MAHARASHTRA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY, NAGPUR

Course Outline

BAL 1.2 LAW OF TORTS

B.A.LL.B.(Hons.) Five-Year Integrated Degree Course
Academic Session: 2024-2025
1st YEAR, SEMESTER – I

Designed and Developed by:

Dr. Ragini Khubalkar
Assistant Professor of Law
Dr.Rahul Sangaonkar
Assistant Professor of Law

Course Instructors:
Dr.Rahul Sangaonkar
Assistant Professor of Law

July 2024
(Strictly for Private Circulation)

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 LAW OF TORTS

Semester-I July –December 2024

Course Code BAL1.2
Course Credit 4
Maximum Marks 100
Teaching Hours 64
Presentation Hours 12-15
Medium of Instruction English
Course Compulsory

Introduction
Every individual in the society is having rights and duties and it must respect the legal rights
of the other person but in certain situations, if these legal rights are violated or infringed, a
tortious liability arises against the tortfeasor and the aggrieved person gets the remedy of
unliquidated damages in the law of Torts. According to Salmond “Tort” is a civil wrong for
which the remedy is common law action for unliquidated damages, and which is not
exclusively the breach of a contract or the breach of trust or other merely equitable obligations.
According to Winfield “The tortuous liability arises from the breach of duty primarily fixed by
law, this duty is towards persons generally and its breach is redressable by an action for
unliquidated damages” A course includes the theories, essentials, remedies, capacities, and
defences of various torts such as trespass, negligence, nuisance, absolute liability, strict
liability, vicarious liability, defamation, etc., therefore, it is important to discuss the legal
principles, rules and jurisprudence of law of Torts and development of tortious liability in the
course.
This course has been structured in a way that will help the students to understand the concept
of torts and their developments in India. Hence, this course has been divided into five
modules. In the Module I, we are going to discuss the concept of Salmond and Winfield and
the development of the Law of Torts and its distinction between crime, contract and other
laws. Also, the essential elements and mental elements will be discussed. Module II deals
with the General Defences and justification of the Torts which are available to the defendants.
Module III deals with the personal capacity of the Individual who can sue and who cannot
be sued under the Law of Torts and when the tortious liability is discharged and its remedies.
The Module IV discusses the vicarious liability and its relationship while deciding the
liability of the defendant. Also the concept of Strict liability and absolute liability, In Rylands
v. Fletcher And M.C. Mehta v. Union of India. In Module V, we deals with the contemporary
developments in the Motor Vehicle Act, 1988 and the Consumer Protection Act, 2019.

Course Objectives
The objective of the course is to make students aware of the nature of the law of torts,
liabilities, liquidated and unliquidated damages, principles of torts, defence, justifications of
torts and remedies. Further, the course also focuses on developments in the field of law of
torts and tries to apply principles of torts in India. The objective of this course is to:
 understand the principle of law of torts and its utility to deal with new issues to protect the
rights of individual in the developing world;
 understand the origin, functions, nature of the law of torts;
 Study the general defences and the personal capacity of the individual to sue and be

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 sued in the law of torts for remedies;
 Analyse the principles of vicarious liability, strict liability and absolute liability;
 Understand the concept and applicability of the specific torts and its essentials; and
 Examine the liabilities under the Motor Vehicle Act and Consumer Protection Act.

Teaching Methodology
The teaching methodology adopted to attain the course objectives would be a combination
of the lecture method; discussion method; study assignment method; and case method.
Further, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools, such as power-point
presentations; whiteboards; and, audio-visual aides would be employed to achieve the
aforementioned course objectives.

Course Evaluation Method

The course will be evaluated for 100 marks, with 70 marks for closed-book examination,
divided into a mid-semester exam of 20 marks and an end semester for 50 marks. 25 marks
are assigned for the project, divided into 20 marks for the written project and 5 marks for its
presentation, and 5 marks are assigned for class attendance.

Course Outcomes
The students are expected to understand the nuances of each module after which they will be
able to analyze the concept of torts and its principles, defence and justifications of torts. On
completion of this course, the students will be able to:
 understand the Law of Torts and its utility to deal with new issues to protect the rights of people
in the developing world;
 Familiarize with the concept, nature, and scope of the law of Torts;
 Apply general defenses of law of torts and personal capacity to sue and to be sued under the
law of torts;
 Develop critical thinking about liabilities under the law of torts;
 understands the effectiveness of the specific torts; and
 Apply subjective knowledge in law torts concerning Motor Vehicle Act and Consumer
Protection Act.

