3 2 Motor

Analysis of the
Prime Mover
MOTOR POWER SURVEYS ANSWER
THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
1. What is the overall electrical efficiency of the pumping
system?
2. Is the overall electrical efficiency above 50%?
3. What is the power consumption, $/month, $/BBL, and
power demand, KW?
4. What is the motor current? Does the motor overheat?
5. Does the motor generate electricity at some time during
the stroke? Is credit allowed for generation?
6. Is the gearbox overloaded?
7. Is the pumping unit properly balanced?
8. Required movement of counterweights to balance unit?
Limit Use of Power Probe Installation
Where Maximums NOT EXCEEDED
MAXIMUM VOLTAGE
does NOT EXCEED
600 Volts AC
MAXIMUM CURRENT
does NOT EXCEED
300 Amps
If used in installations where these MAXIMUM ratings are exceeded

it is possible to overload the transducer and to cause permanent
damage to the transducer and possibly create a health hazard.
USE !!! CAUTION !!! DURING
POWER MEASUREMENT
These measurements should NOT BE PERFORMED:
1. IF the operator is not in proper condition to operate safely.
2. IF wet or moist conditions prevail around the well and/or

electrical power enclosure.
3. IF the operator has not been properly trained or educated.
4. IF the operator has not read and understood the Electrical

Measurements section of the operating manual.
Electrical Safety
1. Power measurements generally require the operator
to open the electrical switch box.
2. The operator is thus exposed to DANGEROUS HIGH
VOLTAGE electricity.
3. The power transducer installation procedure is
dangerous unless the operator exercises precaution
and follows the recommended procedures in the
attachment of the voltage and current sensors and
uses the safety equipment which is provided with
each set of sensors.
4. Additional safety equipment should includes
lineman's rubber gloves with leather protectors.
To increase safety of working conditions YOU should report ALL SHOCKS and defective
equipment. A SHOCK means that SOMETHING IS WRONG. The slightest shock when
operating an electrical device might, in another situation, result in instant death if part of
the body made only slightly better contact with the ground or a grounded metallic object.
WHAT DOES WELL ANALYZER
ACQUIRES FROM THE
POWER PROBE?
1. RMS (thermal) motor current

2. Average (real) motor current
3. kW during a pump stroke cycle
Measure Electric Power (kW) and Current (Amps)
Input to the Motor over the time of a Pump Stroke
Power Measurement Equipment
1. Acquire:
• RMS (thermal) motor
current
• Average (real) motor
current
• kW during a pump
stroke cycle.
2. Three voltage sensing

leads “RIGHT",
"CENTER" or
“LEFT".
3. Two current sensors.

MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS
Motor Performance Data NEMA D - 40 HP
Note:
1. No-load/synchronous
speed is the RPM at
which the motor rotates
under no load, at faster
speeds the motor
produces power, and
slower speeds the
motor is doing work
using power. No-load
speed @ 1200 RPM / 25
AMPs / 0.0% Efficiency.
2. Locked rotor amps or

breakaway amps.
3. Break-over torque,
motor operates at rpms
greater than break-over
torque.
4. Regenerative power is
KW generated with
motor RPM beyond the
synch speed.
Nature of the Load
• Torque required to breakaway and accelerate a pumping unit is high
• Breakaway torque is a function of the pumping-unit size and well

conditions.
• The torque during a stroke has two maximum (peak) and two minimum
(valley) power demands for each stroke.
• Peak torque or power are approximately equal for balanced operation.
• A balanced pumping unit reduces the AMPs, because of:

a) Reduced peak torques imposed on the motor
b) Reduced peak power delivered by the motor,
c) Reduced peak current drawn by the motor.
• Polished-rod horsepower will vary depending on the well conditions.
• Changing Polished-rod horsepower changes the balance of the

pumping unit.
Output torque from the motor varies as motor speed varies
Relationship between current drawn and motor speed.
Motor Slip =
(Synch. RPM - Running RPM) / Synch. RPM
Instantaneous
speed computed
from measured
acceleration
INDUCTION MOTORS OBJECTIVES
• Understand the performance characteristics of a typical
electric prime mover.
• Understand the nature of the load imposed on an electric
motor, the torque required from the motor to break away
and accelerate a pump jack.
• Pumping unit gearbox load presented to the prime mover,
and the motor torque characteristics should have similar
"signatures" to that of the gearbox torque.
•
• Cyclic loads translate to peaks and valleys in the power

demand at the motor.
•
• What the Gearbox demands the motor provides.

