Dm-Unit I

UNIT I
MX 3084
DISASTER RISK
REDUCTION AND
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
S. SETTU AP/ME , JCTCET

1
MX 3084
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND
MANAGEMENT
Prepared by
S.SETTU M.E.,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
JCT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
COIMBATORE
S.SETTU AP/MECH, JCTCET 2

MX3084 DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT L T PC
3 0 0 0
COURSE OBJECTIVE
 To impart knowledge on concepts related to disaster, disaster risk reduction, disaster
management
 To acquaint with the skills for planning and organizing disaster response
UNIT I HAZRADS, VULNERABILITY AND DISASTER RISKS 9
Definition: Disaster, Hazard, Vulnerability, Resilience, Risks – Types of Disasters:
Natural, Human induced, Climate change induced –Earthquake, Landslide, Flood,
Drought, Fire etc – Technological disasters- Structural collapse, Industrial accidents, oil
spills -Causes, Impacts including social, Economic, political, environmental, health,
psychosocial, etc.- Disaster vulnerability profile of India and Tamil Nadu - Global
trends in disasters: urban disasters, pandemics, Complex emergencies, Inter relations
between Disasters and Sustainable development Goals
UNIT II DISASTER RISK REDUCTION (DRR) 9
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, Disaster cycle - Phases, Culture of
safety, prevention, mitigation and preparedness, community Based DRR, Structural-
non-structural measures, Roles and responsibilities of- community, Panchayati Raj
Institutions / Urban Local Bodies (PRIs/ULBs), States, Centre, and other stakeholders-
Early Warning System – Advisories from Appropriate Agencies.- Relevance of
indigenous Knowledge, appropriate technology and Local resources.
S.SETTU AP/ME , JCTCET 3

UNIT III DISASTER MANAGEMENT 9
Components of Disaster Management – Preparedness of rescue and relief, mitigation,
rehabilitation and reconstruction- Disaster Risk Management and post disaster management –
Compensation and Insurance- Disaster Management Act (2005) and Policy - Other related policies,
plans, programmers and legislation – Institutional Processes and Framework at State and Central
Level- (NDMA –SDMA-DDMA-NRDF- Civic Volunteers)
UNIT IV TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGY FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT 9
Early warning systems -Components of Disaster Relief: Water, Food, Sanitation, Shelter, Health,
Waste Management, Institutional arrangements (Mitigation, Response and Preparedness, – Role of
GIS and Information Technology Components in Preparedness, Risk Assessment, Response and
Recovery Phases of Disaster – Disaster Damage Assessment. - Elements of Climate Resilient
Development –Standard operation Procedure for disaster response – Financial planning for disaster
Management
UNIT V DISASTER MANAGEMENT: CASE STUDIES 9
Discussion on selected case studies to analyse the potential impacts and actions in the contest of
disasters-Landslide Hazard Zonation: Earthquake Vulnerability Assessment of Buildings and
Infrastructure: Case Studies, Drought Assessment: Case Studies, Coastal Flooding: Storm Surge
Assessment, Floods: Fluvial and Pluvial Flooding: Case Studies; Forest Fire: Case Studies, Man
Made disasters: Case Studies, Space Based Inputs for Disaster Mitigation and Management and
field works related to disaster management.- Field work-Mock drill
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Taimpo (2016), Disaster Management and Preparedness, CRC Publications
2. Singh R (2017), Disaster Management Guidelines for earthquakes, Landslides,
Avalanches and tsunami, Horizon Press Publications
3. Singhal J.P. “Disaster Management”, Laxmi Publications, 2010. ISBN-10: 9380386427
ISBN- 13: 978-9380386423
4. Tushar Bhattacharya, “Disaster Science and Management”, McGraw Hill India Education
Pvt. Ltd., 2012. ISBN-10: 1259007367, ISBN-13: 978-1259007361]
REFERENCES
1. Govt. of India: Disaster Management Act, Government of India, New Delhi, 2005.
2. Government of India, National Disaster Management Policy, 2009.
3. Shaw R (2016), Community based Disaster risk reduction, Oxford University Press
COURSE OUTCOME:
CO1: To impart knowledge on the concepts of Disaster, Vulnerability and Disaster Risk
reduction (DRR)
CO2: To enhance understanding on Hazards, Vulnerability and Disaster Risk Assessment
prevention and risk reduction
CO3: To develop disaster response skills by adopting relevant tools and technology
CO4: Enhance awareness of institutional processes for Disaster response in the country and
CO5: Develop rudimentary ability to respond to their surroundings with potential Disaster
response in areas where they live, with due sensitivity
SCOPE
Contents:
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Definitions of Disaster, Vulnerability and Resilience
1.2 Disasters : Types of Disasters
1.3 Natural and Manmade Disasters
1.4 Frequency and Forewarning Levels of Different Hazards
1.5 Characteristics and Damage Potential of Natural Hazards
1.6 Hazard Identification and Assessment
1.7 Dimensions of Vulnerability Factors
1.8 Social Vulnerability
1.9 Different Models of Social Vulnerability
1.10 Economic Vulnerability
1.11 Vulnerability Assessment
1.12 Disaster Impacts on Differential Groups
1.13 Global Trends in Disasters
1.14 Urban Disaster
1.15 Pandemic
1.16 Complex Emergencies
1.17 Climate Change
1.18 Dos and Don‘ts during Various Types of Disasters
Scope
Introduction
• Disasters are as old as Mankind.
• The first description of Disaster and its management
comes from mythological “Noah” and his ark.
• Similar Flood tales are widespread in- Greek Mythology,
Puranas, Mesopotamian stories, and many cultures.