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COURSE CONTENTS

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 Module-I: Introduction to Torts [Teaching Hours-13]
1.1 Introduction of Law of Torts: Concept of law of torts; Nature and function of law of
Tort; Development of law of Tort and Torts.
1.2 Nature of Tort: Tort and Crime; Tort and Contract; Tort and Quasi Contract; Tort and
Breach of trust; Tort and unjust enrichment; Tort and equitable wrong; Tort and bailment.
1.3 Constituents of Torts: Wrongful act; Legal damages; Injuria sine damnum; Damnum sine
injuria; Special damages; Legal remedy; Ubi jus ibi remediam.
1.4 Explanations on Torts: Salmond's views on the law of Torts; Winfield’s views on the law
of Tort; General principle underpinning tortious liability; Classification of Torts.
1.5 General elements in Torts: Act and omission; Motive; Intention; Malice; Malfeasance;
Misfeasance; Non-feasance; Fault and no-fault liability.

Statutory References
The Indian Penal Code, 1860 (Act No. 45 of 1860)
The Indian Contract Act, 1872 (Act No. 9 of 1872)

Judicial References
Andhra Pradesh Road Transport Corporation vs. K. Hemlatha AIR 2008 SC 2851
Asbhy v. White (1803)2 Ld; Raym; 938
Bhim Sigh v. State of J & K AIR 1986 SC 4949
Deepal Girishbhai Soni v.United India Insurance Co. Ltd (2004) 5 SCC 385
Doneghue v. Stevenson (1932) ALL ER Rep. 1
Gloucester Grammar School case (1410) YB 11
Hardeo Kaur and others Vs. Rajasthan State Transport Corporation (1992) 2 SCC 567
Helen C. Rebello v. Maharashtra SRTC (1999) 1 SCC 90
Jay Laxmi Salt Works (P) Ltd. v. State of Gujarat (1994) 5 SCC 1
M.C. Mehta v. Union of India (1987) 1 SCC 395.
Pawan Kumar and Anr. etc. Vs. Harkishan Dass Mohan Lal (2014) 3 SCC 590
Puttamma v. K.L. Narayana Reddy (2013) 15 SCC 45
R. D. Hattangadi vs. Pest Control (India) Pvt. Ltd (1995) 1 SCC 551
Rookes v. Burnard (1964) 3 KB 98.
SarlaVerma vs. Delhi Transport Corporation (2009) 6 SCC 121

Compulsory Readings
 Akshay Sapre, RATANLAL & DHIRAJLAL'S LAW OF TORTS, Lexis Nexis, 27th ed.,
2020, Ch. I (General Principles), pp.1-20, Ch. II (Some General Elements in Torts), pp.25-
30, Ch. X (Classification of Torts), pp.245-246.
 Avtar Singh and Harpreet Kaur, INTRODUCTION TO LAW OF TORTS AND
CONSUMER PROTECTION, LEXIS NEXIS, 4th ed., 2019, Ch. 1 (Nature and Scope of Law
of Torts), pp.3-10, Ch. 2 (Personal Capacity), pp. 11-19, Ch. 3 (Foreign Torts), pp. 21-22, Ch.
4 (Justification of Torts-General Defences), pp. 23-45, Ch. 5 (Death in Relation to Torts), pp.
47-51, Ch. 6 (Discharge of Torts), pp.53-55, Ch. 9 (Classification of Torts), pp.91-92.
 Ramaswamy Iyer’s, LAW OF TORTS, 10th Ed. 2007, pp.
Suggested Readings
 B.M. Gandhi, LAW OF TORTS WTH LAW OF STATUTORY INTERPRETATION AND

