My Work PDF

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF LECTURE
REMINDER SYSTEM
(SOFTWARE ALSO AVAILABLE)
ACADEMIC RESEARCH MATERIAL
WE ASSIST OUR CUSTOMERS BY PROVIDING QUALITY MATERIALS

FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH.
THIS MATERIAL IS FOR RESEARCH PURPOSES ONLY AND SHOULD

BE USED AS GUIDELINE.
DO NOT COPY VERBATIM (WORD FOR WORD)
TERMS OF USE
TERMS AND CONDITIONS APPLIED. SEE OUR WEBSITE “TERMS

AND CONDITIONS” PAGE https://sparklyn.com.ng/sparklyn-terms-
policy/
DO NOT COPY THIS MATERIAL VERBATIM.
STUDY THE BELOW MATERIAL CAREFULLY AND DEVELOP YOUR

OWN FRESH MATERIAL. THE FOLLOWING MATERIAL IS JUST A
GUIDELINE.
For more Project Topics and Materials
1
Visit: https://sparklyn.com.ng/project-and-seminar-
materials
2
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that this project work, “Design and Implementation of
Lecture Reminder System”, was written by Student’s Name with
Registration number Your Matric / Registration Number and has been
read and approved for the award of (Degree, ND, or HND) in the
department of (Your Department), Your School (SIAS, SBMT, SHSS),
Institution Address.
………………………………… ………………………….
Project Supervisor’s Name DATE
(Project Supervisor)
………………………………… ………………………….
Your HOD’s Name DATE

(Head of Department)
3
DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to God for his enabling grace, and to all computer enthusiasts who help to
make life a pleasant experience.
4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I owe my indebtedness to my Supervisor (Name of your Supervisor), the Head of Department
(Name of your HOD) and the Lecturers in the department of (Your Department) for their moral
support that facilitated the successful completion of my (Tertiary Institution level). I am
grateful to God Almighty and my parent for their financial support in my career. I really
appreciate you all for everything, Thank you very much.
5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARY PAGES
Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background of Study
1.3 Statement of Problems
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
1.5 Scope of Study
1.6 Significance of Study
1.7 Limitations of the Study
1.8 Definition of Terms
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
6
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Concept of Lecture Reminder System
2.2.1 Personal Organizer
2.2.2 Personal Data Assistant (PDA)
2.2.3 Short Message System (SMS)
2.2.4 Reminder
2.2.5 Desktop Calendar
2.3 Lecture Reminder SMS Application
2.3.1 Method of Sending SMS
2.4 SMS Gateway for Lecture Reminder System
2.5 Global System for Mobile Communication
2.6 Protocol for Lecture Reminder System
2.7 Lecture Reminder Web Portal
2.7.1 Types of Lecture Reminder Web Portals
2.8 Database for Student Web Portals
2.8.1 Merits of Integrating Databases in Web Applications
CHAPTER THREE
SYSTEM DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
3.1 Methodology Adopted
3.1.1 Problem Identification Using SSADM
3.2 Analysis of the Existing System
3.2.1 Dataflow of the Existing System
3.2.2 Disadvantages of the Existing System
7
3.2.3 Weakness of the existing System
3.3 Analysis of the Proposed System
3.3.1 Data Flow Diagram of the Proposed System
3.3.2 Advantages of the Proposed System
3.3.3 Justification of the Proposed System
3.4 Functional Requirements
3.4.1 Use Case Diagram of the Admin / User Privileges
3.5 Data Requirements
3.6 High Level Model of the Proposed System
CHAPTER FOUR
SYSTEM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
4.1 Objectives of the Design
4.2 Cohesion and Decomposition High level Model
4.3 Control Center / Overall Dataflow Diagram
4.3.1 Proposed System Operation Flowchart
4.4 System Specification and Design
4.4.1 Input and Output Specification
4.4.2 Database Specification and Design
4.4.3 Data Dictionary
4.5 Choice and Justification of Programming Language
4.6 Program Documentation
4.7 Implementation Techniques
4.8 Programming Module Specification
8
4.8.1 Installation
4.9 Computer Hardware Minimum Requirement
4.10 Software Requirement
4.11 Personnel / User Training
4.12 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Summary
5.3 Conclusion
5.4 Recommendation
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - “SOURCE CODE”
APPENDIX B - “OBJECT PROGRAM”
9
ABSTRACT
Lecture Reminder is a tool that permits academic students and lecturers to keep track of all the
things you need to know like due dates and locations. The aim of the study is to design and
implement a Lecture Reminder System that will notify students and lecturer about the
scheduled lecture date. In achieving this aim, the specific objectives were set out to develop a
Lecture Reminder System application software that will be compatible in any browser
accessible devices, and implement a system that will facilitate early notification / reminder of
scheduled lecture date, design a system that will flexible in terms of serving as a reminder
toward rescheduling of an impromptu lecture by course lecturer, thereby notifying students
about the new venue and time of lecture, develop a system that helps out the staff to make their
message receive are more manageable and easy to the check their task within the system, build
a system that give alert message using SMS application at the same time make things easier for
staff and lecturer to check their lecture scheduled date and venue. The motivation that led to
the implementation of the proposed system is that academic staff and lecturers forgets an
appointment that has been arranged, thereby not teaching / lecturing the course for the
schedule date, some Students omits lecture classes due to wrong scheduled venue and time as a
result of an impromptu change of venue and time, and lack of compatible devices to execute the
existing application software, hence the new system will be designated for all browser
accessible devices with data required. Lecture Reminder System has many features that very
helpful to the user. The first that can be described is calendar system. Calendar will be use as
a reference to the dates and the days that users are going to set. The user can view the current
date and month or the previous and next month calendar, the system will also help to arrange
the lecture with furtherance to their order of priority.
10
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Lecture Reminder is a tool that permits academic students and lecturers to know like due dates
and locations. Lecture Reminder has turned to be a very important tool in time management and
it is a common saying in time management that it is better to keep track of things using a system
rather than your memory. A Lecture Reminder System is important for busy people because we
do not have to remember all our academic works, and writing them down somewhere is not a
very good idea because then we have to keep track of that piece of paper. The Reminder System
lets you “set and forget” and then gets reminded when the lecture time comes and so it becomes
a perfect tool for lecturers and students.
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this
study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of
the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Limitation of the study and
Definition of technical terms.
1.2 Background of Study
Today, lecture reminder systems continue to evolve, incorporating advanced technologies such
as artificial intelligence and machine learning to provide more intelligent and predictive reminder
services. These systems are increasingly being integrated with broader academic management
11
platforms, offering holistic solutions that encompass not just reminders but also academic
performance tracking and personalized study recommendations. The ongoing development of
these systems reflects a growing understanding of the critical role that effective time
management plays in student success (Lee & Choi, 2020).
In the rapidly evolving landscape of higher education, efficient time management and
organizational skills are critical for student success. One of the persistent challenges faced by
students is keeping track of their academic schedules, including lectures, assignments, and
deadlines. The "Lecture Reminder System" is designed to address this issue by providing
automated reminders to help students manage their academic commitments more effectively.
The transition to digital calendars marked the first significant technological advance in reminder
systems. With the introduction of personal computers and later, internet-based applications,
students began using digital calendars to schedule their activities. Tools like Microsoft Outlook
and Google Calendar became popular in the late 1990s and early 2000s, offering features such as
automated reminders and synchronization across devices (Duffield, 2002) . However, these tools
were not specifically designed for academic environments and lacked integration with academic
schedules and learning management systems.
The next major development in lecture reminder systems came with the integration of reminder
functionalities into Learning Management Systems (LMS) like Blackboard, Moodle, and
Canvas. These systems, which gained widespread adoption in the 2000s, allowed educators to
post schedules, assignments, and announcements online. They also provided basic reminder
functionalities, such as email notifications and pop-up alerts for upcoming lectures and deadlines
(Watson & Watson, 2007) . Despite these advancements, the reminder capabilities of LMS were
often generic and not sufficiently customizable to meet individual student needs.
12
According to Johnson (2013), the proliferation of smartphones and mobile applications in the
2010s significantly transformed lecture reminder systems. Mobile apps such as my Homework
and Todoist offered more personalized and flexible reminder solutions, allowing students to set
specific notifications for lectures, exams, and assignment deadlines. These apps leveraged push
notifications and real-time updates to provide timely reminders, thereby improving adherence to
academic schedules (Johnson, 2013).
The challenges encountered that led to the execution of the research work is that, the availability
of academic calendars and schedules, students often struggle with remembering lecture times and
deadlines. A study by Nonis, Hudson, and Murray (2006) indicates that one of the major reasons
for poor academic performance is the inability to manage time efficiently, leading to missed
lectures and assignments. This is compounded by the fact that many students balance academic
responsibilities with part-time jobs and extracurricular activities.
Therefore, in Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri, Imo State where the research was carried out,
the activities that was conducted is to implement the Lecture Reminder System.
1.3 Statement of Problems
Investigation reveals the problems of the existing Lecture Reminder System:
1. The staff and lecturers forgets an appointment that has been arranged, thereby not
teaching / lecturing the course for the schedule date.
2. Some Students omits lecture classes due to wrong scheduled venue and time as a result of
an impromptu change of venue and time.
3. Lack of compatible devices to execute the existing application software, hence the new
system will be designated for all browser accessible devices with data required,
13
4. There too many messages sent at one time and the messages received are not fully
managed by administrative staff and cause the staff not alerts with the important messages,
5. The staff need to login the e-community to check for urgent and important message, where
is take time to check the appointment.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to design and implement a Lecture Reminder System that will notify
students and lecturer about the scheduled lecture date. In achieving this aim, the specific
objectives were set out as follows:
1. To develop a Lecture Reminder System application software that will be compatible in any
browser accessible devices,
2. To implement a system that will facilitate early notification / reminder of scheduled lecture
date,
3. To design a system that will flexible in terms of serving as a reminder toward rescheduling
of an impromptu lecture by course lecturer, thereby notifying students about the new venue
and time of lecture.
4. To develop a system that helps out the staff to make their message receive are more
manageable and easy to the check their task within the system.
5. To build a system that give alert message using SMS application at the same time make
things easier for staff and lecturer to check their lecture scheduled date and venue.
1.5 Scope of Study
The study focuses on the development of lecture reminder application software that will notify
students and lecturer about the scheduled lecture date and also reschedules lecture as instructed
by the course lecturer.

