CÂMPUS CENTRAL – SEDE – CIÊNCIAS EXATAS E TECNOLÓGICAS

HENRIQUE SANTILLO – PROGRAMA DE PÓS GRADUAÇÃO STRICTO

SENSU EM CIÊNCIAS MOLECULARES

BÁRBARA MICKAELLE LIMA FREITAS

COMPÊNDIO – SEMINÁRIOS II

ANÁPOLIS-GO
2024
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SUMMARY
1. Immobilization of poly(hexamethylene biguanide) to cellulose acetate- and

cellulose-based nanofiber membranes for antibacterial and cytotoxic studies ¹................ 4

2. Study on synergistic effect of carrier combined with micro-aeration on anaerobic

digestion of food waste ² ........................................................................................................... 5

3. Antimicrobial electrospun membranes of chitosan/poly(ethylene oxide)

incorporating poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride ³ .......................................... 7

4. The chemistry of hydrothermal magnetite: A review ⁴ ......................................... 8

5. Synthesis and characterization of magnetite nanoparticles via the chemical co-

precipitation method 5.............................................................................................................. 9

6. Magnetite nanoparticles: Synthesis methods – A comparative review 6 ........... 11

7. Magnetite nanoparticles for medical MR imaging 7 ........................................... 12

8. Magnetite nanoparticles for câncer diagnosis, treatment, and treatment

monitoring: recent advances 8 ............................................................................................... 13

9. Preclinical Evaluation and Clinical Translation of Magnetite-Based

Nanomedicines 9 ..................................................................................................................... 15
10. Physical and chemical characterization of poly (hexamethylene biguanide)

hydrochloride 10 ..................................................................................................................... 16
11. Artificial Photosynthases: Single-Chain Nanoparticles with Manifold Visible-

Light Photocatalytic Activity for Challenging “in Water” Organic Reactions 11 ............ 17
12. Antiviral Properties of Polymeric Aziridine- and Biguanide-Modified

Core−Shell Magnetic Nanoparticles ¹² ................................................................................. 19

13. Synthesis, Principles, and Properties of Magnetite Nanoparticles for In Vivo

Imaging Applications—A Review ¹³ ..................................................................................... 20

14. Polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride (PHMB)-properties and

application of an antiseptic agent. A narrative review ¹⁴ ................................................... 22

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15. Physical and Chemical Characterization of Poly(hexamethylene biguanide)

Hydrochloride ¹5 ..................................................................................................................... 23
16. Antiviral and Antibacterial 3D-Printed Products Functionalised with

Poly(hexamethylene biguanide)¹6 ......................................................................................... 24

17. Toxicological assessment of polyhexamethylene biguanide for water treatment

¹7 ............................................................................................................................................... 26
18. Assessment of Ametryn Contamination in River Water, River Sediment, and

Mollusk Bivalves in São Paulo State, Brazil ¹8 .................................................................... 27

19. Synthesis and characterization of uncoated and gold-coated magnetite

nanoparticles ¹9 ....................................................................................................................... 28
20. Mossbauer study of stability and growth confinement of magnetic Fe3O4 drug

carrier²0 ................................................................................................................................... 30
BIBLIOGRAFHIC REFERENCES ......................................................................... 31
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1. Immobilization of poly(hexamethylene biguanide) to cellulose acetate- and cellulose-

based nanofiber membranes for antibacterial and cytotoxic studies ¹

 Abstract:
Context: "To develop the environmental antibacterial membrane"
Gap: "Despite existing antibacterial membranes, there is a need for improved efficacy
and stability."
Purpose: "The objective was to increase the antibacterial efficacy of nanofiber
membranes."
Methodology: "The physical attachments of poly (hexamethylene biguanide)
hydrochloride (PHMB) on the cellulose acetate (CA) and regenerated cellulose (RC)
electrospun nanofiber membranes were employed."
Results: "The immobilization of PHMB increased the antibacterial efficacy (AE, %) of
nanofiber membranes from 65.67% to approximately 86.13% for CA-PHMB and from 35.09%
to approximately 100% for RC-PHMB."
Conclusions: "The findings suggest that RC-PHMB holds great promise as an
antibacterial material for biomedical applications, food packaging industries, and filtration or
treatment of water."
 Introduction:
Context: "The electrospun nanofiber membranes are considered an ideal candidate for
filtration, drug delivery carrier, tissue engineering..."
State of the art and applications: "The application of nanofibers in antibacterial
processes has garnered significant attention in recent years."
"To tackle these issues, it is essential to explore alternative, eco-friendly materials to
produce antibacterial nanofiber membranes."
"These nanofiber matrices find applications in diverse fields such as healthcare, textiles,
water treatment, and air filtration."
Objectives of the article: "The purpose of this work was to prepare environmentally
friendly and inexpensive cellulose nanofiber membranes with antibacterial function."
 Materials and Methods:
Description of Materials Used in the Study: "CA (molecular weight ~30,000 g/mol,
degree of acetylation ~55%) was purchased from Showa Chemical Co., Ltd."
How the Materials Were Prepared: "CA solution (0.12 g/mL) was prepared in a solvent
mixture of acetone/DMAC (2:1) ..."
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Research Protocol Description: "Electrospinning of nonwoven CA nanofiber meshes

was carried out using the apparatus described in our previous study."
How the Measurements Were Made and What Calculations Were Performed:
"The immobilization density (IB, mg/g) of PHMB on the nanofiber membrane can be
calculated by using the change in PHMB concentration before and after immobilization."
Statistical Tests Performed to Analyze the Data: "Student’s t-test was used for
statistical analysis."
 Results and Discussion:
Background: "The application of nanofibers in antibacterial processes has garnered
significant attention in recent years."
Results: "The immobilization of PHMB increased the antibacterial efficacy (AE, %) of
nanofiber membranes from 65.67% to approximately 86.13% for CA-PHMB."
Interpretation of Results: "The results of the chemical and physical characteristics
indicate that the degree of deacetylation of CA nanofiber primarily affects the antibacterial
efficacy."
Comparison: "The rapid achievement of ~100% AE after only 10 min of contact with
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a notable finding."

