02 ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬/ 11 ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬/ 12 ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬.................................................................................

‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ه‬ ‫و ق‬ ‫و‬ ‫א‬ ‫مא‬

The concept of electronic payment and its development
prospects in Algeria

! "# ‫ر‬ ‫א‬

$ # % ‫ א (' ق و א &" م א‬$ "
‫א‬ ‫ א‬.‫دאس‬ + .‫ * ة‬+ ( ‫ א‬$& ,

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:89"
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‫دאة‬ ‫و‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ * ) א (' و‬، ‫ د א‬- .‫ ل و א‬- "‫م و א‬12"‫ ت א‬4 5 6 ‫א‬
‫ א م‬7!= ) * ، ‫ دول א‬89:‫و א ! אء ; א‬ ‫ تא‬9 2 =‫ت א > ر‬1 ‫و & א‬ 7&
; ‫زאت א‬ 1 C5 D ‫و‬ "‫א‬ ‫ ق א‬A ‫ אم‬% ‫ א‬79( * ‫ و‬.‫? د א ر‬5 ‫ل א‬ ‫ א‬4‫א‬
.‫و א" ن‬ 7& ‫ و א‬2 & ‫א‬
‫ م‬C .‫وא‬ ‫و‬، ‫א‬I> ‫ א‬$ $ ‫و‬ "‫א‬ ‫ ق א‬A ‫ م‬7J = ( ‫א; (و‬ ‫ه א رא‬6 ‫ ف‬7
. ‫א‬I> ‫ א‬$ ‫א‬ ‫وא !رو‬ ‫ ( ل دون‬$ ‫א‬ .‫ א א‬$ ‫و‬،‫ره‬ ‫وא ق‬$‫و‬ "‫א‬ ‫א‬
. ‫ א‬،$ ‫و‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛ و‬ ‫و‬ ‫א‬ -‫؛ א‬ ‫و‬ ‫ א > رة א‬:$ ! ‫" ت‬
05/18 ‫ ن‬. ، 5 ‫א‬

Abstract:
Electronic payment are considered to be one of the most important
contemporary means used in light of the astonishing development of information
and communication technologies and the knowledge economy. These means of
payment facilitate buying and selling operations and financial transactions, today
we are witnessing a decline in the use of fiat money in favor of the use of
electronic means of payment given the advantages that they offer in terms of
speed, ease and security.

209
 02 ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬/ 11 ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬/ 12 ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬.................................................................................‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

This study aims to try to determine the definition of electronic payment

means in Algeria and to know the reality of the electronic payment system and
its development prospects, and what are the obstacles that prevent the
generalization and dissemination of payment methods. in Algeria.
Keywords: E-Commerce; electronic banking; Electronic payment methods,
bank card,law18/05

$ '
‫م و‬12"‫ א‬4 5 ‫ >ل‬$ "، .‫ رة ر‬M ‫ و‬،1 6 ‫رא‬ ‫ א‬7!=
‫ت‬1 . ‫ د א‬- .‫ ي א ; א‬9? ‫ د‬- .‫א‬ ‫ د‬- ."‫ א‬O P Q ‫و‬، ‫ ل‬- "
; & ‫ = ة‬4 ‫ر‬ P52 ‫ت‬R! ، ‫و‬ "‫ א‬O ‫א‬ 2 '( ‫ د= א‬- ."‫א‬
; ‫ א‬2‫رאت א & ر‬ ‫ه א‬6 2 ‫ي‬5 D = $ - ‫ و א? ع א‬. ‫و‬ ‫א > رة א‬
$ ‫ א‬W ،‫ = ة‬4 ‫ت‬ T ‫ ر‬D‫ل א ( אث و א‬1T ‫ د و א > رة‬- ."‫א‬ 7V
‫ دة‬4 ‫ت ذאت‬ T = ? ‫وא نو‬ 7 ‫ و‬2 ‫ه‬ ، ‫و‬ "‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫و‬
.71 2
5 ‫ ت א‬9 ‫ א‬Y9 % D ‫ כ א ? م‬5 ‫א‬ DI [ & ‫و‬ "‫א‬ ‫א‬
= &‫א‬ ‫ ت א‬5? ‫ه א‬6 [ ) (D ،‫ت‬ %‫ א ! =ت وא‬D? ‫و د‬،‫? د‬59 8(
‫? د‬5 ‫ و " א‬$-%! ‫ א (\ ر א‬89 "; ‫א‬ ‫و‬ "‫א > رة א‬ * >!= ]‫وא‬
. .‫א ر‬
‫ אم‬% ‫ى א‬ ;92 * Y. = $ . ‫ د א‬- ."‫ ي א ; א‬9? ‫ د א‬- ."‫א‬ ‫" ?ل‬
. W= ( ‫ د= ت א‬- .1 ; "‫א ( כ א‬ ! ‫ ة‬T"‫ه א‬6 ،$ ‫و‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫و‬
‫ د‬- ."‫= א > رة و א‬ ‫و‬ 7& $ ‫و‬ "‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ة‬ ‫א‬ _ C5 D ‫و‬
‫وא !ع‬. T . ‫ ص‬- 84 D 7 C5 ‫ א ! = ت א ? ر‬Y9 % ‫ درت‬D ?
‫و‬ 2 J-D $ ‫و‬ "‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ عو‬a D ‫ ة * ) א‬2 ? ‫ א‬2 6!= ‫א ي‬I> ‫א‬
‫ > رة‬D b9 ‫ א‬05/18 ‫ ن‬. ‫ل‬1T " ، T J-D ‫و‬ "‫א > رة א‬
1
‫و‬ "‫א‬
>! ‫ل א‬1T ‫א‬$ (‫ر א‬ ‫א א‬6 d‫א‬ ‫ة‬ 4 ‫א‬I> ‫' א‬ d
$? = ‫ه א‬6 ‫ אم‬% ‫ ' אن א‬W= .‫" אن א א‬e $ ‫و‬ ‫א‬ ‫ ق א‬A ‫ אم‬% ‫; א‬92

210
 ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ .................................................................................‬ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ / 12‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ‪ / 11‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪02‬‬