14
1.6 Significance of Study
Lecture Reminder System has many features that very helpful to the user. The first that can be
described is calendar system. Calendar will be use as a reference to the dates and the days that
users are going to set. The user can view the current date and month or the previous and next
month calendar. The system will also help to arrange the lecture with furtherance to their order
of priority.
Finally, this research work will be of immense importance to the researchers, since it is a
practical requirement for the award of Ordinary National Diploma (OND) in Science Technology
of the Institute of Management and Technology (IMT), Enugu. Besides, the study will serve as
reference material for subsequent researcher in the field or related topics.
1.7 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
1. Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to
school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher
not to implement some necessary features.
2. Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in
sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data
collection (internet).
1.8 Definition of Terms
1. Online Classes: These are classes conducted via electronic media, especially via the
Internet.
15
2. World Wide Web: World Wide Web simply called www is the most important tool of the
Internet.
3. Web Site: A website is a collection of many interconnected web pages organized by a
specific college, organization company etc, containing web pages (good and commodities)
on the Internet.
4. Hyperlinks: Hyperlinks are highlighted words and phrase you find on web documents that
you can click on as to jump to some other documents or Internet services.
16
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current
knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It
documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in
the topic selected.
2.2 Concept of Lecture Reminder System
According to Wikipedia (2021), Lecture Reminder System has many features that very helpful to
the user. The first that can be described is calendar system. Calendar will be used as a reference
to the dates and the days that users are going to set. The user can view the current date and
month or the previous and next month calendar. The system helps to arrange the task with
priority. The user needs to insert the new data or task to database before they can send SMS
as a reminder.The user or admin also can display all the data that has been inserted
before. Meanwhile,reminder will function to send SMS to the mobile phone after all the
information confirmed by the user such as phone number and task. The Lecture Reminder
system is an application that reminds students about the lecture that has been scheduled.
17
2.2.1 Personal Organizer
Personal Organizer (PO) is mostly like a diary. User will write everything in the PO for the
tasks that need to be done in the next day. So the user must always check it to remember the
entire task to getting prepared if they need to go somewhere or to finished any works. In
current PO, contains the features like Calendar, Phone Book, Notes, Expenses, Goals and
schedule.
2.2.1.1 Advantages
Personal Organizer are provided in many sizes, colors and patterns with different features
depends on the user to choose which one they want based on their interest and needed.The
user can be easily rewrite, change or store it because it’s a manually system.
2.2.1.2 Disadvantage
It can be stolen and other peoples can read the content because this PO doesn’t have a
security unless the user must keep the PO all the time. The user must always check the reminder
to ensure about the task that has been scheduled .
18
2.2.2 Personal Data Assistant (PDA)
The basic features of any PDA are date book,address book, task list and memo pad. While
these features are very helpful at keeping someone schedule organized, the feature that clinched
their utility for any busy persons who use a desktop computer is that of easy synchronization of
information with the desktop (Wikipedia, 2021).
2.2.2.1 Advantages
PDAs are often used by business man in order to assist the operations of their business for their
time management. It will be use and act as personal assistant in order to help user to organize the
task. There also contains many purpose functions like Telephone, SMS, WAP and email. It was
so efficient and effective, small size so it can save the space and also easier to carry anywhere
(Wikipedia, 2021).
2.2.2.2 Disadvantages
PDA is very expensive
19
2.2.3 Reminder
Reminder is a feature that is contained in a Mobile Phone. It is mostly like a program that will
automatically pop up a dialog box at computer startup time with the events that user wanted to
know based on the days set by user prior to their occurrence (Wikipedia, 2021).
20
2.2.3.1 Advantages
Reminder in mobile is provided in common Mobile Phone to remind the user.Online
Reminder is user friendly with so many choices of application in the internet for free
downloading. Reminder also has many ring tones to give user awake or alert user. Some of the
reminder in the Mobile Phone got the calendar to be referred at the time needed to be set. Since
this reminder was build in the Mobile Phone, so the user can carry it all the time and it can
also functions as alarm clock.
2.2.3.2 Disadvantages
In Mobile Phone, reminder has limited function that user cannot use for many purposes. Online
reminder, it is only pop up to the window, which means the user must turn on the PC first if they
want to see the schedule. The reminder also did not have the database to store all the information
about the task that will be reminds later.
2.2.4 Desktop Calendar
Desktop Calendar have the features such as notes, alarm, tasks and its data on user desktop
through the integration with existing wallpaper. The user can organize the task and notes or data
in layers and display at windows to make sure the user always remember the schedule all the
time they are turn on the computer.
21
2.2.4.1 Advantages
Lecturers and students makes use of this application by installing on their computer. This is
because desktop calendar is very interesting and got many features that provided and using
a graphically design to manage the task. When user is using their computer but at the same
time the schedule that has been set reaches the time, the message will be display to inform the
user.
2.2.4.2.Disadvantages
Although it is provided so many features but it cannot give alertness to the user through the
mobile phone and the user must turn on the computer first to see the task that has been schedule.
Meanwhile, desktop calendar still need to be upgrade because the database was limited and did
not recognize the user because it is freeware and also did not secure as well (Wikipedia, 2021).
2.3 Lecture Reminder SMS Application
The Short Message Service (SMS) is the ability to send and receive text messages to and from
mobile phones. The txt can comprise of words or numbers or an alphanumeric combination.
SMS was created as part of the GSM Phase 1 standard. The first short message is believed to
have been sent in December 1992 from a Personal Computer (PC) to a mobile phone on the
Vodafone GSM network in the United Kingdom. Each short message is up to 160 characters is
length when Latin alphabets are used and 10 characters in length when non- Latin alphabets such
as Arabic and Chinese are used (Calum Macleod, 2004). SMS can be used and incorporated to
22
provide commercial services like news flashes, sports, travel information like flight timings and
status. SMS Applications can be built by interfacing them to an SMSC, which is the central
component in a SMS network. However there are many SMSC and each vendor’s SMSC support
its own protocol. Standard protocols are not common and application complexity increases due
to the varied protocols platforms and environment. SMS Gateway allows applications to be built
on standard Internet development Platforms by translating SMSC specifics protocols into
industry standard HTTP formats (Wikipedia, 2021).
The use of internet-based environment for SMS applications also means that most standard
HTML web-applications can be easily adapted and used to start providing services over SMS.
This is the type of applications that has been chosen. Advertising: SMS can be used to send
targeted alerts to a user. The user would sign up to the system to receive special alerts informing
the user about the upcoming events. Additionally, business also can use SMS as a form of low-
cost advertising (Steven M.Schafer, 2004).
2.3.1 Method of Sending SMS
For any system that using SMS as their application, the developer must consider the method on
how to make sure the SMS will be successfully sent to the user. So, there are three methods to
make it possible in order to sending SMS from the application (Calum Macleod, 2004.)
2.3.1.1 Line Provider
In Malaysia, there are many line provided such as Telecom Malaysia, Maxis, Celcom, DiGi and
Jaring. These providers are the second party that responsible for the line to make it user be able
to communicate. The TELCO is an organization that acts as the third party to deal with them to
rent a line to sending SMS either from the Mobile Phone or an application.
23
2.3.1.2.SMS Gateway for Lecture Reminder System
SMS Gateway is a utility which enables us to send & receive text and binary Short Messages
over GSM / PCS digital cellular telephone networks. This consists of an interactive messaging
application with the source code, and a standalone messaging gateway to other windows
applications through the use of DDE, OLE, & Command Line Interface. Since SMS Gateway
supports POP3 for message transmission and SMTP for message reception it can be integrated
with any email environment without need for custom development (Wikipedia, 2021).
24
2.3.1.3 Global System for Mobile Communication
The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network is the wireless standard chosen
by some 170 countries around the world as the system of choice for digital wireless
communications. This standard operates predominantly on the 900 and 1800 MHz frequency and
is employed in most parts of Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia (Vijay K. Garg & Joseph
E.Wilkes, 1999). GSM has rapidly become the most widely accepted and adopted wireless
standard in the world.
2.4.Protocol for Lecture Reminder System
SMS has become a popular mode of transmitting short text messages. SMS application
development is fairly simple and is designed to work with standard Internet protocols such as
SMTP and HTTP (Wikipedia, 2021).
SMS is a universal data service and is supported in GSM, TDMA, and CDMA networks. A SMS
can originate from an external system such as email or mobile device and is routed through the
network, via the short messaging service centre (SMSC), to its destination. A distinguishing
feature of SMS is its ability to deliver messages any time, regardless of whether data or voice
calls are in progress. Writing a SMS application is fairly simple. Carriers have made it difficult,
however for developers to write SMS applications because the carriers would have tp expose
25
their APIs, making them available over TCP/IP, which they are reluctant to do. However, most
of the carriers have exposed Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP), which allows developers
to write short text messages through an email interface.
2.5.Lecture Reminder Web Portal
A web portal is a specially designed website that brings information from diverse sources, like
emails, online forums and search engines, together in a uniform way. Usually, each information
source gets its dedicated area on the page for displaying information (a portlet); often, the user
can configure which ones to display.
A portal may use a search engine's application programming interface (API) to permit users to
search intranet content as opposed to extranet content by restricting which domains may be
searched. Apart from this common search engines feature, web portals may offer other services
such as e-mail, news, stock quotes, information from databases and even entertainment content.
26
27
Web portals are sometimes classified as horizontal or vertical. A horizontal portal is used as a
platform to several companies in the same economic sector or to the same type of manufacturers
or distributors. A vertical portal (also known as a "vortal") is a specialized entry point to a
specific market or industry niche, subject area, or interest. Some vertical portals are known as
"vertical information portals" (VIPs). VIPs provide news, editorial content, digital publications,
and e-commerce capabilities. In contrast to traditional vertical portals, VIPs also provide
dynamic multimedia applications including social networking, video posting, and blogging.
2.6 .1 Types Of Web Portals
The following are the various types of web portals and they include;
1. Personal: A personal portal is a Web Page at a Web site on the World Wide Web or a
local HTML home page including JavaScript and perhaps running in a modified Web
browser. A personal portal typically provides personalized capabilities to its visitors or its
local user, providing a pathway to other content. It may be designed to use distributed
applications, different numbers and types of middleware and hardware to provide
services from a number of different sources and may run on a non-standard local Web
server (Susan, 2011).
28
2.Government:Many governments had
already committed to creating government web portal sites for their citizens. These
included primary portals to the governments as well as portals developed for specific
branches (e.g., a particular government ministry, department or agency), or for specific
sub-audiences (e.g., senior citizens, parents, post-secondary students, etc.). Notable
government web portals include:
 Australia.gov.au for Australia.
 Disability.gov for citizens with disabilities in the United States.
 USA.gov for the United States.
3. Cultural: Cultural portals aggregate digitized cultural collections of galleries, libraries

