610

Generator
Synchronous

Plant Q what is induced in coil ABCD rotated

emf
c at constant angularspeed w and placed

in magnetic field B
3 of uniform density
APP
fy E axis I along every
BC CD DA and
segment of coil AB
obtain induced emf

e CAB CBC CCD CDA

ApproachIF
em t1 041 1

vector normal to
ds Surface area

BE the plane of coil

coil
619 O Angle between B and plane of

H ffB.dst B.cos 0 07 laB.lBC

LEngth
Length
of of
side AB side BC

Blable sino O wt
 7 Blablie sin 0

0 90 Plane soil is perpendicular to flux lines

of
Angle between B and ds is zero

Be
I
Induced
emf in
coil e feel
eft Blables w coswt

tpwosw Area of coil

Let us now examine induced emf in stator when rotor

AC machine is rotated at constant speed w
of an

In AC machines it is convenient to have

field windings on rotor and armature windings on

stator
 Let's begin only two slotseach on rotor
by considering

and stator

Ma What is emf induced in coil aa

rotor is rotated at constant

if
poto R 9 angular speed of w

Radius
of rotor is R

Uniform air gap K R

Ha lq
Number
of rotor turns is N
Current in rotor winding is I

III Flux lines are as shown

Applying Ampere's law

É fif.de NI

Since permeability iron is much

of
greater than that of air

Hg lq NI
Hg lg
 Hq Magnetic field intensity in air gap

Hg
Erg
Ma All flux lines move out of rotor
from α O I and they
move into rotor for α IT 2H

Ffa Moreover It is uniform across

air
gap
i.e H 2 0 is same as
Ref axis
H 60

By Ampere's law
4
Eeg It may be noted that these
are the waveforms for B and

if 21T H across the air gap and

α
I 21g
the rotor has not rotated
NoÑeg
Bα
yet
ie These are the snapshots
2T α B and H at wt
of 0
at differentpointsalong the
Montzeg
periphery of airgap
 Now consider that rotor has rotated by angle o in
CCW direction

Act Eeg

o F 21T
2
I 21g
Monkey
Bα

o ol 21T 2
11W Montzeg

αE 0,0 HK
1 Note
def W
LE 0,15 0 HK

E 1 0,25
Ig w
H10
1 I
α is only spatial
angle
Flux distribution in airgap is radial
Flux lines pass through such that path traversed
is minimum Fluxlines are radial in air
gap
 To calculate flux linked by stator coil aal

f5 is.d5
inner periphery
Its easier to calculate flux along
stator Because angle between É and des will
of
lines
be zero along inner periphery of stator as field
are radial in the airgap
IT
1131 RLdα
Isrape
2 0

BRL.IT Tax

L Length of rotor
Ha
Rda Arc length
Id's
B
Ift Eff
Ave
Lengthof
rotor
length
Effectivecrosssectional
area for flux
At wt 0 flux linking coil aa will be B IRL
Note that as rotor position changes flux linking

coil aa will change

 Because at 0 60 say flux density B will
be negative for αE 0,60 and will be positive for
E 60 180 Flux linking coil aa will be lower
now

If 0 90 B will be negative for αE 0,90

B will be positive for αE 90,180

Net flux linking coil 0 90 is zero

B
voting
snapshot of B 2 0 90
lie when rotor has moved
it I a

by 90 from its original

position
11ft

Flux linking coil aal 010 907 514 Rid

at 0 90 α
0x̅
1401 RLda
12
0
 Expression for flux linking coil aa as a function
of wt
IT

Bds Bds
00 α O
or
wt
MEYER O M1 t o

Mg t 7 20
Mqt IT 2Wh
a
put Induced emf in coil aal
Moffat.TT
elwt
Tot all
It
Squaré wave
eat est shape

Tt
Egat
concentrated
It can be inferred that when winding
current I
with coil pitch 180 and numbersof turns N carrying
is rotated with constant speed of w the emf induced in
stator coil aal is ofsquare wave and not sine wave
Q How to make mmf distribution in airgap sinusoidal
Go distributed winding
A for
To begin with consider 4 slots in
rotor with a total of N'number
of turns and rotor winding carries
a current of I Let the distance
between two adjacent slots be 30 degrees

alongcontour
F From Ampere's law showntotheleft

Ha HK α 30 180
Igg
Also

RefYxis Hla A E 210 360

Igg
Ma Noin we haveto determine

I Hed
for wt 0,30 and
180210

HK

Hi
NI
zlg
0 3
o 155 Eeg
RefYxis
1
29
 Ma
As per Amperes law

HK NEG wte 30,150

To HK wt 210,330
Egg
Ha

RefYxis

HK x

NI219
1 619

Eeg
NI2lg

Note that average value of 17 over 360 period must be

zero as per Gauss's law

Bids 0
 To find H a
for αE O 30

1
For 2 30 H2

contour to
de
Ma III II Along
the left
H 30 H10
lg lg
H o 1g
NI1g
It eq.it d E
HCA
RefYxis Eeg
Thinking

Alternateapproachto find algae

theorem
Ma Apply superposition

We know that for one coil that

Is II
is full pitched mmf distribution is
square wave
superposition to 1 1
FI
Applying
2 3 and 3 21

RefYxis
 It may be
noted that in reality 2 3 and 3 2 are not
physical coils

Physical coils are 1 2

213 3

Easier to wind coils on slots this

way
But let us apply superposition to 1 1 2 3 and 3 2
as all thesehave one full pitch of coils
IT 2T allthree
Hi I Amplitudes of g
waves
square
12
α

Resultant
NI 2
gap

NIG
α
NI G

NIL
 It can be inferred that by placing more number

of slots and
if
conductors
pereach slot are equal
the mmf and hence flux density in air gap will trace

triangle and not sinusoid density

flux
H2 a aygap
madequiaggitiynding
in
conductors

if
of
wt