‫ت‬ ‫א"‬ ‫‪ ;92‬א & ى א و ‪ $‬و ‪ ? D‬ر ‪f 6d‬‬ ‫*‬ ‫! و ‪C5 D J a‬‬
‫א ‪ 7‬א & ‪g‬ل ‪2‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪ 7D‬א"‪ - .‬د א ‪ $5A‬و ‪ >* f 6d‬א & ق‪.‬و‪ 92‬و‬ ‫א ;‬
‫و ‪ $ $‬א >‪I‬א ؟‬ ‫א"‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ 7J‬م ‪C‬‬
‫ره‪،‬و‬ ‫و ‪ $ $‬א >‪I‬א و א ق‬ ‫א"‬ ‫‪C‬مא‬ ‫وא‪.‬‬ ‫א ‪ 7‬א=\ ( و‬
‫‪ P‬و א ! ره ‪ $‬א >‪I‬א ‪.‬‬ ‫א ‪ ( $‬ل دون‬ ‫‪ $‬א א‪.‬‬
‫و*‬ ‫و א" ‪ 9i‬א‬ ‫‪ a‬ع و ( و א"‪ ;92 D 4‬א"‪V‬‬ ‫א‪ 4‬א" م ‪D‬‬
‫ق‬ ‫‪5 ،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫?& א ر‪ .‬א (‪ W‬א ; ( ر=‬ ‫‪ $J‬و א (‪ $9 9‬و‬ ‫א‪ 2‬ل א ‪ j75‬א‬
‫و‬ ‫ق א > رة א"‬ ‫و‪$ $‬‬ ‫א"‬ ‫قא‬ ‫‪$‬‬ ‫‪ $‬א ( ر א"ول א ; א"‪ A‬ر א ‪J‬‬
‫ل ‪ $ 7D‬א >‪I‬א ‪.‬‬ ‫و‪$‬א‬ ‫א"‬ ‫א‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪1T‬ل درא‬ ‫و‬ ‫א"‬ ‫وא‪-‬‬
‫و ‪ $ $‬א >‪I‬א ‪.‬و א ق‬ ‫א"‬ ‫‪ $ Id‬א ( ر א ‪ 2 $ W‬وא‪ A .‬ق א‬ ‫‪*$‬‬
‫‪ $‬א ? ع א ‪ ( P74 $ $ 5‬א ‪. 5 .‬‬ ‫ر "‬
‫و‬ ‫א‬ ‫قא‬ ‫<‬ ‫‪ : .1‬א ; ر א‬
‫א‪ a‬א"‪ Wd‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫و‬ ‫ق א > رة א"‬ ‫و‪$ $‬‬ ‫א"‬ ‫‪ a‬عא‬ ‫=‬
‫‪ D‬ق א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א"‬ ‫و א & ( ‪ D 84 = f 6 . M‬א= ‪ k D O a‬א ‪J‬‬
‫ض "*? ] אع و‬ ‫و ‪ $‬و و‪& M ، 7- -T‬‬ ‫א"‬ ‫‪ 7J‬م ‪ A‬ق א‬ ‫( =‬ ‫"‬
‫ل ‪ $ 7D‬א >‪I‬א ‪.‬‬ ‫و‪$‬א‬ ‫א"‬ ‫א‬
‫و‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ; 6 & .1.1‬ق א‬
‫ق א‬ ‫אو א ! =‬ ‫אء א ‪7?J‬‬ ‫ر=‪،Y‬‬ ‫א ‪ D 7‬א= ‪ 2‬ض ‪ k D‬א‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫אض ‪- 7- -T‬א ‪ J‬ع א ‪.$ W‬‬ ‫‪-‬א ‪ J‬ع א]ول ‪ M -‬א‬ ‫و‬ ‫א"‬
‫و‬ ‫א‬ ‫قא‬ ‫وא = &‬ ‫‪ . 1.1.1‬א & ‪ 6‬א '‬
‫אن‬ ‫ر=‪d ،Y‬‬ ‫و ‪ $‬و א‪ 2 P '* .‬ة‬ ‫א"‬ ‫א ‪ a D P?J‬ع ‪ A‬ق א‬ ‫? א‬
‫=‪J‬‬ ‫‪ $‬א >‪I‬א ي‬ ‫א ‪ C5‬م א ?‬ ‫و \‬ ‫;א‬ ‫رא(‬ ‫א ! ع א >‪I‬א ي وא‪ 8d‬א‬
‫‪. J9 %‬‬ ‫‪ M 5‬ة و ‪ ;92‬א*‬ ‫و ‪ $‬و אن ‪ d‬ن ‪ . 2‬א‬ ‫א"‬ ‫א‬ ‫]‪C‬‬
‫و‬ ‫א‬ ‫قא‬ ‫>و ‪ /‬א & ر ‪ 6‬א ' ‪$‬‬
‫( = א" אل ‪ $ $‬א" س ‪M‬‬ ‫و ‪ ;92 $‬א ‪9 2 '' P‬‬ ‫א"‬ ‫=‪ Y‬א‬ ‫=‬
‫ت ‪OT 2‬‬ ‫ب و אر ل א‬ ‫‪ %‬אم א‪I74‬ة א (‬ ‫‪ ،‬אي ‪D‬‬ ‫‪ D‬ق ر‪.‬‬ ‫אو א ‪%‬‬ ‫א &‪9‬‬

‫‪211‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ .................................................................................‬ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ / 12‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ‪ / 11‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪02‬‬

‫و‪O =$‬‬ ‫א"‬ ‫ت‪ 7J .2‬م ‪ A‬ق א‬ ‫‪،‬אو אي ‪ ?= A‬א‪ T‬ى ر ل‬ ‫‪ ،$ J9‬אو ‪V‬‬
‫א=\‬ ‫و ‪،‬و‬ ‫‪ r%!9‬א > ه א ‪ Q‬א‬ ‫א" ‪I‬א ت א‬ ‫ق & אد و د‬ ‫‪''' P‬א* א‬ ‫‪D‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫= ''‬ ‫א ‪ 5‬و & ةو‬ ‫‪ 9 2‬א‬ ‫>‬ ‫وא ‪5‬‬ ‫‪C‬م ? ‪P‬א ‪& s‬تא‬ ‫‪ 2‬رة ‪2‬‬
‫رت و‪?= D '> 2‬‬ ‫و ‪ 9 2 d '' P RD $‬د‬ ‫א"‬ ‫=‪ Y‬א‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪d‬‬
‫א ‪ -‬رف‬ ‫א ; ‪ -‬ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫> ‪ 2‬א"دوאت و א ( =‪1‬ت א"‬ ‫و ‪،‬و ‪$‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫ن ''‬ ‫و ‪ & s‬ت א"‬
‫‪9 2‬‬ ‫* ل‪A‬‬ ‫( رא‬ ‫و‪$‬‬ ‫א"‬ ‫א‬ ‫=‪ J‬ت א‪ T‬ى ] ‪C‬‬ ‫‪ d‬وردت‬
‫& ‪ %‬م ‪Rd‬دאة‬ ‫א ?‪ ;92 ' 2 ) * ، = 9‬א ‪ '' 7‬و ‪ 9‬د‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪C‬‬ ‫‪? D‬ر‬ ‫א‬
‫? =‬ ‫א ?‪ ?5 d = 9‬د‪ ،‬و א ! ت‪ ،‬و ‪ 2 $‬رة ‪. 2‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫و ء ‪ 2 9= D‬و و‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪ !5 9‬ة א ; = ‪ 9 2‬א دل ''‬ ‫&‬ ‫אو א ‪6‬א‪ d‬ة א‬ ‫( ‪ 7D . D ;92 9‬ذא‪ d‬ة ر‪.‬‬
‫و‬ ‫א‬ ‫قא‬ ‫‪/‬א & ‪6‬א = &‪A‬‬ ‫@‬
‫‪1T‬ل ‪ .‬ن א ‪ ?5‬و א ? ض‬ ‫و ‪ D $‬א=‬ ‫א"‬ ‫قא‬ ‫א‪ V‬ر א ! ع א >‪I‬א ي‬
‫‪ 66‬و‪) *.P5 69‬‬ ‫‪1T‬ل א د‬ ‫‪ $5 a‬و ‪ ،$a 2‬و ‪6‬א‬ ‫‪ 6 11/03‬و אن ‪ d‬ن ‪!D‬‬
‫א > ‪ 7‬ر و‪ 9 2‬ت‬ ‫‪ $?9‬א" אل‬ ‫‪ 9‬تא ‪-‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ '-‬א دة ‪ ;92 66‬א ‪\ ''P‬‬
‫''‪.‬‬ ‫و אدאرة ‪6‬ه‬ ‫(' ‪ -‬ف א ‪DI‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ? ض و ‪6d‬א و‪ a‬و‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫? ‪= '' P ;92 '-‬‬ ‫‪ ?5 D b9‬و א ? ض‬ ‫‪ 11/03‬א‬ ‫א"‬ ‫א دة ‪69‬‬
‫‪ d‬ن א &‪ 5‬אو‬ ‫( = א" אل ‪7‬‬ ‫‪r%V d‬‬ ‫‪ d‬א"دوאت א ; =‬ ‫א‬ ‫و‬
‫''‬ ‫א" ‪ 9‬ب א ?‪ $5‬א &‬
‫א‬ ‫‪ 7J‬م و‬ ‫=( د ‪. D‬‬ ‫=‪ y*1‬אن א ! ع‬ ‫א ‪-5‬‬ ‫ذ=‬ ‫‪1T‬ل‬
‫‪A‬قא‬ ‫م ‪! ) (D‬‬ ‫‪ 4‬ءت ‪ Q -D‬א‬ ‫א* و א‬ ‫=‪P 92 r5‬‬ ‫و‪ $‬و‬ ‫א"‬
‫א &( ‪. M‬‬ ‫א ?‪ = 9‬و " & ‪ A $5W‬ق א‬
‫= א ? ن א > ري ‪ 59/75‬وذ ‪84 D f‬‬ ‫‪ 74‬א‪ T‬ى ‪ .‬م א ! ع א >‪I‬א ي ‪D‬‬
‫=[ و ‪6‬א ‪$‬‬ ‫و ‪!D‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫א"‬ ‫א* ‪ A ;92‬ق א‬ ‫א ? ن ‪r ) * 8 02/05‬‬
‫'' و‪ = f 6D‬ن א ! ع א >‪I‬א ي‬ ‫و‪ A‬قא‬ ‫א ب א א‪ 52 '( D‬אن '' ‪ k D $‬و‬
‫=[‪' 2 ) *.‬‬ ‫ة و ‪!D‬‬ ‫و ‪] $‬ول‬ ‫א"‬ ‫‪ .‬א { ? א‪ 2‬و א* م ‪ . D‬ت א‬
‫و א &(‪'' 8‬‬ ‫‪ . D‬א‬ ‫ر ‪d 23‬‬ ‫א دة ‪543‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ .................................................................................‬ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ / 12‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ‪ / 11‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪02‬‬

