particles of copper settle at the Cu(s)
Zn(s) CuSO,(aq) ZnS0,(aq)
Copper sulphate Zinc sulphate Copper
Zinc
(blue) (colourless) (reddish brown)
as follows:
Some other examples of displacement reactions are
ZnS0,(aq) Fe(s)
Zn(s) FeSO,(aq)
Iron sulphate Zinc sulphate Iron
Zinc
FeSO,(aq) Cu(s)
Fe(s) CuSO,(aq) Iron sulphate Copper
Iron Copper sulphate
Colour of solutions and metals

Name Formula Colour

Aluminiun Al White
Iron Fe Blackish grey
Copper Cu Reddish brown
Zinc Zn Silvery white (greyish)
Aluminium sulphate Al,(SOs Colourless
Ferrous sulphate FeSO4 Pale green
Zinc sulphate ZnSO, olourless
Copper sulphate CuSO, Blue

PROCEDURE
1. Take four test tubes and label them as ZnSO, FeSO4, CuSO, and Al,(SO)3
2. Pour equal amount of their aqueous solutions into the respective test tubes.
3. Add a small strip of Al foil to each of the test tubes.
4. Observe the changes and record your observations.
5. Repeat similar procedure using:
(a) Cu turnings with ZnSO,, FeSO, CuSO, and Al,(SO,), solutions.
(6) Fe filings with ZnSO,, FeS0,, CuSO, and Al,(S0), solutions.
(c) Zn granules with ZnSO,, FeSO, CuSO, and Al,(SO), solutions.
Record your observations in the following table:
OBSERVATION TABLE
Salt solution Inference
S.NO. Metal Observation
in which added
1. Al Al,(S0,), No change observed Metal cannot displace
itself from its salt
solution.

Al FeSO, Pale green colour of the solution disappears Al displaces iron from
the salt solution.
and it becomes colourless. Deposits on Al
metal are seen. Therefore, Al is more
reactive than Fe.
2Al(s) + 3FeSO,(aq) ’Al,(SO) +3Fe(s)
white pale green colourless blackish
gray

36 Together wctk Science Lab Practical-10

 A ZnSO, No change in colour of the solution, but a new Al displaces Zn from
coating is seen on Al, the salt solution,
2Al(s) +8ZnSO,(aq) Al,(S0), + 3Zn(s) reactive
thereforethan
Al isZn.more
colourles8 colourless deposita
on Al
Al CuSO, Blue colour of the solution disappears and it Al displaces Cu from
becomes colourless. Reddish brown deposits the salt solution,
are seen on Al, therefore Al is mnore
reactive than Cu.
2Al(s) + 3CuSO,(ag)3Cu(8) + Al,(S0)aq)
white blue reddiah colourles8
brown
Fe Al,(S0) No change observed Fe cannot displace AI
Fe(s) + Al,(S0 )(aq) No Reaction. from the salt solution,
therefore, Fe is less
reactive than Al.
Fe FeSO, No change observed Metal cannot displace
itself from its salt
solution.
Fe ZnSO, No change observed Fe cannot displace Zn
Fe(s) + ZnSO,(aq) No Reaction from the salt solution,
therefore, Fe is less
reactive than Zn.
Fe CuSO, Blue solution changes to pale green, reddish Fe displaces Cu from
brown Cu gets deposited on Fe filings. the salt solution,
Fe(s) + CuSO,(aq) FeS0,(aq) + Cus) therefore, Fe is more
blue pale reddish reactive than Cu.
green brown

3 Cu Al(S0J, No change observed Cu cannot displace

Cu(s) + Al,(SOsaq)No Reaction Al from salt solution,
therefore, Cu is less
reactive than Al.

Cu FeSO4 No change observed Cu cannot displace

Cu(s) + FeSO,(aq) No Reaction Fe from salt solution,
therefore, Cu is less
reactive than Fe.

Cu ZnSO, No change observed Cu cannot displace Zn

from the salt solution,
Cu(s) + ZnSO (aq) No Reaction therefore, Cu is less
reactive than Zn.

Cu CuSO, No change observed Metal cannot displace

itself from its salt
solution.

Zn Al,(S0)8 No change observed Zn cannot displace

Zn(s) + Al,(S0),(aq) No Reaction Al from salt solution,
therefore, Zn is less
reactive than Al.

Experiments 37
 Zn PeSO, Pale green solution becornes colourless, Fe gets Zn dísplaces Fe
deposited on Zn granules. from salt solution,
Znls) + PeS0(aq) Zn80aq) + Fels) therefore, Zn is more
pale green colourless blackish reactíve than Fe.
grey
Zn ZnS0, No change observed Metal cannot displace
ítself from íts salt
solution.
Zn CuS0, Blue solution becomes colourless, reddísh Zn displaces Cu from
brown Cu gets deposited on Zn granules. the salt solution,
Znls) + CuS0 aq) ZnSOfaq) + Culs) therefore, Zn is more
blue colourless reddish reactíve than Cu.
brown

ESULT
1. Al ís able to displace Fe, Cu and Zn from their salt
solutions, therefore Al ís nost reactíve.
2. Cu is unable to dísplace any metal among Al, Fe and Zn
least reactive. from their salt solutions, therefore Cu is
3. Fe is unable to dísplace Zn from its salt
solution, therefore Zn is more reactive thansolution,
Fe.
whereas Zn is able to dísplace Fe from its salt
4. The decreasing order of reactivity for these
metals follow the order:
Al > Zn > Fe > Cu.
FRECAUTIONS
1, Handle the chernícals carefully.
2. Clean each Tmetal with sand
paper.
3. Observe the changes carefully as few reactions may occur
4. Do not taste the
chenícals. slowly.
5. Wash your hands properly after the
experiment,