ME 301 PROJECT REPORT

Solar Energy As Preferred

Renewable Energy Source

RAUSHAN KUMAR
COMPANY ROLL NO. :- 220877
NAME

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 The availability of energy has transformed the
course of humanity over the last few centuries
and now it has become an neceessity for all of
us.
Many of our conventional source of energy are
limited and with increasing global demand of
energy and limited availability of conventional
sources mmade humanity to think about other
sources which are renewable and would not
cause various harm that these conventional
resource cause.
Now we have many Renewable sources of
energy namely
solar,nuclear,biomass,geothermal and many
more.
In next slides we will discuss about increasing
global energy demands, conventional sources
and its impacts on environment, possible
solutions and we will have a detailed study on
SOLAR ENERGY.

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 World’s Energy Requirements
Our world consumes a lot of energy about 180,000
TWh per annum for various usage.We consume it
from various forms which can be seen from below

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 World’s Energy Requirements

Global energy consumption growth accelerated

in 2023 (+2.2%), much faster than its average
2010-2019 growth rate (+1.5%/year).

Global energy consumption grew faster than its historical trend (+2.2% in
2023), spurred by the BRICS (+5.1%), which accounted for 42% of the
global energy consumption in 2023: energy consumption surged in China
(+6.6%, twice its 2010-2019 average), India (+5.1%, slightly faster than the
historical average), accelerated in Brazil (+3.3%, vs. +0.9% per year over
2010-2019), but it stagnated in Russia (+0.3%) and declined again in South
Africa over supply issues (-1.2%). It also increased in the Middle East
(+3.7%, with strong growth in Iran and the UAE), as well as in Algeria,
Vietnam, and Indonesia.

We can see the above from the below given charts as how our energy
demand has grown. Demand for electricity is given in separated chart as
nowadays electricitty being the one of the most usable form of energy.

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 WHAT WE USE CONVENTIONALLY

Conventionally used forms of energy are

Fossil Fuels:
Coal: Used mainly for electricity generation and
industrial processes.
Oil: Used for transportation fuels, heating, and in
the production of plastics and chemicals.
Natural Gas: Used for heating, electricity
generation, and as an industrial fuel.

Hydropower: mainly for generating electricity

Biomass: Used in Rural areas for various

purposes like cooking

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 What are the problems associated
with conventional energy sources
Environmental Pollution: Fossil fuel use creates
significant air and water pollution, contributing to smog,
acid rain, and contaminating water sources.

Climate Change: Burning fossil fuels releases large amounts

of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, which leads to
global warming and extreme weather events.

Finite Supply: These resources are non-renewable, so they

will eventually run out, creating concerns over long-term
energy security.

Health Risks: Air pollution from fossil fuels leads to

respiratory and cardiovascular problems, affecting public
health.

Geopolitical Conflicts: Limited and unevenly distributed

fossil fuel reserves often lead to political tensions and
economic instability.

and many more......

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 Problem we faced due to usage of
conventional source of energy

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 And the solution to all these problems is quite
simple, if possible use such source of energy
which does not cause such problems.

What qualities should such energy source

should have ?

Does not
Does not Should be
cause any
cause change abundant and
environmental
in climate renewable
pollution

Should be
Should not
entirely safe
lead to any Should be
with no
geo-political cost-effective
harmful
conflict
byproducts

when we search for all these qualities in a source we have

many options like nuclear energy, solar energy, Bio-mass
energy, Geo-Thermal energy, Tidal energy, wind energy,
Green fuels like hudrogen fuel and many more.... but what
seems to be most appropriate is solar energy as it has all
the qualities while other’s does not have like nuclear energy
has health risk if not handeled properly, wind,tidal and geo-
thermal energy are not available everywhere so solar
energy seems to be most appropriate choice .
Let’s make a detailed analysis for solar energy..

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 SOLAR ENERGY
First question arises here is what is solar energy
Basically the energy coming from sun is called solar
energy.It is the most fundamental form of energy infact
the fossil-fuels which we use as conventional form of
energy is also a conversion of solar energy into chemical
energy over a large period of time.
But according to our demand solar energy can be more
technically defined as “ Solar energy is radiant light and
heat from the sun that can be converted into usable
energy through different technologies like photovoltaic
(PV) cells and solar thermal systems and Concentrated
Solar Power ”.

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 After we understood what is solar energy next
question arises “IS SOLAR ENERGY ABUNDANT
ENOUGH TO SATISFY OUR HUGE ENERGY
DEMAND”.
According to BRITANICA
The total amount of solar energy incident on Earth is
vastly in excess of the world’s current and anticipated
energy requirements. If suitably harnessed, this highly
diffused source has the potential to satisfy all future
energy needs.