DISASTER
Meaning of disaster words:
D – Destructions
I – Incidents
S – Sufferings
A – Administrative, Financial Failures.
S – Sentiments
T – Tragedies
E – Eruption of Communicable diseases.
R – Research program and its implementation
DISASTER
• A disaster is a sudden event or series of events, that
seriously disrupts the functioning of a community or
society and causes human, material, and economic or
environmental losses that exceed the community‟s or
society‟s ability to cope using its own resources.
Though often caused by nature, disasters can have
human origins.
(Vulnerability + Hazard) / Capacity = Disaster
or
• Any occurrence that causes damage, ecological
disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health
and health services on a scale, sufficient to warrant an
extraordinary response from outside the
affected community or area.(WHO)
HAZARD
 A hazard is a source or a situation with the potential for harm
in terms of human injury or ill-health, damage to property,
damage to the environment, or a combination of these.
or
 Any phenomenon that has the potential to cause
disruption or damage to people and their environment.
 Hazards are describe quantitatively by the likely frequency of

occurrence of different intensities for different areas, as determined
from historical data or scientific analysis.
 Such hazards arise from a variety of geological, meteorological,
hydrological, oceanic, biological, and technological sources,
sometimes acting in combination.
• When hazard involves elements of risks, vulnerabilities
and capacities, they can turn into disasters.
VULNERABILITY
 Vulnerability refers to the characteristics and
circumstances of a community, system or asset that make
it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.
 Vulnerability varies significantly within a community and
over time.
 There are many aspects of vulnerability, arising from
various physical, social, economic, and environmental
factors.
 Examples may include poor design and construction of
buildings, inadequate protection of assets, lack of public
information and awareness, limited official recognition of
risks and preparedness measures, and disregard for wise
environmental management.
DISASTER RESILIENCE
• Disaster resilience is the ability of individuals, communities,
organizations and states to adapt to and recover from hazards,
shocks or stresses without compromising long-term prospects for
development.

RISK ( Hazard + Vulnerability)
• In disaster management, risk is defined as the interaction between
likelihoods of hazards and consequences of hazards. It can be said
that, Risk = Likelihoods of Hazards x Hazard’s Consequences
• Disaster risk is defined as “the potential loss of life, injury, or
destroyed or damaged assets which could occur to a system,
society or a community in a specific period of time, determined
probabilistically as a function of hazard, exposure, and capacity”.

1. Acceptable risk, or tolerable risk, is therefore an important sub
term; the extent to which a disaster risk is deemed acceptable or
tolerable depends on existing social, economic, political, cultural,
technical and environmental conditions.
2. Residual risk is the disaster risk that remains even when effective
disaster risk reduction measures are in place, and for which
emergency response and recovery capacities must be maintained.
The presence of residual risk implies a continuing need to develop
and support effective capacities for emergency services,
preparedness, response and recovery, together with socioeconomic
policies such as safety nets and risk transfer mechanisms

Disaster occurs when hazards meet vulnerability
Progression of vulnerability
Root causes Dynamic pressures Unsafe conditions Hazards
Lack of – Fragile physical

Earthquake
•Local institutes environment
NOT PREVENTED High winds
• Training • Dangerous
Hurricane
•Appropriate skills locations
Cyclone
•Local investment • Unprotected
Typhoon
•Local market buildings &
Limited Flood
•Media freedom infrastructure
Access to - Volcanic -
•Ethical standards eruptions
• Power Fragile local -
in public life Landslides
• Structure economy
• Resources Drought
Macro forces- • Livelihoods at risk
Virus
• Rapid population • Low income levels
Ideologies- Bacteria
growth Pests
• Political - Vulnerable society
• Rapid Fire
system • Special groups at
urbanization Chemicals
• Economic risk
• Arms expenditure Radiation
- system
• Debt repayments Armed -
• Deforestation Public actions
conflicts
• Decline in soil •Lack of
productivity preparedness
• Endemic disease

DISASTERS : TYPES OF DISASTERS
 A disaster is a serious disruption occurring over a short or long
period of time that causes widespread human, material, economic
or environmental loss which exceeds the ability of the affected
community or society to cope using its own resources.
 Disasters are routinely divided into
1. Natural Disasters
2. Human-made Disasters
(although complex disasters, where there is no single root cause, are
more common in developing countries)
 A specific disaster may spawn a secondary disaster that increases
the impact. A classic example is an earthquake that causes a
tsunami, resulting in coastal flooding. Some manufactured
disasters have been ascribed to nature.

Classification of Disasters

NATURAL DISASTERS
 A natural disaster is a natural process or phenomenon that may cause loss
of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of
livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or
environmental damage.
 Various phenomena like earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions,
floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, blizzards, tsunamis, and cyclones are all
natural disasters that kill thousands of people and destroy billions of
dollars of habitat and property each year.
 However, the rapid growth of the world's population and its increased
concentration often in hazardous environments has escalated both the
frequency and severity of disasters.
 With the tropical climate and unstable landforms, coupled with de-
forestation, unplanned growth proliferation, non-engineered
constructions make the disasterprone areas more vulnerable.
Recent Natural Disasters in India are,
 2019-20 locust infestation.
 2020 Uttarakhand forest fires.
 Cyclone Gaja.2018
 Cyclone Amphan May 2020
 Cyclone Nisarga. June 2020
 Gujrat earthquake 2001 S.SETTU AP/ME , JCTCET 20
TYPES OF NATURAL DISASTERS
The sudden, drastic flow of
snow down a slope, occurring
when either natural triggers, such
1 Avalanche as loading from new snow
or rain, or artificial triggers,
such as explosives or backcountry
skiers, overload the snowpack.
Blizzard or A severe snowstorm

2 snowstorm characterized by very strong
winds and low temperatures.
The shaking of the earth's crust,

caused by underground
3 Earthquake volcanic forces of breaking and
shifting rock beneath the earth's
surface.