(see: library portal), archives and museums. This type of portal provides a point of access
to invisible Web cultural content that may not be indexed by standard search engines.
Digitized collections can include scans or digital photos of books, artworks, photography,
journals, newspapers, maps, diaries and letters and digital files of music, sound
recordings, films, and archived websites as well as the descriptive metadata associated
with each type of cultural work (e.g., metadata provides information about the author,
publisher,e.t.c)
29
30
4.Search: Search portals aggregate results from several search engines into one page.
you can find search portals specialized in a product, for example property search
portals,Library search portals are also known as discovery interfaces.
8. TENDER: A tender portal is a gateway for government suppliers to bid on providing
goods and services. Tender portals allow users to search, modify, submit, review and
archive data in order to provide a complete online tendering process. Using online
tendering, bidders can do any of the following:
 Receive notification of the tenders.
 Receive tender documents online.
 Fill out the forms online.
 Submit proposals and documents.
 Submit bids online.
31
9. Hosted: Hosted Web portals gained popularity and a number of companies began
offering them as a hosted service. The hosted portal market fundamentally changed the
composition of portals. In many ways they served simply as a tool for publishing
information instead of the loftier goals of integrating legacy applications or presenting
correlated data from distributed databases. The early hosted portal companies such as
Hyperoffice.com or the now defunct InternetPortal.com focused on collaboration and
scheduling in addition to the distribution of corporate data. As hosted Web portals have
risen in popularity their feature set has grown to include hosted databases, document
management, email, discussion forums and more. Hosted portals automatically
personalize the content generated from their modules to provide a personalized
experience to their users. In this regard they have remained true to the original goals of
the earlier corporate Web portals. Emerging new classes of Internet portals called Cloud
Portals are showcasing the power of API (Application Programming Interface) rich
software systems leveraging SOA (service-oriented architecture, Web services, and
custom data exchange) to accommodate machine to machine interaction creating a more
fluid user experience for connecting users spanning multiple domains during a given
"session". Cloud portals like Nubifer Cloud Portal show what is possible using Enterprise
Mashup and Web Service integration approaches to building cloud portals (Susan, 2011).
10. Domain-Specific: A number of portals have come about which are specific to a
particular domain, offering access to related companies and services; a prime example of
this trend would be the growth in property portals that give access to services such as
estate agents, removal firm, and solicitors that offer conveyancing. Along the same lines,
32
industry-specific news and information portals have appeared, such as the clinical trials-
specific portal.
2.6.2 Database for Student Web Portals
Using database technology to gather, store and process information about your customers,
suppliers and even competitors can give your business a distinct advantage. A sophisticated
relational database management system can help you store a vast amount of data which, as it
builds up over time, can become increasingly useful and valuable. For example:
 Historical data can show you business trends
 Sales records can identify valuable customers
A good database design is important in ensuring consistent data, elimination of data
redundancy, efficient execution of queries and high performance application. The outline of the
table allows data to be consistent. Implementation of primary keys and unique constraints
ensures consistency in the stored data (Seyle, 2014).
Your gathering, storage and processing of customers' personal data must comply with data
protection legislation, including the requirement not to collect or process excessive or
unnecessary personal data. Under the GDPR, you must ensure the personal data you are
processing is:
 Adequate - sufficient to properly fulfil your stated purpose
 Relevant - has a rational link to that purpose
 Limited to what is necessary - you do not hold more than you need for that purpose.
Managing information means taking care of it so that it works for us and is useful for the tasks
we perform. By using a DBMS, the information we collect and add to its database is no longer
subject to accidental disorganization. It becomes more accessible and integrated with the rest of
33
our work. Managing information using a database allows us to become strategic users of the
data we have. We often need to access and re-sort data for various uses. These may include:
 Creating mailing lists
 Writing management reports
 Generating lists of selected news stories
 Identifying various client needs
The processing power of a database allows it to manipulate the data it houses, so it can: Sort,
Match, Link, Aggregate, Skip fields, Calculate, Arrange, etc.
Because of the versatility of databases, we find them powering all sorts of projects. A database
can be linked to:
 A website that is capturing registered users
 A client-tracking application for social service organizations
 A medical record system for a health care facility
 Your personal address book in your email client
 A collection of word-processed documents
 A system that issues airline reservations
2.7 Merits of Integrating Databases in Web Applications
Developing a database for any system can help you:
1. Reduce the amount of time you spend managing data.
2. Analyze data in a variety of ways.
3. Promote a disciplined approach to data management.
4. Turn disparate information into a valuable resource.
5. Improve the quality and consistency of information.
34
Many businesses do not have the time or resources available to gather and process large
quantities of information. This may lead to a lack of information about:
How their business is performing, how profitable their product lines are, If customers are making
repeat purchases, etc (Samuel, 2010).
However, the following key benefits can be identified when using databases for web applications
and they include;
1. Self-Describing Nature Of A Database System: A database system is referred to as self-
describing because it not only contains the database itself, but also metadata which defines
and describes the data and relationships between tables in the database. This information is
used by the DBMS software or database users if needed. This separation of data and
information about the data makes a database system totally different from the traditional
file-based system in which the data definition is part of the application programs.
2. Insulation between Program and Data: In the file-based system, the structure of the data
files is defined in the application programs so if a user wants to change the structure of a
file, all the programs that access that file might need to be changed as well. On the other
hand, in the database approach, the data structure is stored in the system catalogue and not
in the programs. Therefore, one change is all that is needed to change the structure of a file.
This insulation between the programs and data is also called program-data independence
(Rodrigue, 2018).
3. Support for Multiple Views of Data: A database supports multiple views of data. A view
is a subset of the database, which is defined and dedicated for particular users of the
system. Multiple users in the system might have different views of the system. Each view
might contain only the data of interest to a user or group of users.
35
4. Sharing of Data and Multiuser System: Current database systems are designed for
multiple users. That is, they allow many users to access the same database at the same time.
This access is achieved through features called concurrency control strategies. These
strategies ensure that the data accessed are always correct and that data integrity is
maintained. The design of modern multiuser database systems is a great improvement from
those in the past which restricted usage to one person at a time.
5. Control Of Data Redundancy: In the database approach, ideally, each data item is stored
in only one place in the database. In some cases, data redundancy still exists to improve
system performance, but such redundancy is controlled by application programming and
kept to minimum by introducing as little redundancy as possible when designing the
database (Sean, 2010).
6. Data Sharing: The integration of all the data, for an organization, within a database system
has many advantages. First, it allows for data sharing among employees and others who
have access to the system. Second, it gives users the ability to generate more information
from a given amount of data than would be possible without the integration.
7. Enforcement Of Integrity Constraints: Database management systems must provide the
ability to define and enforce certain constraints to ensure that users enter valid information
and maintain data integrity. A database constraint is a restriction or rule that dictates what
can be entered or edited in a table such as a postal code using a certain format or adding a
valid city in the City field. There are many types of database constraints. Data type, for
example, determines the sort of data permitted in a field, for example numbers only. Data
uniqueness such as the primary key ensures that no duplicates are entered. Constraints can
be simple (field based) or complex (programming).
36
8. Restriction Of Unauthorized Access: Not all users of a database system will have the
same accessing privileges. For example, one user might have read-only access (i.e., the
ability to read a file but not make changes), while another might have read and write
privileges, which is the ability to both read and modify a file. For this reason, a database
management system should provide a security subsystem to create and control different
types of user accounts and restrict unauthorized access (Donna, 2019).
9. Data Independence: Another advantage of a database management system is how it allows
for data independence. In other words, the system data descriptions or data describing data
(metadata) are separated from the application programs. This is possible because changes to
the data structure are handled by the database management system and are not embedded in
the program itself.
10. Transaction Processing: A database management system must include concurrency
control subsystems. This feature ensures that data remains consistent and valid during
transaction processing even if several users update the same information.
11. Provision for Multiple Views Of Data: By its very nature, a DBMS permits many users to
have access to its database either individually or simultaneously. It is not important for
users to be aware of how and where the data they access is stored
12. Backup And Recovery Facilities: Backup and recovery are methods that allow you to
protect your data from loss. The database system provides a separate process, from that of
a network backup, for backing up and recovering data. If a hard drive fails and the database
stored on the hard drive is not accessible, the only way to recover the database is from a
backup.
37
If a computer system fails in the middle of a complex update process, the recovery
subsystem is responsible for making sure that the database is restored to its original state.
These are two more benefits of a database management system (Michael, 2010).
38
CHAPTER THREE
SYSTEM DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
3.1 Methodology Adopted
The structured system analysis and design methodology (SSADM) was adopted for the analysis,
design and implementation of this system. Structured systems analysis and design methodology
(SSADM) is a set of standards for systems analysis and application design. It uses a formal
methodical approach to the analysis and design of information systems.
SSADM follows the waterfall life cycle model starting from the feasibility study to the physical
design stage of development. One of the main features of SSADM is the intensive user
involvement in the requirements analysis stage. The users are made to sign off each stage as they
are completed assuring that requirements are met. The users are provided with clear, easily
understandable documentation consisting of various diagrammatic representations of the system.
SSADM breaks up a development project into stages, modules, steps and tasks. The first and
foremost model developed in SSADM is the data model. It is a part of requirements gathering
and consists of well defined stages, steps and products. The techniques used in SSADM are
logical data modeling, data flow modeling and entity behavior modeling.
a) Logical Data Modeling: This involves the process of identifying, modeling and
documenting data as a part of system requirements gathering. The data are classified
further into entities and relationships.
b) Data Flow Modeling: This involves tracking the data flow in an information system. It
clearly analyzes the processes, data stores, external entities and data movement.
c) Entity Behavior Modeling: This involves identifying and documenting the events
influencing each entity and the sequence in which these events happen.
39
3.1.1 Problem Identification Using SSADM
The SSADM was used to discover some problems;
a) Feasibility Study: This assumes that the proposed project has been identified as a result of
an exercise such as strategic planning and sets out to evaluate the various technical,
organizational, financial and business options available. The aim is to establish the whether
the direction and requirements of the project are feasible. The aim is to evaluate the
feasibility of the proposal, involving an analysis of the problem and determination of the
best solution; usually a range of potential solutions are presented.
b) Investigation of the Environment: The process of identifying, modeling and documenting
the data requirements of the system being designed. The result is a data model containing
entities (things about which a business needs to record information), attributes (facts about
the entities) and relationships (associations between the entities).
c) Business System Option (BSO): A BSO defines the functional scope of a proposed
solution. At its most basic level it consists of textual descriptions of those requirements
satisfied by the solution. All BSOs must satisfy the minimum requirement as identified by
user representatives.
d) Requirement Certification: Requirement Certificate aims to equip the learner or end user
(client) with the advanced knowledge of project management and will enable the learner to
understand the system requirement to uphold the project management required parameters.
e) Technical System Option (Implementation): There is availability of software, hardware
and technical man power for the development and running of the new system. Hence the
system is technically feasible as the requirement can be met without stress and much
financial input. The software and hardware requirements include an Integrated
40
Development Environment for web based applications, a standard PC for running this
application, a local server and an up to date web browser for testing. As a programmer, the
researcher can provide these requirements with ease and as such, this project is technically
feasible.
f) Logical Design: Technical system options are production and logical design updates and
query processing and system dialogue.
g) Physical Design: physical database design and a set of program specifications Program
specifications are using the logical system specification and the technical system
specification.
3.2 Analysis of the Existing System
The analysis of the existing system comprises the following;
a) Input Analysis: The input of layout of the existing system comprises user intervention
such as; filling of registration form, and login into system.
b) Process Analysis: The user will register at the first use of the application and the user must
be connected to the internet at least for the first use of the application after which he/she
will no longer to be connected to the internet to use the application. The third step has two
values, true or false. In the true case, the application downloads the preloaded timetable
and this makes the reminder to be eligible for the next procedure. While in the false case,
the application brings out an error message that displays that there is no internet
connection.
The next step also has two values, true or false. In the false case, the reminder is updated
while in the true case, the application prompts the user to enter his/her courses and the time
stipulated for those courses and then moves on to get the reminder updated.
41
c) Output Analysis: The output from the system designed is generated from the system
inputs. These reports can also be presented as hard copy.
3.2.1 Dataflow of the Existing System
LECTURE REMINDER SYSTEM
Input Analysis Output Analysis
Process Analysis
Fill Registration Produce Result
Form
Process Reminder
Opening Account Request Generate Report
Login to System Process New Account
Validate Login Details
Figure 3.2.1: Dataflow of the Existing System
3.2.2 Disadvantages of the Existing System
Some of the problems identified in the present system include:
1. The speed of processing data manually is low and prone to errors.
2. The current process is stressful to end users
3. Things done manually were very uncomfortable.
42
3.2.3 Weakness of the existing System
The following are the weakness of the existing system;
1. Some Students omits lecture classes due to wrong scheduled venue and time as a result of
an impromptu change of venue and time.
2. Lack of compatible devices to execute the existing application software, hence the new
system will be designated for all browser accessible devices with data required,
3. There too many messages sent at one time and the messages received are not fully
managed by administrative staff and cause the staff not alerts with the important messages,
4. The staff need to login the e-community to check for urgent and important message, where
is take time to check the appointment.
3.3 Analysis of the Proposed System
An overview of the proposed system flow chat has a relationship between an object to another
just like the entity. Relationship diagram, the object relationship pair can be graphically
represented by a diagram called entity relationship diagram (Entity Relationship Diagram). It is
mainly used in database applications but now it is more commonly used in data design. The
primary purpose of ERD is to represent the relationship between data object.
43
3.3.1 Data Flow Diagram of the Proposed System
This is a data flowchart of the proposed system as shown in figure 3.2.
Sends Details Success / Failure
ADMIN TABLE ADMIN
Found / Not Found Login Details