2. Study on synergistic effect of carrier combined with micro-aeration on anaerobic

digestion of food waste ²

 Abstract:
Context: "Enhancing the conversion efficiency of methane production from food waste
(FW) is always a hot issue."
Gap: "But their synergistic potential remained largely untapped."
Purpose: "This study introduced polyurethane carriers into micro-aeration assisted AD,
trying to explore their synergism in enhancing the digestive efficiency of FW."
Methodology: "Results revealed that an optimal blend of carriers and micro-aeration
pose significant improvement to the digestive performance."
Results: "Their combination enhanced microbial metabolic activity, accelerated the
consumption or conversion of dissolved organic matter (DOM) molecules."
Conclusions: "These findings held significance for optimizing FW treatment,
improving methane production efficiency, and reducing the burden of organic waste treatment."
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 Introduction:
Context: "The management of organic waste, particularly food waste (FW), has become
a global significant environmental challenge."
State of the art and applications: "Among the various available treatment methods,
anaerobic digestion (AD) has emerged as a promising technology for efficiently converting FW
into renewable energy and valuable byproducts."
Objectives of the article: "Therefore, this paper tries to combine bio-carriers and micro-
aeration to enhance AD performance of FW."
 Materials and Methods:
Description of Materials Used in the Study: "The anaerobic digester was made of a
plexiglass cylinder... The polyurethane foam carriers were purchased from Henan Tianyi
Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd."
How the Materials Were Prepared: "The inoculum was settled naturally under
anaerobic conditions for 1 day to remove the supernatant."
Research Protocol Description: "The digester was run continuously for a total of 85
days and was divided into two stages..."
How the Measurements Were Made and What Calculations Were Performed: "pH
was determined by pH meter... Measurements of total solid (TS), volatile solid (VS)... were
conducted in accordance with standard methods."
Statistical Tests Performed to Analyze the Data: "The experimental data underwent
analysis of variance (ANOVA) for statistical processing."
 Results and Discussion:
Background: "As important intermediate compounds in methane production
metabolism, VFAs’ concentration is a crucial consideration for the optimal performance of
biogas digesters."
Results: "Fig. 1 shows the digestive performance of different digesters. Após a
introdução de micro-aeração na fase II, a produção de metano para todos os digestores
aumentou, indicando que a micro-aeração tem um efeito positivo na produção de metano."
Interpretation of Results: "This may be attributed to the generation of ROS during the
reaction process, which could have exerted a certain toxic effect on obligate anaerobes such as
methanogenic archaea."
Comparison: "Compared to the control digester (D0), the TVFA in the carrier
participated groups maintained at much lower concentration levels."
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3. Antimicrobial electrospun membranes of chitosan/poly(ethylene oxide) incorporating

poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride ³

 Abstract:
Context: "Here, antimicrobial nanofibrous membranes were produced by
electrospinning of chitosan/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) solution."
Gap: "The influence of PHMB on the electrospinnability and antimicrobial properties
of chitosan/PEO nanofibers were studied."
Purpose: "These findings suggest that there is a great potential in fabrication of
biomaterials with incorporation of PHMB using electrospinning."
Methodology: "Further, viscosity of the solutions as well as morphology of the
nanofibrous structures were investigated."
Results: "Results revealed that incorporation of PHMB in chitosan/PEO solutions led
to decrease in the zero-shear rate viscosity up to 20%."
Conclusions: "Inhibition of the bacteria growth for both Escherichia coli and
Staphylococcus aureus were achieved on the PHMB loaded nanofibers."
 Introduction:
Context: "Nanofibers are of tremendous interests for a variety of applications due to
their useful properties such as high specific surface area and high porosity."
State of the art and applications: "Many researchers have been focused on the
biomedical applications of fibrous and porous structures, such as drug delivery, wound healing,
medical prostheses, pharmaceutical composition tissue engineering scaffolds."
Objectives of the article: "The main objective of this study was to improve antibacterial
properties of electrospun chitosan/PEO nanofibers by incorporation of PHMB."
 Materials and Methods:
Description of Materials Used in the Study: "Low molecular weight chitosan with
degree of deacetylation (DD) of 75–85% and molecular weight of 120 kDa was prepared from
Fluka (Switzerland)."
How the Materials Were Prepared: "A 2.5 wt% chitosan/PEO solution with a mass
ratio of 75:25 were prepared by dispersion of chitosan or PEO in 90% acetic acid at room
temperature."
Research Protocol Description: "Each solution was loaded in a 5 mL syringe with a
metal capillary attached."
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How the Measurements Were Made and What Calculations Were Performed:
"The apparent viscosity of the solutions was determined at 100 s−1 from the constant
rate curves."
Statistical Tests Performed to Analyze the Data: "A linear calibration curve (R² =
0.9975) was obtained between the absorption strength and PHMB concentration range of 0–
0.024 mg/mL."
 Results and Discussion:
Background: "We report a case of the treatment of"
Results: "This study of the effects of". The viscosity measurements showed"
Interpretation of Results: "The effects of PHMB on. Interpretation of Results: These
findings suggest"
Comparison: "Comparison with previous studies indicates"

4. The chemistry of hydrothermal magnetite: A review ⁴

 Abstract:
Context: "Magnetite (Fe3O4) is a well-recognized petrogenetic indicator"
Gap: "There is a need to better understand how hydrothermal magnetite can assist in
exploration geology."
Purpose: "This study aims to investigate how the composition of hydrothermal
magnetite can discriminate mineralized areas from barren host rocks."
Methodology: " We review studies that investigate the chemistry of hydrothermal and
igneous magnetite."
Results: " The main discriminator elements for magnetite are Mg, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn,
Co, Ni, Zn, and Ga."
Conclusions: "We propose discriminant plots to differentiate hydrothermal from
igneous magnetite."
 Introduction:
Context: "Hydrothermal processes play a crucial role in the formation of various
mineral deposits, including magnetite."
State of the art and applications: "Recent advancements in analytical techniques have
enhanced our understanding of the chemical properties and formation mechanisms of
hydrothermal magnetite."
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Objectives of the article: "This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the
chemistry of hydrothermal magnetite and its implications for mineral exploration."
 Materials and Methods:
Description of Materials Used in the Study: "Low molecular weight chitosan with
degree of deacetylation (DD) of 75–85% and molecular weight of 120 kDa was prepared from
Fluka (Switzerland)."
How the Materials Were Prepared: "A 2.5 wt% chitosan/PEO solution with a mass
ratio of 75:25 were prepared by dispersion of chitosan or PEO in 90% acetic acid at room
temperature."
Research Protocol Description: "Each solution was loaded in a 5 mL syringe with a
metal capillary attached."
How the Measurements Were Made and What Calculations Were Performed: "The
apparent viscosity of the solutions was determined at 100 s−1 from the constant rate curves."
Statistical Tests Performed to Analyze the Data: "A linear calibration curve (R² =
0.9975) was obtained between the absorption strength and PHMB concentration range of 0–
0.024 mg/mL."
 Results and Discussion:

Background: "Understanding the formation and stability of hydrothermal magnetite is

essential for comprehending its role in ore deposit formation."
Results: "The review summarizes key findings regarding the chemical composition and
mineralogical characteristics of hydrothermal magnetite from various studies."
Interpretation of Results: "The observed variations in magnetite composition suggest
environmental influences during formation, including temperature and fluid chemistry."
Comparison: "When compared to magnetite formed under different geological settings,
hydrothermal magnetite displays distinct mineralogical and chemical traits."

5. Synthesis and characterization of magnetite nanoparticles via the chemical co-

5
precipitation method

 Abstract:
Context: "Magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized via the chemical co-precipitation
method”
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Gap: "Not explicitly mentioned, but it can be inferred that there is a need to control
nanoparticle size for biomedical applications.”
Purpose: "In this study, the particle size of the magnetite nanoparticles was successfully
controlled."
Methodology: "The size of the magnetite nanoparticles was carefully controlled by
varying the reaction temperature and through the surface modification."
Results: "The electrical conductivity of the smallest particle size was 1.3 × 10−3 S/cm...
All of the magnetite nanoparticles showed the superparamagnetic behavior..."
Conclusions: "The highest magnetization was 58.72 emu/g obtained from the hexanoic
acid coated magnetite nanoparticles."
 Introduction:
Context: "Magnetic particle sizes from nanometer to micrometer are attractive materials
not only in the field of magnetic recording but also in the areas of biological and medical
applications."
State of the art and applications: "These are widely used as materials for drug carrier,
drug release, cancer therapy, hyperthermia, magnetic separation..."
Objectives of the article: "The purpose of this work is the preparation of magnetite
nanoparticles by varying the conditions such as the reaction temperature and the surface
modification."
 Materials and Methods:
Description of Materials Used in the Study: "Ferrous chloride tetrahydrate (AR grade,
Sigma–Aldrich) and ferric chloride anhydrous (AR grade, Ajax Finechem) were used as the
precursors."
How the Materials Were Prepared: "The magnetite nanoparticles were prepared via the
chemical co-precipitation method."
Research Protocol Description: "The coated magnetite nanoparticles were filtered and
thoroughly washed with deionized water."
How the Measurements Were Made and What Calculations Were Performed:
"The electrical conductivity is the inverse of the specific resistivity (ρ) which indicates
the ability of material to transport electrical charge."
Statistical Tests Performed to Analyze the Data: “There is no explicit mention of
statistical tests in this excerpt, but data analysis can be inferred from measurements and
calculations.”
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 Results and Discussion:

Background: "FTIR spectra of the magnetite nanoparticles as synthesized by the
coating agents as well as the bare magnetite nanoparticles."
Results: "The crystalline structure of the magnetite nanoparticles is characterized by
XRD as shown in Fig. 2."
Interpretation of Results: "The results show that all of the Ms values are smaller than
the bulk magnetite (93 emu/g)."
Comparison: "When comparing the obtained Ms values between the two different
methods."

6
6. Magnetite nanoparticles: Synthesis methods – A comparative review

 Abstract:
Context: "Iron oxide-based nanoparticles have gathered tremendous scientific interest
towards their application in a variety of fields."
Gap: "However, non-conventional methods emerged in recent years to bring
unprecedented synthesis performances..."
Purpose: "This review aims to present the main properties, applications, and synthesis
methods of magnetite..."
Methodology: "Several chemical, physical, and biological methods are found in the
literature and implemented in the laboratory or industrial practice."
Results: "Particularly, microfluidic methods represent a promising technology towards
smaller reagent volume use..."
Conclusions: "This review aims to present... together with the newest advancements in
this field."
 Introduction:
Context: "Over the past 20 years, iron-based nanoparticles have gained increasing
interdisciplinary scientific interest due to their novel properties and potential for various
nanotechnological applications."
State of the art and applications: "formulations of magnetically responsive magnetite,
maghemite, and hematite have been reportedly produced in the nano range, finding use in
organic synthesis, biotechnology, and medicine."
Objectives of the article: "This review offers a general presentation of magnetite,
covering topics such as the morphologies, properties, and applications of this material."
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 Materials and Methods:

Description of Materials Used in the Study: Nanoparticle fabrication can be performed
via two main approaches: top-down and bottom-up."
How the Materials Were Prepared: "One of the simplest and most widely used
chemical methods for obtaining nanosized Fe3O4 is co-precipitation."
Research Protocol Description: "The synthesis occurs inside a pressure vessel that
allows solvent heating above its boiling point temperature."
How the Measurements Were Made and What Calculations Were Performed:
"Particle properties can be controlled by carefully adjusting a cost-efficient alternative to other
chemical processes."
Statistical Tests Performed to Analyze the Data: "A summary of the main available
methods from each category is represented in Fig. 2."
 Results and Discussion:
Background: "In recent years, the acceleration of industrialization and the continuous
development of the economy have resulted in increased domestic and industrial solid-waste
production."
Results: "The researchers obtained spherical magnetite particles of about 20 nm in
diameter."
Interpretation of Results: "The SHTD method is a simple, rapid, single-step, one-pot
synthesis that yields particles with very small sizes without affecting the environment."
Comparison: "These new synthesis strategies have also proven to yield MNPs of better-
controlled morphologies, sizes, and size distribution."