Fires that originate in
uninhabited areas and which
4 Fire (wild)
pose the risk to spread to
inhabited areas.
5
Flash flooding : Small creeks,
gullies, dry streambeds, ravines,
Floods
culverts or even low-lying areas
flood quickly.
Rain occurring when outside

Freezing
surface temperature is below
rain
freezing.

A prolonged period of
excessively hot weather relative
7 Heat wave to the usual weather pattern of
an area and relative to normal
temperatures for the season.
8 Hurricane Heavy rains and high winds.
Geological phenomenon which

includes a range of ground
9 Land slide movement, such as rock falls,
deep failure of slopes and
shallow debris flows.

An electrical discharge caused
Lighting
10 by lightning, typically during
strike
thunderstorms.
Limnic The sudden eruption of carbon

11
eruption dioxide from deep lake water.
Violent rotating columns of air

12 Tornado which descent from severe
thunderstorm cloud systems.

A series of water waves caused
by the displacement of a large
volume of a body of water, typically an
ocean or a large lake, usually caused by
13 Tsunami earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,
underwater explosions, landslides,
glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and
other disturbances above or below
water.
The release of hot magma,

Volcanic
14 volcanic ash and/or gases from a
eruption
volcano.
Drought is a prolonged dry period in

the natural climate cycle that can occur
anywhere in the world. It is a slow-
onset disaster characterized by the lack
15 Drought of precipitation, resulting in a water
shortage. Drought can have a serious
impact on health, agriculture,
economies, energy and the
environment. S.SETTU AP/ME , JCTCET 25
Human Made Disasters
The intentional release or

dissemination of biological
1 Bioterrorism
agents as a means of
coercion
A disturbance caused by a
group of people that may
include sit-ins and other
forms of obstructions, riots,
sabotage and other forms
2 Civil unrest of crime, and which is
intended to be a
demonstration to the public
and the government, but
can escalate into general
chaos.

Fire (man Even with strict building
3 made forest fire codes, people still
fire) perish needlessly in fires.
The escape of solids,

liquids or gases that can
Hazardous harm people, other living
material organisms, property or the
4
Spills (oil environment, from their
Spills) intended controlled
environment such as a
container.
An event involving
significant release of
radioactivity to the
Nuclear and environment or a reactor
5 radiation core meltdown and which
accidents leads to major undesirable
consequences to people,
the environment, or the
facility
Caused by summer or
winter storms, lightning or
6 Power failure construction equipment
digging in the wrong
Location.
War is defined as a conflict

between to large groups of
population, which involves
7 War physical force, violence and
the use of weapons. It creates
severe economical damage,
death rate of civilians etc..

Different Levels of Disaster.
 Level I: If the organization, agency, or community is able
to contain the event and respond effectively utilizing its own
resources.
 Level II: If the disaster requires assistance from external
sources, but these can be obtained from nearby agencies.
 Level III: If the disaster is of a magnitude that exceeds the
capacity of the local community or region and requires
assistance from state-level or even federal assets.

CAUSES, CLASSIFICATION OF EARTHQUAKE
 An earthquake is the shaking of the earth‟s surface caused by rapid
movement of the earth‟s crust or outer layer.
 Thus earthquake is a form of energy, which is transmitted to the surface

of the earth in the form of waves called seismic waves.
 The study of earthquakes and the waves they create is called seismology
 Scientists who study earthquakes are called seismologists. The
instrument that records the seismic waves is called seismograph.
CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKE:
1. Earthquakes due to superficial movements- The feeble earthquakes are
caused due to superficial movements.i.e, dynamic agencies, and
operation upon surface of the earth.
 E.g. The dashing waves cause vibrations along the seashore
 At high altitudes the snow falling down is an avalance,also causes
vibrations along the neighboring areas.
2. Earthquake due to volcanic eruptions
 A volcanic eruption may cause a severe vibration on the adjoining area
and have really disastrous effects.
1. Earthquake due to folding or faulting
 The earthquakes are also caused due to folding of the layers of the
earth's crust. if the earthquakes are caused due to folding or faulting
then such earthquakes are more disastrous and are known as tectonic
earthquakes and directly or indirectly change the structural features of
the earth crust.
CLASSIFICATION OF EARTHQUAKES
a) Depth of focus:
1. Shallow earthquake- 50 km below the surface
2. Intermediate – 50 km to 300 km below the surface
3. Deep Seated – beyond 300 km below earth surface
b) Cause of origin:
1. Tectonic earthquakes- Due to tectonic plates movements
2. Non tectonic earthquakes- Earthquakes arising due to volcanic eruptions
or landslides
C) Intensity as basis:

Causes of floods:
 Heavy rain, rainfall during cyclone causes floods
 Sudden snow melt also raises the quantity of water in streams and causes flood
 Sudden and excess release of impounded water behind dams
 Clearing of forests for agriculture has also increased severity of floods.
The main types of floods:
1. Flash floods are fast-moving waters that sweep everything in their path. They are caused
by heavy rainfall or rapid snow thaw. Floods usually cover a relatively small area and
occur with little to no notice, generally less than six hours. The rapid water torrents can
move large objects such as cars, rocks, and trees.
2. Coastal floods are caused by strong winds or storms that move towards a coast during high
tide. When powerful waves breach the coast‟s dune or dike, the area is usually flooded.
Coastal areas with fewer defenses and lower elevation are the most affected. The best time
to repair the breach is during low tide.
3. River floods are characterized by gradual riverbank overflows caused by extensive rainfall
over an extended period of time. The areas covered by river floods depend on the size of
the river and the amount of rainfall. River floods rarely result in loss of lives but can cause
immense economic damage.
4. Urban floods occur when the drainage system in a city or town fails to absorb the water
from heavy rain. The lack of natural drainage in an urban area can also contribute to
flooding. Water flows out into the street, making driving very dangerous. Although water
levels can be just a few inches deep, urban floods can cause significant structural damage.
5. Pluvial floods form in flat areas where the terrain can‟t absorb the rainwater, causing
puddles and ponds to appear. Pluvial flooding is similar to urban flooding, but it occurs
mostly in rural areas. The agricultural activities and properties in areas where pluvial
floods have occurred can be seriously affected.
CAUSES CYCLONES:
 Cyclones are wind storms accompanied with heavy rainfall at low-
pressure areas. They are caused due to a continuous process of rising of
hot air over the ocean surface. This vacant space is then occupied by the
cool air around, which further heats up and rises.
 Usually, areas located near the equator face cyclones.
 This process goes on taking place continuously.
 The rapid rise causes the formation of an eye-like structure in the centre.
Types:
• Tropical cyclones-most familiar with because these are cyclones that
occur over tropical ocean regions. (Hurricanes and typhoons)
• Polar cyclones - cyclones that occur in polar regions like Greenland,
Siberia and Antarctica.
• Meso cyclones - when part of a thunderstorm cloud starts to spin, which
may eventually lead to a tornado. 'Meso' means 'middle',

Classification of cyclones based on their speed

Landslide Causes :
 The term landslide has at one time or another been used to cover almost all
forms of mass movement of rocks and regolith at the Earth's surface
 Geological causes- Earthquakes
 Type of climate - Rainfall
 Morphological causes – Erosion
 Physical causes- Tectonic Activity, Intense rain fall, Rapid snow melt
 Human causes- Deforestation, Mining and Quarrying
Classification : 1. Falls 5. Flows
2. Topples 1. Flows in rock
Rock Flow
Rock avalanche (Sturzstrom)
3. Slides 2. Flows in soil
Translational slide Debris flow
Rotational slides Debris avalanche
Earth flow
Mudflow
4. Spreads S.SETTU AP/ME , JCTCET

6. Complex movement 36
CAUSES OF TSUNAMI :
 A tsunami is a large wave that is generated in a water body when the seafloor is
deformed by seismic activity. This activity displaces the overlying water in the
ocean.
 Seismic activities like earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, explosions,
can generate tsunami.
 Deformation of the sea floor due to the movement of plates.
 Seismicity
 Landslides
 Meteorological
 Man-made or triggered tsunamis
Classifications of TSUNAMI :
Compared with the scene of the disaster,
tsunamis can be divided into two categories:
1. Remote tsunami
2. Local tsunami.

Causes of drought:
 A drought is an event of prolonged shortages in the water supply, whether
atmospheric (below-average precipitation), surface water or ground water.
1. Precipitation deficiency
2. Dry season
3. Erosion and human activities
4. Climate change
Classifications of drought:
A. On the basis of source B. On the basis of time of C. on the basis of medium
of water availability occurrence
1. Meteorological 1.Permanent drought area 1. Soil drought

drought: 2. Seasonal drought 2. Atmospheric drought
Slight drought 3. Contingent drought
Moderate drought
Severe drought
2. Hydrological drought
3. Agricultural drought

Causes Wildfires:
Wildfires occur when vegetated areas are set alight and are particularly
common during hot and dry periods. They can occur in forests,
grasslands, brush and deserts, and with sufficient wind can rapidly spread.
The most common causes of fires are
• Lightning strikes,
• Sparks during arid conditions,
• Eruption of volcanoes,
• Man-made fires arising from deliberate arson or accidents.
Forest fire can broadly be classified into three categories:
 Natural or controlled forest fire
 Forest fires caused by heat generated in the litter and summer through
carelessness of people (human neglect)
 Forest fires purposely caused by local inhabitants
Types of Forest Fire:
1. Surface Fire 2.Underground Fire
2. 3. Ground Fire 4. Crown Fire 5. Firestorms
Technological Disasters
Chemical spills, collapse,

Industrial
explosion, fire, gas-leak,
accident
poisoning, radiation, other
Technological
Disaster Transport
Air, road, rail, water
accident
Miscellaneous
accident Collapse, explosion, fire, other.