‫و & [‬ ‫א ‪. 9 s‬‬ ‫درة ‪ 2‬א ‪ 5‬כ و א ‪ i 7‬ت א‬ ‫‪. D d‬‬ ‫‪ . D‬א‬

‫‪ 8(&D 7 * -‬و ( = א" אل‪.‬‬
‫و‬ ‫א ‪. 9 s‬‬ ‫درة ‪ 2‬א ‪ 5‬כ و א ‪ i 7‬ت א‬ ‫‪ . D‬א &(‪. D d 8‬‬
‫& [ ‪ 8(&D 7 * -‬א" אل ?‪'' O‬‬
‫=‪ C5‬و ‪J-D‬‬ ‫‪ d‬ن =>‪ 8‬א ‪ C‬ر ‪ -= ; * 2018 5‬ر א ! ع א >‪I‬א ي ‪T -‬‬
‫و =‪6 $ R‬א א ? ن ‪$‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫א"‬ ‫‪A 7‬قא‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫=( ‪ > 9‬رة א"‬ ‫‪ 9‬و‬
‫ر א > رة‬ ‫‪ ،‬و & رع‬ ‫‪$‬א‬ ‫رאت א ( ‪9‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪Y‬‬ ‫ق ر‪ :‬א ! ع ; א‬
‫‪ C $‬א‬ ‫رאت א ( ‪9‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א >‪I‬א =‬ ‫‪ Y‬א? א‬ ‫‪$‬‬ ‫و ‪ ،‬و ر‪:‬‬ ‫א"‬
‫و ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 9‬ت א > رة א"‬ ‫وא > ‪D‬‬ ‫‪ $‬א‪Wd‬‬ ‫א"‪ A‬ر א ?‬ ‫و ‪،‬و >‬ ‫א"‬
‫=‪ J‬ت د‪? .‬‬ ‫و ‪ .‬م‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪ > 9‬رة א"‬ ‫د} א‬ ‫א ? ن ‪ 905/18‬א‬ ‫=\‬
‫و ‪ ،‬و ‪ f 6d‬א‬ ‫‪ > D ?9‬رة א‬ ‫א‬ ‫و א ‪ (9 -‬ت א ?‪5‬‬ ‫‪ Y9 %‬א ‪J‬‬
‫'' ‪ d‬و ‪ 9‬د‬ ‫א ? ن ‪ ) * 05/18‬א‪2‬‬ ‫‪1T‬ل א دة ‪06‬‬ ‫و ‪" ،$‬‬ ‫א"‬
‫‪ . 2‬ب אو ‪D 2‬‬ ‫א? م‪D‬‬ ‫*‪7‬‬ ‫ل ‪ PD‬و =‬ ‫‪ = ! 9 ? A 7D rT‬א‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫''‬ ‫و‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪C5‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪$‬א م‬ ‫א ‪ y*1‬אن ‪ -D‬ور ‪6‬א א ? ن = ن א ! ع א >‪I‬א ي ‪ .‬و‪ a‬א"‪ A‬ر א ?‬
‫‪ -‬ر‬ ‫אذ " =‬ ‫‪67D‬ه א‬ ‫א‬ ‫و‬ ‫و ‪ $‬و ‪6d‬א ‪ > 9‬رة א"‬ ‫א"‬ ‫قא‬
‫‪ "e،‬א ‪ ;92 6Ts= P‬א ! ع ‪ 2‬م‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪$‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫دون ‪C5‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‪ 4‬د > رة א‬
‫א ‪ 7‬א ‪r5‬‬ ‫‪ * ;92‬ى‪f 6 ،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫و א* م ‪ d C5‬و‬ ‫‪ - r -%‬ص ‪.‬‬
‫‪.7‬‬ ‫=‪ 7J‬و א‪ .‬אر א ( = א ‪5‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫א‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪ ;92‬א‬
‫و‬ ‫א‪B‬‬ ‫‪ ; 8 DE 2.1.1‬ف א‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫ز ‪D‬‬ ‫‪) *،‬‬ ‫‪ r -T M1M $‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ 4e‬ل ‪ r -T‬א ‪C‬‬ ‫=‬
‫و ‪.‬‬ ‫ق = ن ‪ ?5 D‬د א"‬ ‫‪67D‬ه א‬ ‫= ‪،‬و ‪ 7 D D‬א و ‪ $‬و א‪ T‬א‪ D ،‬ن א‬
‫>و ‪ :‬א ‪$ %‬‬
‫\ ن‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪$‬‬ ‫א( ‪d‬ت א‬ ‫و‪ D $‬ن ‪4‬‬ ‫א"‬ ‫א‬ ‫ز א‪C‬‬
‫‪1‬ت‬ ‫‪ 9 2‬א ! אء ; א‬ ‫و &‬ ‫ز ‪ ? 7 RD‬م ‪7& D‬‬ ‫א ( = و א" ن ‪ % & 9‬م‪d،‬‬
‫'‬ ‫‪1T‬ل א ‪ Y 7‬א ‪ ?5‬ل אو ‪ 2‬א"‬ ‫אء‬ ‫א‬ ‫و (?‪7 b‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫و ‪!D‬‬ ‫א‬