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 CONSUMER PROTECTION, 2nd ed., 2002.
 S.K. Kapoor, LAW OF TORTS, Central Law Agency, 2021.
 J. N. Pandey, LAW OF TORTS (WITH CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT AND MOTOR
VEHICLE ACT), Central Law Publications, 5th ed.
 John Oberdiek, PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF LAW OF TORTS, Oxford
Publications, Reprint Ed. 2018.
 P.S.A. Pillai, LAW OF TORTS, Eastern Book Company, Lucknow, 9th ed., 2008.
 Pollock & Sir Frederick, THE LAW OF TORTS, Steven and Sons; London, 1979.
 R.F.V. Heuston & R.V. Buckley, SALMOND ON THE LAW OF TORTS, Sweet and Maxwell
Publications London, 21st ed., 1969.
 Rachael Mulhuren, PRINCIPLES OF TORT LAW, Cambridge Publication, 1st ed. 2018.
 Ramaswamy Iyer’s, LAW OF TORTS, 10th Ed. 2007.
 W.E. Peel & Goudkamp, WINFIELD AND JOLOWICZ ON TORTS, Sweet & Maxwell,19th
Ed. 2022.
 William C. Jones, LAW OF TORTS, Gale, Making of Modern Law, 2010.

Module-II: General Defences and Personal Capacity in Law of Torts

[Teaching Hours-13]

2.1 General defences: Plaintiff a Wrong Doer; Volenti non-fit injuria; Free consent; Inevitable
Accident; Vis-Major (Act of God); Necessity; Judicial Act; Sovereign Immunity; Joint
Liability; Indemnity.
2.2 Personal capacity in Law Of Torts: who cannot sue; Convicts; husband; and wife;
corporations; unborn child; insolvent person; foreign sovereigns; alien enemies. who cannot be
sued: Act of state; the crown or State; Foreign sovereign; Ambassadors; Public officials; Minor;
Trade Unions; Lunatic; highway authorities; insolvent.
2.3 Foreign Torts: Tortious act committed abroad; action for assault; negligence; etc.;
2.4 Extinction of Tortious Liability in Torts: Death of the parties; Waiver; Accord and
satisfaction; release; acquiescence; judgments; limitations.
2.5 Remedies: Judicial remedies: Damages; injunction; restitution of property; remedies under the
constitution; law; and order; and torts; Extrajudicial remedies: Kinds of extra-judicial remedies

Statutory References
The Indian Penal Code, 1860 (Act No. 45 of 1860)
The Indian Contract Act, 1872 (Act No. 9 of 1872)
The Constitution of India

Judicial References
Hall v. Brooklands Auto Racing Club (1932) 1 KB 205
Haynes v. Harwood (1935) 1 KB 146
Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. v. Shatwell (1965) AC 656
Morris v. Murray (1991) 2 QB 6
Nichols v. Marsland (1875) 3 WLR 186
Olega Tellis v. Bombay Muncipal Corporation 1985 SCC (3) 545
S. Sibudduin v. Court of Welfare Commissioner 1997(11) SCC

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 Smith v. Charles Baker [1891] AC 325
Vohra Sadikabhai and others v. State of Gujarat and others AIR2016 SC 2429
Woodley v. Metropolitan District Railway Co (1877) 2Ex D384
Woolridge v. Sumner (1963)2 QB 43

Compulsory Readings
 Akshay Sapre, RATANLAL & DHIRAJLAL'S LAW OF TORTS, Lexis Nexis, 27th ed.,
2020, Ch. V (Justification of Torts), pp.75-104, Ch. III (Personal Capacity), pp. 33-70, Ch.
IV (Foreign Torts), pp.73-74, Ch. VII (Discharge of Torts), pp.137-141, Ch. VI (Death in
Relation to Torts), pp. 107-132, Ch.IX (Remedies), pp.182-243.
 Avtar Singh and Harpreet Kaur, INTRODUCTION TO LAW OF TORTS AND
CONSUMER PROTECTION, LEXIS NEXIS, 4th ed., 2019, Ch. 8 (Remedies), pp.71-89,
Ch. 3 (Foreign Torts), pp.21-22.
 Ramaswamy Iyer’s, LAW OF TORTS, 10th Ed. 2007, pp.

