TRADE PROJECT

TITLE; PROPOSED PROJECT FOR A LEVEL 5 HOSPITAL

PRESENTED BY; DANIEL WEKESA MUNIALO
INDEX NUMBER; 5031110381
CENTRE CODE; 503111
INSTITUTION; KITALE NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC
COURSE CODE; 1704
SUPERVISOR; MR.MBACHI PAUL
PRESENTED TO; THE KENYA NATIONAL
EXAMINATION COUNCIL FOR PARTIAL FULFILMENT
TO THE AWARD OF CRAFT CERTIFICATE IN BUILDING
TECHNOLOGY
DECLARATION

I do hereby solemnly declare that this is my original work and

to the best of my knowledge as a sole author. I will accept
responsibility for any omission and error of whatever nature
that may be detected , positively criticism is therefore
welcomed.I further declare that the work herein has never
been submitted, for the award of a diploma in civil
engineering.

Candidate's name: DANIEL WEKESA MUNIALO

Signature: ……………………………………………
Date: ……………………………………………

Supervisor's name: MBACHI PAUL

Signature: ……………………………………........
Date: ……………………………………........
.

DEDICATION
This research project proposal is dedicated to my parents for
their prayers and moral support during this study.
In addition, I wish to dedicate this work to my siblings and
parents who inspired me to seek more knowledge with
excellence and managed to mobilize their minimal resources
to take me to school.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to acknowledge the role played by various
individuals and institutions in making the production of
this research project proposal possible. To start with,
many thanks go to my supervisor Mr. MBACHI PAUL
who offered a tireless professional guidance, support
and commitment towards the successful completion of
this proposal. I also sincerely appreciate all trainers of
Kitale National Polytechnic taught various course units
crucial in the development of this project proposal.
Besides, I am grateful to all my class mates, for their
encouragement, corrections and positive criticisms.

5
ABSTRACT
The proposed building construction of a level 5 hospital
in Kitale consisted a 3 storey building with a basement
and spacious car parking. The project targeted 300
capacity inpatient that is male female and children. The
project was designed with a lift, a ramp and a staircase
that provided access to upper rooms. The building was
constructed on a 5ha land and covered about 35m by
50m. The survey work was conducted with reference to
land mark at Kitale showground which is situated along
Kitale Eldoret highway. The bench mark was in
accordance to the land at the root C67. The booked
reading will be reduced using the height of instrument

6
method, the instrument that was used is a modern one
hence it was ease the work and eliminate errors.
A material that was used was of the standard taste
required. Soil mechanism and bearing capacity was
conducted to check the strength of the soil and its
bearing capacity, compaction taste was conducted to
ensure the lean concrete was placed on a firm and well
compacted surface during foundation completing. Some
of the tests that was done included: compaction test, soil
analysis test, California bearing ratio test (CBR). Other
test conducted for any material before commencement
of working to ensure the material is durable and
achieved the desired strength as per design from
structural analysis.
The first four plans consisted of an emergency rooms,
reception, wash rooms, abolition block and staff-room
and registration center room. The second and the third
floor consisted of an ICU, pharmacy room, conference
hall and other essential department and admiration
offices. The structural engineer allocated to check the
stability and the strength of beams, columns, staircase
ramp, slab and wind. The proposed project was supplied
with electricity from the main electricity line to run
electronic devices. All liquid waste was collected to the
7
municipal council of Trans Nzoia County sewage drainage
system. Solid waste was burned in a kiln within the
proposed site.

8
 CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The proposed level 5 Hospital will be situated along

Kitale -Eldoret highway opposite the Kitale national
museum at Kitale ,a town with a high population that is
growing at a high rate.

However the health problem has become an issue to the

residents, and this has overburden the available private
hospital due to the high demand of the facility. It has
been discovered that the patients are exploited and they
are charged highly for the services.
A study from the town showed that 91% of the sick
individuals and 75% of admissions at the neighboring Moi
teaching refferal come from within a 65 km radius to
acquire healthy services and only 5% of the population in
Kitale acquire healthy services from available
Cherangany Hospital which is private facility.
A recent study from a neighboring county ( Bungoma )
showed that some residents from the town and its

9
environments travel for around 40km radius to access
cheap health service in that county and some who seek
treatment there end up being admitted there.
Using one month prospective follow up, almost 90% of
the population in Kitale , they mostly depend on Referral
Hospitals from other neighboring counties and also other
Countries. The proposed facility will fulfil the desires of
many living in Town and neighboring Towns will also
benefit from the project.
However many of the residents people from the Town
are very poor, thus this facility will be a strong social
economic within the Town by creating employment to
self-innovative people and other opportunities.
A study from the available private health service was
discovered that the available facilities lack adequate
personnel and experts to address the medical needs and
inadequate facilities to handle medical challenges that
the population is facing. The proposed project aim to
provide a healthy hygiene service to all citizens and
improve health of many people.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