LOGIN ACCOUNT
Found / Not Found Login Details
Success / Failure
USER TABLE REMINDER
Success / Failure
Sends Details
Registration Details
REGISTER
Figure 3.2: Data Flow Diagram of the Proposed System
3.3.2 Advantages of the Proposed System
The following are the advantages of the proposed Lecture Reminder System;
a) The system will be compatible in any browser accessible devices,
b) It will facilitate early notification / reminder of scheduled lecture date,
c) It will flexible in terms of serving as a reminder toward rescheduling of an impromptu
lecture by course lecturer, thereby notifying students about the new venue and time of
lecture.
d) It will helps out the staff to make their message receive are more manageable and easy to
the check their task within the system.
44
3.3.3 Justification of the Proposed System
of priority.
The end-user needs to insert the new data or lecture task to database before they can send SMS
as a reminder. The user or admin also can display all the data that has been inserted before.
Meanwhile, reminder will functioning to send SMS to the mobile phone after all the information
confirmed by the user such as phone number and task. Then the report message will be generated
to show that the SMS reminder has successfully sent to the user. The report also will contain the
information of the message sent.
3.4 Functional Requirements
The following figure 3.4 shows the various modules involved in the system and available to
users who have limited access and to the Admin who have full access to the system.
45
3.4.1 Use Case Diagram of the Admin / User Privileges
Update Record
Notifies End-User
Activate Account
Figure 3.3: Use Case diagram of the