Suggested Readings
 B.M. Gandhi, LAW OF TORTS WTH LAW OF STATUTORY INTERPRETATION AND
CONSUMER PROTECTION, 2nd ed., 2002.
 S.K. Kapoor, LAW OF TORTS, Central Law Agency, 2021.
 J. N. Pandey, LAW OF TORTS (WITH CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT AND MOTOR
VEHICLE ACT), Central Law Publications, 5th ed.
 J. Murphy, STREET ON TORTS, Lexis Nexis Butterworth, 11th ed., 2003.
 John Oberdiek, PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF LAW OF TORTS, Oxford
Publications, Reprint Ed. 2018.
 P.S.A. Pillai, LAW OF TORTS, Eastern Book Company, Lucknow, 9th ed., 2008.
 Pollock & Sir Frederick, THE LAW OF TORTS, Steven and Sons; London, 1979.
 R.F.V Heuston & R.V. Buckley, SALMOND ON THE LAW OF TORTS, Sweet and Maxwell
Publications London, 21st ed., 1969.
 Rachael Mulhuren, PRINCIPLES OF TORT LAW, Cambridge Publication, 1st ed. 2018.
 Ramaswamy Iyer’s, LAW OF TORTS, 10th Ed. 2007.
 W.E. Peel & Goudkamp, WINFIELD AND JOLOWICZ ON TORTS, Sweet & Maxwell,19th
Ed. 2022.
 William C. Jones, LAW OF TORTS, Gale, Making of Modern Law, 2010

Module-III: Liability in Torts [Teaching Hours-13]

3.1 Vicarious Liability: Qui facit per alium facit per se; respondent superior; master-servant
relationship; doctrine of common employment; vicarious liability of state; doctrine of
sovereign immunity and relevance in India; Liability by Relationship: Master and servant;
Independent contractor; principle and Agent Company and director; firm and partner; guardian
and ward.

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3.2 Strict liability: Sic Utere Tuo Ut Alienum Non Laedas; Occupiers Liability for Dangerous
premises; Liability towards Lawful Visitors; Liability Towards Trespassers; Liability towards
Children.
3.3 Absolute Liability: Fault-Based Liability; No Fault Liability; the Scienter Rule; Cattle
Trespass; Ordinary Liability in Torts.
3.4 Constitutional Liabilities: Doctrine of Constitutional Torts; Evolution and Development;
Sovereign and Non-Sovereign Function.
3.5 Liability for dangerous premises: Invitee Licensee or Visitors; Lawful entries; Duty of an
owner of premises; liability of occupier to the tree.

Statutory References
The Indian Penal Code, 1860 (Act No. 45 of 1860)
The Indian Contract Act, 1872 (Act No. 9 of 1872)
The Constitution of India

Judicial References:
Cambridge Water Co. v. Eastern Counties Leather Plc [1994] 1 All E.R. 53 (H.L)
Caparo Industries Plc v. Dickman [1990] 1 ALL ER 568(HL)
Chairman Railway Board v. Mrs. Chandrima Das (2000) 2 SCC 465
Charan Lal Sahu v. Union of India (1990) 1 SCC 613
Corr v. IBC [2008] AC884
Devaki Nandan Prasad v. State of Bihar AIR 1983 1184
Haynes v. Harwood (1935) 1 KB 1146
Kasturi Lal v. State of U.P AIR 1965 SC 1039
M.C. Mehta v. Union of India. (1987) 1 SCC 395
MCD vs. Uphar Tragedy Victims Association (2011) 14 SCC 173
MP Electricity Board v. Shail Kumar AIR 2002 SC 551
N. Nagendra Rao vs. State of Andhra Pradesh AIR 1994 SC 2663
Nilabati Behera vs. State of Orissa AIR 1993 SC 1960
Rudal Shah v. State of Bihar AIR 1983 SC 1086
Rylands v. Fletcher (1868) LR 3 HL 330
Sebastian Hongary v. Union of India AIR 1984 SC 571
Simmons v. British Steel (2004) UK HL 20
State of /Gujrat v. Islamic Relief Committee of Gujrat. (2018) 13 SCC 687
State of Rajasthan vs. Vidyawati AIR 1962 SC 933
Taj Mahal Hotel v. United India Insurance Co.Ltd AIR 2020 SC 597
Union Carbide Corp. vs Union of India (1991) 4 SCC 584
Union of India v. Sancheti Food Products Ltd. (2015) 15 SCC 447

Compulsory Readings:
 Akshay Sapre, RATAN LAL & DHIRAJLAL'S LAW OF TORTS, Lexis Nexis, 27th ed.,
2020, Ch. VIII (Liability for Wrong Committed by Others), pp.143-177, Ch. IX X
(Negligence and Allied Topics), pp.488-566.
 Avtar Singh and Harpreet Kaur, INTRODUCTION TO LAW OF TORTS AND
CONSUMER PROTECTION, LEXIS NEXIS, 4th ed., 2019, Ch. 7 (Liability for Wrong
Committed by Others - Vicarious Liability), pp.57-70.
 Ramaswamy Iyer’s, LAW OF TORTS, 10th Ed. 2007, pp.