10
 Majority of the people living in Kitale town and its
environs are poor, and also depend on minimal
government health facilities and available private
hospital. Lack of essential facilities i.e. most of the people
depend on Referral Hospital from neighborhood counties
for special health services. This project is being taken so
that poor people within Kitale Town and its
environments can benefit from the facility.
The proposed Referral Hospital in Kitale Town is aimed
to address acute shortage of medical services to the
highly populated Town and its environment. We target to
provide special medical service such as screening, Dialysis
and other emerging complex diseases ie covid 19.
Due to lack of public health facilities within the town, the
facility will provide access to medical care to the
residents of Kitale Town and Environs to supporting
cutting edges medical research and innovations.
Thus realized that majority of the people are very poor
and also depends on government health structures from
neighboring county. The proposed facility will address
social and economic issues to the community by helping
the residents to register with health insurance that may

11
reduce costs of terminal and chronic diseases that may
require a lot of financial resources.
The proposed facility will employ highly specialist
medical staff and high-tech equipment’s that lack within
available health centers, for example, the proposed
project will provide high specialist cardiologist and
endometria machines for surgical issues.
The proposed project will respond effectively to Kitale
Residents and provide well equipped Maternity by
providing enough incubators and other special facilities
that will be more essential for women and children

OBJECTIVE OF A PROPOSED OF CONSTRUCTING LEVEL 5

HOSPITAL IN TRANS NZOIA COUNTY

12
 CHAPTER TWO

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

A level five hospital is a large medical facility, usually in a
building with multiple floors,
where seriously ill or injured
patients are given extensive
medical and/or surgical
treatment.
It was important to carry out
case study for the proposed project so as to come up
with a suitable design that will suit the clients needs and
liking. Some of the projects used for the research include
the following;
1. LEVEL 5 HOSPITAL BIRMINGHAM, UNITED KINGDOM

13
Location. BIRMINGHAM, UNITED KINGDOM
Built. 2020
Opened. 2020
Architect. Bryden Wood
The project reinvents hospital design by delivering
enhanced patient care at a 30% lower cost than
comparable hospitals1.
Bryden Wood are the architects and engineers for the
new 18,000 sqm hospital which comprises five operating
theatres, 30 recovery beds, and 140 bedrooms. It also
houses a comprehensive imaging department and
rehabilitation facility.

14
 2. St. Rose
Dominican
Hospital – Siena
Campus

Location. Nevada, USA

Built. 1999

15
Opened. 2000
Architect. Vicky VanMeetren
Aesthetically designed to embody the character of a
Catholic Spanish mission, the St. Rose Dominican
Hospital—Siena Campus fosters the philosophy of the
Dominican order: “Technology mends while compassion
heals.” Overlooking downtown Las Vegas, the
Henderson, Nevada, hospital takes full advantage of the
majestic views of the mountains and city.

3. Nakuru Level 5 Hospital

16
Location. Nakuru,Kenya
Built. 2018
Architect. Unknown
The 250 bed capacity maternity facility christened
Margaret Kenya Mother and Baby Unit, the second
largest in the country after Pumwani hospital, is
projected to offer affordable and quality health care to
residents of Nakuru, Bomet, Baringo, Narok, Kericho,
Samburu, Laikipia and Nyandarua counties.

17
 CHAPTER 3
3.1 METHODOLOGY
This involved carrying out site studies via desktop
study,Site visits and reconnaissance the review of the
projects documentation, architectural drawings of the
project, past environment impact assessment, relevant
policies, legal and institutional framework. Documents
containing climatic, demographic and hydrological data
for kitale town were also used.
3.1.1 NATURE OF ACTIVITIES
i, Electricity

Electricity will be supplied by KPLC from the nearby

power line, 30 metres away from the construction ground.
The electricity will assist in running all the machinery

18
works to be used on site. It will also be used at night for
security purposes and also be used in the future.
ii, Water supply
The water will be supplied by the Trans nzoia county.
This will be made possible through connection of the
nearby pipe connection. Water supplied will be stored in
storage tanks to be supplied through the direct what
supply system ie, tanks placed on the roof for easy supply
in and around the hospital. Rain water will also be
harvested to help in lowering the cost of water.
iii, Security
Highly qualified security guards will be employed to
provide security service during the entire construction
period. This will help in ensuring that there will be no
vandalism of site properties, and that no theft will occur
either from works or site intruders. The site fence will
also be constructed around the site to improve on security.
iv, Waste management
The nearby sewer line is the main sewer line controlled by
The county council that serves the entire town. This will
necessitate disposal of dirty water and other waste
products from the site. A pit will also be availed for other

19
types of waste which will be corrected by the local waste
management for proper disposal.
v, Climate
The temperatures around kitale town average between
16-24c and precipitation of approximately 1000mm per
annum. The knowledge of the climate will help lay down
correct strategies on how to carry out construction activities
and the right procedures to be followed.