Structural Collapse

Structural Collapse
• Collapse means to fall down, but more specifically in construction it relates
to the mechanisms of structural failure that can lead to the partial
or complete collapse of a building or other structure.
• From houses to skyscrapers, all buildings have limits known as structural
loads. The structural load is the amount of stress a building can withstand
without failing.
• When internal load bearing structural elements fail, a building will
collapse into itself and exterior walls are pulled into the falling structure.
• A “failure” doesn‟t necessarily refer to the immediate and sudden collapse
of the structure. Excess loads can also slowly diminish structural integrity
over time. This persistent stress gradually weakens the structure until it
can no longer stand, at which point a collapse occurs.
• Structural failure and collapse may also occur as a result of external
forces. For example, disasters both natural (such as floods, hurricanes,
etc.) and manmade (such as fires and explosions) can overload and
deform a structure. The building may collapse immediately under the
strain or suffer damage that can result
S.SETTU AP/ME , in failure at a later date.
JCTCET 42
CAUSES STRUCTURAL FAILURE AND COLLAPSE
Structural collapse can be caused in many ways including:
1. Natural Causes Other causes of collapse
 Shock due to severe impact or explosion
 Natural deterioration
 Poor planning and design of the structure
 Earthquake
 Engineering errors
 Subsidence
 Failure to perform load tests and placing
 Flood water excess weight on the structure
2. Accidental Causes  Use of improper or defective building
 Explosion materials
 Impact  Errors during construction
 Fire  Negligent inspection and maintenance of
3. Deliberate actions (Man made) the structure

 Construction or demolition work
 Terrorist attack
 Explosive device S.SETTU AP/ME , JCTCET 43
TYPES OF STRUCTURAL COLLAPSE:
Structural collapses take one of two different forms:
1. Complete-In a complete collapse, the entirety of the structure falls
down.
2. Partial-With a partial collapse, meanwhile, only part of the
structure fails and falls.
3. Progressive collapse- Total progressive collapse describes
disproportionate collapse that occurs through stages and ends with
complete destruction.
4. Partial progressive or pancake collapse- disproportionate collapse
that occurs in stages, the stages themselves in their nature may
differ, though elements of the structure may still remain standing
or lead to total collapse.
5. Symmetrical collapse- Symmetrical collapse describes partial
collapse, often in smaller buildings, which occurs at the centre or
at the edges of structural members, where some elements remain
standing.
5a. A-frame collapse- A-frame collapse might also be described as a tent
collapse, and is where floors become separated from the exterior supporting
walls but the central interior supporting walls remain intact and support the
part of the floor directly above.
5b. V-frame collapse- V-frame collapse is where beams fail at their centre
point due to overloading or damage, through weathering or rotting and where
there are few or no central structural supporting walls. The failure occurs in
the centre of the structural member, whilst side connections and their
supporting elements such as external walls may remain intact, this forms a V-
shape from the debris left.
6. Asymmetrical collapse-
6.a. Lean to collapse- Lean-to collapse is where one or other load-bearing
wall fails, one half of the structure is effectively removed and connection
points remain and bending moments cause the remaining elements to lean to
one side.
6b. Cantilever collapse- refers to failure where a beam is supported only at
one end, with load carried over the overhang. Collapse may be progressive
starting with failure of one or two elements of this single sided structure,
such as counterweights, props, foundations or reinforcements.
What are the effects of building collapse?
The effects of a building collapse are fatal; they include
 loss of lives,
 Fire, heat and smoke
 Damaged utilities
 Heavy dust loads and airborne particulates
 Health ,Body injuries of people in the collapse
 Destruction of property
 Financial losses
 Wastage of time and valuable resources
 Increase in the number of homeless persons, etc.

DISASTER IMPACTS -INCLUDING SOCIAL,
ECONOMICAL, POLITICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL,
HEALTH, PSYCHOSOCIAL, ETC

DIRECT & INDIRECT IMPACTS OF DISASTERS
Direct Impact: Refers to directly quantifiable losses such as the
number of people killed and the damage to buildings, infrastructure
and natural resources.
Indirect disaster Impact : It includes declines in output or revenue,

and impact on wellbeing of people, and generally arise from
disruptions to the flow of goods and services as a result of a disaster.

Impacts of Disasters ( HEALTH)

ECONOMICAL IMPACT OF DISASTERS
Natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, typhoons, and hurricanes inflict
serious damage and so seem to be bad for the economy. For a country, natural
disasters destroy tangible assets such as buildings and equipment – as well as
human capital – and thereby deteriorate their production capacity and GDP of
the country.

SOCIO-ECONOMICAL IMPACT OF
DISASTERS

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF DISASTERS
EARTHQUAKE HURRICANE TSUNAMI VOLCANO FLOOD
■ collapsing ■Erosion ■houses, buildings, ■ houses, ■ disease
buildings ■ houses, and other buildings, and ■ loss of habitat
■ property damage buildings, and structures other structures ■ houses,
■ mud slides other structures destroyed destroyed buildings, and
■ fires destroyed ■ loss of power ■ ■ fires other structures
■ floods ■ heavy flooding erosion ■ toxic gases destroyed
■ tsunamis of inland areas ■ fresh water released into the ■ household
■ loss of power ■ tornadoes contaminated atmosphere ■ wastes get into the
■ Damage of Road ■ loss of power Carbon dioxide water system
and land area ■ contaminated emitted from ■ power outages
water supply volcanoes adds to
the natural
greenhouse effect.
■ loss of habitat

POLITICAL IMPACT OF DISASTERS
 Political impacts are the effects on system of power and government
 Disaster vulnerability is mediated by a country‟s political system,
disasters can have major effects on political stability and political
legitimacy.
Some examples of political impacts are
1. Political instability
2. Creating need for new policy
3. Changes to old policy
4. Change of ruling political party
5. Public Riot
6. Terrorism Activities
Due to war ( Disaster)
Afghanistan Issue : The Taliban's are a radical group associated with
terrorism and gain support and by providing aid and winning over
public support as a result becoming the head party in Afghanistan.
Differential impacts- in terms of caste, class, gender,
age, location, disability
CASTE :
 Tribal & Scheduled Caste people are inhabited at low land areas
 Housing condition of these people are precarious and risk
 During flood they have no space to take shelter, neither the higher caste
people allow them to take temporary shelter in their houses.
 Sheer poverty and disaster make them worse.
 Lack of information about a possible occurrence of disaster make threat to
their lives and livelihood.
 Bonded labour increases.
 Scheduled Tribe people inhabited at the foot of the hills and mountain and
flash flood wash them away.

