Canada Before 1914

TH
19 CENTURY CANADA:
THE ROAD TO WAR
J. de Medeiros
Canadian History
Follow along using the
worksheet on Brightspace
Lesson Questions
By the end of this lesson, I will be able to answer these

questions:
1. What is colonization and how did it happen in Canada?
2. What is confederation and how did it change Canada?
3. What was life like in Canada for different groups of people?
4. What were some important events in Canada during the

1900s?
Important People, Events, and Developments
Turtle Island Indigenous Colonization John A.
MacDonald
Confederation British North Indian Act Residential
America Act Schools
Royal Proclamation Treaties Empire Colony
of 1763
Dominion Enslavement Abolition National

Sovereignty
Francophone Anglophone Suffragette French Canada
Women’s Imperialist Nationalist French Canada

Suffrage
Immigration Urbanization Unionization Industrialization
Turtle Island
Canadian History begins before the Europeans arrived in the Americas.
Archaeological evidence suggests that Southern Ontario was settled as

early as 11,000 years ago!
Canada’s Indigenous settlers had over 53 different languages and each

group referred to themselves by a specific name in their own language.
Turtle Island
Colonization
What does Colonization mean?
Colonization means to take control of an area and send your own people to live
there.
If there are already people living in the area that you want to colonize, you can
either cooperate with them or conflict with them.
When did Europeans first arrive in Canada?
1000 CE first contact between Europeans (Vikings) and Indigenous peoples, but
no permanent settlement (no colonization)
When did Europeans first colonize Canada?
1534: New France is established by Jacques Cartier
1763: Royal Proclamation, British established rule

Indigenous-Settler Relations
Indigenous nations and the British signed treaties, trade agreements, and
military alliances based on respect and cooperation.
Treaties
Agreements made between the settlers and Indigenous groups that
explain what everyone’s rights and responsibilities were.
Examples:
Treaties of Peace and Neutrality (1701-1760)
Peace and Friendship Treaties (1725-1779)

Royal Proclamation and the Covenant Chain Wampum
The Royal Proclamation also created an Indian Department to be the point of
contact between Indigenous peoples and the colonial governments.
In 1764, the Treaty of Niagara was signed by the Crown and 24 Indigenous Nations.
The Crown gave the Covenant Chain Wampum to the assembled First Nations. It is
still recognized by Canada’s constitution today.
Over many centuries this relationship was destroyed by colonial policies that were
made into laws.
The Fathers of Confederation
The British North American colonies of Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick and Upper and Lower Canada were federally
joined on July 1st, 1867, to become Canada, a
Self-Governing Dominion of Britain and a new member of
the British Empire
THE ORIGINAL FOUR COLONIES
The Original Four Colonies (1867)
1. Ontario (Upper Canada)
2. Quebec (Lower Canada)
3. New Brunswick
4. Nova Scotia
Additional Provinces & Territories to Join Canada
5. Manitoba (1870)
6. Northwest Territories (1870)
7. British Columbia (1873)
8. Prince Edward Island (1873)
9. Yukon Territories (1898)
10. Saskatchewan (1905)
11. Alberta (1905)
The Indian Act and the Numbered Treaties
The Indian Act (1876) allowed the Canadian
federal government to control Indian status,
bands, and Indian reserves.
The Numbered Treaties (1871-1921) were

agreements that gave up Indigenous land to
the British government, since it was their goal
to expand across North America.
However, a lot of British Columbia, including

Vancouver, remains unceded territory. This
means there is no treaty. Therefore First
Nations people never legally gave away their
lands to the government.
Residential Schools
- The Indian Act created Residential
Schools to culturally Assimilate
Indigenous people
- Cultural Assimilation means that
people of a different culture are
absorbed into the dominant culture
and lose their heritage
- Over 150, 000 Indigenous children
(4-16 years old) were forced to attend
Residential Schools across Canada
that were run by Church and
Canadian government officials
- The first residential schools were set
up in the 1870s, with the last school
remaining open until 1996
- The children who attended the
schools suffered abuse and trauma
and were not allowed to practice their
culture
Slavery in Canada: New France
Canada was involved in the
transatlantic slave trade.
Black people were bought, sold,

and enslaved as personal property
by Europeans in New France in
the early 1600s. This practice was
called chattel slavery and it lasted
until slavery was abolished in
British North America in 1834.
There were approximately 4,200

slaves in New France at the peak
of enslavement
Slavery in Canada: Upper and Lower Canada and
the Maritime Colonies
After the British were defeated in the
American Revolution (1775 - 1783), the
number of enslaved Black people in
British North America increased.
To encourage White American settlers to
immigrate north, the government passed
the Imperial Statute of 1790, which
allowed United Empire Loyalists to bring
in enslaved people along with other
property duty-free.
The Underground Railroad
After slavery was abolished in
Canada, between 30 and
40,000 Black Americans tried
to escape by moving north.
This continued until 1865 (the
year slavery was abolished in
the US)
Some lived in all-Black

settlements while others chose
to live in racially integrated
communities in towns and
cities.
Canada Enters
the 20th Century
The British Empire
- Britain was the most powerful nation on earth and the
largest Empire in the history of the world (bigger than
the Roman, Persian, Mongol, etc. empires)
- The British Empire included:

- Canada, India, much of Africa, the Caribbean,
parts of the Middle East and various islands all
over the world
- A powerful ROYAL NAVY used to control the
oceans (and all ocean trade!)
“The sun never sets on the British Empire”
Why an Empire?
- Having colonies provides resources and raw materials leading to
wealth and power
- The INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION began in England in the late 1700’s

leading to mass production, factories, jobs, and cities
- Wealth buys a lot of things . . . like railroads, ships, and other large
construction projects to show off your power
What does it mean to be a Dominion of
the British Empire?
- Cannot make or change its own constitution without British approval
- British Laws automatically apply in Canada until changed
- Governor General is Britain’s representative in Canada’s Gov’t and has a lot

of power
- Canada has no control over their Military – They depend on Britain for
protection and don’t make decisions about wars (army and navy)
- Canada cannot make treaties with other nations - This includes military
treaties and trade (they depend on Britain for trade)
- No Flag and no National Anthem – Canada uses the Union Jack (British Flag)
and we sing God Save the Queen!
What is Happening in Canada?
● Immigration: settlement of the West

● Urbanization: ppl moving to cities
● Industrialization: railroad building,
increase in factories, unionization
● Discrimination towards non British
Canadians: ie. Chinese Head Tax,
Indian Act, Komagata Maru denied
The Fight for the Right to
Vote:
Women's Suffrage
- Suffrage: The right to vote in
government elections
- The Suffrage Movement was
an effort to gain the right to
vote for women. It started in
Great Britain in the 1890s.
- Suffragettes were women who
fought for the right to vote for
other women
- Suffragettes were also active
in Canada in the early 1900s
as the movement became
more popular
Demographics in Canada
English and French Canada
English Canada French Canada
•Anglophone (English speaking) •(Francophone) French Speaking
• Industrialists •Agriculturalists
•Imperialist: the policy of extending •Nationalist: devotion and loyalty to

the rule or authority of an empire or your own nation;
nation over foreign countries; •the desire for your country to
•Desire to support Britain’s Empire advance or gain more
independence.
•Supportive of the Boer War •Not supportive of the Boer War

•Supportive of a large navy during •Not supportive of a large navy
the Naval Crisis during the naval crisis
GO Great Britain! GO Canada!

Lesson Questions
By the end of this lesson, I will be able to answer these

questions:
1. What is colonization and how did it happen in Canada?
2. What is confederation and how did it change Canada?
3. What was life like in Canada for different groups of people?
4. What were some important events in Canada during the

1900s?

Canada Before 1914

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Canada Before 1914

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Canada Before 1914

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TH

By the end of this lesson, I will be able to answer these

1. What is colonization and how did it happen in Canada?

2. What is confederation and how did it change Canada?

3. What was life like in Canada for diﬀerent groups of people?

4. What were some important events in Canada during the

Dominion Enslavement Abolition National

Women’s Imperialist Nationalist French Canada

Archaeological evidence suggests that Southern Ontario was settled as

Canada’s Indigenous settlers had over 53 diﬀerent languages and each

When did Europeans ﬁrst arrive in Canada?

When did Europeans ﬁrst colonize Canada?

1534: New France is established by Jacques Cartier

1763: Royal Proclamation, British established rule

Treaties of Peace and Neutrality (1701-1760)

Peace and Friendship Treaties (1725-1779)

Additional Provinces & Territories to Join Canada

The Numbered Treaties (1871-1921) were

However, a lot of British Columbia, including

Black people were bought, sold,

There were approximately 4,200

Some lived in all-Black

- The British Empire included:

- The INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION began in England in the late 1700’s

- British Laws automatically apply in Canada until changed

- Governor General is Britain’s representative in Canada’s Gov’t and has a lot

● Immigration: settlement of the West

•Imperialist: the policy of extending •Nationalist: devotion and loyalty to

•Supportive of the Boer War •Not supportive of the Boer War

GO Great Britain! GO Canada!

By the end of this lesson, I will be able to answer these

1. What is colonization and how did it happen in Canada?

2. What is confederation and how did it change Canada?

3. What was life like in Canada for diﬀerent groups of people?

4. What were some important events in Canada during the

You might also like