20
vi, Topography
The location of the site is fairly flat.This will help in
levelling work hence it’s cost effective.
viii, Vegetation Cover

21
The site is located in a place where the climate is hot and
cool hence the vegetation mostly available is grass and
trees. The trees found in the site are classified in the
following girth,
800-1000mm girth
1000-1200mm girth
3.1.2 PREPARATION OF DRAWINGS
Concept Design
The design concept was archived by use of connected boxes to come
up with a modern buildings design.

22
3.2 SITE LAYOUT PLAN

23
3.3 WORK FLOW CHART

24
 CHAPTER 4

4.1 SURVEY WORK

OBJECTIVES OF CONDUCTING SURVEY WORK;
a) Determine the nature of the ground.
b)To determine the relative position of the earth
surface so as to prepare plans and map on the
horizontal plane.
c) By noting all the obstacles for chaining.
d)Noting down the main features within the
propose site.
e)So as to determine types and shape of boundaries.
f) For locating all the facilities near the site.
g) Deciding the arrangement of the survey lines.

25
 4.2 LEVELLING
It's the art of determining the elevations of a given points
above or below the datum line.
OBJECTIVES OF LEVELING
a) To prepare contour maps for fixing sides for
reservoirs.
b)To establish the points of required height above or
below the datum line.
c) To determine the elevations of given points with
respect to a datum.
Equipment’s used for carrying out leveling;

26
  Notebook
 Nails
 Still tape
 Leveling Staff
 Tape measure
 String
 Offset rod
 Arrows
 Ranging rode
 Dumpy leveling
 Field book
 Hammer
 Panga
 Plumb bob

4.3CONTOURS
Site contour were taken for the proposed site for the
proposed project

CONTOUR READINGS

27
CONTOUR LAYOUT

28
29
4.4 SOIL MECHANICS
4.4.1 COLLECTION OF SOIL SAMPLE
The trial pit is excavated from different points at selected
corners of the site. The top soil is removed to about
400mm the a depth of about 1300mm is excavated
below the ground
4.4.2 SOIL CLASSIFICATION
The aim of this exercise is to know the general
characteristics and hence obtain the soil bearing
capacity.
4.4.3 SOIL ANALYSIS /DISTRIBUTION
Apparatus
 Weight balance
 Plan
 Water
 British standard sieve
 Oven
 Sodium hexamataphosphate
 Scoop
 Measuring Cylinder

Procedure

30
 a) Air dry the sample
b)Pass it through 20mm sieve and carry out
riffing/quartering to obtain a representative
sample. Weigh about 1250 grams of the sample
and add water until it overflows.
c) Add 2g of sodium hexamataphosphate which will
break soil clots then wait for at least 24hours.
d)Take the sample and wash it through a 0.075mm
BS sieve until it is clean.
e)Oven dry the sample for about 16 hours at
temperatures between 105-110 degree celsius.
f) Pass the sample through a series of 20mm-
0.075mm sieve.
g) Plot the graph of percentage passing against sieve.

4.4.4 PROCTOS COMPACTION TEST

The main aim of caring this test is to obtain the
maximum dry density of the soil.
Apparatus
 Oven
 Straight ledge

31
  Proctors moisture tins
 Pan
 Two weighing machines
 Scoop
 Proctors mold, base and it's color
 Hammer
 Chisel
 Measuring cylinder
Procedure
a) Take one quarter of the riffled samples.
b)Take two moister tins off, weigh their masses and
fill them with the air dried sample to obtain preset
moisture content (PMC).
c) Put them in an oven to obtain the preset moisture.
d)Take the pan and put equal masses of 2500g.
e)To the first, add water 12% mass of the specimen.
Use the scoop to mix it thoroughly until a
homogeneous material is obtained.
f) Weigh the mold with its base only.
g) Put the colour in specimen in sequential layers
being compacted with 25mm below each.
h)Dismantle the color and straighten the surface
using the straight edge.
i) Weigh the wet sample

32
 j) Repeat the procedure using the remaining
samples increasing water by 2%.
k) Put the tins with specimen into the oven at a
temperature between 105-110 degree celsius for
24 hours.
l) Determine the dry density of the sample at every
percentage increase of water.
m) Find the moisture content of the sample and
plot a graph of dry density against moisture
content.

4.4.5 CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST (CBR)

Apparatus
 Oven
 CRB mold base plate and collar.
 Weighing balance.
 Scoop.
 Spatula.
 Measuring cylinder.
 Swell gauge.
 Soaking tank.
 CBR penetration machine 20mm sieve.