DIFFERENTIAL IMPACT ON CLASS
 „Class is an economic concept; classes are not communities but
exist where people share a speciﬁc component of their “life
chances”, especially as determined by their economic position‟
 Class is based on political and economic status, with landlords at
the top and landless labourers at the bottom, representing a unique
form of inequality that is perpetuated by cast.
 Class, in particular, plays a very important role in the creation of
social inequality
 Actually, the poor and socially disadvantaged groups of the
society are the most vulnerable to, and affected by, earthquakes
and other natural hazards.
 The location of housing of lower class (poor and marginal lands)
 Primary types of occupation, level of access to capital (low)
 Degree (low) of concentration of assets
DIFFERENTIAL IMPACT ON GENDER
 Women, children, widow, destitute and adolescent girls are most
vulnerable and threat to various types of health hazards.
 Young women, adolescent girls and young widows are exposed to
sexual violence.
 Elderly persons are both women and men are neglected in all respect
and aspect.
 Consider gender ,South Asian countries have a terrible record in
gender inequality unusual morbidity and mortality rates of women
 At the same time, belonging to a privileged class can help women
to over-come barriers that obstruct women from less thriving
classes. Gender is certainly an additional contributor to societal
inequality.

DIFFERENTIAL IMPACT ON WOMEN

DIFFERENTIAL IMPACT ON CHILDREN
Children have unique needs and disasters disrupt their basic needs including access to
food, water, accommodation, and principal caregivers.
Children‟s immature ability to understand and process the instantaneous and
longstanding effects of emergencies, including their own injuries and exposure to
troublesome events

DIFFERENTIAL IMPACT ON MOTHER & CHILD

DIFFERENTIAL IMPACT ON- AGE
 Youngest and oldest people are mostly impacted
destructively during any disasters for that matter.

DIFFERENTIAL IMPACT ON LOCATION
 People living in the low land area, river sides, side of the river
embankment, Sea coast lines are most prone to be affected by the
naturalcalamities.
 Places often prone to ethnic or communal violence.
 Places more prone to earthquake.

DIFFERENTIAL IMPACT ON DISABILITY
 Persons with disabilities: Among the first victims of natural
disasters
 Natural and human-induced disasters tend to have a
disproportionate impact on people with disabilities.
 Some research studies have found discrimination against
individuals with disabilities during all phases of the disaster cycle.
 People with disabilities, including deaf, blind, mentally retarded,
those with restricted mobility are more vulnerable in a disaster
situation.
 The financial burden of caring for the disabled is carried by families
and local communities

 Mentally challenged
 Visually challenged
 Hearing impaired
 Physically disabled
 Unable to hear danger signals, alarms, etc.
 Difficulty in evacuation & protection
 Difficulty in getting access to relief and compensation
money
 Difficulty locating avenues of escape
 Have to face the shock of losing all that they had attained in
life, Home, Family, Security

DIFFERENTIAL IMPACT ON DISABILITY

VULNERABILITY PROFILE OF INDIA
 India is vulnerable in varying degrees to a large number of
natural as well as man-made disasters.
 12 % land is prone to floods and river erosion.
 58 % landmass is prone to earthquakes.
 10% (5,700 km coastline) is prone to cyclones and tsunamis.
 68% cultivable area is vulnerable to drought.
 12% Hilly areas are at risk from landslides and avalanches.
 35% Prone to forest fire in the total forest area of india
 Further, the vulnerability to Nuclear, Biological and Chemical
(NBC) disasters and terrorism has also increased.

India is one of the ten most disaster prone countries of the world. The
country is prone to disasters due to a number of factors; both natural and
human induced, including adverse Geo- climatic conditions, topographic
features, environmental degradation, population growth, urbanization,
industrialization, non scientific development practices, etc
The geo-tectonic features of the Himalayan region and adjacent alluvial
plains make the region susceptible to earthquakes, landslides, water
erosion, etc.
The western part of the country, including Rajasthan, Gujarat and some
parts of Maharashtra are hit very frequently by drought situation. If
Monsoon worsens the situation spreads in other parts of the country too
The extreme weather conditions, huge quantity of ice and snow stored in
the glaciers, etc. are other natural factors which make the country prone to
various forms sea level rise of disasters.
Along with the natural factors discussed in the preceding text, various
human induced activities like increasing demographic pressure,
deteriorating environmental conditions, deforestation, unscientific
development, faulty agricultural practices and grazing, unplanned
S.SETTU AP/ME , JCTCET
urbanisation, construction of large dams on river channels etc 70
VULNERABILITY PROFILE OF INDIA