• Identify and distinguish between an electrically unbalanced
and balanced pumping unit.
Startup Motor Power Consumption
1. During start-up a beam pump motor

uses approximately 3 times full load
power for about 0.7 seconds.
2. Electricity usage during start-up is less

than electricity usage during one stroke
of normal operation.
Starting a beam pump motor once each 15 minutes affects the demand
charge less than 0.2 % compared to continuous operation.
Performance Curve 100 HP NEMA D Motor (After Gibbs, SPE 1987)
Electric Power (kW) and Current (Amps)
Input to the Motor over the time of One Pump Stroke
MOTOR LOADED?
Cyclic Loading on Motor
Amp (current) signatures of an electrically or mechanically
unbalanced or balanced pumping unit:
•RMS Amps shows thermal loading on Motor

•Compare Acquired Thermal Amps to Motor Name Plate Amp Rating
• Overloading a Motor with Current is the Typical cause of Failure.

MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS
Same Well with Different Motors
NEMA B
1) 4% - 5% Slip
2) 180% Starting NEMA B
Torque
3) Lower Cost
4) High AMPs
5) Constant Load
NEMA D
1) 8% - 13% Slip
2) 275% Starting NEMA D
Torque
3) More Efficient
w/ Cyclic loads.
Comparison of Motor Performance Data –
Speed/Torque Curves for Various Slip Rating
All Motors on this

chart have
essentially Equal
full load capacity
on a beam
pumping system
because of the
derating factors
necessary for
cyclic load
operations.
Prime Mover Selection
Two basic types:
1) electric motors and 2) internal combustion engines.
Advantages of electric motors over gas engines:

1) Lower initial cost
2) Lower maintenance costs.
3) Electric motors also provide dependable all-weather service
4) More easily fitted into an automatic system.
Advantages of over gas engines over electric motors:

1) More flexible speed control
2) Operate over a wider range of load conditions.
3) Fuel costs for gas engines may be lower than comparable energy
costs for electric motors
Selection of one type of prime mover over another depends upon:

1) local availability 2) fuel supply 3) local conditions
4) availability of maintenance 5) personal experience or preference.
Motor Sizing Criterion
Computer: HP = CLF * PRHP / Unit Effcy
CLF = RMS Current/ Average Current
~ RMS Torque/ Average Torque
~ RMS Power/ Average Power
(don’t use CLF based on motor current)
OR:
Gault: HP = 2. * PRHP
Balanced versus Unbalanced
Torque (in-lbs) or kW (power) signatures of an electrically or mechanically
unbalanced or balanced pumping unit:
• upstroke peak is greater, the unit is under balanced or rod heavy.

• downstroke peak is greater, the unit is overbalanced or weight heavy.
• balanced if peak upstroke torque equals peak downstroke torque.

KW Power Analysis Motor and Gearbox Plot
kWIN and Torque are Directly Proportional
Torque = 84450 x Efficiency x KW / RPM

Analyze Motor Power and
Current to Determine:
1. Overall system efficiency
2. Proper motor sizing
3. Motor loading and generation
4. Motor speed variation
5. Gearbox loading
6. Gearbox balancing
7. Electricity cost
Motor Power and Electrical Analysis
Cost $ Power
System Efficiency
Electrical cost is one of the highest
expenses in operating a well.
1. The power
measurement
system is designed
to give
instantaneous
power values within
5% of actual values.
2. Through use of the
power probe the
Artificial Lift
Technician will
become proficient at
reducing electrical
cost.

3 2 Motor

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Analysis of the

If used in installations where these MAXIMUM ratings are exceeded

1. IF the operator is not in proper condition to operate safely.

2. IF wet or moist conditions prevail around the well and/or

3. IF the operator has not been properly trained or educated.

4. IF the operator has not read and understood the Electrical

1. RMS (thermal) motor current

2. Three voltage sensing

3. Two current sensors.

2. Locked rotor amps or

• Breakaway torque is a function of the pumping-unit size and well

• Peak torque or power are approximately equal for balanced operation.

• A balanced pumping unit reduces the AMPs, because of:

• Polished-rod horsepower will vary depending on the well conditions.

• Changing Polished-rod horsepower changes the balance of the

• Cyclic loads translate to peaks and valleys in the power

• What the Gearbox demands the motor provides.

1. During start-up a beam pump motor

2. Electricity usage during start-up is less

•RMS Amps shows thermal loading on Motor

• Overloading a Motor with Current is the Typical cause of Failure.

All Motors on this

Advantages of electric motors over gas engines:

Advantages of over gas engines over electric motors:

Selection of one type of prime mover over another depends upon:

• upstroke peak is greater, the unit is under balanced or rod heavy.

• balanced if peak upstroke torque equals peak downstroke torque.

Torque = 84450 x Efficiency x KW / RPM

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