Procedure

33
a. Sieve the sample through 20mm sieve to obtain
enough sample.
b. Weigh the mold base plate.
c. Use the value obtained in proctors test.
d. Add 465ml of water and mix to obtain a
homogeneous material.
e. Prepare the CBR mold with its base plate, weigh
and record it's mass.
f. Put a filter paper on the base, add collar then
weigh 1378g of the sample and put it in the
mold.
g. Put a filter paper, add spacers and compact
using the hands.
h. Remove the filter paper, track the surface, put
the second layer and repeat the above
procedure.
i. Put the third layer and a filter paper the
compact with CBR machine.
j. Remove the collar and spacers, weigh the
specimen and record.
k. Find the initial swell using the swell gauge.
l. Put the collar, spacer and soak for four days.
m. Take the specimen out of water, remove
the collar, spacer and take the final swell.
n. Remove the base plate and test for penetration
using CBR test machine.

34
4.5 STRUCTURAL DESIGN (COLUMN,BEAM AND

STAIRCASE) TO BS 8110

35
 Loadings And Analysis

Load Case Load Load type Member Value(kN/m²) Load

factor

Dead Self-Weight Wholes structure 1.35

Dead Finishes Uniform Whole structure 2.0 1.35

Dead Retained soil Trapezoidal Basement level 1.5-235.8 1.35

planar

Live Car parking Uniform Ground floor, 2.5 1.35

36
REF CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

DESIGN OF COLUMNS

400mm

400mm

Procedures

Check if the column is long or

37
 short

Determine the area of main

reinforcements

Determine suitable links

Note

Characteristic strength of concrete

Fcu = 40N/mm²

Characteristic strength of steel

reinforcement

Fy = 460N/mm²

End column of the top of the

column for x-x axis = 1

38
 End condition at the top of the

column for y-y axis = 2

End condition at the bottom of the

column for the x-x axis = 3

End condition at the bottom of the

column y-y axis =3

Clause

3.8:1.3
The column is braced

Le and 6< if the column is short

Table

3.13
x-x direction ; - End condition at the

top = 1

-End condition at the

39
bottom = 3

Lex= 6.9 x 3000 = 2700mm

Le = = 6.8 Hence the

6.8 < column is

15 short

y-y direction : End condition at the top

=2

End condition at the

bottom = 3

40
 β= 0.95

Ley = (0.95 x 3000) = 2850 mm

= = 7.1

= 7.1 < 15

Clause

3.8.4.3 N = 0.4fcu. Ac + 0.8 Acfy

N = LxWxDXH

O.4x40 (400x400 – Asc) +

0.8x460Asc

16(160000-Asc) + 368Asc

41
 2560000 –16Asc + 368Asc

352Asc = 2560000

Clause Asc = 7272.1mm²

3.12:7.1
Provide 6

6 Y40 at 7540mm² Y40 at

7540mm²

Spacing of links should be ≤ (12x

shortest diameter)

= (12x40) = 480mm

42
43
REF CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

DESIGN OF BEAMS

Consider the main beams.

400mm

400mm

Characteristic load due to self-

1
weight of the slab

0.2x50x24= 240kN/m

Characteristic load due to self-

weight of the rib

0.4x0.4x24= 3.84kN/m

Characteristic load due to dead load

12x50= 60 kN/m

Characteristic load due to finishes

1.0x5.0= 5.0kN/m

Characteristic load due to imposed

loads

2
 5.0x5.0= 25kN/m

Table 2.1 Ultimate design load due to imposed

loads

1.4gk+1.6qk

Dead load = 5.0+60.0+3.84+24.0 =

92.84 kN/m

Imposed load = 22kN/m

(1.4x92.84) + (1.6x25) = 169.76

Clause
169.76x5.0 = 848.8 kN/m
3.4:3
Imposed load should be less than

dead load.

Dead load > Imposed load

gk>qk

3
 Near middle of the end span,

ultimate bending moments.

= 0.09fl

= (0.09x8.48x4.4) =

336.1248

1st support (interior) ultimate

bending moments

= 0.11fl

= (0.11x25x5) = 13.75

kN/m

Clause At outer support ultimate shear

3.3 force

Clause = 0.45fl

4
3.3:1:2 = (0.45x848.8) = 381.96

Clause Kn

3.3 1st support ultimate shear force

(interior)

= 0.6fl

= (0.6x848.8) = 509.28
Clause
Kn
3.11:3

Assume 20mm diameter bars.

Bars size = 20mm

Normal maximum size aggregates =

20mm

Exposure conditions severe cover =

Clause
40mm
3.3:6

5
 Assume minimum cover to main

steel = 40mm

Effective depth
Clause

3.4:4 d = (600-40-20) 540mm

Clause Assume 25mm diameter bar for main

3.4:4.4 steel bar size = 25mm

Exposure condition severe =

40mm

Fire resistance ≥ 11 ≥ 20mm

Assume nominal cover to steel

40mm

Assume 8mm diameter bars for

6
 links.