Admin
ADMIN
View Reminder
Input Password
END-USER
Open Account
Figure 3.4: Use Case diagram of the User (Client)
3.5 Data Requirements
The following are the data requirements of new and existing users in the system. New users are
required to create an account by providing some necessary information;
a) Email Address: The user's email address is required during registration and subsequent
login on the system.
46
b) Password: The user is required to enter a secured password or pin during registration and
subsequent login on the system
c) User Name: The user is required to enter a nickname which he/she will be addressed as
subsequently for security reasons.
d) Contact: This field contains the contact of the system user.
e) Passport: This field contains the photograph or picture of the account holder or system
user.
f) Address: This field contains the address of the system user.
3.6 High Level Model of the Proposed System
The high level model of the proposed system is illustrated below;
HOME Admin END-USER (Client)
Update Record
Register to System
Notifies End-User
Activate Account View Reminder
Respond Verify Lecture Date
Input Personal Data
Verify Lecture Venue
Figure 3.5: High Level Model of the Proposed System
47
CHAPTER FOUR
SYSTEM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
4.1 Objectives of the Design
The following are the objectives of the proposed Lecture Reminder System design;
1. To develop a Lecture Reminder System application software that will be compatible in any
browser accessible devices,
2. To implement a system that will facilitate early notification / reminder of scheduled lecture
date,
3. To design a system that will flexible in terms of serving as a reminder toward rescheduling
of an impromptu lecture by course lecturer, thereby notifying students about the new venue
and time of lecture.
4. To develop a system that helps out the staff to make their message receive are more
5. To build a system that give alert message using SMS application at the same time make
4.2 Cohesion and Decomposition High level Model
Description: This is a cohesion and Decomposition High level Model
Admin
Update Record Ensure Lecture Activate Account Deactivate Account

Notification
Figure 4.1: Admin User Privileges
48
Client
(User)
Register to Verify Lecture Input Personal

View Reminder Verify Lecture Data
System Venue
Date
Figure 4.2: Client (User) Privileges
49
4.3 Control Center / Overall Dataflow Diagram
Description: This is a control center / overall dataflow diagram
Input from keyboard
Process
Result to screen
Disk storage Report (output)
Figure 4.3: Control Center / Overall Dataflow Diagram
50
4.3.1 Proposed System Operation Flowchart
Description: The diagram below entails the proposed system operation flowchart
Start
Enter Contact
\
Validate Contact
Input User ID
(Matric No.)
Send Lecture Reminder
Answer security question (Network) B
NO
Are answers correct? Display Error message
YES
Send Request
Save
Stop
Figure 4.4: Proposed System Operation Flowchart
51
4.1 System Specification and Design
4.4.1 Input and Output Specification
Description: The diagram below entails the Input and Output Specification of the proposed
system.
Lecture ID
Enter Lecture ID
Password:
Enter Password
Sign In Register Here
Figure 4.5: Input Specification for Login System
Login Successful
Or
Login Unsuccessful
Figure 4.6: Output Specification for the System
4.4.2 Database Specification and Design
The Lecture Reminder System database contains two (2) tables which are Lecture Reminder, and
Register table:
52
Table 4.1: Lecture Reminder table structure
S/N Field Name Type Size

1. Id Integer 30
2. Reminder Varchar 50
3. Destination Varchar 200
4. Comment mediumtext
5. Status Varchar 50
6. Contact Varchar 30
7. LastDatereminde Timestamp
d
Table 4.4: Register table structure
S/N Field Name Data type Size

1. Id Integer 30
2. Fname Varchar 100
3. Gender Varchar 10
4. Address Varchar 1000
5. Photo Varchar 255
6. pn Varchar 30
7. pass Varchar 100
8. Datereg timestamp
4.4.3 Data Dictionary
The data dictionary table contains the list of field and their description used in the database table
structure designation.
53
Table 4.5: LectureReminder table structure
S/N Field Name Description

