St.

Paul University Quezon City

(St. Paul University System)

Election Integrity and Voter Trust: A Quantitative Study on the Impact of Cybersecurity
Measures in the Philippines’ Major Urban Centers

By: Janhssen A. Beterbo

A Research Paper Submitted to the St. Paul University System in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for
Political Analysis and Research – Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Political Data

St. Paul University 2024

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Chapter 1: Introduction and Background of the Study

Elections are fundamental to any democratic government structure as they allow the

citizens to make political choices and contribute to the shaping of their country's destinies. They

are not just a matter of following procedures, though; they are an institution for representation,

accountability, and participation. In the Philippines, the nation’s history has numerous cases of

political agitation that had their rippling effects and the issue of elections in the country has

always been of major concern. The introduction of the Automated Election System (AES) was

meant to speed up processes and improve the quality of elections by ensuring high levels of

transparency and minimizing human intervention. However, the rise of digital technologies in

elections has also brought to the forefront the pressing issue of cybersecurity, which is vital to

ensuring the trustworthiness of the electoral process.

Cybersecurity threats have changed the dynamics of electoral processes, making it a hot

topic amongst policymakers, academicians, and the populations at large. Cybersecurity is the

collection of practices and tools used to defend computers, information systems, and computer

networks from hostile acts, loss, or data damage. At a time when the world has witnessed several

data breaches and hacks of election-related information, the question begs: how safe are the

electoral systems that are the foundation of democracies? Various instances around the world,

such as the elections in the United States in the year 2016, exposed weaknesses in electoral

systems that were thought to be safe. These occurrences act as a clarion call, a call to action even

for countries like the Philippines to reevaluate their election security measures.

In the Philippine context, ensuring active voter participation depends on the public faith

reserved for the conduct of elections. Democracy presupposes the right of citizens to feel assured

that their votes will be cast, counted, and reported correctly and that no external force will ever
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collaborate whether during or after the elections. The fear pertaining to possible damning

retrospective views about the elections has been informed by previous practices of election

malpractices such as buying of votes, rigging of ballots, and technology failure among other

issues. Consequently, a good number of voters doubt the process and future aspects that seek to

legitimize the results of any election, which inhibits their willingness and active participation in

the exchange of ideas that helps to run the system democratically. This study examines how

different data security measures correlate with voters’ confidence in the conduct of elections

with a special focus on the three largest cities in the Philippines namely: Metro Manila, Cebu

City, and Davao City. This is done by focusing on younger and older demographic differences in

the acceptance of the concept of cybersecurity, the authors look at the demographic factors, age,

qualification as well as development, and the level of comfort with technology and its tie with

the acceptance capacity of the people regarding the system of elections.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

This study investigates the relationship between cybersecurity measures and voter trust in the

electoral process within the context of the Philippines. It specifically focuses on how awareness

of cybersecurity measures impacts voter perceptions of electoral integrity, especially in major

urban centers such as Metro Manila, Cebu City, and Davao City. The research aims to address

several key questions:

1. What is the level of awareness of cybersecurity measures among registered voters?

2. To what extent do voters trust the integrity of the electoral process, particularly regarding

automated voting systems?

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3. Is there a statistically significant relationship between voters’ awareness of cybersecurity

measures and their trust in the electoral process?

By exploring these questions, the study seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of

how perceptions of cybersecurity influence voter trust. It aims to shed light on the implications

for electoral integrity and public confidence in democratic processes, particularly in an era where

technology plays a pivotal role in elections. This understanding is crucial for enhancing the

effectiveness of electoral systems and ensuring that voters feel secure in their participation in the

democratic process.

1.3 Theoretical Framework

This research is anchored in two key theories: the Social Trust Theory and the Technology

Acceptance Model (TAM).

 Social Trust Theory posits that individuals' trust in institutions, including electoral

systems, is influenced by their perceptions of security, reliability, and the transparency of

processes. In the context of this study, it suggests that voters' awareness of cybersecurity

measures may enhance their overall trust in the electoral process, fostering greater

participation.

 The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) provides a framework for understanding

how individuals come to accept and use technology. According to TAM, perceived ease

of use and perceived usefulness significantly impact users' acceptance of new

technologies. In the context of this study, it will be used to explore how voters'

perceptions of the usability and effectiveness of automated voting systems influence their

trust in these systems and, consequently, in the electoral process.

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This theoretical framework guides the study in assessing the interplay between cybersecurity

awareness, voter trust, and the acceptance of digital voting systems in the Philippine context.