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‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪P‬א‬ ‫ىא‬ ‫*? ‪ P.‬א‬ ‫و‪$‬‬ ‫‪ a‬ن א ‪ 4‬א"‬ ‫א ‪ ?5‬د א ر‪.‬‬ ‫=>‪* 85‬‬
‫‪11‬‬
‫ت‬ ‫=‪s‬دى א ; אر ‪ J‬ع *> א‬ ‫و‪$‬‬ ‫א ! يא‬
‫‪ +‬א و‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫א‪B‬‬ ‫و‪ 5 #‬א‬ ‫@ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ 9‬تא ;‬ ‫& = א‬ ‫‪ A‬ف ‪ d‬א ول‪& ) * ،‬‬ ‫*) א‪ 7‬و ‪? 9‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ d$‬א(ءא‬ ‫א &‪%‬‬ ‫و‪D$‬‬ ‫‪ 2‬א ‪ \J‬ء א ‪1‬‬
‫ن ‪ +‬א‪ ' $ #‬د ر* ‪$‬‬ ‫@ ‪: F‬א‬
‫‪ & s 9‬א ; =‬ ‫&‬ ‫אو א ‪6‬א‪ d‬ة א‬ ‫\ ‪ 7D . D 75‬ذא‪ d‬ة ر‪.‬‬ ‫? =‬ ‫و ‪.$‬‬
‫א‪ A‬אف‬ ‫‪6‬ه א ‪ ?5‬د‪ =.‬א‪ D‬אم א ? ‪D‬‬ ‫א ‪-%‬‬ ‫" = א" ‪D‬‬ ‫‪ 9 2‬א دل و‪ P 92‬ن א‬
‫ت‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫دل א‬ ‫‪1T‬ل‬ ‫'‬ ‫א"‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫ن و =‬ ‫*) א‬ ‫‪= 2‬‬
‫‪D V‬‬ ‫& [‪-"D‬لא‬ ‫و‬ ‫تא‬ ‫و?‬ ‫و ‪ = ) *،‬א‪ 2‬ء א" ‪D‬‬ ‫א"‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫‪$ A‬א ?‬
‫‪ 9‬א ;‬ ‫; אدאرة א‬ ‫א ‪$‬‬ ‫&ت א ‪-‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪ -5‬ر‪.‬‬ ‫א‪4‬‬ ‫=! ط‬
‫א ‪ ?W‬و א" ن ‪. 75 D‬‬ ‫א"‪ A‬אف و‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫&‪ 7‬א‬
‫و‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ > 2.1‬אع و‪ 5 #‬א‬
‫و‬ ‫‪1‬ت א‬ ‫א ; &‪ %‬م و & א‬ ‫و ‪ d $‬א" ‪C‬‬ ‫א"‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ W‬א‪C‬‬
‫א ( =‬ ‫و א‪C‬‬ ‫‪ .‬א‪5D‬‬ ‫‪$‬א‬ ‫*‪-‬‬ ‫وא ;=‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪ O‬א"‬ ‫א > ر= ‪ 2‬א‬
‫‪ .‬ت א ‪ d6‬אو‬ ‫&‪ %‬م א‬ ‫'‪ ،‬و ‪ $‬א ‪C‬‬ ‫و ‪ 2 $‬א"‬ ‫א"‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،$‬و א ‪C‬‬ ‫א‬
‫و ‪.‬‬ ‫אو א ! ت א"‬ ‫و‬ ‫א ‪ ?5‬د א"‬
‫א ‪: $ I4‬‬ ‫‪ $* + 1.2.1‬א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ر א ‪ 5‬כوא ‪& s‬تא‬ ‫‪ Q‬ة א (> و ‪-%V‬‬ ‫و ‪1D . D $‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪6‬ه א‬ ‫‪،5‬و \‬ ‫‪ 9‬و !‪ J‬ة & [ ‪. =I% D‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫ذא‪ d‬ة א‬ ‫\‬
‫‪13‬‬
‫و ‪ . D $‬ت ‪ -‬ر א ‪ 5‬כ ‪ * $‬ود‬ ‫א ‪ f5‬א ‪ -‬ر ‪7‬‬ ‫و ‪ 52‬א ‪ P‬و א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪7 W‬‬ ‫‪ .‬ت א"‪ Wd‬א ! رא ‪ $‬א‬ ‫‪6‬ه א‬ ‫א ‪ f5‬و ‪ P9 2‬و‬ ‫‪D 7 92 bJ‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪€‬‬
‫‪ .‬ت ] ( ‪ 7D‬א ‪'.‬‬ ‫‪6‬ه א‬ ‫א‪ {= &d‬و ‪I‬א ‪ d‬رد‪.....‬و‬ ‫‪ d‬رد و א ‪d‬‬ ‫‪. D‬‬
‫م א ; ‪6TR‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ر د‪ 7 &= " T‬ن ‪ 5 9 PD‬כ ? ‪ D‬א‬ ‫‪W‬‬ ‫א‪7‬‬ ‫و א >‪d ، 7‬‬
‫‪ .‬ت‪.‬‬ ‫‪1‬ء ‪ C‬א ‪ %‬אم ‪6‬ه א‬ ‫א‬

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‫ز‪ 2‬ت א"‬ ‫‪1T‬ل א‬ ‫אء‬ ‫&(‪ 8‬א] אل‬ ‫‪. D‬ت א‬ ‫&‬ ‫‪ $‬א >‪I‬א‬
‫‪b= A 2 4‬‬ ‫ىوא‬ ‫א ! = ت ‪ & ;92‬ى א & * ت א‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪ ?59‬د ‪ DAB‬אو‬
‫א ‪5‬‬ ‫‪ 5‬א ‪ %‬אم ‪ . D‬ت א‬ ‫و ‪ .TPE $‬و ‪ 2016 65‬א [‬ ‫א"‬ ‫‪ 7‬تא‬
‫'‪.‬‬ ‫ت ‪ 2‬א"‬ ‫*? ق א ‪%‬‬ ‫‪ !9‬אء א &‪ 9‬אو د‬
‫و‬ ‫‪ 2.2.1‬א = ‪ J‬א‬
‫ت‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫א ! ‪ f‬א ر‪ $.‬ة‪ (=،‬ي ‪ {J ;92‬א‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪= D‬‬ ‫و‪= $‬‬ ‫א ! ‪ f‬א"‬
‫‪ 4‬دة ‪ $‬א ! ‪ f‬א دي ‪ W‬א ‪ €9‬و א ر=• و א & ‪ J‬و א & *‪ 8‬و א &( ب ‪ P 92‬و‬ ‫א‬
‫و ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 1 V 6TR= P5‬א‬
‫‪ $9d‬אو‬ ‫‪!D‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪j‬א‬ ‫( ر ‪ $M1M‬א"‪ A‬אف‬ ‫‪ 2‬رة ‪2‬‬ ‫و‪$‬‬ ‫א ! ‪ f‬א"‬
‫‪ P4‬א ; א &( ب ‪P 92‬‬ ‫و‪$‬‬ ‫‪ ; &= r%V‬א & *‪ 8‬א"‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪\ = $ I4‬‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫و ‪.‬‬ ‫א ‪ ?5‬د "ذن ‪ ; &= ) M r%V‬א & ‪ J‬א‬ ‫‪Q9‬‬ ‫א ‪ D f5‬ن =‬ ‫و و‬ ‫א‬
‫‪ ?D‬ة א ! ‪ f‬א ر‪" $.‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪ f !9‬א ر‪ $.‬و‬ ‫‪= d‬‬ ‫و‪=$‬‬ ‫و א ! ‪ f‬א"‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫و‪$‬‬ ‫‪ .‬א"‬ ‫ف‪D‬‬ ‫‪ $‬א ول א ;‬
‫و ‪$‬‬ ‫‪ .3.2.1‬א ‪ 'I‬د א‬
‫‪ - 9‬ف א ‪6‬ي = =‬ ‫&‬ ‫אو א ‪6‬א‪ d‬ة א‬ ‫\ ‪ 7D . D 75‬ذא‪ d‬ة ر‪.‬‬ ‫? =‬ ‫و ‪.$‬‬
‫ف א=\ ‪* '' 7 RD‬‬ ‫‪67 J9‬א א ‪ Q‬ض و‬ ‫‪1T‬ل ? د ‪--%‬‬ ‫‪ 9‬א دل و‬ ‫א‬
‫אر ‪6‬א‬ ‫אن א‬ ‫‪ - ;92 P * - ?* W‬ر ‪6‬ه א ‪ ?5‬د و א"‬ ‫و ‪ 5= $‬ي ‪. ;92‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪;92‬‬ ‫و‪. $‬‬ ‫א ‪ -‬رة אي אن א ‪ ?5‬א"‬ ‫" ? ‪ 2 7 .‬א?‬ ‫‪ D ? D‬ود=‬ ‫א ‪= ?5‬‬
‫‪16‬‬
‫א & ‪''b‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪ATM‬‬ ‫‪ .4.2.1‬א ‪ D‬אف א‬
‫‪1 9‬ء و ‪6‬א ‪;92‬‬ ‫تא ‪-‬‬ ‫א‪%‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫و =? م א‬ ‫אو‬ ‫‪ 74‬ز =‬
‫א ;‬ ‫‪5Q‬‬ ‫‪5D .‬‬ ‫‪1T‬ل א ‪ %‬אم א‬ ‫‪،‬و ذ ‪f‬‬ ‫ع و א م ‪24‬‬ ‫אر א"‬
‫‪ P‬و =( ده‬ ‫ي=‬ ‫و ر‪ PD &* .‬ر‪.‬‬ ‫ت א !‪ * -%‬ل א‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫א;א‬ ‫א‪#‬‬ ‫(‬
‫* ‪.17O? 79‬‬
‫(‪ 8‬و א‪ D‬אع א" אل‪،‬‬ ‫א ‪ -‬אف א" ‪: > $‬‬ ‫ت א ‪?= $‬‬ ‫א‪%‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫و‬
‫א ! ت‪ Y!d 89A ،‬א (& ‪ D‬ت‪= & ،‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬و ‪ 89A‬د‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א ( =‪1‬ت א‬
‫'‪...‬א •‬ ‫ت א ‪ D 7‬ء و א ء و א ‪ Y 7‬و א"‬ ‫‪%‬‬ ‫א‪ J‬א‬