d = ((200+400)-40-8-13) =

539mm
Clause

3.12:11.1

minimum bar dimensions for links

given cover beam width ≥ 200mm

Clause

3.12:11.2 Bending

K=

K = = 1.533x

K’ > K

0.156 >1.533x

7
Clause Z = d[0.5+ ]

3.4.4 = d(1.207) Provide 10Y

Z = 1.207d ≥ 0.95d 25

As = M = 384

= = 4511.53mm²

= 4511.53mm²

10Y25 at 4915mm

Minimum spacing of reinforcement

should be ≥ 25mm
It is

8
 adequate

Maximum spacing of reinforcement

There is no redistribution and fy =

460 Kn/mm

The actual spacing between the bars

≤ 155mm

Actual spacing = = 140mm

140 < 155mm

Bending

K= = []

9
 K = 0.08

Clause K’ > K

3.12:10.2 d[0.5+ ]

= d[0.5+ ]

= d(0.999)

Z = 485.85mm

X = [ = 0.5d

Clause 0.5 x 539 = 269.5mm

3.4.5

Clause Assume 16mm diameter bars for

3.4:5.2 area of steel (As)

10
 d’ = 25+8+8 = 41mm

() = = 0.15

0.13 < 0.37 bottom reinforcement

Table 3.8 As = 1623.3mm

A minimum 50% of the man bottom

steel is curtailed of distance 0.08l

from the end supports

Provide
As = ()
5Y20
As = 1623.3mm²
Table 3.7
= () = 0.75

11
 For shear at the internal support use

100% of the area.

Clause

3.4.6 Shear at outer supports.

Table 3.9 Shear stress.

V = = () = 1.86 N/m

Table Maximum shear stress = =

3.10 5.01N/mm²

V = < maximum permitted

value

12
Table 3.9 Effective depth d>400

d = 539

d > 400

100 = 10.0

Vc = (0.63x1.17) = 0.7371 N/mm

OK

0.5Vc = 0,36 N/mm (Vc+0.4)

= (0.7371+0.4) = 1.13

N/mm
Clause

3.12:5.3

(Vc + 0.4) < w < 0.8 or 5 N/mm²

Table

3.25

13
 Deflection

= 0.08

0.3 0.008

= k.fcu = 0.0840 = 3.2

Service stress = fs = Area

Clause
required
3.12:5.3

Area provided in the table

Clause
= []= 266.67N/mm²
3.12:10

Use conservative estimate of

modification factor of; 10.06, since no

14
compression, reinforcement is

required, this does not apply.

( values in table 3.9) x ( values in

the table 3.16)

( 20.8 1.06) = 22

= = 7.79

Minimum percentage reinforcement

Flanged beam with webs in tension

and fy = 460 N/mm

= = 0.08

0.08 < 0.4

= 0.68

15
 Minimum As required = 1632mm²

Provided in the table will be greater.

Traverse reinforcement

Area required =

= = 600mm

This is already provided in the slab

steel

Curtailed

At interior supports

Top reinforcements

16
 100% of steel extends ≥ 0.15Lbar

O.15L = 0.154200 = 630mm

600mm ≤ 45 bar diameter

= ( 45x20) = 900mm

Curtail bars at 900mm from the

face of the support

60% steel extend ≥ 0.25L

= (0.254200) =

10008mm

Curtail 1 bar at 1008mm from the

face of the support

Bottom reinforcement

70% if midspan reinforcement

17
extends to steel within 0.15L of the

centerline of the support.

0.15x4200 = 630mm

At the end support (assuming single

support) bottom reinforcement

50% of the midspan reinforcement

Extends to the width 0.08L of the

centerline to the support.

0.08x4200 = 336m

18
REF OUTPUT
CALCULATIONS

DESIGN FOR SLAB

Design loading\

Characteristic load due to self-weight

of the slab

(0.45x524) = 48 kN

Characteristic loading due to dead oad

(12x5x10) = 60 kN

table 2.1
Characteristic load due to finishes

19
 (1.0x5x1.0) = 5 Kn

Characteristic load due to imposed

load

(5x5) = 25 kN

Table

3.12

Ultimate design loading

=(1.4gk) + (1.6Qk)

=(1.4x113) + (1.6x25)

=158.2 + 40 = 198.2 kN

Clause
Use this table to determine bending
3.3.7

Clause moment and shear force near middle of

20
3.3.12
end span.
Table 3.3

Table 3.4
Ultimate bending momet is equal to =

0.086ft

=
Clause

3.3.6 0.086x198.2x5 = 85.226 Kn/m Thickness is adequate

In outer support ultimate shear force =

0.4f

0.4x198.2 = 79.28 kN

Clause

3.4.4

At 1st interior support, ultimate shear

force = 0.6f

21
 = 0.6x198.2 = 118.92 kN

Cover

Assume 20mm diameter bar

Bar size 20mm

Exposure condition severe 40mm

Minimum fire resistance 1h > 20mm

Clause

3.12;11.1
Assume minimum cover to main steel
Clause

3.12:11.2 = 40mm

Clause Minimum dimensions for 1m cover.