Vulnerability Profile of Tamilnadu
 The geographical setting of Tamil Nadu makes the state vulnerable
to natural disasters such as tropical cyclones, floods and
earthquake-induced Tsunami.
 The geographic setting of the State makes it vulnerable also to
lightning, landslide, forest fires, sea erosion etc.
 About 8% of the state is affected by five to six cyclones every year,
of which two to three are severe.
 Cyclonic activities on the east coast are more severe than on the
west coast, and occur mainly between April-May and October-
November.
 Tamil Nadu is also prone to very severe damaging earthquakes. Its
people feel much more vulnerable to earthquake-induced tsunamis
since the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, which affected the coast of
Tamil Nadu destroying much of the marine biology and severely
damaging the ecosystem
Vulnerability Profile of Tamilnadu
1. Drought Vulnerability
2. Coastal Vulnerability
3. Sea Erosion
4. Cyclone / Heavy Rainfall Vulnerability
5. Flood Vulnerability
6. Storm Surge Vulnerability
7. Heat Wave Vulnerability
8. Seismicity Vulnerability
9. Landslide Vulnerability
10. Tsunami-
11. Forest Fire
12. Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN)
13. Nuclear Plants Vulnerability
Global Trends in Disasters
 Overall, global trends show that the numbers of reported

disasters and people affected re rising, but the number of
people killed by disasters is falling.

Statistics about deaths caused by natural disasters from 1900-2020

URBAN DISASTER
 Disasters cause serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a
society that exceeds their capacity to cope using their own resources.
 When disasters affect cities or urban areas, they are referred to as urban
disasters.
 Urban areas have often expanded into hazard-prone locations, with increasing
populations and assets exposed to hazards and difficulties in addressing risk
factors.
 It is widely acknowledged that risk is becoming highly urbanized. In 2014, 54
percent of the world‟s population was living in urban areas and this proportion
is expected to increase to 66 percent by 2050.
 Most of the urban population and most of the largest cities are now in low and
middle income countries, and projections suggest that most population growth
will be in urban areas within these countries.
 As urban centers and cities concentrate people, infrastructure, buildings, and
economic activities, most losses and damage concentrate in urban areas.
 Approximately 60 percent of the area to be urbanized toward 2030 has yet to be
built, and this will happen mostly in countries with a low capacity to ensure
sustainable urban development with low risk, so urban risks are expected to rise
unless radical measures are incorporated
PANDEMIC
 A pandemic is an epidemic of disease that has spread across a large
region, for instance multiple continents or worldwide, affecting a
substantial number of people
 A pandemic is an Endemic diseases occurring on a scale that
crosses international boundaries, usually affecting people on a
worldwide scale.
 Throughout history, there have been a number of pandemics of
diseases such as smallpox and tuberculosis.
 The most fatal pandemic recorded in human history was the Black
Death (also known as The Plague), which killed an estimated 75-
200 million people in the 14th century.
 Current pandemics include HIV/AIDS and the 2019-20
Coronavirus Pandemic.
 A disease or condition is not a pandemic.
Coronavirus COVID-19
• The coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic is the defining global health
crisis of our time and the greatest challenge we have faced since
World War Two.
• Since its emergence in Asia late last year, the virus has spread to
every continent except Antarctica.
• But the pandemic is much more than a health crisis, it's also an
unprecedented socioeconomic crisis. Stressing every one of the
countries it touches, it has the potential to create devastating social,
economic and political effects that will leave deep and longstanding
scars.
• Every day, people are losing jobs and income, with no way of
knowing when normality will return. Small island nations, heavily
dependent on tourism, have empty hotels and deserted beaches.
• The international labour organization estimates that 195 million jobs
could be lost.
• The World Bank projects a US$110 billion decline in remittances this
year, which could mean 800 million people will not be able to meet
their basic needs.

COMPLEX EMERGENCIES
 Complex emergencies are situations of disrupted livelihoods and threats
to life produced by warfare, civil disturbance and large-scale movements
of people, in which any emergency response has to be conducted in a
difficult political and security environment.
 Complex emergencies combine internal conflict with large-scale
displacements of people, mass famine or food shortage, and fragile or
failing economic, political, and social institutions.
 Often, complex emergencies are also exacerbated by natural disasters.
 A complex emergency is an emergency situation where government
services have broken down.
 Emergencies are challenging by nature, but become especially
complicated when there‟s no (or very little) government structure.
 People often can‟t access the help they need to recover.
 Over the last few decades, emergencies have generally become more
complex and longer-lasting.
 The longer an emergency lasts, the more complex it can become.
CLIMATE CHANGE
 Climate change is the defining issue of our time and we are at a
defining moment.
 From shifting weather patterns that threaten food production,
to rising sea levels that increase the risk of catastrophic flooding,
the impacts of climate change are global in scope and
unprecedented in scale.
 Without drastic action today, adapting to these impacts in the
future will be more difficult and costly.
 Global climate change is shifting hazard levels and increasing
disaster risk impacts.
 Climate-related risks, vulnerabilities, and impacts are increasing in
urban areas of all sizes and economic conditions around the globe.