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‫و‬ ‫‪ .5.2.1‬א ( ‪ 5‬א‬

‫'و‬ ‫א"‬ ‫‪1T‬ل ‪V‬‬ ‫א ; ? م ‪ 7D‬א ‪ 5‬כ‬ ‫و‬ ‫א"‬ ‫‪ 9‬تא ‪-‬‬ ‫א* א‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫אء‬ ‫א ; *& ب א & ‪J‬‬ ‫*& ب א‬ ‫‪$‬‬ ‫‪€9‬‬ ‫( =‬ ‫‪ 2‬رة ‪2‬‬
‫‪ 9‬ت‬ ‫\‬ ‫‪5Q‬‬ ‫‪1T‬ل ‪ V‬א ‪O‬‬ ‫א ‪ 5‬כ وذ ‪f‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪ {J‬א ‪ f5‬אو‬ ‫دא‪T‬‬
‫‪18‬‬
‫א ( =‬
‫و ‪ 9 9‬ء‬ ‫و ‪ 2 D $‬ره =‬ ‫א"‬ ‫و ‪ _ $‬אل ‪ . D‬א‬ ‫א ( = א"‬ ‫و=‬
‫= ‪ &( PD‬ب‬ ‫= א א ‪ = ( D‬א ‪ €9‬א‬ ‫دون א ‪ >9‬ء א ; א ‪ ?5‬د‪ ،‬אذ = ‪ $J‬אن =‪ -‬ر א‬
‫‪ I=I‬א ‪C‬‬ ‫‪.‬و ‪\JD‬‬ ‫ب אو ‪ 2‬א ‪ Y 7‬א ‪ ?5‬ل ‪9‬‬ ‫א ‪ 2‬א(‬ ‫אر א"‬ ‫دא ‪.P5‬و = א‬
‫ى‬ ‫(‪ ;C‬א‪ - D WdR Wd‬א‪ .‬و א" ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫و א"‬ ‫א (' א ( =‪1‬ت א‬ ‫א"‬
‫ه א >‪7‬‬ ‫א‪ - T‬ر ‪ ،'. 9‬و‬ ‫א א ‪ C5‬م‬ ‫= ‪P(5‬‬ ‫' ‪8 &D‬‬ ‫א"‬ ‫‪V ;92‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪19‬‬
‫‪$‬א‬ ‫و א ‪ ، J9‬و ‪7‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫و‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .2‬وא* و א ق א‬
‫?=‬ ‫!‬ ‫و‬ ‫א"‬ ‫ق א ‪ %‬אم ‪ A‬ق א‬ ‫‪ d‬א ‪$‬‬ ‫א م‬ ‫=!‪ 7‬א‬
‫( "ت א ( ة א"‪ - .‬د= و א"‪ "e. 2 4‬אن א ‪ y*1‬אن א >‪I‬א ‪ 5 D ' d‬ى و ‪;92‬‬ ‫‪d‬‬
‫و ‪ $ $‬א >‪I‬א ‪IJ.‬ة و ‪2‬‬ ‫א"‬ ‫א‬ ‫رאت و אن ‪ 2‬ف א ‪ %‬م و‬ ‫‪6 ƒ‬ه א‬
‫א;‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‪a‬‬ ‫א ‪ (-‬א ; ‪ 7 2‬א‬ ‫; ذ ‪ f‬א"ز‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫א ‪-5‬‬ ‫‪1T‬ل א &‪5‬‬
‫‪،‬و ‪ 7‬ت‬ ‫‪ . D‬ت ‪5D‬‬ ‫و ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫= א‪C‬‬ ‫א >‪ 7‬د א ; ‪ 7 6D‬א ‪ 5‬כ‬
‫'‪ .‬و ‪P 92‬‬ ‫‪ 2‬א"‬ ‫= ‪ -5‬ت ‪ !9‬אء و א‬ ‫א ; א ‪ -‬אف א" ‪ ?59 $‬د‪ ،‬و‬ ‫‪،‬א‪a‬‬ ‫א‬
‫و‪$‬‬ ‫א"‬ ‫ر א ‪ %‬אم ‪ A‬ق א‬ ‫א*‬ ‫אض ‪Y9 %‬‬ ‫*‪ 9‬אو ; א‬ ‫‪$‬‬ ‫א ‪7‬‬
‫و‪$ $‬‬ ‫א"‬ ‫א ? ء א \ ء ‪ ;92‬وא‪ .‬א ‪ %‬אم ‪ A‬ق א‬ ‫*‪M 9‬‬ ‫;‬ ‫‪ $‬א >‪I‬א ‪M ،‬‬
‫ر ‪.‬‬ ‫א >‪I‬א و א ! אف א ق‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫و‬ ‫א‬ ‫ر א‪ 9 #‬אم ; ق א‬ ‫‪.1.2‬‬
‫‪ $‬א‪ A‬ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫={ ‪ 7J‬م א ‪ 5 .‬و א > رة א"‬ ‫' א >‪I‬א א ; >& و‬ ‫?‬
‫‪ ;92 ،‬א‪ 2‬ر אن ر‪ 5 .‬א > رة و‬ ‫و ‪ ،‬و א" > ه ( א‪ - .‬د א‬ ‫א"‬ ‫‪ 9‬تא( ‪d‬‬
‫‪ P V‬אن =&‪ 7‬א > رة‪،‬و =!> ‪ ;92‬א" ‪ W‬ر‪.‬‬ ‫و ‪ .‬ع א"‪ 2‬ل‬
‫‪ $‬א‪ A‬ر ( =)‬ ‫و‬ ‫א"‬ ‫‪ 5 .‬א ? ع א ‪ $ 5‬و א ‪-9 { R‬‬ ‫א‪ 4‬א ‪7‬‬ ‫و‬
‫א ‪ 5‬כ ‪ SATIM20‬و ‪6‬א‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫א ‪ 5‬כ ‪ ' .‬א >‪I‬א ‪ ! „D‬ء א ! ‪ d‬א ‪ .1 9 = ?5‬ت א ‪?9‬‬

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‫و‪ a‬ن‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪1T‬ل ( =) و‬ ‫‪1‬ت א ‪5‬‬ ‫= א‬ ‫‪ 1995 5‬و א ; א ‪7 5‬‬