1.4 Scope and Limitation

The study is limited to surveying voters from three major urban centers: Metro Manila,

Cebu City, and Davao City. It aims to measure voter perceptions using a structured online

survey, focusing on their trust in election data protection, awareness of cybersecurity threats, and

confidence in digital voting systems. The study's limitations include its reliance on self-reported

data and the potential exclusion of voters who do not have internet access or are unfamiliar with

digital platforms.

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study holds significant value for various stakeholders in the Philippine electoral

system. First, it provides empirical evidence that can guide policymakers and electoral bodies in

implementing effective cybersecurity measures to enhance public trust in elections. By

identifying gaps in voter awareness, this research can inform strategies for voter education and

outreach programs.

Second, the findings will contribute to the existing body of literature on electoral integrity

and cybersecurity, offering insights into the specific challenges faced by voters in urban areas.

This information is vital for civil society organizations and advocacy groups working towards

strengthening democratic processes in the Philippines.

Lastly, the study aims to foster a deeper understanding of the intersection between

technology and voter engagement, highlighting the need for ongoing dialogue about the
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implications of digital voting systems and cybersecurity in promoting a trustworthy electoral

environment.

1.5 Definition of Terms

1. Cybersecurity: The practice of protecting systems, networks, and programs from digital

attacks, particularly those aimed at accessing, altering, or destroying sensitive

information.

2. Election Integrity: The assurance that elections are conducted fairly, transparently, and

in accordance with established laws and regulations, free from fraud or manipulation.

3. Voter Trust: The confidence that voters have in the electoral process and the systems

governing it, including the belief that elections are fair and results are accurate.

4. Automated Voting Systems: Electronic systems used to cast and count votes in

elections, which can include machines that scan paper ballots, touch-screen voting

machines, and online voting platforms.

5. Data Protection: The processes and practices designed to safeguard personal and

sensitive information from unauthorized access, disclosure, destruction, or alteration.

6. Urban Centers: Highly populated areas within a country, typically characterized by

dense human structures, infrastructure, and services. In this study, urban centers refer

specifically to Metro Manila, Cebu City, and Davao City.

7. Public Engagement: The process by which individuals participate in civic activities,

including voting, community involvement, and discourse about public policies and

electoral processes.
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Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature

2.1 Election Integrity and Public Trust

Election integrity serves as a cornerstone of democratic governance, shaping not only the

conduct of elections but also the broader societal trust in democratic institutions. In the

Philippine context, election integrity is a multifaceted concept that goes beyond the mere

execution of voting; it includes elements such as transparency, fairness, and accountability in the

entire electoral process. Alonzo and Reyes (2023) highlight the importance of these factors,

noting that public trust in the electoral system is fundamentally tied to the perception of fairness

and transparency. When citizens believe that elections are free from manipulation, fraud, or

corruption, they are more likely to engage in the democratic process, fostering a politically active

citizenry.

This bond of trust, however, can be seen to be rather tenuous since it can be easily broken

where the electoral system is seen to be wanting. Such discontentment can occur due to

something as simple as the opaqueness of a certain process, or its manipulation through

illegitimate means like buying votes or altering the counted votes. Consequently, it also affects

the willingness of people to vote or take part in any activity concerning the political sphere.

There is more it increases the level of political indifference in society. Alonzo and Reyes (2023)

claim that it is of high importance to add such an aspect to other mechanisms. These

organizations ‘police themselves’ the election processes, distribute and make sure that

irregularities are made, and in some cases, used to their advantage. In the absence of any such

measures, public confidence in democratic outcomes will decline rapidly, giving rise to disorder

and undermining the foundations of democracy.

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Moreover, the long-term effects of eroding trust in elections are profound. When citizens

lose faith in the ability of elections to produce legitimate outcomes, they may become

disengaged from the political process entirely. This disengagement undermines the very

foundation of democratic governance, as it creates a cycle of apathy and decreased accountability

among elected officials. Alonzo and Reyes (2023) argue that maintaining high standards of

election integrity is not just about ensuring the fairness of a single election but about preserving

the health and sustainability of the entire democratic system. Ensuring transparency, preventing

fraud, and fostering public confidence in the process are vital steps in enhancing voter turnout

and encouraging long-term civic engagement.

2.2 Cybersecurity in Electoral Processes

There are several advantages and disadvantages of information and communication

technologies in the conduct of elections and one of them is cyber security. More and more

countries such as the Philippines are using electronic voting machines and other digital means to

conduct elections, hence the need to enhance cyber resilience in the country. Cruz et al. (2022)

Mitnick describes the cyber-attacks that can be directed against election systems, pointing out

that such threats are not idle or, as it was before, rather insincerities because of the census

systems that have been hacked. Such attacks have revealed potential threats that in case they are

not mitigated will affect the neutrality of the election results which will in turn cause upheavals

politically and socially.