7
7. Magnetite nanoparticles for medical MR imaging

 Abstract:
Context: "Magnetite nanoparticles have gained attention in medical imaging."
Gap: "Despite their potential, challenges remain in their application for MR imaging."
Purpose: "This review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of magnetite nanoparticles."
Methodology: "A comprehensive literature review was conducted."
Results: "The results indicate improved contrast and imaging quality."
Conclusions: "Magnetite nanoparticles show promise for future medical MR imaging
applications."
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 Introduction:
Context: "Magnetite nanoparticles have been widely researched in the field of medical
imaging."
State of the art and applications: "Current applications include their use as contrast
agents in magnetic resonance imaging."
Objectives of the article: "The objective of this article is to explore the potential of
magnetite nanoparticles in enhancing MR imaging."
 Materials and Methods:
Description of Materials Used in the Study: "The study utilized commercially available
magnetite nanoparticles."
How the Materials Were Prepared: "The nanoparticles were synthesized using a co-
precipitation method."
Research Protocol Description: "The experimental protocol included a series of
imaging sessions."
How the Measurements Were Made and What Calculations Were Performed:
"Magnetic resonance imaging was performed using standard clinical parameters."
Statistical Tests Performed to Analyze the Data: "Statistical analyses were conducted
to evaluate the imaging results."
 Results and Discussion:
Background: "The background of the study highlights the significance of contrast
agents in MR imaging."
Results: "The results indicate an enhanced contrast in MR images using magnetite
nanoparticles."
Interpretation of Results: "The interpretation of the results suggests that the
nanoparticles improve imaging quality."
Comparison: "A comparison with existing contrast agents shows superior
performance."

8. Magnetite nanoparticles for câncer diagnosis, treatment, and treatment monitoring:

8
recent advances
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 Abstract:
Context: "The increasing incidence of cancer necessitates the development of
innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies."
Gap: "Despite advancements, there is a gap in effective cancer treatment options."
Purpose: "This review aims to explore the applications of magnetite nanoparticles in
cancer management."
Methodology: "The methodology includes a comprehensive analysis of recent studies
on magnetite nanoparticles."
Results: "The results demonstrate the potential of magnetite nanoparticles in enhancing
imaging and therapeutic efficacy."
Conclusions: "In conclusion, magnetite nanoparticles represent a promising avenue for
cancer diagnosis and treatment."
 Introduction:
Context: "Cancer remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality
worldwide."
State of the art and applications: "Recent advances in nanotechnology have paved the
way for the use of nanoparticles in medical applications."
Objectives of the article: "This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the
current advancements in magnetite nanoparticles for cancer diagnosis and treatment."
 Materials and Methods:
Description of Materials Used in the Study: "The magnetite nanoparticles were
synthesized using a co-precipitation method."
How the Materials Were Prepared: "The synthesis involved mixing iron salts in an
alkaline solution and stirring at room temperature."
Research Protocol Description: "The research protocol included multiple phases of
characterization using various techniques."
How the Measurements Were Made and What Calculations Were Performed:
"The size and morphology of the nanoparticles were measured using transmission
electron microscopy (TEM)."
Statistical Tests Performed to Analyze the Data: "Statistical analysis was conducted
using ANOVA to evaluate the significance of the results."
 Results and Discussion:
Background: "The background of this study highlights the increasing importance of
magnetite nanoparticles in oncology."
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Results: "The results demonstrate significant improvements in diagnostic imaging when

using magnetite nanoparticles."
Interpretation of Results: "The interpretation of results suggests that magnetite
nanoparticles enhance the contrast in MRI scans."
Comparison: "A comparison with traditional contrast agents reveals the superior
efficacy of magnetite nanoparticles."

9
9. Preclinical Evaluation and Clinical Translation of Magnetite-Based Nanomedicines

 Abstract:
Context: "The context of this research focuses on the need for effective nanomedicines."
Gap: "There exists a significant gap in the understanding of magnetite-based
nanomedicines."
Purpose: "The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of magnetite
nanoparticles."
Methodology: "The methodology includes preclinical studies and clinical translation
processes."
Results: "The results indicate promising outcomes in the use of magnetite
nanomedicines."
Conclusions: "Conclusions drawn from the study suggest a pathway for clinical
application."
 Introduction:
Context: "The context of the growing need for innovative drug delivery systems."
State of the art and applications: "This section reviews the state of the art in magnetite
nanomedicines and their applications."
Objectives of the article: "The objective of this article is to evaluate the preclinical and
clinical prospects of magnetite-based therapies."
 Materials and Methods:
Description of Materials Used in the Study: "The materials used in this study include
magnetite nanoparticles synthesized through..."
How the Materials Were Prepared: "The nanoparticles were prepared by using a
chemical co-precipitation method."
Research Protocol Description: "The research protocol involved in vitro and in vivo
evaluations."
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How the Measurements Were Made and What Calculations Were Performed:
"Measurements were made using dynamic light scattering, and calculations of the particle size
distribution were performed."
Statistical Tests Performed to Analyze the Data: "Statistical analyses were conducted
using ANOVA to determine significance."
 Results and Discussion:
Background: "The background of magnetite-based nanomedicines includes their
potential for targeted drug delivery."
Results: "The results showed a significant improvement in drug bioavailability when
using magnetite nanoparticles."
Interpretation of Results: "The interpretation of results suggests that the enhanced
uptake of nanoparticles is due to their unique magnetic properties."
Comparison: "In comparison with conventional therapies, magnetite-based
nanomedicines demonstrated superior efficacy."