‫=‬ ‫‪$ 2006 5‬‬ ‫و ‪ .$‬و ‪ '2 V P 92‬א >‪I‬א‬ ‫א"‬ ‫ل ‪C‬م א‬ ‫‪ Y#‬و א‬
‫‪22‬‬
‫و‬ ‫א"‬ ‫א ‪ J‬ر= ‪ 21‬و ‪ C‬م א ?‬ ‫‪ = & 9‬א"‪4‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫! وع ( =) א ‪C‬‬
‫زع א ; ‪ ?59‬د ‪ .1997 5‬و ‪$‬‬ ‫א > ز אول‬ ‫‪ $‬א >‪I‬א‬ ‫= ‪C‬مא‬ ‫‪ $‬א‪ A‬ر‬
‫و ‪ .TPE $‬و ‪ d‬ن =>‪8‬‬ ‫א"‬ ‫‪ $ 7 b= A 2‬א‬ ‫א > ز אول ‪ 9 2‬د‬ ‫‪2005 5‬‬
‫'‪.‬‬ ‫و ‪ 2 $‬א ‪ ،O%‬אي ‪ 2‬א"‬ ‫א"‬ ‫א ‪ C‬ر * ‪ 7!5 2016 5 $‬א ‪1‬ق ‪ 9 2‬א‬
‫ره‬ ‫א وא ق‬ ‫א‬ ‫و‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .2.2‬وא* א‬
‫?‪$‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫א"‬ ‫א ‪ %‬אم ‪ A‬ق א‬ ‫‪e‬ن א ‪ %‬אت א ‪I>5‬ة ( א"ن ‪ $‬א‪ A‬ر‬
‫‪ 7D‬א"‪ - .‬د א ‪ $5A‬و ‪f 6d‬‬ ‫تא ;‬ ‫א"‬ ‫! و ‪6‬א ‪ ? D‬ر‬ ‫‪ J a‬و‬
‫ر‬ ‫א ‪ [ -‬א"‪ - .‬د= א ‪ ( = ?5‬ن‬ ‫‪> ) GIE‬‬ ‫>‬ ‫*> א & ق‪ $J .‬א‪9 -* T‬‬
‫= ?; ‪J a‬‬ ‫א"‪ - .‬د=‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫و ‪ ;92 TPE $‬א > ر و א‬ ‫א"‬ ‫ز= א ‪ 75‬ت א‬
‫‪ Id‬א ‪$5A‬‬ ‫‪ $‬א‬ ‫*> א & ق‪ ،‬و ‪ 2‬د א > ر א &>‪9‬‬ ‫‪? D‬ر‬ ‫‪ 4‬א ; א >‪I‬א‬
‫‪ 9‬تא‬ ‫& ق ‪ 2$‬دא‬ ‫‪ 74‬א‪ T‬ى "*‪ y‬א ? = אر ‪ J‬ع ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ >&9‬א > ري‪.‬‬
‫د‪6 ،‬א א"ر ‪ J‬ع = ‪I‬ى ‪f 6d‬‬ ‫* ) א (> אو א‬ ‫אء‬ ‫و ‪،$‬‬ ‫א"‬ ‫'وא‬ ‫‪ 2‬א"‬
‫‪ 2‬دא ‪ P‬א" ‪، d17‬و‬ ‫א & ‪ f97‬א >‪I‬א ي א ; ‪Q‬‬ ‫‪ 19‬א ‪6‬ى د‬ ‫א ; א ! ر و‪ D‬ء ‪d‬‬
‫= א‪ P d‬ز= دة ‪$‬‬ ‫‪6‬א א"ر ‪ J‬ع ‪ $‬א ‪89‬‬ ‫ت‪.‬‬ ‫א &‪ 9‬و א ‪%‬‬ ‫‪ ?= A‬د ‪P = ! P‬‬
‫و‪$‬‬ ‫א"‬ ‫ز= ‪ 38‬א ‪9 $ 7 Y‬‬ ‫‪)*،‬‬ ‫‪ A‬قא‬ ‫ت א د= "‬ ‫‪ 2‬د א"‬
‫‪ $‬א &>‬ ‫&>‬ ‫‪5‬כ ‪ 9 2‬ن ‪4‬‬ ‫‪* $ ،2021 5‬‬ ‫א ; ‪ = :‬א & א ‪ $‬א"ول‬
‫‪ 2‬د א > ر א"‪.$ 4‬‬ ‫= ‪O? %2 W‬‬ ‫א > ري‬
‫‪ 2018 5 $ 7 6000‬א ; ‪38‬‬ ‫و‪ $‬א ?‬ ‫א"‬ ‫( [ אن ‪ 2‬د ‪ = 7‬ت א‬
‫א ‪ 2021 5 Y‬א ; א ‪ j( C5 D J a ;? = P‬א & ق א >‪I‬א ي‪.‬‬
‫زع א ;‬ ‫‪ ?59‬د ‪3000 4 = ) * DAB‬‬ ‫‪ 9‬ز‪ 2‬ت א"‬ ‫‪ {J‬א ‪&5 D C*1‬‬
‫ز‪'Q9D 2‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬ت א ‪5‬‬ ‫‪ ;92‬א & ى א ‪ $5A‬و ‪6‬א ‪ 2‬د ‪ Y a‬אذא ‪ 5 92‬אن ‪ 2‬د א‬
‫‪.232021‬‬ ‫‪ 9 10.7‬ن ‪ . D‬א ; ‪ = :‬א & א ‪ $‬א"ول‬
‫'‬ ‫‪ ;92 4 100‬א"‬ ‫א*‪ -‬ء א‪Wd‬‬ ‫‪2021 5‬‬ ‫‪1T‬ل א & א ‪ $‬א"ول‬
‫د و אن‬ ‫‪6‬א א‬ ‫' ‪ $‬א >‪I‬א‬ ‫‪ 2‬א"‬ ‫‪ 4 WEB MARCHAND‬د ‪ -5 ;92‬א‬
‫ة‬ ‫تא‬ ‫א"‬ ‫! ‪? D‬ر‬ ‫‪ 2020 5‬א" א ‪ J a ;? = P‬و‬ ‫\ ‪ ? D Y2‬ر‬

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‫و‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪ &T‬رة ‪ d‬ة‪ ،‬אء ‪&5 D‬‬ ‫‪ 7 92‬א & ق א >‪I‬א = ‪ ،‬و ‪6‬א =!‬ ‫א ;‬
‫‪ 2.‬ة‬ ‫'‪D‬‬ ‫‪ 2‬א"‬ ‫=& [ ‪ C‬م א‬ ‫‪* $،‬‬ ‫‪ 5=I%9‬א‬ ‫א > ر‪،‬אو ‪&5 D‬‬
‫'‬ ‫‪ 2‬א‬ ‫‪ -5‬א‬ ‫‪ 4‬د= ‪2‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫= ر‪ .‬א‪&5 D . 7 2‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫א ‪DI‬‬
‫‪ $9‬א ‪ Y 7‬و ‪ d V‬ت‬ ‫ت‪-‬‬ ‫‪ ?D 2‬ع א ‪%‬‬ ‫א &‪، 9‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫„ ‪ = 7‬ز‪ 2‬ن א‬
‫و א ‪ ?5‬א > ى‪...‬א •‬ ‫א‬
‫‪1T‬ل‬ ‫&(‪ 8‬א" אل‬ ‫‪ $‬א >‪I‬א‬ ‫„‪& 7‬‬ ‫א ‪5‬‬ ‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫‪&5 D‬‬
‫א &*ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫א &‪ 9‬و א ‪%‬‬ ‫א ! =ت‬ ‫‪ ?59‬د ‪ DAB‬אو‬ ‫ز‪ 2‬ت א"‬ ‫א‬
‫' *) א [‬ ‫و ‪ TPE $‬אو ‪ 2‬א"‬ ‫א"‬ ‫‪ 2 4‬א ‪ %‬אم ‪ $ 7‬א‬ ‫ىوא‬ ‫א‬
‫=? ‪-‬‬ ‫'‪.‬א א= ‪ d‬ن א‬ ‫‪ 2‬א"‬ ‫‪ .‬א ‪5‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ D‬א‬ ‫‪ 2016 65‬א‬ ‫‪9 2 5‬‬
‫هوא‪Q‬زوא ‪D 7‬ءو‬ ‫ز= א‬ ‫‪ A‬ف‪ d‬ىא! ‪d‬ت ‪d V W‬‬ ‫تא ?‬ ‫‪ ;92‬א ‪%‬‬
‫‪،‬و א ‪ ?5‬א > ى‪،‬و ‪ d V‬ت א ‪.Y 7‬‬ ‫‪d V‬تא‬
‫‪b‬‬ ‫!‬ ‫>‬ ‫و ‪ $ $‬א >‪I‬א‬ ‫א"‬ ‫ر א‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫א ;‬ ‫א !‪d‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬
‫‪ ،‬و ?‪ 7 r‬ت א‬ ‫ز‪ 2‬ت א" ‪ ،‬و ?‪ r‬א &‬ ‫‪ Y.‬א‬ ‫و‬ ‫' و‬ ‫א"‬
‫א >‪ 7‬د א ‪$‬‬ ‫א"‪ - .‬د= ‪: D .‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫و ‪ $‬و ‪ Y a‬ز= ‪ ;92 7‬א > ر و א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪ * a‬و א ?\ ء ‪;92‬‬ ‫و ‪6‬א‬ ‫ل ‪. D‬ت א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪;92‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪ 76‬א و‬
‫‪ ،19‬و‬ ‫א !رو ء‪d‬‬ ‫‪ & ;92‬ى א ‪ 5‬כ و ‪ = D‬א >‪I‬א و ‪(9 f 6d‬‬ ‫א&‬ ‫!‬
‫‪ - .1‬د א ‪.$5A‬‬ ‫( يو ‪d = 7‬‬ ‫אز= א ‪6‬ى =!‬ ‫( ر‪ D‬א & ق א‬
‫‪$ E‬‬
‫א‬ ‫و‬ ‫א‬ ‫و‪$‬‬ ‫א"‬ ‫‪ 5‬אن ‪ A‬ق א‬ ‫‪1T‬ل ‪6‬ه א رא‬
‫‪ 4‬ت א"‪12‬م و א" ‪ -‬ل‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫رא ‪6‬‬ ‫و و א" ! ر و א‬ ‫‪ $‬א‪ A‬ر א‬ ‫א &‪%‬‬
‫و א ! אء ; א‪ 89:‬دول‬ ‫‪ 9 2‬تא‬ ‫‪ ) * ،‬א (' ‪ 6TR‬א ( ‪ I‬א"‪d‬‬ ‫و א‪ - .‬د א‬
‫(‪ 79‬א ‪ %‬אم ‪ A‬ق א‬ ‫ل א ‪ ?5‬د א ر‪ .‬و *‬ ‫‪ 7!= ) * ،‬א م א‪ 4‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫و א" ن‪.‬‬ ‫א & ‪ 2‬و א &‪7‬‬ ‫زאت א ;‬ ‫‪1 C5 D‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫א"‬
‫‪;92‬‬ ‫‪1T‬ل א !>‬ ‫‪$‬א‬ ‫ر א(‬ ‫‪6‬א א‬ ‫א‪d‬‬ ‫ة‬ ‫' א >‪I‬א ‪4‬‬
‫! و‬ ‫= ?‪$‬‬ ‫و ‪ "e $‬אن א א‪ ' W= .‬אن א ‪ %‬אم ‪6‬ه א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪ %‬אم ‪ A‬ق א‬
‫‪ ;92‬א & ى א و ‪.$‬‬ ‫*‬ ‫‪C5 D J a‬‬

