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    Tugas 2 - Pbis4326.3 Introduction To Morphology and Syntax

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    Tugas 2 - Pbis4326.3 Introduction To Morphology and Syntax

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    Siska asiyah
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    TUGAS 2 - PBIS4326.3 INTRODUCTION TO MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX

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    Tugas 2 - Pbis4326.3 Introduction To Morphology and Syntax

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    Siska asiyah

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    BUKU JAWABAN TUGAS MATA KULIAH

    TUGAS 2

    Nama Mahasiswa : SISKA ASIAH PITRIA

    Nomor Induk Mahasiswa/ NIM : 045286969

    Kode/Nama Mata Kuliah : PBIS4326.3


    INTRODUCTION TO MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX

    Kode/Nama UT Daerah : 24 / UT BANDUNG

    Fakultas/Prodi : FKIP/PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS

    KEMENTERIAN PENDIDIKAN, KEBUDAYAAN, RISET, DAN TEKNOLOGI


    UNIVERSITAS TERBUKA
    THE ANSWER :

    1. Concept of Syntax
    Syntax is a fundamental branch of linguistics that studies how words and morphemes
    combine to form larger units such as phrases and sentences. It focuses on the rules and principles
    that govern sentence structure, including word order, grammatical relationships, and the
    hierarchical organization of language elements. Syntax plays a crucial role in determining how
    meaning is conveyed through the arrangement of words in a sentence.
    Examples of Syntax
     Basic Sentence Structure:
    - SVO Example: "The dog (S) barks (V)."
    - SOV Example (common in languages like Japanese): " 犬 が 吠 え る (Inu ga hoeru)"
    translates to "The dog barks."

     Complex Sentences:
    - "Although it was raining (subordinate clause), we went for a walk (main clause)."
    This structure showcases how clauses can be combined to create more complex
    meanings.

     Changing Focus with Syntax:


    - Original: "I saw something that scared me yesterday."
    - Altered: "Yesterday, I saw something that scared me." The change in word order
    shifts the emphasis from what was seen to when it was seen.
    In summary, syntax is essential for understanding how language operates at a structural level,
    allowing speakers to create meaningful sentences through specific arrangements of words and
    phrases.

    2. Syntactic Markers for Nouns and Verbs


    Syntactic markers are linguistic elements that indicate the grammatical function of words
    within sentences, helping to establish relationships between them. These markers can take
    various forms, including inflectional affixes, determiners, and capitalization, depending on the
    language. Here, we will explore syntactic markers specifically for nouns and verbs, providing
    examples to illustrate their functions.
    Noun Markers
    Definition and Function :
    Noun markers typically serve as determiners and provide essential information about the noun they
    accompany. They can indicate aspects such as gender, number, definiteness, and visibility. In many
    languages, noun markers are crucial for distinguishing between different types of nouns.

    Examples:
    1. Gender Marking: In languages like Dyirbal, noun markers convey gender distinctions.
    For instance:
    - Ya(la)- indicates a noun that is visible and near the speaker.
    - Ba(la)- denotes a noun that is visible but not near the speaker.
    - Ŋa(la)- refers to a noun that is not visible.

    2. English Determiners: In English, articles (a, an, the) function as noun markers:
    - "The cat" (definite article indicating a specific cat).
    - "A dog" (indefinite article indicating any dog).

    3. Pluralization: In English, plural nouns often have the marker <s> or <es>:
    - "Cats" (plural of cat).
    - "Boxes" (plural of box).
    Verb Markers
    Definition and Function:
    Verb markers indicate tense, aspect, mood, and agreement with subjects. They are essential for
    conveying the temporal and relational context of actions or states expressed by verbs.

    Examples:
    1. Tense Marking: In English, past tense is marked with <ed> for regular verbs:
    - "Walk" becomes "walked."
    - This marker clearly differentiates the verb form from its present tense counterpart.

    2. Agreement Marking: Many languages use verb forms to indicate agreement with the
    subject in number or person:
    - In English: "He runs" vs. "They run," where the verb form changes based on the
    subject.

    3. Auxiliary Verbs: These can also serve as markers for tense and aspect:
    - "She is running" (present continuous) uses the auxiliary verb "is" to indicate ongoing
    action.

    3. Differences Between Structures in Syntax


    In syntax, understanding the distinctions between various structures—modification,
    prediction, complementation, and coordination—is crucial for analyzing sentence formation and
    grammatical relationships. Each structure serves a unique function and is composed of specific
    components.
    Structure of Modification
     Definition: A structure of modification consists of a head (H) and a modifier (M). The
    head can be a noun, verb, adjective, adverb, or prepositional phrase, while the modifier
    provides additional information about the head.
     Components:
    - Head (H): The main word that determines the nature of the phrase.
    - Modifier (M): Provides descriptive or qualifying details about the head.
     Example: In the phrase "the beautiful garden," "garden" is the head, and "beautiful" is the
    modifier.

    Structure of Prediction

     Definition: The structure of predication involves a subject (S) and a predicate (P). The predicate
    typically describes what the subject does or is.
     Components:
    - Subject (S): The noun or noun phrase that performs the action.
    - Predicate (P): Contains the verb and provides information about the subject.
     Example: In "The cat sleeps," "The cat" is the subject, and "sleeps" is the predicate.

    Structure of Complementation

     Definition: A structure of complementation consists of a verbal element (VB) and a complement


    (C). The verbal element can be a verb or verb phrase that requires additional information to
    complete its meaning.
     Components:
    - Verbal Element (VB): The core verb or verb phrase.
    - Complement (C): Can be a noun phrase, adjective phrase, or clause that completes the
    meaning of the verb.
     Example: In "She considers him a genius," "considers" is the verbal element, and "him a genius"
    serves as the complement.

    Structure of Coordination

     Definition: A structure of coordination consists of two or more conjoins connected by


    coordinating conjunctions. This structure allows for combining elements that are syntactically
    equivalent.
     Components:
    - Conjoins: These can be words, phrases, or clauses that are linked together.
    - Coordinating Conjunctions: Words such as "and," "but," or "or" that connect conjoins.
     Example: In "I want coffee and tea," both "coffee" and "tea" are conjoined by "and."

    Sources : BMP PBIS4326.3


    https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368746755_English_Syntax_Structure_of_Complementation

    https://www.academia.edu/97413317/English_Syntax_Structure_of_complementation

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