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    Claire
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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    1 views4 pages

    Statistics

    Uploaded by

    Claire

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 4

    Statistics is the science of conducting studies to collect, organize,

    summarize, analyze,

    And draw conclusions from data.

    Variable is a characteristic or attribute that can assume different values.

    Data are the values (measurements or observations) that the variables can
    assume.

    Descriptive statistics consists of the collection, organization, summarization,


    and

    Presentation of data.

    Inferential statistics consists of generalizing from samples to populations,


    performing

    Estimations and hypothesis tests, determining relationships among variables,


    and making

    Predictions.

    Population consists of all subjects (human or otherwise) that are being


    studied.

    Sample is a group of subjects selected from a population.

    Qualitative variables are variables that can be placed into distinct categories,
    according to some characteristic or attribute.

    Quantitative variables are numerical and can be ordered or ranked.


    Discrete variables assume values that can be counted.

    Continuous variables can assume an infinite number of values between any


    two specific

    Values. They are obtained by measuring. They often include fractions and
    decimals.

    Nominal level of measurement classifies data into mutually exclusive


    (nonover-

    Lapping) categories in which no order or ranking can be imposed on the


    data.

    Ordinal level of measurement classifies data into categories that can be


    ranked;

    However, precise differences between the ranks do not exist.

    Interval level of measurement ranks data, and precise differences between


    units

    Of measure do exist; however, there is no meaningful zero.

    Ratio level of measurement possesses all the characteristics of interval


    measurement, and there exists a true zero. In addition, true ratios exist when
    the same variable is measured on two different members of the population.

    Sampling Methods

    Random Systematic – subjects are selected by random numbers.

    - Subjects are selected by using every kth number after the first subject
    is

    Randomly selected from 1 through k.


    Stratified -subjects are selected by dividing up the population into groups
    (strata), and

    Subjects are randomly selected within groups.

    Cluster -subjects are selected by using an intact group that is representative


    of the

    Population.

    Frequency distribution is the organization of raw data in table form, using


    classes

    And frequencies.

    Bar graph represents the data by using vertical or horizontal bars whose
    heights or

    Lengths represent the frequencies of the data.

    Pareto chart is used to represent a frequency distribution for a categorical


    variable,

    And the frequencies are displayed by the heights of vertical bars, which are
    arranged in

    Order from highest to lowest.

    Time series graph represents data that occur over a specific period of time.

    Pie graph is a circle that is divided into sections or wedges according to the

    Percentage of frequencies in each category of the distribution.

    A statistic is a characteristic or measure obtained by using the data values


    from a sample.
    A parameter is a characteristic or measure obtained by using all the data
    values from a

    Specific population.

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