10. Physical and chemical characterization of poly (hexamethylene biguanide)

10
hydrochloride

 Abstract:
Context: "The context of this study lies in the increasing use of poly(hexamethylene
biguanide) in various applications."
Gap: "Despite its applications, there is a lack of detailed characterization of its
properties."
Purpose: "The purpose of this research is to provide a comprehensive characterization
of poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride."
Methodology: "Methodology included physical and chemical analyses to evaluate the
material's properties."
Results: "Results indicated that the polymer exhibits significant antibacterial
properties."
Conclusions: "Conclusions drawn suggest that poly(hexamethylene biguanide)
hydrochloride is suitable for various biomedical applications."
 Introduction:
Context: "The increasing use of poly(hexamethylene biguanide) in various fields
necessitates a thorough understanding of its properties."
 17

State of the art and applications: "Current research highlights the application of
poly(hexamethylene biguanide) in biomedical fields, particularly for its antimicrobial
properties."
Objectives of the article: "This article aims to characterize the physical and chemical
properties of poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride to assess its potential applications."
 Materials and Methods:
Description of Materials Used in the Study: "Poly(hexamethylene biguanide)
hydrochloride was synthesized and characterized using various techniques."
How the Materials Were Prepared: "The synthesis involved dissolving the polymer in
a suitable solvent under controlled conditions."
Research Protocol Description: "The characterization protocol included techniques
such as FTIR, NMR, and thermal analysis."
How the Measurements Were Made and What Calculations Were Performed:
"Measurements of molecular weight and viscosity were conducted, followed by calculations to
determine the polymer's characteristics."
Statistical Tests Performed to Analyze the Data: "Statistical analysis was performed to
validate the results obtained from the experiments."
 Results and Discussion:
Background: "The increasing interest in poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride
is due to its antimicrobial properties."
Results: "The results indicate a significant change in the physical properties after
synthesis."
Interpretation of Results: "These findings suggest that the synthesized polymer
possesses enhanced stability and effectiveness."
Comparison: "When compared to similar compounds, poly(hexamethylene biguanide)
hydrochloride demonstrated superior performance."

11. Artificial Photosynthases: Single-Chain Nanoparticles with Manifold Visible-Light

11
Photocatalytic Activity for Challenging “in Water” Organic Reactions

 Abstract:
Context: "Photocatalyzed reactions of organic substances in aqueous media are
challenging transformations..."
Gap: "Often because of scarce solubility of substrates and catalyst deactivation."
 18

Purpose: "Herein, we report single-chain nanoparticles... capable of efficiently

catalyzing four different in water organic reactions..."
Methodology: "Specifically, we decorated a high-molecular-weight copolymer... with
iridium(III) cyclometalated complex pendants..."
Results: "The isolated functionalized copolymers demonstrated self-assembly into
noncovalent, amphiphilic SCNPs in water..."
Conclusions: "Our work broadens the possibilities for performing challenging “in
water” organic transformations via visible-light photocatalysis."
 Introduction:
Context: "The increasing need for sustainable chemical processes has highlighted the
potential of artificial photosynthesis in organic synthesis."
State of the art and applications: "Recent advancements in photocatalytic materials
have demonstrated significant improvements in efficiency and selectivity for visible-light-
driven reactions."
Objectives of the article: "This article aims to investigate the photocatalytic properties
of single-chain nanoparticles and their applicability in challenging organic reactions conducted
in aqueous environments."
 Materials and Methods:
Description of Materials Used in the Study: "The study utilized single-chain
nanoparticles synthesized from a specific polymer to enhance photocatalytic activity."
How the Materials Were Prepared: "Materials were prepared by polymerization under
controlled conditions, followed by purification and characterization techniques."
Research Protocol Description: "The research protocol included a series of
photocatalytic experiments conducted in aqueous solutions to test the efficiency of the
nanoparticles."
How the Measurements Were Made and What Calculations Were Performed:
"Measurements of reaction rates were obtained using UV-Vis spectroscopy, and calculations
were performed to determine the quantum efficiency."
Statistical Tests Performed to Analyze the Data: "Data were analyzed using statistical
software, employing ANOVA to assess the significance of the photocatalytic activity across
different conditions."
 Results and Discussion:
Background: "Artificial photosynthesis is gaining attention as a sustainable alternative
for organic synthesis, especially in aqueous environments."
 19

Results: "The results demonstrated that the single-chain nanoparticles exhibited

significant photocatalytic activity under visible light."
Interpretation of Results: "The enhanced photocatalytic performance can be attributed
to the unique structural properties of the nanoparticles, which facilitate electron transfer."
Comparison: "Compared to traditional photocatalysts, the performance of these
nanoparticles in water showed remarkable improvements in reaction rates."

12. Antiviral Properties of Polymeric Aziridine- and Biguanide-Modified Core−Shell

Magnetic Nanoparticles ¹²

 Abstract:
Context: "With the rise of viral infections, there is an urgent need for innovative
antiviral agents."
Gap: "Current antiviral therapies often lack effectiveness against a broad range of
viruses."
Purpose: "The purpose of this study is to investigate the antiviral properties of modified
core-shell magnetic nanoparticles."
Methodology: "The methodology included the synthesis of core-shell nanoparticles and
their surface modification with aziridine and biguanide."
Results: "Results indicated that the modified nanoparticles exhibited significant
antiviral activity against various viral strains."
Conclusions: "Conclusions suggest that these modified nanoparticles could serve as
effective antiviral agents in future therapies."
 Introduction:
Context: "The increasing incidence of viral infections highlights the urgent need for
novel antiviral therapies."
State of the art and applications: "Recent advances in nanotechnology have led to the
development of innovative antiviral agents, particularly those utilizing magnetic nanoparticles."
Objectives of the article: "This article aims to explore the antiviral properties of
polymeric aziridine- and biguanide-modified core-shell magnetic nanoparticles."
 Materials and Methods:
Description of Materials Used in the Study: "The study utilized polyhedral oligomeric
silsesquioxane and magnetic iron oxide as core materials."
 20

How the Materials Were Prepared: "Core-shell nanoparticles were synthesized through
a co-precipitation method, followed by surface modification with aziridine and biguanide."
Research Protocol Description: "The research protocol included assessing the antiviral
efficacy of the modified nanoparticles using standard viral assays."
How the Measurements Were Made and What Calculations Were Performed:
"Measurements of antiviral activity were conducted using plaque reduction assays, and
statistical analysis was performed to calculate IC50 values."
Statistical Tests Performed to Analyze the Data: "Statistical tests, including ANOVA
and t-tests, were used to analyze the differences in antiviral activity."
 Results and Discussion:
Background: "The increasing prevalence of viral infections necessitates the
development of effective antiviral agents, particularly those that can be delivered using
nanotechnology."
Results: "The results indicated that the polymeric modifications significantly enhanced
the antiviral activity of the core-shell magnetic nanoparticles."
Interpretation of Results: "The enhanced antiviral properties can be attributed to the
increased surface area and functional groups provided by the polymeric modifications."
Comparison: "When compared to conventional antiviral agents, the modified
nanoparticles demonstrated superior efficacy in in vitro assays."