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 Suggested Readings
 A. Zahid, The Rylands v. Fletcher Rule and the Modern Trend, 5 DULJ 181(1994).

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  B.M. Gandhi, LAW OF TORTS WTH LAW OF STATUTORY INTERPRETATION AND
CONSUMER PROTECTION, 2nd ed., 2002.
 S.K. Kapoor, LAW OF TORTS, Central Law Agency, 2021.
 J. N. Pandey, LAW OF TORTS (WITH CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT AND MOTOR
VEHICLE ACT), Central Law Publications, 5th ed.
 John Oberdiek, PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF LAW OF TORTS, Oxford
Publications, Reprint Ed. 2018.
 K.C. Joshi, Compensation Through Writs: From Rudul Shah to Mehta, JILI, Vol. 30, No.69,
1988.
 P.S.A. Pillai, LAW OF TORTS, Eastern Book Company, Lucknow, 9th ed., 2008.
 Pollock & Sir Frederick, THE LAW OF TORTS, Steven and Sons; London, 1979.
 R.F.V Heuston & R.V. Buckley, SALMOND ON THE LAW OF TORTS, Sweet and Maxwell
Publications London, 21st ed., 1969.
 Rachael Mulhuren, PRINCIPLES OF TORT LAW, Cambridge Publication, 1st ed. 2018.
 Ramaswamy Iyer’s, LAW OF TORTS, 10th Ed. 2007.
 W.E. Peel & Goudkamp, WINFIELD AND JOLOWICZ ON TORTS, Sweet & Maxwell,19th
Ed. 2022.
 William C. Jones, LAW OF TORTS, Gale, Making of Modern Law, 2010

Module-IV: Specific Torts [Teaching Hours-13]

4.1 Tresspass: Trespass to land; Trespass to goods; Essentials to trespass to goods; Trespass to
dentine and conversion; Trespass to person: Assault; battery; defences for assault and battery;
false imprisonment.
4.2 Negligence: Duty to take care; breach of duty; damages; Res Ipsa Loquitur; Contributory
negligence; Nervous shock; Medical and Professional Negligence.
4.3 Nuisance: Public Nuisance; Private Nuisance; Nuisance to servitudes; Reasonableness of
nuisance; Type of harm and locality; who can sue; who can be sued.
4.4 Defamation: Essentials and Defences: Libel and slander; Innuendo; Privileges: Absolute
privileges; Qualified privileges.
4.5 Abuse of legal procedure: Malicious Prosecution; Damages; Relief from malicious
prosecution; Effect of acquittal in prosecution; Civil proceedings.

Statutory References:
The Indian Penal Code, 1860 (Act No. 45 of 1860)
The Indian Contract Act, 1872 (Act No. 9 of 1872)

Judicial References:
Bhim Singh v. State of Jammu & Kashmir 1986 SC 4949
Bird v. Jones (1845) 7 QB 742
Caparo Industries Plc v. Dickman [1990]2AC605
Cassidy v. Minister of Health (1951) 1 ALL ER 574bird
Davis v. Radcliffe (1990) 2 All ER 536
Doneghue v. Stevenson (1932) AC562
Edehomo v. Edehomo [2011] 1 WLR 2217

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 Fowler v. Lanning (1959) 1 QB 426
Hedley Burne Co. Ltd v. Heller Partners Ltd. (1964) AC 465
Home Office v. Dorset Yacht Co. Ltd (1970) 2 All ER 294
Jacob Mathew v. State of Panjab (2005) 6 SCC 1
Krushnakumar v. State of Tamilnadu AIR 2015 SC 2836
Letang v. Cooper 1965 (1) QB 232
National Insurance Company Ltd. v. Sinitha (2012) 2 SCC 356
P.B. Desai v. State of Maharashtra (2013) 15 SCC 481
Suhsil Ansal v. State (2014) 6 SCC 173
The Wagon Mound case (1961) AC 388
V Krishnakumar v. State of Tamil Nadu (2015) 9 SCC 388
West Bengal Elec. Board v. Dilip Kumar Ray 2007 SC 976

