CHAPTER

9 Mechanical Properties of Fluids

mass Compressible and Incompressible Flow

™ Density = (kg m–3)
volume ™ In compressible flow the density of fluid varies from point to
weight point i.e, the density is not constant for the fluid whereas in
™ Specific weight = = ρg (kg m–2 s–2) incompressible flow the density of the fluid remains constant
volume
throughout.
density of given liquid
™ Relative density = (Unitless)
density of pure water at 4ºC Equation of Continuity
normal force thrust ™ A1v1 = A2v2 Based on conservation of mass.
™ Pressure = = (Nm–2)
area Area Bernoulli’s Theorem
VARIATION OF PRESSURE WITH DEPTH 1
™ Pressure is same at two points at the same horizontal level ™ P + ρv 2 + ρgh = constant
2
P1 and P2 The difference of pressure between two points
separated by a depth h is Based on the conservation of energy.
(P2 – P1) = hρg C P2
™ Pressure in Case of Accelerating Fluid A2 v2
Liquid Placed in Elevator P1 B
v1
™ When elevator accelerates upward with acceleration a0 A1
h2
then pressure in the fluid, at depth h may be given by, h1
P = hρ[g + a0]
ρv12 ρv 2
P1 + ρgh1 + = P2 + ρgh 2 + 2
a0 2 2

KINETIC ENERGY
™ Kinetic energy per unit volume
h Kinetic Energy 1 m 2 1 2
= = v= ρv
volume 2V 2

Steady and Unsteady Flow Potential Energy

™ Steady flow is defined as that type of flow in which the fluid ™ Potential energy per unit volume
characteristics like velocity, pressure and density at a point do Potential Energy m
not change with time. = = gh = ρgh
volume V
Streamline Flow Pressure Energy
™ In steady flow all the particles passing through a given point
follow the same path and hence a unique line of flow. This Pressure energy
™ Pressure energy per
= unit volume = P
line or path is called a streamline. volume
Rate of Flow
Laminar and Turbulent Flow ™ Volume of water flowing per second Q = A1v1 = A2v2
™ Laminar flow is the flow in which the fluid particles move
along well-defined streamlines which are straight and parallel. ™ Velocity of efflux V = 2gh

P
W Mechanical Properties of Fluids 21
 Horizontal range R = 2 h(H–h) 4T
™ In soap bubble Pex =
R
A P0
ANGLE OF CONTACT (qC)
h The angle enclosed between the tangent plane at the liquid surface
v and the tangent plane at the solid surface at the point of contact
H inside the liquid is defined as the angle of contact.
B
H-h The angle of contact depends on the nature of the solid and
liquid in contact.
Angle of contact q < 90º ⇒ concave shape, Liquid rise up in
SURFACE TENSION capillary
™ Surface tension is basically a property of liquid. The liquid Angle of contact q > 90º ⇒ convex shape, Liquid falls down
surface behaves like a stretched elastic membrane which has in capillary
a natural tendency to contract and tends to have a minimum
surface area. This property of liquid is called surface tension. Angle of contact q = 90º ⇒ plane shape, Liquid neither rise
It arises due to intermolecular forces in a liquid. nor falls
2T cos θ
Intermolecular Forces Capillary rise h =
rρg
(a) Cohesive Force
r1r2

The force acting between the molecules of same substance When two soap bubbles are in contact=
then r (r1 > r2 )
r1 − r2
is called cohesive force.
radius of curvature of the common surface.
(b) Adhesive Force
When two soap bubbles are combined to form=r r12 + r22 a

The force acting between different types of molecules or
molecules of different substances is called adhesive force. new bubble then radius of new bubble.

Dependency of Surface Tension VISCOSITY

On Cohesive Force: Those factors which increase the cohesive ∆Vx
force between molecules increase the surface tension and those Newton’s law of viscosity F = ηA
which decrease the cohesive force between molecules decrease ∆y
the surface tension. N×s
SI UNITS of h :
(a) On mixing detergent in water its surface tension decreases. m2
(b) Surface tension of water is more than (alcohol + water) CGS UNITS: dyne–s/cm2 or poise (1 decapoise = 10 poise)
mixture.
Dependency of Viscosity of Fluids on Temperature
On Temperature of Fluid
On increasing temperature surface tension decreases. At critical (a) Cohesive forces decrease with increase in temperature.
temperature and boiling point it becomes zero. Therefore with the rise in temperature, the viscosity of
Note: Surface tension of water is maximum at 4ºC liquids decreases.
On Contamination (b) The viscosity of gases is the result of diffusion of gas
The dust particles on the liquid surface decreases its surface molecules from one moving layer to other moving layer.
tension. Now with increase in temperature, the rate of diffusion
increasers. So, the viscosity also increases. Thus, the
Definition of Surface Tension viscosity of gases increase with the rise of temperature.
The force acting per unit length of an imaginary line drawn on the
On Pressure of Fluid
free liquid surface at right angles to the line and in the plane of
liquid surface, is difined as surface tension. The viscosity of liquid increases with the increase of pressure and
the viscosity of gases is practically independent of pressure.
For floating needle 2T sinq = mg
Work = Surface energy = TDA dV πpr 4
Poiseuille’s formula=
Q =
Liquid drop W = 4pr2T dt 8ηL
Soap bubble W = 8pr2T Viscous force FV = 6pηrv
Splitting of bigger drop into smaller droplets R = n1/3 r 2 r 2 (ρ – σ)g
Terminal velocity
= VT ⇒ VT α r 2
Work done = Change in surface energy = 4pR2T (n1/3 – 1) 9 η
Excess pressure Pex = Pin – Pout ρ Vd
Reynolds number R e =
η
In liquid drop Pex = 2T
R Re < 1000 laminar flow, Re > 2000 turbulent flow

22 NEET (XI) Module-3 PW