Example - Greenhouse gases occur naturally and are essential to the
survival of humans and millions of other living things, by keeping
some of the sun‟s warmth from reflecting back into space and
making Earth livable. But after more than a century and a half of
industrialization, deforestation, and large scale agriculture,
quantities of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have risen to
record levels not seen in three million years. As populations,
economies and standards of living grow, so does the cumulative
level of greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions.
There are some basic well-established scientific links :
1. The concentration of GHGs in the earth‟s atmosphere is directly
linked to the average global temperature on Earth;
2. The concentration has been rising steadily, and mean global
temperatures along with it, since the time of the industrial
revolution;
3. The most abundant GHG, accounting for about two-thirds of
GHGs, carbon dioxide (CO2), is largely the product of burning
fossil fuels. S.SETTU AP/ME , JCTCET 92
Disasters and development
 There is an old saying, ‘an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of
cure’.
 Prevention is possible only when mitigation aspects are incorporated in
the development planning process.
 Disasters resulting from natural hazards, such as flood, cyclone, drought,
earthquake, fire and many more impact development in several ways.
 Disasters damage infrastructures, lifeline and critical facilities resulting
in human, financial and environmental losses.
 Thus, natural & manmade disaster risk is intimately connected to the
processes of development.
 In order to clarify the ways in which disasters and development interact,
it is helpful to distinguish between economic and social elements of
development.
 These social and economic development work directly or indirectly to
decrease or increase disaster risk

Disasters and development Cycle

Relationships between Disasters and Development
Disasters and development are closely linked
Looking at the relationship between disasters and development one can
identify „four‟ different dimensions to this relation:
1) Disasters can set back development
2) Disasters can provide development opportunities
3) Development can increase vulnerability and
4) Development can reduce vulnerability
 The whole relationship between disaster and development depends on the
development choice made by the individual, community and the nation
who implement the development programmes
1) Disasters can set back development:
⁕ Disasters wipe out decades of economic and social development, which
has taken place over a period of time.
⁕ These accounts are dramatic, but the constant drain of resources because
of frequent disasters limits development potential of million of people
around the world
⁕ Disasters can also limit social development
2) Disasters can provide development opportunities:
 Disaster events often give a chance to development, especially in the
period immediately following a disaster. They provide a spur to
development policy in the aftermath period
 There could be enhanced investments in upgrading administrative
capability and training of personnel involved, which serves long term
development goals
 The Recovery phase gives important indications for development
planning.
 which improve outcomes from „mainstream‟ development programmes
in the form of more sources of income for the poor, enhanced
employment opportunities, better animal husbandry, and better forest
produce for people living in the adjoining areas
 Disasters can also be a major vehicle for carrying out major development
programmes.
 Changes may occur in new land reforms, Acts and policies being
developed, training of professionals, inducing disaster resilient
technologies in the new constructions
S.SETTU AP/ME , etc
JCTCET 97
3) Development can increase vulnerability
 Social and economic development can increase the vulnerability of the
community to disaster risks. E.g. The clearing of protective mangrove stands
for shrimp farming in Bangladesh and Vietnam has increased damage due to
storms and pollution
 Rapid urbanisation has increased the vulnerability of the community. The
growth of informal settlements and inner city slums normally inhabited by
migrants have often led to development of settlements in vulnerable pockets
like the low lying areas.
 Increased population concentrations and sub-standard construction increase
the vulnerability of the built environment and the fragility of socioeconomic
systems
 Thus, natural disaster risk is intimately connected to the processes of human
development.
 Urban development often leads to an influx of relatively low income groups,
with large scale settlement of marginal land or in high density, poor quality
housing.
 Marine and coastal zone development leads to population concentrations,
exposed to possible storm surge, high wind, flash flood and landslide risks.
Tsunami and tropical cyclones can destroy all the development gains.
 Mechanization of agriculture could be failed with adverse environmental
consequences
Vulnerabilities caused by development
E.g. Coastal zone development,
multistory buildings on hazard prone zones,
tourist resorts,
deforestation for development purposes may lead to soil
erosion and landslides,
dams and irrigation schemes (displace natural habitat,
excessive flooding, dam failure),
industries attract people to live around exposed to
pollutants and industrial hazards,
livestock development - overgrazing – loss of vegetation
cover – near desertification, agricultural projects
preferring cash crops on staple crops. etc.
4) Development can reduce vulnerability
• If development can act as an agent for increasing the vulnerability of the
community; it can also sometimes reduce the vulnerability of the people
• First the generation of wealth, that can raise the basic level of human
development and second the distribution of wealth, which can enable the
poorest to overcome human vulnerability.
• This includes incorporating disaster resistant technologies in buildings
that are being newly constructed
• Apart from economic development, social development too plays a key
role in shaping governance regimes for disaster risk management
• Social development would include awareness/education, and more
importantly, health. Improved health and education status help reduce
vulnerability and can limit human losses in a disaster
• Improved health and education status help reduce vulnerability and can
limit human losses in a disaster
• A literate and better-educated population, including women and girls, is
better able to cope up effectively to any disaster. An educated community
will also be in a position to respond immediately to early warning and
other warnings of any disaster
THANK YOU

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UNIT I

S. SETTU AP/ME , JCTCET

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 Hazards are describe quantitatively by the likely frequency of

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Root causes Dynamic pressures Unsafe conditions Hazards

Lack of – Fragile physical

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Blizzard or A severe snowstorm

The shaking of the earth's crust,

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Rain occurring when outside

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8 Hurricane Heavy rains and high winds.

Geological phenomenon which

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Limnic The sudden eruption of carbon

Violent rotating columns of air

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The release of hot magma,

Drought is a prolonged dry period in

The intentional release or

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The escape of solids,

War is defined as a conflict

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 Thus earthquake is a form of energy, which is transmitted to the surface

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4. Spreads S.SETTU AP/ME , JCTCET

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1. Meteorological 1.Permanent drought area 1. Soil drought

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Chemical spills, collapse,

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 Fire  Negligent inspection and maintenance of

3. Deliberate actions (Man made) the structure

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Indirect disaster Impact : It includes declines in output or revenue,

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