Biology Spotters 2022-23 Study Material

SPOTTERS
FLOWER ADAPTATION
Flowers Pollinated By Wind

1. The maize plant is monoecious and bears unisexual flowers. The male
flowers are born in terminal inflorescence while the female flowers are born
in axillary inflorescence.
2. Both the stigmas and anthers are exerted (hang outside the perinath)
3. As the wind blows, the light-weight pollen blows with it and gets
accumulated on the feathery stigma of the flower.
4. These flowers do not produce nectar and fragrance.
Flowers Pollinated By Insects

1. The flowers pollinated by insects are bright-coloured and
produce nectar. The fragrance of the flowers attracts the
insects.
2. The pollen is sticky, large, heavy and rough so that stick to the
body of the insects.
3. The stigmas are also sticky so that the pollens depositing are
not dispersed.
4. The flowers are born in verticellaster inflorescence to become
conspicuous.
Flowers Pollinated By Birds

1. The flowers pollinated by birds are strong and are adapted to
allow the birds to stay near the flowers without their wings
getting entangled in them.
2. The flowers are tubular and curved that facilitates nectar-
sucking by birds
3. The flowers are odourless and bright-coloured that attracts the
birds.
4. While sucking the nectar, the pollen gets deposited on their
beaks and neck and is transferred to the plant they visit next.
POLLEN GERMINATION ON STIGMA THROUGH THE PERMANENT

SLIDE Permanent
1. Once the pollen grains are deposited on the stigma, it starts to germinate with
the absorption of nutrients and water.
2. A small pollen tube is produced through the style to the ovary.
3. The tube cell moves out of the pollen grain and through one of the germ pores
forms a pollen tube.
4. The nucleus of the tube moves down to the tip of the pollen tube.
IDENTIFICATION OF GAMETE DEVELOPMENT

T.S. of Testes of Mice
1. The testes comprise several seminiferous tubules embedded in the
interstitial tissues.
2. Thick fibrous tissues called tunica albuginea cover the testes.
3. It comprises different types of cells from the outside to the lunar in the
manner given below:
Spermatogonia → Spermatocytes → Spermatids → Spermatozoa (sperms)
4. Sertoli cells are located between the germinal cells.
5. The Leydig cells that produce testosterone are present in the
interstitial tissues.
T.S. of Ovary of Mice

1. An ovary is a germinal epithelium bounded by a solid structure
covered by a thick layer of fibrous tissue known as tunica
albuginea.
2. It consists of an inner medulla and an outer cortex.
3. The medulla comprises several round or oval bodies known as
ovarian follicles.
4. Follicle development takes place in the following stages:
1°follicle → 2°follicle → 3°follicle → Graffian follicle → Corpus luteum
5. Cortex comprises corpus luteum along with mature follicles.
T.S OF BLASTULA
1. Blastula appears as a sphere with a cavity known as blastocoel.
2. An outer layer of blastomeres known as trophoblasts is observed.
3. One end of the blastula shows a cellular mass adhered to the trophoblast. This is
known as the inner cell mass.
4. The inner cell mass is the precursor of the embryo.
5. Within the envelope there is a fluid filled cavity called blastocoel.
PEDIGREE CHART- Rolling of Tongue

1. Rolling of Tongue is an Autosomal Dominant Trait.
2. The traits get transmitted from the parents to either gender.
3. It affects males and females equally.
4. The trait is present in each of the generations, i.e., the pedigree is vertical.
5. Some common traits of this type include blood groups, polydactyly,
brachydactyly, the dimple in cheeks, etc.
EMASCULATION
1. Emasculation is the process of artificial hybridization in which the
stamens from the female flowers are removed from bisexual flowers in
order to prevent self-fertilization.
2. This process is carried out long before the anthers mature.
3. Removal of anther from the bisexual flowers before the anthers mature
is known as emasculation.
4. The emasculated flower is then bagged to prevent any unwanted
pollination.
TAGGING AND BAGGING

1. After emasculation, the flowers are covered with small bags to prevent
pollination with undesired pollen grains.
2. These bags are made up of polythene, paper or muslin cloth.The bags
are punctured or made perforated so as to provide aeration to the
flowers.
3. The flowers of male parents are also protected in bags to prevent
mixing of their pollen grain with foreign pollens.
4. After dusting of the desired pollen grains on the emasculated flowers,
the bags are tagged. A label of paper is tagged on the plant which
displays the date of emasculation, crossing and brief account of the
plants.
COMMON DISEASE CAUSING