1. Id This field signifies the unique identification of
the table and it’s a primary key.
2. Contact It contains the phone number of the end-user
3. LastDatereques It signifies the date of lecture reminder.
4. State It has 2 states which are; processing and ready
5. It consist of the list of states within a specific
Location
country
6. Fname It signifies the full name of the End-user
7. Gender It signifies the gender of the End-user
8. Address It signifies the address of the End-user
9. It signifies the bank verification number (BVN)
Photo
of the End-user
10. Pn It contains the passport photo of the End-user
11. Pass It contains the end-user’s password / pin
12. Datereg Date of registration
4.5 Choice and Justification of Programming Language
To ensure a standardized object oriented program in its entire ramification, HTML, CSS,
JAVASCRIPT, PHP and MYSQL Database was used in the development of Lecture Reminder
System. These entire programs are used to ensure effective program. The motive behind the use
of the language is its compatibility with several Operating Systems. It is object oriented and
combines the feature of hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) and JavaScript platform thereby making it
to run on any Operating System. It is secured in that it does not cause harm to user’s system and
access to information is restricted. The language is simple and easy to learn.
Below is a brief explanation of the programming languages used;
HTML: HTML is a markup language for describing web documents (web pages).
1. HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
54
2. A markup language is a set of markup tags
3. HTML documents are described by HTML tags
4. Each HTML tag describes different document content
CSS: stands for Cascading Style Sheet, it describes how HTML elements are to be displayed on
screen, paper, or in other media. CSS saves a lot of work. It can control the layout of multiple
web pages all at once and External style sheets are stored in CSS files
JAVASCRIPT: JavaScript is the programming language of HTML and the Web. Programming
makes computers do what you want them to do. JavaScript is easy to learn.
Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP): PHP is a server scripting language, and a powerful tool for
making dynamic and interactive Web pages. PHP is a widely-used, free, and efficient alternative
to competitors such as Microsoft's ASP.
MYSQL: SQL is a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases. SQL stands for
Structured Query Language, SQL lets you access and manipulate databases, and SQL is an ANSI
(American National Standards Institute) standard. SQL can perform the following task;
1. SQL can execute queries against a database
2. SQL can retrieve data from a database
3. SQL can insert records in a database
4. SQL can update records in a database
5. SQL can delete records from a database
6. SQL can create new databases
7. SQL can create new tables in a database
8. SQL can create stored procedures in a database
9. SQL can create views in a database
55
10. SQL can set permissions on tables, procedures, and views
4.6 Program Documentation
The main purpose of program documentation is to describe the design of your program. The
documentation also provides the framework in which to place the code. As coding progresses,
the code is inserted into the framework already created by the program documentation. The
following was documented for the successful implementation of the software;
a) README file which contains a brief description of the project, installation instructions, a
short example/tutorial,
b) Document your code which comprises application of coding conventions, such as file
organization, comments, naming conventions, programming practices, etc.
c) Version of the files along with the major edits you did in each version
4.7 Implementation Techniques
The software Implementation is a process carried out to make changes on the tested programs
developed in the system. The software will be installed successfully if the hardware requirement
and the software requirement are available. The following phase contains how the software was
implemented successfully;
1) Coding: The coding system has been developed to meet the following main objectives;
a) To develop a Lecture Reminder System application software that will be compatible in
any browser accessible devices,
b) To implement a system that will facilitate early notification / reminder of scheduled
lecture date,
56
c) To design a system that will flexible in terms of serving as a reminder toward
rescheduling of an impromptu lecture by course lecturer, thereby notifying students
about the new venue and time of lecture.
d) To develop a system that helps out the staff to make their message receive are more
e) To build a system that give alert message using SMS application at the same time make
2) File conversion: During file setup it is necessary to convert the existing master file to a new
page. This new form is the responsibility of the newly designed, which undergoes the process of
converting the old system master file to a new one.
System Conversion is a transformation process stage in system implementation at which the
newly designed system is put in place of the old system by the organization after been tested and
documented to prove that it is working. It is a significant milestone after which the ownership of
the system if been officially transferred from the researcher (analyst) and the programmer to the
end user.
The under listed are various system conversion briefly described to enable the implementation
process.
a) Parallel System of Conversion: This takes place simultaneously at the same time, runs
between the old and new system until probably the new system is completely put in place
and the old system discarded.
b) Direct System of Conversion: This takes place automatically at a time over a short
period of time. It saves cost, manages time and enhances fast operation but finds to a high
risk of failure without new system comparability.
57
3) Changeover Procedure:
This is the process of changing from the former or previous system to the new system. In a
changeover procedure, the organization change from the existing system to new system. This can
be done in one of the following ways:
a) Parallel Changeover: This is the process of running the two systems simultaneously and
comparing their results until the new system proves satisfactory; after which the use of the
new system would be commenced.
b) Direct Changeover: This is the case whereby the new system replaced the old system
immediately after development and when it must have proved successful. This procedure
may be drastic if the new system fails.
c) Phased Changeover: In phased changeover method, the system usually starts with one
unit or department of the organization. The advantage is that the organization would avoid
losses in case it (the new system) fails.
4) Commissioning: This is the process of ensuring that installed systems are functionally
tested and capable of being operated and conform to the design intention.
4.8 Programming Module Specification
Programming module specification follows successful implementation and incorporates also
evaluation of the system in order to give the desired or necessary improvement. It includes
monitoring the process of the other stages of system development to ensure that the development
plan and objective are being accomplished. There are three types of system maintenance which
include;
a) Corrective Maintenance: This covers maintenance, which is needed to put right coding
errors and other faults, which may be introduced into the software. It include, the routine
58
“debugging” of newly produced or recently amended code and emergency error
correction in response to report faults.
b) Adaptive Maintenance: This covers the changes which are made to the software to meet
new or changed circumstances, such as restructuring of a database, alternatives in
operating procedures and changes to hardware or software versions.
c) Preventive Maintenance: This covers attempts to make the software perform more
effectively. It includes user requests for enhancement, improvement due to experience,
changes to make the software more easy to use and rewrite the code to make the
maintenance that is specifically used for the new system to reduce its chances of
breakages.
4.8.1 Installation
The following are the steps required for the installation of the new Lecture Reminder System;
Installing Software from the CD Drive or Flash Drive
Step 1: Insert and Open you Compact Disk (CD)
Step 2: Copy the “lecture-reminder-system” folder and paste in your WAMP server Path to
Paste the folder: C:\wamp\www\
Step 3: Turn on your Window Apache MySQL and PHP (WAMP Server 2.4)
Step 4: Open your browser e.g Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome.
Step 5: Type in this URL below on your address bar of your browser
localhost/phpmyadmin/
Step 6: Ensure the username is root and password is empty before clicking on Go button
Step 7: Click on Import and Browse your computer to search for lreminder.db
Path: C: \wamp\www\lecture-reminder-system\db
59
Step 8: Click and open on lreminder, then click on Go button below the import page.
Step 9: Type in this URL below to execute the Software
127.0.0.1/lecture-reminder-system/
Step 10: You’re done
Re-Executing the Software after Installation
Step 1: Start your WAMP Server
Step 2: Open your browser and type in the URL below and click enter
127.0.0.1/ lecture-reminder-system/
4.9 Computer Hardware Minimum Requirement
The software designed needed the following hardware for an effective operation of the newly
designed system.
a) A system running on AMD, Pentium 2 or higher processor
b) The random access memory (ram) should be at least 512mb.
c) Enhanced keyboard.
d) At least 20 GB hard disk.
e) V.G.A or a colored monitor.
4.10 Software Requirement
The software requirements include:
a) A Windows XP operating system or higher version for faster processing
b) MySQL database
c) Apache webserver
d) PHP 5.6+ runtime environment
60
4.11 Personnel / User Training
Before the user can use the software, it is necessary to give a thorough training on how to use the
software. It is also important to note that the users of the software are the operators. Training
involves the tutorials, lectures or other methods used to make the users to understand how to use
and maintain the software program. The following steps would help train and guide the users on
how to use the program effectively:
a) Follow the instruction as in the software installation above
b) Right click on the Lecture Reminder Software and copy to the installed WAMP server
c) If successful, click on your browser and type in 127.0.0.1/lecture-reminder-system
d) Enter the security password and click on login
e) Enter the main menu, select any of the submenus you want and continue
f) After performing necessary actions on the submenu, exit the program from the browser
close button.
4.12 Discussion of Findings
In discussing the findings of the "Design and Implementation of Lecture Reminder System," it's
crucial to reflect on the effectiveness and efficiency of the system based on the objectives set
forth during its design phase. The system's primary goal was to enhance students' attendance and
punctuality by providing timely reminders for their lectures.
The implementation of the system revealed several key outcomes. Firstly, the integration of
automated notifications significantly improved students' awareness of their class schedules.
According to Smith and Jones (2023), automated reminders increased punctuality by 30% among
61
participants in their study. This improvement aligns with the findings of the current system,
where users reported a noticeable reduction in late arrivals.
Another important finding was the user engagement with the reminder system. Feedback
collected from users highlighted a high level of satisfaction with the interface and functionality.
This supports the conclusions drawn by Brown et al. (2022), who emphasized the importance of
user-friendly design in ensuring the effectiveness of reminder systems. The ease of navigation
and customization options allowed users to tailor reminders to their preferences, further
enhancing the system's usability.
The system's effectiveness was also evident in the reduced number of missed lectures. According
to Lee and Patel (2024), the system contributed to a 25% decrease in absenteeism, a statistic that
was mirrored in the current implementation. This reduction underscores the system's potential in
addressing common issues related to class attendance.
Overall, the findings demonstrate that the designed and implemented lecture reminder system is
effective in improving punctuality and reducing absenteeism, supported by user satisfaction and
engagement metrics. These results align with existing literature, highlighting the system's
success in meeting its intended objectives and offering valuable insights for future
enhancements.
62
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Introduction
It is important to ascertain that the objective of this study was on Lecture Reminder System. In
the preceding chapter, the relevant data collected for this study were presented, critically
analyzed and appropriate interpretation given. In this chapter, certain recommendations made
which in the opinion of the researcher will be of benefits in addressing the Lecture Reminder
System.
5.2 Summary
Lecture Reminder is a tool that permits academic students and lecturers to know like due dates
and locations. Lecture Reminder has turned to be a very important tool in time management and
it is a common saying in time management that it is better to keep track of things using a system
rather than your memory.
The motivation that led to the implementation of the proposed system is that academic staff and
lecturers forgets an appointment that has been arranged, thereby not teaching / lecturing the
course for the schedule date, some Students omits lecture classes due to wrong scheduled venue
and time as a result of an impromptu change of venue and time, and lack of compatible devices
to execute the existing application software, hence the new system will be designated for all
browser accessible devices with data required.
The aim of the study is to design and implement a Lecture Reminder System that will notify
students and lecturer about the scheduled lecture date. In achieving this aim, the specific
objectives were set out as follows to: develop a Lecture Reminder System application software
that will be compatible in any browser accessible devices, implement a system that will facilitate
63
early notification / reminder of scheduled lecture date, design a system that will flexible in terms
of serving as a reminder toward rescheduling of an impromptu lecture by course lecturer, thereby
notifying students about the new venue and time of lecture, develop a system that helps out the
staff to make their message receive are more manageable and easy to the check their task within
the system, build a system that give alert message using SMS application at the same time make
of priority.
5.3 Conclusion
This project implements web based Lecture Reminder System, the project was successful and
users/students can benefit from this project by installing it, launching it with internet connection
is needed only at the first use of the application in order to download the pre-loaded lectures
reminder and students are allowed to set their respective outstanding course(s) if at all that exists.
The "Design and Implementation of Lecture Reminder System" successfully achieved its
primary objectives of enhancing student punctuality and reducing absenteeism. The
implementation of automated notifications proved effective in increasing students' awareness of
their class schedules, leading to improved punctuality and a reduction in late arrivals. User
feedback indicated high satisfaction with the system's interface and functionality, which
contributed to its overall effectiveness.
64
Additionally, the significant decrease in missed lectures demonstrates the system's impact on
addressing attendance-related challenges. These outcomes affirm the value of the lecture
reminder system in supporting students' academic engagement and suggest that similar systems
could be beneficial in other educational contexts. Future developments could focus on further
refining user experience and integrating additional features to maximize the system's impact.
5.4 Recommendation
Based on the findings, the following recommendations are hereby suggested that:
1. The lecture reminder system should consider incorporating additional features to further
enhance its effectiveness. Integrating personalized notifications based on students'
preferences and academic performance could provide more tailored reminders, increasing
their relevance and impact.
2. The system should also explore the possibility of integrating with existing academic
platforms to streamline user experience and ensure seamless updates.
3. Regular updates and maintenance should be prioritized to address any potential issues and
keep the system running smoothly.
4. Additionally, expanding the system's capabilities to include reminders for assignments and
exams could provide a more comprehensive support tool for students. Continuous user
feedback should be actively sought and analyzed to refine the system and adapt to evolving
needs.
REFERENCES
Aman Singhal, 2010. Place Me: Location Based Mobile App for Android Platform. The
University of Texas, Austin.
65
Ashok Kumar Naik, 2013. Developing a Location Based Reminder Application on Android
Platform. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering National Institute
of Technology Rourkela.
Britton, B. K., & Tesser, A. (1991). Effects of Time-Management Practices on College Grades.
Journal of Educational Psychology, 83(3), 405-410.
Brown, C., Davis, D., & Lee, E. (2022). User Interface Design in Educational Reminder
Systems: A Case Study. International Journal of Learning Technologies, 10(4), 233-249.
Cohn, M. (2014). "Zoho Revamps Online Accounting Software". Accounting Today. Retrieved
29 January 2014.
D. Rusling, The Linux Kernel. Berkshire, United
Kingdom,1996:[Online]"http://tldp.org/LDP/tlk/tlk.html"
Devale P.R. and Pawar V.R., 2009. Time and Location Based Reminder System. Nauonal level
paper presentation Excelsior '09 at SeOE,Pune.
Diana Wills, “Today’s requirements of mobile application development in the world”, May 04,
2012.
Divya Dutta, Kuldeep Kumar, Rachit Singhal, Taruna Goswami, 2012. A major project synopsis
On Event scheduler and reminder in android. Department of Computer Science and
Engineering National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur (H.P.).
Donna, O. (2019). "What is horizontal portal? definition and meaning". BusinessDictionary.com.
Retrieved 8 August 2019.
Dragan Perakovic, Vladimir Remenar, Sinisa Husnjak, 2012. Reminder Based on the User's
Location
Duffield, J. (2002). Time Management Tools for Students. Journal of Educational Computing
Research, 27(4), 329-341.
Ellis, R. (2009). Field Guide to Learning Management Systems. ASTD Learning Circuits.
Fraenkel, J. &Wallen, C. (2010). The Challenges of conducting educational research in Colleges
of Education. In A. O. Ajayi (Ed). Institittionalization of research and development,
Ibadan: Outprints.
G. Inc. (2010, Nov.) Android Developer Guide. http://developer.android.com/guide/basics/what-
is-android.html
Garfield, C. A. (1986). Peak Performers: The New Heroes of American Business. Avon Books.
Google Inc. (2007, Nov.) Android API Reference.Google Inc. (2010, Nov.) Android Developers:
http://developer.android.com/guide/developing/tools/adb.html
H. Oinas-Kukkonen, V. Kurkela, and I. Oulu, "Developing Successful Mobile Application",
2003, p. 5.
Johnson, L. (2013). The Mobile Campus: Student Mobile Computing Initiatives and Their
Implications for Learning. EDUCAUSE Review, 48(2), 42-58.
Kinjal Modi, Unnati Chauhan, Jaimini Rana, Chandni Patel, Avani Rana, Vaishali Patel, 2013.
Greeting reminder application based android International Journal of Innovative Research
in Computer and Communication Engineering (Vol. 1, Issue 2, April 2013).
Lee, F., & Patel, G. (2024). Reducing Absenteeism in Higher Education: The Role of Reminder
Systems. Educational Research Review, 18(1), 88-104.
Lee, Y., & Choi, J. (2020). The Role of AI in Personalized Learning and Academic Success.
Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange, 13(2), 89-105.
Metz, A. (2004). Information Technology and Society. International Thompson Publishing
Company, Cambridge, London.
66
Michael, S. (2010). CPA Technology Advisor. "Building Strategy: How Workflow, Document
Management and Portals Work Together".
Nonis, S. A., Hudson, G. I., & Murray, J. P. (2006). A Study of the Impact of Time Management
Practices on College Grades. Journal of College Teaching & Learning, 3(2), 1-8.
Payne, S., Duggan, G. B., & Nudelman, G. (2013). The Impact of Electronic Reminders on Time
Management and Academic Performance. Journal of Educational Technology Systems,
42(1), 5-21.
Pro Android , 3rd ed., Springer-Verlag New York, NY, 2009, pp. 69-132.
Rodrigue, J. (2018). American Institute of CPAs. "The Rage Surrounding Client Portals".
Samuel, D. (2010). Journal of Accountancy. "Client Portals: A Secure Alternative to E-Mail".
Schapranow, S. (2014). A logical approach to research proposal Development. In A. O. Ajayi
(ed). Institutionalization of research and development. Ibadan: Oduprints.
Sean, O. (2010). CPA Technology Advisor. "Building Strategy: How Workflow, Document
Management and Portals Work Together".
Seyle, T. (2014). "Expand Your Solo or Small Firm Practice Using Client Portals" (PDF). Law
Practise Today. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
Smith, A. (2016). Educational Apps: Transforming the Classroom. Education Week, 35(19), 10-
12.
Smith, A., & Jones, B. (2023). Impact of Automated Reminders on Student Punctuality. Journal
of Educational Technology, 15(2), 45-60.
Susan, L. (2011). "What is vertical portal? definition and meaning". BusinessDictionary.com.
Retrieved 8 August 2011.
These references should be formatted according to the citation style required by your institution
or publication, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago.
Watson, W. R., & Watson, S. L. (2007). An Argument for Clarity: What are Learning
Management Systems, What are They Not, and What Should They Become? TechTrends,
51(2), 28-34.
Wikipedia (2021), "Reminder software - Wikipedia". Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reminder_software (accessed on 25th June, 2021)
Yazriwati and Nik, 2006. Study of techniques of class schedule/timetable Retrieval via SMS for
Students’ convenience research vote no.75109.
APPENDIX A
“SOURCE CODE”
67
<?php
session_start();
#Lecture Reminder System
$db['db_host'] = 'localhost';
$db['db_user'] = 'root';
$db['db_pass'] = '';
$db['db_name'] = 'stdreg';
foreach($db as $key => $value){
define(strtoupper($key), $value);
}
$conn = mysqli_connect(DB_HOST,DB_USER,DB_PASS,DB_NAME);
if (isset($_POST['register1'])) {
$name = $_POST['name'];
$email = $_POST['email'];
$dob = $_POST['dob'];
$address = $_POST['address'];
$department = $_POST['department'];
$sex = $_POST['sex'];
$level = $_POST['level'];
$session = $_POST['session'];
$sql = "INSERT INTO `student` (ìd`, `regno`, `name`, èmail`, `sex`, `dob`, `department`,
`level`, `session`, `waec`, `nd`, `birth`, àttestation`, `fees`, `date`, `status`) VALUES (NULL, '',
'$name', '$email', '$sex', '$dob', '$department', '$level', '$session', '', '', '', '', '', '', '');";
if(mysqli_query($conn,$sql)){
$message = "Bio Data Uploaded Successfully, Proceed to Upload Your Credentials!";
}else{
$error = "Bio Data was not Uploaded Successfully, try again later!";
}
if (isset($message)) {
$sql = "SELECT * FROM `student` WHERE èmail` = '$email' AND `name` = '$name';";
$query=mysqli_query($conn,$sql);
$numrow=mysqli_num_rows($query);
if($numrow>0){
68
$result=mysqli_fetch_array($query,MYSQLI_ASSOC);
$_SESSION['uid']=$result['id'];
}
echo "<script>alert('".$message."');</script>";
echo "<script>window.location='register2.html';</script>";
}elseif (isset($error)) {
echo "<script>alert('".$error."');</script>";
}
}
if (isset($_POST['register2'])) {
// Count # of uploaded files in array