13. Synthesis, Principles, and Properties of Magnetite Nanoparticles for In Vivo Imaging

Applications - A Review ¹³

 Abstract:
Context: "Magnetite nanoparticles have gained significant attention in biomedical
applications, particularly in imaging."
Gap: "Despite their potential, challenges remain in optimizing the synthesis and
functionalization of these nanoparticles for specific imaging applications."
Purpose: "This review aims to summarize the current state of research on magnetite
nanoparticles for in vivo imaging."
Methodology: "The methodology involves analyzing various synthesis techniques and
their effects on the properties of magnetite nanoparticles."
 21

Results: "Results indicate that different synthesis methods yield nanoparticles with
varying size, shape, and magnetic properties."
Conclusions: "Conclusions emphasize the importance of tailored synthesis approaches
to enhance the imaging capabilities of magnetite nanoparticles."
 Introduction:
Context: "Magnetite nanoparticles have emerged as a promising tool in the field of
biomedical imaging due to their unique magnetic properties."
State of the art and applications: "Recent advancements in nanotechnology have
enhanced the application of magnetite nanoparticles in diagnostic imaging techniques, such as
MRI."
Objectives of the article: "The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive
overview of the synthesis methods, properties, and potential applications of magnetite
nanoparticles in in vivo imaging."
 Materials and Methods:
Description of Materials Used in the Study: "The study utilized various reagents
including iron salts, surfactants, and solvents."
How the Materials Were Prepared: "Magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized using a
co-precipitation method followed by annealing."
Research Protocol Description: "The research protocol included the evaluation of
particle size, morphology, and magnetic properties."
How the Measurements Were Made and What Calculations Were Performed:
"Measurements of the nanoparticles' size and magnetic properties were conducted using
dynamic light scattering and vibrating sample magnetometry."
Statistical Tests Performed to Analyze the Data: "Statistical analyses were performed
using ANOVA to assess the significance of differences between groups."
 Results and Discussion:
Background: "The increasing use of magnetite nanoparticles in biomedical imaging
highlights the need for comprehensive evaluations of their properties."
Results: "The review summarizes key findings regarding the synthesis techniques and
their influence on the size and magnetic properties of the nanoparticles."
Interpretation of Results: "These results suggest that optimizing synthesis parameters
can lead to enhanced imaging performance in clinical applications."
Comparison: "When comparing magnetite nanoparticles with other imaging agents,
they exhibit superior magnetic resonance capabilities."
 22

14. Polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride (PHMB)-properties and application of

an antiseptic agent. A narrative review ¹⁴

 Abstract:
Context: “The use of antiseptic agents is critical in medical environments.”
Gap: “There is a lack of comprehensive information regarding the properties and
applications of PHMB.”
Purpose: “This study aims to investigate the properties and applications of PHMB as
an antiseptic.”
Methodology: “A narrative review of existing literature on PHMB was conducted.”
Results: “PHMB demonstrates significant antimicrobial properties.”
Conclusions: “PHMB is an effective antiseptic agent with various clinical
applications.”
 Introduction:
Context: "Antiseptic agents play a crucial role in preventing infections in various
medical fields, especially in ophthalmology."
State of the art and applications: "Recent studies have shown that Polyhexamethylene
biguanide hydrochloride (PHMB) has significant antimicrobial properties and various
applications in clinical practice."
Objectives of the article: "This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the
properties and clinical applications of PHMB."
 Materials and Methods:
Description of Materials Used in the Study: "The study utilized Polyhexamethylene
biguanide hydrochloride (PHMB) in various concentrations."
How the Materials Were Prepared: "The PHMB solution was prepared by diluting the
compound in sterile saline."
Research Protocol Description: "A standardized protocol was followed to assess the
antimicrobial activity of PHMB."
How the Measurements Were Made and What Calculations Were Performed:
"Measurements of antimicrobial efficacy were determined using the disk diffusion method."
Statistical Tests Performed to Analyze the Data: "Data were analyzed using ANOVA
to determine statistical significance."
 23

 Results and Discussion:

Background: "Previous studies have established the effectiveness of antiseptics in
infection control."
Results: "The analysis revealed that PHMB exhibited significant antimicrobial activity
against various pathogens."
Interpretation of Results: "These results suggest that PHMB can be effectively utilized
in clinical settings to prevent infections."
Comparison: "When compared to other antiseptics, PHMB showed superior efficacy in
specific applications."

15. Physical and Chemical Characterization of Poly(hexamethylene biguanide)

Hydrochloride ¹
5

 Abstract:
Context: "Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride is widely used as an
antimicrobial agent."
Gap: "Despite its applications, detailed physical and chemical properties remain
underexplored."
Purpose: "This study aims to characterize the physical and chemical properties of
poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride."
Methodology: "The characterization was performed using techniques such as
spectroscopy and chromatography."
Results: "The findings revealed distinct physical and chemical characteristics of the
polymer."
Conclusions: "The study provides valuable insights into the properties of
poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride, supporting its further applications."
 Introduction:
Context: "Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride is recognized for its
antimicrobial properties, making it significant in various applications."
State of the art and applications: "Recent advancements have shown diverse
applications of PHMB in fields such as medicine and water treatment."
Objectives of the article: "The objective of this article is to provide a detailed
characterization of the physical and chemical properties of poly(hexamethylene biguanide)
hydrochloride."
 24

 Materials and Methods:

Description of Materials Used in the Study: "The study utilized poly(hexamethylene
biguanide) hydrochloride."
How the Materials Were Prepared: "The PHMB was prepared by dissolving it in a
specified solvent under controlled conditions."
Research Protocol Description: "The research protocol included steps for synthesis and
characterization of the polymer using standard methods."
How the Measurements Were Made and What Calculations Were Performed:
"Measurements of the polymer's properties were taken using [specific technique], and
calculations were performed to determine [specific parameters]."
Statistical Tests Performed to Analyze the Data: "Data were analyzed using statistical
tests such as ANOVA to assess significance."
 Results and Discussion:
Background: "Prior research has highlighted the importance of characterizing polymers
for their effective application in various fields."
Results: "The results indicate that poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride
exhibits distinct physical and chemical properties."
Interpretation of Results: "These findings suggest that the structural characteristics of
PHMB contribute to its antimicrobial efficacy."
Comparison: "When compared to other antimicrobial agents, PHMB showed superior
performance in certain applications."