In the Philippines, the transition to digital voting systems raises concerns about the

country's preparedness to defend against such threats. Cruz et al. (2022) emphasize the need for a

comprehensive approach to cybersecurity, one that includes not only technological solutions but

also human factors such as training and awareness. The research suggests that without adequate
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cybersecurity protocols, the entire electoral process could be compromised, leading to public

distrust in the outcomes. This distrust could, in turn, lead to lower voter turnout and a general

decline in political participation.

Securing electoral systems is hampered primarily due to the nature, sophistication, and

inputs of cyber threats common today. Such threats usually have state or non-state actors behind

them who are advanced and, therefore, make it hard for electoral bodies to counter them. Cruz et

al. (2022) claim that resilience is a strategy that can be helpful especially through appropriate

measures such as security audits to eliminate those weaknesses in advance before they are taken

advantage of. In addition, campaigns that are geared towards raising awareness among voters

and those in charge of the elections, including election officials, are effective in lessening the

effects of cyberattacks.

Another notable factor in cybersecurity during any election is the interplay between the

various concerned players, including government, non-governmental organizations, and the

private sector. Cruz et al. (2022) bring out this aspect very well, arguing that because of the

complexities of the modern election systems, no one organization can be able to tackle the issue

of cyber security in electoral systems. By working together, stakeholders can develop more

comprehensive and resilient cybersecurity strategies, ensuring that electoral processes remain

secure and that public trust in these systems is maintained.

2.3 Digital Voting Systems in the Philippines

The introduction of digital voting systems in the Philippines has the potential to

revolutionize the electoral process, making it more efficient, accessible, and inclusive. Bautista

(2023) explores the opportunities presented by digital systems, particularly their ability to
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streamline voting procedures and reduce logistical challenges that have historically hindered

voter participation. In a country where long lines, remote polling locations, and limited resources

often create barriers to voting, digital systems offer a promising solution by making the process

more accessible, especially for voters in geographically isolated areas.

According to Bautista (2023), there are several advantages of digital voting, including

decreasing the waiting time at polls and more effectively reaching a greater number of voters.

This is especially pertinent in the case of the Philippines where problems of transportation have

always discouraged people from participating in elections. The state, by introducing the digital

systems, may raise the levels of electoral engagement of citizens even in those areas of the

country where people tend to remain outside the political processes, for instance, the rural zone.

However, the transition to digital voting is not without its challenges. One of the primary

concerns raised by Bautista (2023) is the issue of technological readiness, both in terms of

infrastructure and voter education. Many voters, particularly those in rural areas, may lack the

necessary skills or access to technology to effectively participate in a digital voting system.

Additionally, the infrastructure required to support digital voting, such as reliable internet

connectivity and secure servers, may not be fully in place in all regions of the country. These

challenges must be addressed to ensure that the introduction of digital voting does not

inadvertently disenfranchise certain segments of the population.

To address the concerns surrounding the adoption of digital voting, Bautista (2023)

emphasizes a balanced approach that focuses on both technological advancements and ensuring

accessibility for all citizens. This involves investing in infrastructure improvements, such as

enhancing internet connectivity in rural and underserved areas, while strengthening cybersecurity

to protect election data and build public trust in digital systems. Equally important is the
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implementation of comprehensive voter education programs that bridge the digital divide,

empowering citizens of all ages and backgrounds to fully engage in the electoral process. Special

attention should be given to vulnerable groups, such as the elderly and those in remote areas, to

ensure that no one is left behind. Voter education should not only focus on using digital voting

technology but also on raising awareness about the broader electoral process, including the

importance of cybersecurity and personal data protection. By addressing both the infrastructural

and educational aspects of digital voting, the Philippines can foster a more informed, secure, and

participatory electorate, ensuring that the transition to a modernized electoral system is inclusive,

equitable, and effective for all.

2.4 Factors Influencing Voter Engagement

Understanding the factors that drive voter engagement is crucial for enhancing electoral

participation in the Philippines. Mendoza and Villanueva (2022) conducted an extensive study

on the various socioeconomic and educational factors that influence voter turnout, highlighting

the significant barriers faced by individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. These

barriers include limited access to information about candidates and voting procedures, as well as

logistical challenges that make it difficult for marginalized groups to participate in elections.