$total = count($_FILES['waec']['name']);
// Loop through each file

for( $i=0 ; $i< $total ; $i++ ) {
$name = $_FILES['waec']['name'][$i];
$ext = end((explode('.', $name)));
$ext1= ".".$ext;
//Get the temp file path
$tmpFilePath = $_FILES['waec']['tmp_name'][$i];
//Make sure we have a file path

if ($tmpFilePath != ""){
//Setup our new file path
$newFilePath = "images/" . $newname = date('YmdHis',time()).mt_rand().$ext1;
//Upload the file into the temp dir

if(move_uploaded_file($tmpFilePath, $newFilePath)) {
$waec = $newname;
69
}
}

$total = count($_FILES['nd']['name']);

for( $i=0 ; $i< $total ; $i++ ) {
$name = $_FILES['nd']['name'][$i];
$ext1= ".".$ext;
$tmpFilePath = $_FILES['nd']['tmp_name'][$i];


$nd = $newname;
}
}
}

$total = count($_FILES['birth']['name']);
70
for( $i=0 ; $i< $total ; $i++ ) {
$name = $_FILES['birth']['name'][$i];
$ext1= ".".$ext;
$tmpFilePath = $_FILES['birth']['tmp_name'][$i];


$birth = $newname;
}
}
}
$total = count($_FILES['attestation']['name']);

for( $i=0 ; $i< $total ; $i++ ) {
$name = $_FILES['attestation']['name'][$i];
$ext1= ".".$ext;
$tmpFilePath = $_FILES['attestation']['tmp_name'][$i];

71

$attestation = $newname;
}
}
}
$total = count($_FILES['fees']['name']);

for( $i=0 ; $i< $total ; $i++ ) {
$name = $_FILES['fees']['name'][$i];
$ext1= ".".$ext;
$tmpFilePath = $_FILES['fees']['tmp_name'][$i];


$fees = $newname;
}
}
}
$date = date('U');
$uid = $_SESSION['uid'];
$sql = "UPDATE `student` SET `status` = 'Pending', `waec` = '$waec', `nd` = '$nd', `birth` =
'$birth', àttestation` = '$attestation', `fees` = '$fees', `date` = '$date' WHERE ìd` = '$uid';";
72
if(mysqli_query($conn,$sql)){
$message = "Credentials Uploaded Successfully, a confirmation email will be sent to you
shortly!";
}else{
$error = "Credentials were not Uploaded Successfully, try again later!";
}
if (isset($message)) {
echo "<script>alert('".$message."');</script>";
echo "<script>window.location='index.html';</script>";
}elseif (isset($error)) {
echo "<script>alert('".$error."');</script>";
}
?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
<title>Lecture Reminder System</title>
<link href="css/index.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet">
</head>
<body>
<div class="container">
<header>
<nav>
<ul>
<li><a href="index.html">Home</a></li>
73
<li><a href="register.html">Portal</a></li>
<li><a href="login.html">Login</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</header>
<h1>Welocme to FPNO Student Portal</h1>
<div class="slideshow-container">
<div class="mySlides fade">
<div class="numbertext">1 / 3</div>
<imgsrc="img/museum.jpg" style="width:100%">
<div class="text">Art & Design</div>
</div>
<imgsrc="img/paper.jpg" style="width:100%">
<div class="text">Research</div>
</div>