16. Antiviral and Antibacterial 3D-Printed Products Functionalised with

Poly(hexamethylene biguanide)¹
6

 Abstract:
Context: "The increasing prevalence of infections necessitates the development of
advanced materials with antimicrobial properties."
Gap: "Despite existing research on antimicrobial agents, there is limited data on their
application in 3D-printed products."
Purpose: "This study aims to investigate the antiviral and antibacterial efficacy of 3D-
printed products functionalized with poly(hexamethylene biguanide)."
Methodology: "The methodology involved synthesizing poly(hexamethylene
biguanide) and incorporating it into 3D printing processes."
 25

Results: "Results demonstrated significant antibacterial and antiviral activities of the

functionalized products.
Conclusions: "The findings support the potential use of 3D-printed products
functionalized with poly(hexamethylene biguanide) in healthcare applications."
 Introduction:
Context: "The rise of infectious diseases has prompted the need for innovative materials
that possess antimicrobial properties."
State of the art and applications: "Recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness
of poly(hexamethylene biguanide) in various medical and industrial applications."
Objectives of the article: "The objective of this article is to evaluate the antiviral and
antibacterial efficacy of 3D-printed products functionalized with poly(hexamethylene
biguanide)."
 Materials and Methods:
Description of Materials Used in the Study: "The study utilized poly(hexamethylene
biguanide).”
How the Materials Were Prepared: "The materials were prepared by dissolving
poly(hexamethylene biguanide) in a specified solvent under controlled conditions."
Research Protocol Description: "The research protocol involved a series of steps for
synthesizing and functionalizing the 3D-printed products."
How the Measurements Were Made and What Calculations Were Performed:
"Measurements of antibacterial and antiviral efficacy were conducted using specific techniques,
with calculations performed to determine specific parameters."
Statistical Tests Performed to Analyze the Data: "Data were analyzed using statistical
tests such as t-tests or ANOVA to evaluate significance."
 Results and Discussion:
Background: "The increasing incidence of infections underscores the need for materials
that can provide both antiviral and antibacterial properties."
Results: "The results showed that the 3D-printed products exhibited significant
antibacterial and antiviral activity against various pathogens."
Interpretation of Results: "These findings suggest that the functionalization with
poly(hexamethylene biguanide) enhances the antimicrobial properties of the 3D-printed
materials."
Comparison: "When compared to conventional materials, the functionalized 3D-printed
products showed superior efficacy in inhibiting microbial growth."
 26

17. Toxicological assessment of polyhexamethylene biguanide for water treatment ¹

7

 Abstract:
Context: "Water pollution is a significant global issue, necessitating the evaluation of
effective treatment agents."
Gap: "Despite the widespread use of polyhexamethylene biguanide in water treatment,
limited toxicological data is available."
Purpose: "The purpose of this study is to assess the toxicological effects of
polyhexamethylene biguanide in aquatic environments."
Methodology: "The methodology involved laboratory experiments to determine the
toxicity levels of PHMB on various aquatic organisms."
Results: "Results indicated that polyhexamethylene biguanide exhibits varying levels
of toxicity depending on the concentration and exposure time."
Conclusions: "The study concludes that while PHMB is effective in water treatment,
its toxicological effects warrant careful consideration in environmental applications."
 Introduction:
Context: "The contamination of water sources has become a pressing environmental
issue, requiring effective treatment solutions."
State of the art and applications: "Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) has gained
popularity as an antimicrobial agent in various applications, including water treatment."
Objectives of the article: "This article aims to evaluate the toxicological effects of
PHMB on aquatic organisms to inform its safe use in water treatment."
 Materials and Methods:
Description of Materials Used in the Study: "The study utilized polyhexamethylene
biguanide (PHMB) along with other chemicals/materials."
How the Materials Were Prepared: "The materials were prepared by dissolving PHMB
in solvente to create a stock solution at a specified concentration."
Research Protocol Description: "The research protocol involved exposing aquatic
organisms to various concentrations of PHMB under controlled laboratory conditions."
How the Measurements Were Made and What Calculations Were Performed:
"Measurements of toxicity were assessed using [specific methods], with calculations performed
to determine specific metrics such as LC50."
Statistical Tests Performed to Analyze the Data: "Statistical analyses were conducted
using specific statistical tests, e.g., ANOVA, to evaluate the significance of the results."
 27

 Results and Discussion:

Background: "The increasing concern over the safety of water treatment chemicals has
led to a thorough investigation of their toxicological profiles."
Results: "The results demonstrated that polyhexamethylene biguanide exhibits varying
toxicity levels across different aquatic species."
Interpretation of Results: "These findings suggest that while PHMB is effective in
water treatment, its potential ecological impact should be carefully considered."
Comparison: "When comparing the toxicity of PHMB to other common water treatment
agents, significant differences in lethal concentrations were observed."

