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    Statistics

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    Statistics is the collection of methods used to organize, summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions from data. It involves collecting data from samples and making inferences about populations. There are different types of variables such as quantitative, qualitative, discrete, and continuous variables, which can be measured at nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio levels. Descriptive statistics summarize and present data, while inferential statistics generalize from samples to populations using probabilities. Samples can be collected through random, systematic, convenience, stratified, or cluster sampling methods.

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    Statistics

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    Statistics is the collection of methods used to organize, summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions from data. It involves collecting data from samples and making inferences about populations. There are different types of variables such as quantitative, qualitative, discrete, and continuous variables, which can be measured at nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio levels. Descriptive statistics summarize and present data, while inferential statistics generalize from samples to populations using probabilities. Samples can be collected through random, systematic, convenience, stratified, or cluster sampling methods.

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    Statistics is the collection of methods used to organize, summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions from data. It involves collecting data from samples and making inferences about populations. There are different types of variables such as quantitative, qualitative, discrete, and continuous variables, which can be measured at nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio levels. Descriptive statistics summarize and present data, while inferential statistics generalize from samples to populations using probabilities. Samples can be collected through random, systematic, convenience, stratified, or cluster sampling methods.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    404 views2 pages

    Statistics

    Uploaded by

    api-26281458
    Statistics is the collection of methods used to organize, summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions from data. It involves collecting data from samples and making inferences about populations. There are different types of variables such as quantitative, qualitative, discrete, and continuous variables, which can be measured at nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio levels. Descriptive statistics summarize and present data, while inferential statistics generalize from samples to populations using probabilities. Samples can be collected through random, systematic, convenience, stratified, or cluster sampling methods.

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    Statistics: Introduction

    Definitions
    Statistics
    Collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then
    organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing
    conclusions.
    Variable
    Characteristic or attribute that can assume different values
    Random Variable
    A variable whose values are determined by chance.
    Population
    All subjects possessing a common characteristic that is being studied.
    Sample
    A subgroup or subset of the population.
    Parameter
    Characteristic or measure obtained from a population.
    Statistic (not to be confused with Statistics)
    Characteristic or measure obtained from a sample.
    Descriptive Statistics
    Collection, organization, summarization, and presentation of data.
    Inferential Statistics
    Generalizing from samples to populations using probabilities. Performing
    hypothesis testing, determining relationships between variables, and making
    predictions.
    Qualitative Variables
    Variables which assume non-numerical values.
    Quantitative Variables
    Variables which assume numerical values.
    Discrete Variables
    Variables which assume a finite or countable number of possible values. Usually
    obtained by counting.
    Continuous Variables
    Variables which assume an infinite number of possible values. Usually obtained
    by measurement.
    Nominal Level
    Level of measurement which classifies data into mutually exclusive, all inclusive
    categories in which no order or ranking can be imposed on the data.
    Ordinal Level
    Level of measurement which classifies data into categories that can be ranked.
    Differences between the ranks do not exist.
    Interval Level
    Level of measurement which classifies data that can be ranked and differences are
    meaningful. However, there is no meaningful zero, so ratios are meaningless.
    Ratio Level
    Level of measurement which classifies data that can be ranked, differences are
    meaningful, and there is a true zero. True ratios exist between the different units
    of measure.
    Random Sampling
    Sampling in which the data is collected using chance methods or random
    numbers.
    Systematic Sampling
    Sampling in which data is obtained by selecting every kth object.
    Convenience Sampling
    Sampling in which data is which is readily available is used.
    Stratified Sampling
    Sampling in which the population is divided into groups (called strata) according
    to some characteristic. Each of these strata is then sampled using one of the other
    sampling techniques.
    Cluster Sampling
    Sampling in which the population is divided into groups (usually geographically).
    Some of these groups are randomly selected, and then all of the elements in those
    groups are selected.

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