If we talk numerically Earth recieves 173,000 tera

watts of energy from sun which is 10,000 times more
than world’s energy consumption.
Earth recieves that much amount of solar energy but
are not able to convert all of these energy to useful
source of energy Unfortunately, though solar energy
itself is free, the high cost of its collection, conversion,
and storage still limits its exploitation in many places.
but with technological advancement and general
awareness we will be able to harness a great amount of
solar energy.

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 Now we know that solar energy is abundant ,
renewable ( as sun is giving energy to us from millions
of years and for a fact we know that it will continue to
do so for millions of coming years too), pollution free,
no health hazards of using solar energy, does not
cause climate change so overall one of the best
possible source of energy.

Next question arises is although it is a

good source of energy but how can we
use it ?
We can use solar energy in various ways like
As a source of thermal energy
For electricity generation
Solar powered desalination units
Can be Used for cooking
Charging batteries
Industrial Purposes

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 Some mathematical
Calculations

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 While the solar radiation incident on the
Earth's atmosphere is relatively constant,
the radiation at the Earth's surface varies
widely due to:
atmospheric effects, including
absorption and scattering;
local variations in the atmosphere, such
as water vapour, clouds, and pollution;
latitude of the location; and
the season of the year and the time of
day.
According to NASA
Averaged over the
entire planet, the
amount of sunlight
arriving at the top of
Earth’s atmosphere
is only one-fourth of
the total solar
irradiance, or
approximately 340
watts per square
meter.

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 According to NASA
About 23 percent of incoming solar
energy is absorbed in the atmosphere by
water vapor, dust, and ozone, and 48
percent passes through the atmosphere
and is absorbed by the surface.

Global Energy demand is 180,000 TWH

Solar Panel efficiency ~ 18 %
Average Solar Radiance = (340* 0.3) = 102

Solar energy produced per year= (102*24*365)

= 893,520 Wh/sq.metre per year
=893.5 kwh/sq.metre per year
Energy output = 160.83 kwh/sq.metre per year

Total area required = 180,000,000,000,000/102 sq.metre

= 1764,000,000,000 sq.metre
= 1764,000 sq.km

For inference this is approximately area of IRAN

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 Now the question arises that if everything
is good with solar energy why haven’t we
shifted fully towards solar energy ?
Nothing in this universe is perfect and
everything has some shortcomes, solar
energy also has some which are stated
below
Solar Power Isn’t Always Available:
Energy Storage Is Expensive
High Upfront Costs
Land Space
But here we have the good news
Solar power is growing fast and becoming more
affordable. Many places are using a mix of solar
with other renewables like wind and hydro to help
balance things out. It’s not easy to switch
completely to solar yet, but with advances in
technology and smart planning, solar will play an
increasingly big role in our energy future and
surely it will be the major of all the energy
resources.

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 Though Solar Energy also has some
shortcomes but if you compare it with
other available resources it seems to
be the best one !

WHAT THE WORLD IS DOING TO

PROMOTE SOLAR ENERGY
India installed 18 GW of solar PV in 2022, almost 40%
more than in 2021. A new target to increase PV
capacity auctioned to 40 GW annually
The United States included generous new funding for
solar PV in the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) introduced
in 2022.
Brazil added almost 11 GW of solar PV capacity in 2022,
doubling its 2021 growth.
The European Union is accelerating solar PV
deployment in response to the energy crisis, with 38
GW added in 2022, a 50% increase compared to 2021.
New policies and targets proposed in the REPowerEU
Plan and The Green Deal Industrial Plan are expected
to be important drivers of solar PV investment in the
coming years.

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 TOWARDS THE FUTURE
With technological advancement ,innovation and
increasing awareness solar energy is going to be the one
of the most useful forms of energy in nearby future

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 References
https://yearbook.enerdata.net/total-energy/world-
consumption-statistics.html
https://ourworldindata.org/energy-production-
consumption
https://www.nrdc.org/stories/fossil-fuels-dirty-
facts#sec-future
https://www.eesi.org/papers/view/fact-sheet-
climate-environmental-and-health-impacts-of-
fossil-fuels-2021
https://www.britannica.com/science/solar-energy
https://www.imperial.ac.uk/astrophysics/research/t
he-sun/solar-irradience-variation
https://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/properties-
of-sunlight/solar-radiation-at-the-earths-surface
https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/Energy
Balance
https://www.iea.org/energy-
system/renewables/solar-pv

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 THANK YOU

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