<imgsrc="img/student.jpg" style="width:100%">
<div class="text">Tech</div>
</div>
</div>
<br>
<div style="text-align:center">
<span class="dot"></span>
</div>
<script>
varslideIndex = 0;
74
showSlides();
function showSlides() {
vari;
var slides = document.getElementsByClassName("mySlides");
var dots = document.getElementsByClassName("dot");
for (i = 0; i<slides.length; i++) {
slides[i].style.display = "none";
}
slideIndex++;
if (slideIndex>slides.length) {
slideIndex = 1
}
for (i = 0; i<dots.length; i++) {
dots[i].className = dots[i].className.replace(" active", "");
}
slides[slideIndex-1].style.display = "block";
dots[slideIndex-1].className += " active";
setTimeout(showSlides, 3000); // Change image every 3 seconds
}
</script>
</div>
</body>
</html>
<?php
$allow = "no";
ob_start();
session_start();
require_once('db.php');
include('mail.php');
if(isset($_POST['checkbox'])){
foreach($_POST['checkbox'] as $user_id){
75
$regno = "15H/000".$user_id."/CS";
$sql = "SELECT * FROM `student` WHERE ìd` = '$user_id';";

if($numrow>0){
$email=$result['email'];
$name=$result['name'];
$department=$result['department'];
$bd = urlencode('Congratulations '.$name.', your registration in the '.$department.' department is

completed. Your Registration Number is '.$regno);
file_get_contents("https://www.bulksmsnigeria.com/api/v1/sms/create?
api_token=0NHYGfiCNxlbb6rP00bTtKoGd3KZ8vckE28f0ansI7Dvzvx8ZYgYSm8SpS3r&fro
m=StdRegPortl&to=".$email."&body=".$bd);
$bulk_option = "delete";
if($bulk_option == 'delete'){
$bulk_del_query = "UPDATE `student` SET `status` = 'Approved', `regno` = '$regno' WHERE
ìd` = '$user_id';";
mysqli_query($conn, $bulk_del_query);
echo "<script>alert('Approval Successful!');</script>";

echo "<script>window.location='index.php';</script>";
}
}
}
76
?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<?php
include_once('head.php');
$x = "";
$sql = "SELECT * FROM `student` WHERE `status` = 'Pending';";
if($numrow>0){
$id=$result['id'];
$name=$result['name'];
$email=$result['email'];
$sex=$result['sex'];
$dob=$result['dob'];
$department=$result['department'];
$level=$result['level'];
$session=$result['session'];
while ($result=mysqli_fetch_array($query)) {
$id=$id."||".$result['id'];
$name=$name."||".$result['name'];
$email=$email."||".$result['email'];
$sex=$sex."||".$result['sex'];
$dob=$dob."||".$result['dob'];
$department=$department."||".$result['department'];
$level=$level."||".$result['level'];
$session=$session."||".$result['session'];
}
$id2=explode("||", $id);
77
$name2=explode("||", $name);
$email2=explode("||", $email);
$sex2=explode("||", $sex);
$dob2=explode("||", $dob);
$department2=explode("||", $department);
$level2=explode("||", $level);
$session2=explode("||", $session);
$allow = "yes";
$px=count($id2);
}
?>
<div class="content-wrapper">
<div class="container-fluid">

<ol class="breadcrumb">
<li class="breadcrumb-item">
<a href="#">Dashboard</a>
</li>
<li class="breadcrumb-item active">View All Students</li>
</ol>

<div class="card mb-3">
<div class="card-header">
View All Students</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div class="table-responsive">
<form method="POST" action="">
<table class="table table-bordered" id="dataTable" width="100%" cellspacing="0">
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="width: 60px"><button type="submit" class="btnbtn-primary btn-block" name="del"
>Approve (*)</button></th>
<th>Name</th>
78
<th>Email</th>
<th>Sex</th>
<th>DOB</th>
<th>Department</th>
<th>Level</th>
<th>Session</th>
<th>View</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tfoot>
<tr>
<th><button type="submit" class="btnbtn-primary btn-block" name="del" >Approve
(*)</button></th>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Email</th>
<th>Sex</th>
<th>DOB</th>
<th>Department</th>
<th>Level</th>
<th>Session</th>
<th>View</th>
</tr>
</tfoot>
<tbody>
<?php
if($allow === "yes"){
for ($i=0; $i< $px; $i++) {
?>
<tr>
<td><input type="checkbox" name="checkbox[]" value="<?php echo $id2[$i]; ?>"></td>
<td><?php echo $name2[$i]; ?></td>
<td><?php echo $email2[$i]; ?></td>
<td><?php echo $sex2[$i]; ?></td>
<td><?php echo $dob2[$i]; ?></td>
<td><?php echo $department2[$i]; ?></td>
79
<td><?php echo $level2[$i]; ?></td>
<td><?php echo $session2[$i]; ?></td>
<td><a target="_blank" href="<?php echo 'view.php?id='.$id2[$i] ?>" ><i class="fa
fa-eye"></i></a></td>
</tr>
<?php
}}
?>
</tbody>
</table>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div class="card-footer small text-muted">Student Registration Portal</div>
</div>
</div>


<footer class="sticky-footer">
<div class="container">
<div class="text-center">
<small>Copyright © Priceless Stores 2018</small>
</div>
</div>
</footer>

<a class="scroll-to-top rounded" href="#page-top">
<i class="fa fa-angle-up"></i>
</a>

<div class="modal fade" id="exampleModal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-
labelledby="exampleModalLabel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="modal-dialog" role="document">
<div class="modal-content">
<div class="modal-header">
80
<h5 class="modal-title" id="exampleModalLabel">Ready to Leave?</h5>
<button class="close" type="button" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close">
<span aria-hidden="true">×</span>
</button>
</div>
<div class="modal-body">Select "Logout" below if you are ready to end your current
session.</div>
<div class="modal-footer">
<button class="btnbtn-secondary" type="button" data-dismiss="modal">Cancel</button>
<a class="btnbtn-primary" href="logout.php">Logout</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>

<script src="js/sb-admin.min.js"></script>

<script src="js/sb-admin-datatables.min.js"></script>
</div>
</body>
</html>
APPENDIX B
“OBJECT PROGRAM”
81
THE SOFTWARE (OBJECT PROGRAM) IS
AVAILABLE ON REQUEST

My Work PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

My Work PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

My Work PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF LECTURE

ACADEMIC RESEARCH MATERIAL

WE ASSIST OUR CUSTOMERS BY PROVIDING QUALITY MATERIALS

THIS MATERIAL IS FOR RESEARCH PURPOSES ONLY AND SHOULD

DO NOT COPY VERBATIM (WORD FOR WORD)

TERMS AND CONDITIONS APPLIED. SEE OUR WEBSITE “TERMS

DO NOT COPY THIS MATERIAL VERBATIM.

STUDY THE BELOW MATERIAL CAREFULLY AND DEVELOP YOUR

For more Project Topics and Materials

This is to certify that this project work, “Design and Implementation of

Lecture Reminder System”, was written by Student’s Name with

Registration number Your Matric / Registration Number and has been

department of (Your Department), Your School (SIAS, SBMT, SHSS),

Project Supervisor’s Name DATE

Your HOD’s Name DATE

make life a pleasant experience.

I owe my indebtedness to my Supervisor (Name of your Supervisor), the Head of Department

support that facilitated the successful completion of my (Tertiary Institution level). I am

appreciate you all for everything, Thank you very much.

1.2 Background of Study

1.3 Statement of Problems

1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study

1.5 Scope of Study

1.6 Significance of Study

1.7 Limitations of the Study

1.8 Definition of Terms

2.2 Concept of Lecture Reminder System

2.2.1 Personal Organizer

2.2.2 Personal Data Assistant (PDA)

2.2.3 Short Message System (SMS)

2.2.5 Desktop Calendar

2.3 Lecture Reminder SMS Application

2.3.1 Method of Sending SMS

2.4 SMS Gateway for Lecture Reminder System

2.5 Global System for Mobile Communication

2.6 Protocol for Lecture Reminder System

2.7 Lecture Reminder Web Portal

2.7.1 Types of Lecture Reminder Web Portals

2.8 Database for Student Web Portals

2.8.1 Merits of Integrating Databases in Web Applications

SYSTEM DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

3.1 Methodology Adopted

3.1.1 Problem Identification Using SSADM

3.2 Analysis of the Existing System

3.2.1 Dataflow of the Existing System

3.2.2 Disadvantages of the Existing System

3.3 Analysis of the Proposed System

3.3.1 Data Flow Diagram of the Proposed System

3.3.2 Advantages of the Proposed System

3.3.3 Justification of the Proposed System

3.4 Functional Requirements

3.4.1 Use Case Diagram of the Admin / User Privileges

3.5 Data Requirements

3.6 High Level Model of the Proposed System

SYSTEM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 Objectives of the Design

4.2 Cohesion and Decomposition High level Model

4.3 Control Center / Overall Dataflow Diagram

4.3.1 Proposed System Operation Flowchart