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‫‪، 2 a‬‬ ‫ب‬ ‫زאل ‪ D $‬א= ‪ $ P‬א >‪I‬א ]‬ ‫و‪$‬‬ ‫א"‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪e‬ن א ‪ %‬אم و‬
‫א ‪1‬ح א ‪ C5‬م א ‪ a $ 5‬ورة‬ ‫=>‬ ‫א‪A‬‬ ‫ىא‬ ‫א‬ ‫?‪ r‬א ‪ $2‬و א ‪?W‬‬ ‫"‬
‫و א ‪6‬ى‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪ > D b9‬رة א"‬ ‫ر א ! ع א ? ن ‪ 05/18‬א‬ ‫‪ . (9‬و ; ‪6‬א א"‪ A‬ر א‬
‫=( د ‪6‬א‬ ‫و ‪ . -J‬אذ‬ ‫و ‪ $‬دون אن (‪C5 D ;C‬‬ ‫א"‬ ‫قא‬ ‫=‪J‬‬ ‫‪ .‬م‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪ - r -%‬ص ‪.‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫و‪)* $‬‬ ‫א"‬ ‫א‬ ‫= فو‬ ‫א? ن و‬
‫‪1T‬ل ‪C5‬‬ ‫‪ * ;92‬ة‪ ،‬و‪ ;92 8>= P 92‬א ! ع אرכ ‪6‬א א ‪a‬‬ ‫‪ d C5‬و ‪ 9‬د‬
‫אن ‪6‬א " =‪ $J5‬אن ‪ 7J‬م א‬ ‫‪: D.79‬‬ ‫&‬ ‫={ א ( = א ?‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪ A‬قא‬
‫‪ > D b9‬رة‬ ‫ور א ? ن ‪ 05/18‬א‬ ‫‪ 4‬د ‪ $‬א ? ن א >‪I‬א ي ‪.‬‬ ‫و‪$‬‬ ‫א"‬
‫‪.‬ت‬ ‫‪1T‬ل ‪P C5‬‬ ‫א ? ن א > ري ‪1W‬‬ ‫‪ $‬א‪ A‬ر ‪ .‬א ‪ $‬א‪ T‬ى "‬ ‫و‬ ‫א"‬
‫و ‪.1W $‬‬ ‫و א &(‪ 8‬אو א ( = א"‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪ 5M‬א‬ ‫‪-‬א‪L I‬א‬
‫‪ > D b9‬رة‬ ‫‪1T‬ل א ? ن ‪ 05/18‬א‬ ‫‪ 59‬א ; אن א ! ع א >‪I‬א ي و‬
‫‪ $ 7 C5‬א‪ A‬ر‬ ‫و‪: D$‬‬ ‫א"‬ ‫א‬ ‫=( د אو = د و‬ ‫= فو‬ ‫و‬ ‫א"‬
‫و‪ $‬و א ;‬ ‫و א ‪ b= -‬א"‬ ‫א ? ن א > ري אو ‪ .‬ن א ‪ ?5‬אو א ? ض אو ‪ .‬ن א ‪.‬‬
‫אو א = = و א ! ‪f‬‬ ‫و א &(‪ 8‬א ‪5‬‬ ‫و‪. D‬تא‬ ‫و‬ ‫א‪ $ 7 4‬א ‪ ?5‬د א"‬ ‫=‬
‫ل ‪7D‬‬ ‫و ‪6 .$‬ه א"دوאت‬ ‫‪ $‬א"‬ ‫وא ( = א‬ ‫و‬ ‫א"‬ ‫و ‪ $‬وא ?‬ ‫א‬
‫אو ‪ = D‬א >‪I‬א ‪.‬‬ ‫אو א ‪%‬‬ ‫אء ‪ & ;92‬ى א ‪ 5‬כ א‬
‫;‬ ‫א‬ ‫و ‪ .‬א‪ d C5 2‬و‬ ‫=‪ - r-%‬ص ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ y*1‬אن א ! ع‬
‫‪$9‬‬ ‫&‬ ‫={ א ( = ‪&5 D‬‬ ‫‪ a‬ورة‬ ‫א‬ ‫و‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪C5‬‬ ‫א ‪7‬‬ ‫* ة ‪f6‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪6‬ه א‬
‫‪ -‬א * א! ت ‪:‬‬
‫و ‪ 4 Y9 % D $‬א ‪7‬‬ ‫א"‬ ‫א‬ ‫و‬ ‫אر ‪ .‬ن ‪ T‬ص ‪C5‬‬ ‫‪ a -‬ورة א‬
‫א" ‪ %‬אم ‪:‬‬ ‫و ‪ ?* [ a‬ق و א ‪I‬א ت ‪ d‬א‪ A‬אف א ? و ( = א &‪s‬و ت ‪* $‬‬
‫א ! وع ‪. 7‬‬
‫‪ ?59‬د و‬ ‫א"‬ ‫א‪I74‬ة א‬ ‫‪،‬و‬ ‫‪ .‬א ‪5‬‬ ‫א‪ 4‬אءאت א (‪ -‬ل ‪ ;92‬א‬ ‫‪7& -‬‬
‫و ‪.$‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪=7‬تא‬