3.12:10.3
Providing Y16 at
Floor thickness ≥ 95

22
 spacing of 150mm c/c
300 > 95

Effective depth
Clause

3.8:5.2 d = (200-400-10) = 150mm

Bending moment and shear force

evaluated using the co-efficient from the

table 3.12

For an end span with simply supported

area.
Table 3.8

Bending

b = Area of consideration

K=

23
 =

K = 0.009
Clause

3.4:6.3 K’≤ K
Table

3.10 0.009 < 0.156

Z = d(0.5+)

= 150( 0.5+) = 111mm

As = 900mm

Minimum spacing is not critical in slab.

Maximum spacing of reinforcement.

24
 3d > n

450 > 250

Percentage reinforcement
Clause Minimum

3.12:10.3 = = 0.6% reinforcement

satisfied

50% of the main steel is curtailed a

distance of 0.5L from the support.

= ( 904) = 452mm

= 0.3

Shear stress

25
 V = 95.12

= = 0.0006 N

Maximum shear is < 0.8

= 0.8 = 5.06

U < Maximum permitted value.

Vc = ( 0.381.17) = 0.44N/mm

N/B – This allows for the ise of class 40

concrete.

V <Vc

26
Deflection

= ratio 26.0 estimate for end span.

= Kfy

= (0.009460) = 4.14 N/mm²

Surface stress = fs = ()

= () = 307.5 N/mm²

= = 20

20 < 32

27
Minimum percentage tension

reinforcement.

Minimum As required =()

= () = 260mm²

(260 < 494)

Bottom reinforcement

60% of midspan reinforcement extend

to within 0.2L

0.2x5000 =

28
 1000mm

Curtail bars at 100mm from the

centerline of the support at the end of the

support (assuming simple support)

= -0.15 = (0.15x5000) =

7500mm or

= 45Y12) = 540mm

REF CALCULATION OUTPUT

DESIGN FOR STAIRS

1. Calculate the number of steps that will be needed;

Considering an ideal riser of 18 cm, the height of the space is divided by the

height of each step. The result should always be rounded up:

29
260/18 = 14.44 = 15 steps

2. Calculate the height of each riser

The height of the space is divided by the

number of steps that we have just

obtained:

260/15 = 17.33 cm height for each riser

3. Calculate the width of the tread

Apply the Blondel formula:

(2 x 17.33 cm) + (1 x tread) = 64

Each tread will measure 29.34 cm

* The resulting staircase will have 15

steps of 29.34 cm of tread and 17.33 cm

of riser

30
 Design loading ( eurocde 2 )

Staircase design using eurocode 2

Waist = 150 mm

Rise = 150 mm 13.02kN/m2

Treads = 250 mm

Finishes = 1 kN/mm2
17.47kNm

Span = 3.3 m

Live Load = 4 kN/mm2

Cover = 25 mm
0.05
Concrete = 25 N/mm2

31
Load Calculation

Total Dead Load = 5.625 kN/m2

Variable load = 4 kN/m2

Proved T10 @

Ultimate load = 1.25*5.625 + 1.5*4 150mm c/c

= 13.03 kN/m2

Moment = W*l2/8

= 13.03*(3.32)/8

= 17.74 kNm

d = 150-25-12/2

= 119 mm

32
k = M / (b*d2*fck)

= 17.74*106/

(1000*1192*25)

= 0.05

z = (d/2)[1+(1-3.53k)0.5] ≤

0.95d

= (d/2)[1+(1-

3.53*0.05)0.5] ≤ 0.95d

= 0.954d ≥ 0.95d

Hence

z = 0.95d

= 0.95*119

33
 = 113.05

As = M/ (fyd* z)

= 17.74*106 /

(500*113.05)

Staircase details

34
35
4.5 COST ESTIMATES
ITE DESCRIPTION UNIT BQ QTY BQ BQ AMOUNT
M RATE

ELEMENT 06
WINDOWS

Purpose made
steel casement
windows
manufactured
from 25X3mm
heavy duty
frames
incorporating
permanent
ventilating units
and with
mosquito gauze
including burglar
proofing round
bar grills and
heavy duty brass
window
closers,stays,pins

36
 ,e.t.c fixed to
masonry jambs
and concrete
heads and sill,
with mastic
pointing all
round.
A NO 53 18,200. 964,600
Window unit 00
overall size 1000
X2800mm [W01]
B NO - - -
Window unit
overall size
1800X3000mm
[W01]
C NO 38 13,000. 494,000.00
Window unit 00
overall size
1000X2000mm
[W02]
D NO - - -
Window unit
overall size
1500X2200mm
[W02]
E NO - - 91,520
Window panel

37
 unit overall size
12800X
2200mm[W03
triangular shaped
at alter]
F NO - - 15,600
Window grills;
overall size
3000X1600mm
[W04; triangular
shaped at
mezzanine]
Window sills
Precast concrete
[1:2:4] bedded
and jointed in
cement sand [1:3]
mortar as
described in :
G LM 109 450.00 49,050.00
200X75mm
weathered and
throated window
sill with smooth
finish on all