Compulsory Readings:
 Akshay Sapre, RATAN LAL & DHIRAJLAL'S LAW OF TORTS, Lexis Nexis, 27th ed.,
2020, Ch. XI (Trespass to Person), pp.247-265, Ch. XII (Defamation), pp.267-320, Ch. No
XIII (Malicious Proceedings), pp.325-348, Ch. IXX (Negligence and Allied Topics), pp.457-
601, Ch. XX (Nuisance), pp. 603-625, Ch. XVII (Torts affecting Immovable as well as
Movable Property) pp. 449-452, Ch. XV (Tort to Realty or Immovable Property), pp. 371-
432.
 Avtar Singh and Harpreet Kaur, INTRODUCTION TO LAW OF TORTS AND
CONSUMER PROTECTION, LEXIS NEXIS, 4th ed., 2019, Ch. 10 (Trespass to Person),
pp.93-99, Ch. 12 (Malicious Proceedings) pp. 119-146, Ch. 14 (Torts to Realty and
Immovable Property) pp.135-151, Ch. 15 (Torts to Personality or Movable Property), pp.153-
157, Ch. 18 (Negligence and Allied Torts) pp.166-207, Ch. IX X (Nuisance), pp.209-214, Ch.
11 (Defamation) pp.102-117.
 Ramaswamy Iyer’s, LAW OF TORTS, 10th Ed. 2007, pp.

Suggested Readings
 B.M. Gandhi, LAW OF TORTS WTH LAW OF STATUTORY INTERPRETATION AND
CONSUMER PROTECTION, 2nd ed., 2002.
 S.K. Kapoor, LAW OF TORTS, Central Law Agency, 2021.
 J. N. Pandey, LAW OF TORTS (WITH CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT AND MOTOR
VEHICLE ACT), Central Law Publications, 5th ed.
 G.S. Kalra, MEHROTRA'S COMMENTARY ON LAW OF DEFAMATION, DAMAGES
AND MALICIOUS PROSECUTION, Delhi Law House, 2006.
 John Oberdiek, PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF LAW OF TORTS, Oxford
Publications, Reprint Ed. 2018.
 P.S.A. Pillai, LAW OF TORTS, Eastern Book Company, Lucknow, 9th ed., 2008.
 Pollock & Sir Frederick, THE LAW OF TORTS, Steven and Sons; London, 1979.
 R.F.V Heuston & R.V. Buckley, SALMOND ON THE LAW OF TORTS, Sweet and Maxwell
Publications London, 21st ed., 1969.
 Rachael Mulhuren, PRINCIPLES OF TORT LAW, Cambridge Publication, 1st ed. 2018.
 Ramaswamy Iyer’s, LAW OF TORTS, 10th Ed. 2007.
 W.E. Peel & Goudkamp, WINFIELD AND JOLOWICZ ON TORTS, Sweet & Maxwell,19th
Ed. 2022.
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 William C. Jones, LAW OF TORTS, Gale, Making of Modern Law, 2010

Module-V: Liabilities in Motor Vehicle and Consumer Protection [Teaching Hours-12]

5.1 Motor Vehicle: The Common Liabilities of Motor Vehicle; Liabilities without Fault;
Compensatory Jurisprudence; Motor Vehicle Act 1988.
5.2 Defences and Insurance Policy; Compensation in the case of Hit and Run Motor
Accidents; Claims; Tribunals and Awards of Compensation.
5.3 Consumer Protection and Law of Torts: Objectives and its salient features; Consumer;
Defect; Deficiency; Goods; Services; UTP & RTP
5.4 Consumer Courts: Central Consumer Protection Authority Powers and Functions
Mediation Product Liability; Appeals; Revision; Review.
5.5 Emerging Torts: Cyber Torts; Environmental Damage; Public Insurance Liability;
Liability of Multinational Companies; Workmen Compensation.