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‫א >ر و‬ ‫‪،‬و !>‬ ‫و !> ‪ ;92 P‬א ‪ %‬אم ‪ . D‬ت א‬ ‫א‪A‬‬ ‫‪ { &( -‬א‬
‫= ‪.‬‬ ‫א‪ 5‬و‬ ‫‪ ;92‬א ‪ %‬א ‪ 7 d، 7‬و ‪ 9‬د‬ ‫א"‪ - .‬د=‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫א‬
‫* ) א ‪ 9( 74‬و ز= ‪7‬‬ ‫אء‬ ‫و‪$‬‬ ‫א"‬ ‫א ‪ %‬אم ‪ 7‬ت א‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫א"‪ - .‬د= ‪.‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪ ;92‬א > ر و א‬
‫א‪N‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫و ‪ ،‬א ‪s‬رخ ‪ ،2018/05/10 $‬א ‪ -‬در ‪ = > D‬ة א‬ ‫‪ > D b9‬رة א"‬ ‫‪ . -1‬ن ‪ 18/05‬א‬
‫‪ 2‬د ‪،28‬א ‪s‬ر‪.2018/05/16 $ T‬‬
‫‪ 7V‬دة א ‪ d‬رאه‪9d،‬‬ ‫و ‪،$‬א‪ A‬و* ‪5‬‬ ‫א"‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪$‬‬ ‫א ‪، -‬א ‪ C5‬م א ?‬ ‫‪ * -2‬א ‪2 Y‬‬
‫‪ & 9 ، = ?9D‬ن‪،2015،‬ص‪19‬‬ ‫א‪D D‬‬ ‫א (? ق ‪4‬‬
‫و ‪9> ،‬‬ ‫‪ > D b9‬رة א"‬ ‫ق א ? ن ر‪ 05/18 .‬א‬ ‫‪$‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫א"‬ ‫‪،‬א ‪-‬‬ ‫‪$4 =-3‬‬
‫א"‪ 7 4‬د א ?\ ‪،$‬א >‪ 2،12 9‬د ‪،02‬א = ‪،2020‬ص‪83‬‬
‫א ‪ -‬رف א >‪I‬א = ‪ ;? 9 ،‬א ‪C5‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪T d‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫א"‬ ‫אج‪،‬א ‪-‬‬ ‫*& ‪ ،‬אري‬ ‫‪-4‬ر*‬
‫‪D‬‬ ‫*&‬ ‫( = ت‪4،‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫وא‪.‬‬ ‫א"‪ - .‬د=‬ ‫א ( "ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫א >‪I‬א =‬ ‫א ‪-‬‬
‫‪،;92 D‬א !‪2004/05/14،Y9‬‬
‫‪، &4‬א ? ن‬ ‫و א ? ض و א &(‪ d6 ،8‬ة‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪ .‬ت א"‬ ‫ر‪،‬א‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪-5‬א ‪5‬‬
‫‪ 5‬ري‪ 2005، 5 5&. ،‬ص ‪14‬‬ ‫א ‪ %‬ص‪4،‬‬
‫‪ 4‬א & ‪bD‬‬ ‫‪ ?5 D b9‬و א ? ض א‬ ‫‪ .-6‬ن ‪ 11/03‬א‬
‫‪ 2‬د ‪ 52‬א ‪ -‬در‬ ‫‪ ?5 D b9‬و א ? ض א ‪s‬رخ ‪ ،2003/08/26 $‬א > = ة א‬ ‫‪ . -7‬ن ‪ 11/03‬א‬
‫‪ D‬ر=• ‪2003/08/27‬‬
‫א ? ن א > ري‪ ،‬ج ر‪ 2،‬د ‪ ،101‬א ‪ -‬در‬ ‫‪ -8‬א ? ن ‪،59/75‬א ‪s‬رخ ‪،1975/09/26 $‬א \‬
‫‪ ? D‬ن ‪،02/05‬א ‪s‬رخ ‪،2005/02/06 $‬ح ر‪ 2،‬د ‪،11‬א ‪s‬رخ‬ ‫لوא‬ ‫‪ 1975/12/19‬א‬
‫‪2005/02/09 $‬‬
‫‪ 4‬א & ‪bD‬‬ ‫و ‪،‬א‬ ‫‪ > D b9‬رة א"‬ ‫‪-9‬א ? ن ‪،05/18‬א ‪s‬رخ ‪ $‬א‬
‫‪.bD‬‬ ‫א ? ن ‪4 ،05/18‬‬ ‫‪ -10‬א دة ‪06‬‬
‫‪ ،bD‬ص ‪84‬‬ ‫‪4 ،‬‬ ‫‪$4 = -11‬‬
‫א ‪ 9‬م‬ ‫‪9d ،‬‬ ‫‪ $‬א >‪I‬א ‪ d6 ،‬ة‬ ‫?‪7‬‬ ‫و‪ $‬و ى‬ ‫א"‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬و‬ ‫‪ D -12‬رش א‬
‫אم א א‪ ،2013 $.‬ص ‪43‬‬ ‫א"‪ - .‬د= ‪4 ،‬‬

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‫و ‪ & ;92 $‬ى א ? ع א ‪،$ -‬‬ ‫א"‬ ‫א‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 2 -13‬س ‪،$ A J9D‬א ! وط א ‪1‬ز‬
‫(‬ ‫‪ $‬א" ‪ J‬א ‪ A % ، & 5 ،، W W‬و ?‪ 5‬ت‪4،‬‬ ‫א ‪-‬‬ ‫א ‪ ;? 9‬א ‪ * $5A‬ل א ‪C5‬‬
‫א ‪ 4/07-06 ، > 4،$(= D b= -‬אن ‪ 2005‬ص ‪07‬‬
‫‪،bD‬ص ‪.66‬‬ ‫‪ *-14‬א ‪ 2 Y‬א ‪4 ، -‬‬
‫אن‬ ‫و‬ ‫= و א" ‪" -‬ت א"‬ ‫‪D b9‬‬ ‫א ? ن ر‪ 04/18 .‬א‬ ‫‪ r5 -15‬א دة ‪ ? 46‬ة ‪03‬‬
‫א ‪ J‬ت א ?‪ 5‬א ; =( د ‪ f5D‬א >‪I‬א א ‪P‬‬ ‫= وא‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫א"‪ T‬ى ‪\%‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א! ت و و‬
‫''‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪ D‬و א"‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫و‬ ‫( = א" אل ‪4 b= A 2‬‬ ‫=‬
‫و ‪ ،‬א ‪s‬رخ ‪ 10 $‬ي ‪ (= ،2018‬د א ? א‪2‬‬ ‫= و א" ‪" -‬ت א"‬ ‫‪D b9‬‬ ‫‪ .‬ن ر‪ 04/18 .‬א‬
‫و ‪،‬ج ر‪ 2 ،‬د ‪ ،27‬در ‪ D‬ر=• ‪ 13‬ي ‪.2018‬‬ ‫= و א" ‪" -‬ت א"‬ ‫‪D ?9‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،bD‬ص ‪.05‬‬ ‫‪ 2-16‬س ‪4 ،$ A J9D‬‬
‫א ( =‪ W‬و‬ ‫א‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫א"‬ ‫تא ‪-‬‬ ‫ر א‪%‬‬ ‫‪I2 D‬ة‪،‬‬ ‫‪ 74 $A‬ة‪( ،‬‬ ‫‪ -17‬א‬
‫‪ $‬א >‪I‬א ‪ 9> ،‬א ( ث ‪$‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫א"‬ ‫ر א‪-‬‬ ‫א*‪ )= * $ -‬א‪ .‬وא ق‬ ‫א ?‪9( ، = 9‬‬
‫د ‪،2019،03‬ص ‪.03‬‬ ‫‪،‬א >‪،02 9‬א‬ ‫وא (‬ ‫א ‪ 9‬مא‬
‫א ‪ !5‬و‬ ‫‪ ،‬دאر א ‪?W‬‬ ‫א ‪ f5‬א ?‬ ‫و ‪ _ $‬אل و &‪s‬و‬ ‫‪ 9 -18‬ن ‪ Y a‬א‹ א ‪، =I‬א ( = א‬
‫א ز= ‪ ،‬ط ‪ 2،1‬ن ‪ ،2012‬ص ‪.34‬‬
‫‪،bD‬ص ‪.322‬‬ ‫אج‪4 ،‬‬ ‫‪ -19‬ر* *& ‪ ،‬אري‬
‫‪Société d’Automatisation des Transactions Interbancaires et de Monétique-20‬‬
‫‪€‬‬ ‫אو א = = ‪9‬‬ ‫‪ %‬אم א ( =‪1‬ت א ‪5‬‬ ‫א ‪ 5‬כ‪D‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫א ;‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ C‬م =‪ r%‬אوא‬ ‫‪-21‬و‬
‫ة א ; ‪ J‬ق ‪ 9 1‬ن د ج‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪ 2‬ت א > ‪ 7‬ر ‪ b= A 2‬א ! ت אو א"ورאق‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ C‬م =& [ ‪ D‬دل ‪ d‬رق א‬ ‫‪-22‬و‬
‫אو א"‪ 2 .‬ت א" אو א ‪ 9‬ت ‪ . D ;92‬ت א ‪.‬‬ ‫א > ر= אو א ( =‪1‬ت א‬
‫‪23 https://www.elwatan.com/a-la-une/seulement-2-des-commercants-sont-dotes-‬‬
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