ORGANISM
Ascaris lumbricoides
Ascariasis is the disease caused by Ascaris lumbricoides or roundworm.
Symptoms:
 Abdominal cramping
 Abdominal swelling
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 Fever
Ascaris exhibits the following characteristic features:
1. It has a long, cylindrical and unsegmented body.
2. The male and female organisms are separate.
3. It bears a mouth at the anterior end surrounded by three lips.
4. There is an excretory pore on the ventral surface slightly behind the anterior
end.
5. A pair of penial spicules are present in the male worms close to the cloacal
opening.
6. The female genitals are present at about one-third distance from the anterior
end.
Entamoeba hystolytica
Entamoeba histolytica is an organism found in the intestines of humans that is
responsible for causing amoebic dysentery.
Symptoms:
 Abdominal pain
 Watery diarrhoea with mucus, blood and pus
 Fatigue
 Fever
 Nausea
 Vomiting
Following are the characteristic features of Entamoeba:
1. It is a unicellular organism with an irregular shape.
2. It consists of a few food vacuoles. The contractile vacuole is absent.
3. Cysts with four nuclei are present.
4. It consists of a nucleus located eccentrically in the cell.
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium vivax is a protozoan parasite that causes malaria in humans. The
infected female anopheles bites a healthy person and transmits the sporozoite into
the peripheral blood vessels of humans, thereby, causing malaria.
Symptoms:
 High fever
 Shaking chills from moderate to severe.
 Headache
 Vomiting
 Nausea
Plasmodium can be identified by the following characteristic features:
1. It is a unicellular endoparasite found within the red blood cells of the diseased
person.
2. The parasite is mostly diagnosed at the “signet ring” stage where the parasite
appears as a round body.
3. There is a big vacuole present inside the cell. The cytoplasm is accumulated
at one place and contains the nucleus.
Microsporum audouinii- Ringworm
1. Microsporum audouinii is an anthropophilic fungus in the genus

Microsporum.
2. It is a type of dermatophyte that colonizes keratinized tissues causing
infection.
3. It infects hair, hyphae emerge from the sheath and grow up and down
them.
4. The spores are small and produced in great numbers. They are readily
detached and spread infection.
SYMBIOTIC ASSOCIATION
RHIZOBIUM
Rhizobium in root nodules of leguminous plant ( pea plant)
i. Rhizobium bacteria are present in root nodules of leguminous plant and

form a symbiotic relationship,mutualism, where both are benefited from each
other.
Nitrogen fixing bacteria Ike Rhizobium fixes atmospheric nitrogen into
nitrogenous compounds
ii. Rhizobium can convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia that can be used
by pea
plant for growth and development
iii. Bacteria receive nutrients and suitable place to grow from plant.
CUSCUTA
Cuscuta commonly called dodder or amerbel and live as stem ectoparasite on other
plants
ii. Cuscuta has no fully expanded form of leaves (scale like leaves are present) and
has no chlorophyll
iii. Stem of cuscuta is thin and slender shaped And It winds around the stem of host
plant.Stem of cuscuta fixes itself to the stem of host plant with special structures
called
iv. Haustoria forms direct connection to the vascular bundles of the host and
withdraw water,carbohydrates and other solutes.
v. Roots of cuscuta are temporary and die as soon as it makes connection with host
plant
LICHENS
Lichens are composite organisms representing a symbiotic association (mutualism)
between fungus and algae
ii) The algal component is known as phycobiont and fungal component is known as
mycobiont.
iii) .Algae prepare food for fungi and fungi provide shelter and absorb
mineral,nutrients and water for its partner.
iv) They grow on lands,rocks,tree trunks and walls of houses,like dry vegetation.
HOMOLOGOUS ORGANS:
1. Similar structure, different function.
2. Developmental origin is same.
3. Divergent evolution
Example:
 The front flippers of whales and the forelegs of four-legged vertebrates
like dogs and crocodiles.
 Wings of the bat and the forelimb of a man.
ANALOGOUS ORGAN:
1. Same function, different structure
2. Convergent evolution
3. Not anatomically similar
Example:
 Wings of a butterfly and wings of a bird.
 Flippers of penguin and dolphin
 Eye of an octopus and a mammal

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SPOTTERS

Flowers Pollinated By Wind

Flowers Pollinated By Insects

Flowers Pollinated By Birds

POLLEN GERMINATION ON STIGMA THROUGH THE PERMANENT

IDENTIFICATION OF GAMETE DEVELOPMENT

T.S. of Ovary of Mice

PEDIGREE CHART- Rolling of Tongue

TAGGING AND BAGGING

COMMON DISEASE CAUSING

Microsporum audouinii- Ringworm

1. Microsporum audouinii is an anthropophilic fungus in the genus

i. Rhizobium bacteria are present in root nodules of leguminous plant and

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