Statutory References:
The Indian Penal Code, 1860 (Act No. 45 of 1860)
The Indian Contract Act, 1872 (Act No. 9 of 1872)
The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (Act No. 58 of 1988)
The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 (Act No. 19 of 2019)
Environmental Protection Act,1986 (Act No. 29 of 1986)

Judicial References
Andhra Pradesh Road Transport Corporation vs. K. Hemlatha AIR 2008 SC 2851
Deepal Girishbhai Soni v. United India Insurance Co. Ltd. (2004) 5 SCC 385
Hardeo Kaur and others Vs. Rajasthan State Transport Corporation (1992) 2 SCC 567
Helen C. Rebello v. Maharashtra SRTC (1999) 1 SCC 90
Pawan Kumar and Anr. etc. Vs. Harkishan Dass Mohan Lal (2014)3SCC590
Puttamma v. K.L. Narayana Reddy (2013) 15 SCC 45
R. D. Hattangadi vs. Pest Control (India) Pvt. Ltd. (1995) 1 SCC 551
Sarla Verma vs. Delhi Transport Corporation (2009) 6 SCC 121
India Photographic Co. vs. H.D. Shourie, AIR1999SC2453
Indian Council for Enviro Legal Action v. Union of India (1996) AIR 1446
State of Karnataka vs. Vishwabarathi House Building Co. Society (2003) 2 SCC 412
Cheema Engineering Services vs. Rajan Singh (1997) 1 SCC 131
Karnataka Power Transmission Corp. vs. Ashok Iron Works (2009) 3 SCC 240
Lucknow Development Authority vs. M.K. Gupta AIR 1994 SC 787
Indian Medical Association vs. V.P. Shantha AIR1996SC550
Ravneet Singh Bagga vs. M/s KLM Royal Dutch Airlines (2000) 1 SCC 66
Eshwarappa v. C.S. Gurushanthappa (2010) 8 SCC 620
General Manager, Telecom v. M. Krishnan (2009) 8 SCC 481
Lucknow Development Authority v. M.K. Gupta (1994) 1 SCC 243
MC Mehta v. Kamalnath & Ors AIR 2002 SC 1515
M.K. Kunhimohammad v. P.A. Ahmedkutty AIR 1987 SC 2158
Madan Kumar Singh v. District Mahistrate Sultanpur (2009) 9 SCC 79
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New India Assurance Co. Ltd. v. Hiral Rameshchand (2008) 10 SCC 626
Philips Medical Systems v. Indian MRI Diagnostic Ltd (2008) 10 SCC 227
Pradeep Kumar Jain v. City Bank 1999 (5) SC 639

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 Prakash Khatri v. Suresj Makhija AIR 1991 Bom 365
Shreya Singhal v. Union of India AIR 2015 SC 1523
SP Goel v. Collector of Stamps AIR 1996 SC 839
State of Punjab v. Bhajan Kaur AIR 2008 SC 2276
UT Chandigarh Administration v. Amarjeet Singh (2009) 4 SCC 660
V Krishnakumar v. State of Tamil Nadu (2015) 9 SCC 388
Yallwa v. National Insurance Co. Ltd. (2007) 6 SCC 657

Compulsory Readings
 Akshay Sapre, RATAN LAL & DHIRAJLAL'S LAW OF TORTS, Lexis Nexis, 27th ed.,
2020, Ch. VIIA & VIII Appendix I &II, pp. 645-712, Appendix III, pp. 715-724.
 Avtar Singh and Harpreet Kaur, INTRODUCTION TO LAW OF TORTS AND
CONSUMER PROTECTION, LEXIS NEXIS, 4th ed., 2019, Ch. 1 (General) pp.223-241,
Ch.3 (Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission) pp.255-325, Ch. 4 (Mediation) pp.327-
329, Ch. 5 (Product Liability) pp.331-334.
 Ramaswamy Iyer’s, LAW OF TORTS, 10th Ed. 2007.

Suggested Reading
 J. N. Pandey, LAW OF TORTS (WITH CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT AND MOTOR
VEHICLE ACT), Central Law Publications, 5th ed.
 Janak Raj, MOTOR ACCIDENT CLAIMS LAW AND PROCEDURE, Universal Law
Publishing, 3rd ed., 2007.
 M.R. Sreenath, LAW RELATING YO COMPENSATION UNDER MOTOR VEHICLES
ACT, Eastern Book Company, 1999.
 V.K. Agrawal, CONSUMER PROTECTION (LAW AND PRACTICE), Bharat Law House
Pvt. Ltd. 7th ed. 2016.
add

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