38
 exposed surfaces
glazing
H SM 224 2,000.0 448,000.00
4mm obscure 0
glass ,panes n.e
0.1m2[ the client
to supply and fix]
Prepare and
apply one
undercoat and
two finishing
coats first quality
paint to:
J SM 449 250.00 112,250.00
Metal surfaces

39
 2,067,900.00
Element 06
Windows
- carried to bill
summary

ITE UNIT QTY RATE AMOUNT

M
DESCRIPTION

40
 GROUND FLOOR
SUPERSTRUCTUR
ES CM 66 13,50 891,000.00
0
A CM 128 1,728,000.00

B
Vibrated CM 13
13,50
175,500.00
0
C reinforced CM 17 204,000.00
13,50
D concrete class 25 SM 7 0.00 14,175.00

E in: CM 4 12,00 54,000.00

0.00
F SM 116 234,900.00

G
columns SM 308
2,025
831,600.00
.00
H Beams 13,50
0.00
Staircase waist 2,025

and steps .00

2,700
J KG 3,868 580,200.00
Mass concrete .00
K KG 14,228 2,134,200.00
thickness 75mm
L Landing KG 3,146 471,900.00

M
Staircase beams KG 4,766 714,900.00
150.0

150mm thick slab 0

N KG 9,157 150.0 1,373,550.00

200mm thick slab 0

P KG 4,781 717,150.00
150.0
0
Q
Hot rolled high SM 227 147,550.00
yield ribbed steel 150.0
0

41
R SM 423 211,500.00
bar
150.0

S
reinforcement in: SM 892
0
446,000.00

25mm diameter
150.0
T
bars SM 48
0
31,200.00

U 20mm diameter SM 6 3,000.00

650.0
bars 0

V SM 40 20,000.00
500.0
0
W 16mm ditto SM 116 58,000.00

500.0
X LM 76 0 11,400.00

8mm ditto
Y LM 33 650.0 4,950.00

Z SM 308 0 154,000.00

10mm ditto
500.0
0

12mm ditto 500.0

0

Sides of c 500.0
0

150.0
0

150.0
0

42
 Carried to collection 181,212,675.00

ITE DESCRIPTION UNIT QTY RATE AMOUNT

M

43
 GROUND FLOOR

WALLING

Machine dressed
approved natural
stone walling
bedded and
jointed in cement
and sand [1:3]
A
mortar,
B
reinforced with
25mm X 3mm
thick hoop iron
strip in every
alternate course
complete with SM 1,354 1,65 2,234,100.0
and including 0 0
12mm deep neat SM 163
recessed 1,65 268,950.00
horizontal key 0
pointing;
minimum

44
 strength of 14
N/MM2

200mm thick
stone walls

Internal walling

Carried to 200,503,05
collection 0.00

ITE
M
DESCRIPTION UNI QTY RAT AMOUNT
T E

45
 INTERNAL
FINISHES

A
LIME PLASTER
B TO:
SM 1,35 1,65 2,237,400.00
6 0
C Walls 65mm
SM 126,540.00
thickness
D
333 380

Soffits of
E suspended SM 2,660.00
mezzanine slab 7 380
F
15mm thickness
SM 15,960.00
G
42 380
H
Soffits of landing
slab, thickness
15mm SM 51,300
135 380

Sloping sides of SM 4,180.00

staircase 11 380
J
thickness 15mm

46
 SM 231 380 87,780.00
Sides of
K mezzanine beams SM 38 380 14,440.00

Sides of staircase
beams

Sides of beams in
walls 15mm
thickness
Treads of risers SM 702 380 266,760.00
and steps average
thickness 20mm

SM 411 400 164,400

47
EXTERNAL
FINISHES

Cement and sand

[1:4] plaster

Fair face
rendering to walls
and concrete
surfaces, finished
with a wood
float, average
thickness 15mm

Neat recessed
horizontal key
pointing
Carried to collection 983,178,520.00

48
ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT QTY RATE AMOUNT

WINDOWS

Purpose made
steel casement
window
manufactured
from 25 X 3mm
heavy duty
frames,

49
 incorporating
permanent
A
ventilating
units and with
mosquitoes
B gauze including
burglar
C
proofing round
bar grills and NO 14 37,536 525,504.00
D
heavy duty
brass window
E
closer, stays
pins etc fixed NO 6 45,044 270,264.00
to masonry
jambs and NO 28 25,806 722,568.00
concrete head
and sill with
mastic pointing NO 6 25,337 152,022.00
all round.