18. Assessment of Ametryn Contamination in River Water, River Sediment, and Mollusk

Bivalves in São Paulo State, Brazil ¹

8

 Abstract:
Context: "Pesticide contamination of aquatic ecosystems is a growing environmental
concern, especially in agricultural regions."
Gap: "There is limited data on the presence and impact of ametryn in freshwater systems
in Brazil."
Purpose: "The purpose of this study is to assess the levels of ametryn in river water,
sediment, and mollusk bivalves."
Methodology: "Sampling was conducted across various sites, with analyses performed
using high-performance liquid chromatography."
Results: "Results indicated significant levels of ametryn contamination in both water
and sediment samples, as well as in the tissues of mollusk bivalves."
Conclusions: "The study concludes that ametryn is present in significant
concentrations, highlighting the need for monitoring and regulation in agricultural practices."
 Introduction:
Context: "The increasing use of pesticides in agricultural practices has raised concerns
about their impact on aquatic ecosystems."
State of the art and applications: "Ametryn, a widely used herbicide, has been detected
in various freshwater systems, prompting investigations into its ecological effects."
Objectives of the article: "This article aims to assess the contamination levels of
ametryn in river water, sediment, and mollusk bivalves within São Paulo State."
 28

 Materials and Methods:

Description of Materials Used in the Study: "The study involved the collection of river
water, sediment samples, and mollusk bivalves from various locations in São Paulo."
How the Materials Were Prepared: "Samples were processed by filtering and
extracting contaminants using appropriate solvents."
Research Protocol Description: "The research protocol included systematic sampling
and standardized laboratory methods for analysis."
How the Measurements Were Made and What Calculations Were Performed:
"Concentration measurements were obtained through chromatographic analysis, with
quantification based on calibration curves."
Statistical Tests Performed to Analyze the Data: "Data were analyzed using statistical
software, applying ANOVA to assess significant differences between sample groups."
 Results and Discussion:
Background: "Pesticide contamination in aquatic environments has been extensively
studied, highlighting the ecological risks associated with their use."
Results: "The results revealed significant levels of ametryn in river water and sediment,
with concentrations exceeding established safety limits."
Interpretation of Results: "These findings indicate that the presence of ametryn may
pose risks to aquatic organisms and suggest the need for further monitoring."
Comparison: "When compared to similar studies in other regions, the contamination
levels observed in this study are alarmingly high."

19. Synthesis and characterization of uncoated and gold-coated magnetite nanoparticles¹

9

 Abstract:
Context: "Magnetite nanoparticles have garnered significant interest due to their
applications in biomedical fields."
Gap: "Despite their potential, there is limited research on the comparative properties of
uncoated versus gold-coated magnetite nanoparticles."
Purpose: "The purpose of this study is to synthesize and characterize both uncoated and
gold-coated magnetite nanoparticles."
Methodology: "The nanoparticles were synthesized using a co-precipitation method,
followed by characterization techniques such as TEM and XRD."
 29

Results: "The results demonstrated that gold-coated nanoparticles exhibited enhanced

stability and magnetic properties compared to uncoated ones."
Conclusions: "In conclusion, the gold coating significantly improves the properties of
magnetite nanoparticles, making them more suitable for biomedical applications."
 Introduction:
Context: "Magnetite nanoparticles have gained attention due to their multifunctional
properties and applications in various fields, including biomedicine and environmental
remediation."
State of the art and applications: "Recent advancements in nanoparticle technology
have enabled the development of coated nanoparticles that enhance stability and functionality."
Objectives of the article: "The main objective of this study is to synthesize and
characterize both uncoated and gold-coated magnetite nanoparticles to evaluate their
properties."
 Materials and Methods:
Description of Materials Used in the Study: "The materials used included ferrous
chloride, ferric chloride, and gold precursor solutions."
How the Materials Were Prepared: "The magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized
using a co-precipitation method, followed by washing and drying."
Research Protocol Description: "The synthesis process involved the controlled addition
of reactants under nitrogen atmosphere to prevent oxidation."
How the Measurements Were Made and What Calculations Were Performed:
"Characterization was performed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray
diffraction (XRD) to determine particle size and structure."
Statistical Tests Performed to Analyze the Data: "Statistical analysis was conducted
using ANOVA to evaluate the differences between the properties of the synthesized
nanoparticles."
 Results and Discussion:
Background: "Magnetite nanoparticles have been extensively studied for their magnetic
properties and potential applications in biomedicine."
Results: "The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited varying sizes and morphologies, as
observed through TEM and XRD analysis."
Interpretation of Results: "The differences in particle size can be attributed to the
synthesis conditions, which affect the nucleation and growth processes."
Comparison: "When comparing the uncoated and gold-coated nanoparticles, the latter
showed enhanced stability and biocompatibility."
 30

20. Mossbauer study of stability and growth confinement of magnetic Fe3O4 drug

carrier²
0

 Abstract:
Context: "Magnetic nanoparticles have gained attention for their potential use in
targeted drug delivery systems."
Gap: "However, the stability and growth mechanisms of these carriers remain poorly
understood."
Purpose: "This study aims to investigate the stability and growth confinement of Fe₃O₄
nanoparticles using Mössbauer spectroscopy."
Methodology: "Mössbauer spectroscopy was employed to analyze the structural
properties of the magnetic nanoparticles."
Results: "The results indicate that the nanoparticles exhibit enhanced stability under
specific growth conditions."
Conclusions: "In conclusion, this study provides insights into the factors affecting the
stability and growth of Fe₃O₄ drug carriers."
 Introduction:
Context: "Magnetic nanoparticles have emerged as promising candidates for drug
delivery applications due to their ability to target specific tissues."
State of the art and applications: "Recent advancements in the synthesis of Fe₃O₄
nanoparticles have led to improved efficiency in drug encapsulation and release."
Objectives of the article: "The main objective of this study is to explore the stability
and growth confinement of magnetic Fe₃O₄ drug carriers using Mössbauer spectroscopy."
 Materials and Methods:
Description of Materials Used in the Study: "The study utilized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles
synthesized through a co-precipitation method."
How the Materials Were Prepared: "The nanoparticles were prepared by dissolving
iron salts in an aqueous solution, followed by the addition of a precipitating agent."
Research Protocol Description: "The research protocol included the characterization of
the nanoparticles using X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy."
How the Measurements Were Made and What Calculations Were Performed:
"Mössbauer measurements were conducted at room temperature, and the spectral data were
analyzed using a least-squares fitting method."
Statistical Tests Performed to Analyze the Data: "Statistical analyses were performed
to determine the significance of the results, including ANOVA and t-tests."
 31

 Results and Discussion:

Background: "The background of this study focuses on the increasing importance of
magnetic nanoparticles in drug delivery systems."
Results: "The Mössbauer spectroscopy results indicate a significant change in the
hyperfine parameters with varying temperatures."
Interpretation of Results: "The interpretation of the results suggests that the stability of
the nanoparticles is influenced by their size and surface characteristics."
Comparison: "A comparison with previously published studies reveals similar trends in
the stability of magnetic nanoparticles."

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