NO 1 144,514 144,514.00
Window unit
overall size

50
1600
X3000mm

Ditto but 1800

X 3200mm

Ditto but 1500

X 2200mm

Triangular to
mezzanine
1800 X
1800mm

Window unit
overall size
8400 X 2200

51
TOTAL FOE 601,814,872.00
WINDOWS

52
 DOORS

A charge of ITEM 1 720,000 720,000.00

12% for
attendance
PAIRS 50 2,000 100,000.00

Scaffoldings
HRS 4 12,000 48,000.00

Crane idle
HRS 40 2,225 89,000.00
hours

Days work not

done since ITEM 1 140,280 140,280.00
church was
occupied

Electrical
attendance

53
ITE DESCRIPTION UNIT QTY RATE AMOUNT
M

26mm gauge
ALLUZINC IT5
prepainted roof
sheets to approved
standard color and
matching the
A
existing roof profile
as supplied by
mabati rolling mills
or any other SM 1,49 2,400 3,590,400.0
B approved 6 0

C
Rolling sheets to
MONO-PITCH: laid
with 140mm side LM 1,800
laps and minimum 127 228,600.00
D
200mm end laps

54
 and screwed to
E
metal purlins {m.s}

F
ditto ridge gaps: LM 1,000
G overall size 250 X
152 152,000.00
H 250 mm

rain water
installation NO 1,200

200X250mm gauge NO 1,000

26 galvanised iron
box gutter fixed on
fascia board with
and including mild LM 1,000
steel brackets
LM 68 1,500 102,000.00
Extra over ditto for LM 10 2,000 20,000.00
stopped ends

Extra over ditto for

55
100mm diameter
outlet

100X100mm Gauge
26 galvanised iron
rainwater downpipe
fixed to a wall with
and including mild
steel holders butts

150X150mm Gauge
26 galvanised iron
rainwater downpipe
fixed to a wall with
and including mild
steel holders butts

Fascia board
TOTAL FOR ROOF 274,000.00

56
 TOTAL CARRIED TO BE COLLECTION 500,345,400.00
FOR ROOF

ITE DESCRIPTION UNIT QTY RATE AMOUNT

M

VARIATIONS
ROOF CONSTUCTION

57
 AND COVERING
ROOF CONSTRUCTION

The following is
A
welded and bolted
mild steel section
with: KG 136 250 34,000
B

C
100X100X4MM thick
mild steel sanction KG 348 250 87,000
D
with the bottom
welded to plates {m.s}
KG 459 250 114,750
E

50X50X4mm thick SHS

F
in rafters KG 769 250 192,250

50X25X4mm thick SHS

G
in purlins KG 85 250 21,250
H

50X25X4mm thick SHS

in sole, middle and SM 141 800 112,800
J
wall plate

58
K
Allow for welding NO 15 25,80 387,000
connections [5%] 0
L
SM 100
0.25mm thick
M
galvanized corrugated
N
iron roofing sheets
fixed to purlins NO 1 62,000.00
P [m.s} with and 62,00
including J bolts 0

WINDOWS
windows unit overall LM 4 4,800.00
size 1500X2200MM
1,200
PRS 3 1,200
Prepare and apply two
coats of gloss paints 400
on metal surfaces NO 18 63,000.00
both internally and
externally 3,500
ITE 1 60,000.00
DOORS M
Supply,fix and remove
45mm paneled door 1 10,000.00
in two equal leaf size ITE

59
1200X2700mm timber M
louvered sunlight size
2400mmX600mm

Ditto door frame size

200X500mm

Heavy duty brass

hinges

Hacking of mezzanine
columns [8 no.]

Re-construction/
concreting of alter
beam

Printing of drawings
TOTAL CARRIED TO 1,002,150,050.00
COLLECTION

60
ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT QTY RATE AMOUNT

GRAND SUMMARY

A PRELIMINARIES [HOARDING] 180,000.00

B DEMOLITION WORKS 1,1246,400

C SUBSTRUCTURE WORKS 4,642,750

D GROUND FLOOR WORKS/MEZZANINE 11,212,675

E WALLING 2,503,050

F FINISHES 3,178,520

G MEZZANINE STEPS 0

H WINDOWS 1,814,872

61
J DOORS 720,000

K SCAFFOLDING 100,000

L CRANE IDLE HOURS 48,000

M DAYS WORK NOT DONE 89,000

N ELECTRICAL WORKS 140,280

P ROOF CONSTRUCTION 5,345,400

VARIATIONS 1,150,050

GROSS VALUATION AMOUNT 2,009,617,397.00

Less 10% retention 3,261,739.70

Gross valuation 29,355,657.30

Less advanced payments

3,000,000 3,000,000
1,000,000
7,292,200 1,000,000
236,500 7,292,200.00
TOTAL
236,500.00
SUB TOTAL
11,528,700.00
Less interim certificate 1,2,3,4,5 and 6
17,826,957.00
Less 48 bags of cement

SUB TOTAL

NET AMOUNT DUE FOR VALUATION 07 2,007,210,750.00

62
Reference

HARRELL, B. (2011). Building construction. IV, IV. Lubbock, TX,

Creative Educational Video, Inc.

ACTION TRAINING SYSTEMS. (2007). Building construction.

Vancouver, WA, Action Training Systems, Inc.

AUSTIN (TEX.). (1984). Municipal office complex: design manual.

[Austin, Tex.], [City].

63
APPENDIX

64