Mendoza and Villanueva (2022) argue that these barriers perpetuate existing inequalities

within the political system, as individuals from marginalized communities are less likely to vote

and, consequently, less likely to have their voices heard in the political process. This systemic

issue creates a cycle of political exclusion, where the most vulnerable populations are continually

underrepresented in electoral outcomes, further entrenching social and economic disparities.

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One potential solution to this problem is the implementation of targeted voter education

campaigns. Mendoza and Villanueva (2022) suggest that educational initiatives specifically

tailored to the needs of marginalized communities could help bridge the gap in voter

participation. By providing these communities with the resources and information they need to

navigate the electoral process, such campaigns can empower individuals and encourage greater

political engagement. These initiatives could include voter registration drives, informational

workshops, and outreach programs that focus on increasing awareness of electoral procedures

and the importance of civic participation.

In addition to the importance of education, Mendoza and Villanueva (2022) emphasize

the need for comprehensive reforms to address structural barriers hindering voter engagement,

especially for marginalized groups. These barriers often include limited access to polling

stations, unclear voting procedures, and logistical challenges that disproportionately affect

disadvantaged populations. For instance, individuals in rural or underserved areas may struggle

to reach polling locations, while those with disabilities may face significant accessibility issues at

voting sites. Addressing these challenges requires a multi-faceted approach that improves both

the physical infrastructure of elections and the clarity of voting processes. Streamlining

procedures and ensuring that all voters can easily navigate the system are crucial steps in

promoting broader participation. Additionally, enhancing the transparency and accessibility of

voting methods, such as offering mail-in ballots or online voting, can have a substantial impact.

By adopting a holistic approach that tackles systemic barriers and informational gaps, it is

possible to create a more inclusive electoral system. This ensures that all citizens, regardless of

socioeconomic status or background, have equal opportunities to shape the political landscape of

the country, ultimately enhancing voter engagement and contributing to a healthier democracy.
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2.5 The Role of Media in Elections

Media, both traditional and digital, play a pivotal role in shaping public perceptions of

elections and influencing voter behavior. Mendez (2023) explores the impact of media coverage

on voter attitudes, noting that the quality and nature of this coverage can significantly affect

electoral outcomes. Comprehensive and balanced reporting fosters an informed electorate, while

sensationalist or biased coverage can mislead voters and skew public opinion. Mendez (2023)

underscores the essential role of responsible journalism in ensuring that voters receive accurate

and unbiased information during election periods. Media outlets, as gatekeepers of information,

have the responsibility to report on electoral events in a manner that allows citizens to make

well-informed decisions. In an electoral landscape where sensationalism can dominate,

particularly in competitive political environments, there is a tendency for media platforms to

focus on scandals, controversies, and personal attacks rather than policy debates and substantive

issues. This trend can distort voters’ perceptions of candidates and the electoral process,

ultimately influencing their choices in ways that may not reflect their genuine political

preferences.

The study further elaborates on the rise of digital media, which has added another layer of

complexity to election coverage. The proliferation of social media platforms has made it easier

for voters to access information, but it has also led to the spread of misinformation and

disinformation. Mendez (2023) points out that while social media platforms have democratized

information sharing and enhanced political discourse, they have also been used to manipulate

public opinion through fake news and political propaganda. The fast-paced and decentralized

nature of social media makes it difficult to regulate, thus posing a risk to electoral integrity. False
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information shared online can easily reach large audiences, affecting voter perceptions and

influencing electoral outcomes.

The challenge of combating misinformation is further complicated by the personalized

algorithms employed by social media platforms, which often reinforce users' pre-existing beliefs

and biases, creating echo chambers that limit exposure to diverse perspectives. Mendez (2023)

underscores the critical need for media literacy programs that empower voters to critically

evaluate the information they encounter, especially within the fast-paced and highly polarized

digital environment. These programs are essential for equipping citizens with the analytical skills

necessary to distinguish between credible sources and misleading or false information. Media

literacy not only helps individuals to be more discerning consumers of news but also promotes

more informed civic participation, allowing voters to make decisions based on accurate and

comprehensive information rather than manipulated narratives. In addition to media literacy,

promoting ethical journalism that adheres to principles of accuracy, fairness, and accountability

plays a key role in countering the spread of misinformation. By fostering a culture of responsible

media consumption and production, these efforts can help restore public trust in media

institutions, ensuring that electoral processes are carried out in a more transparent and

democratic manner.

2.6 Social Media and Political Mobilization

In recent years, social media has emerged as a powerful tool for political mobilization,

particularly among younger voters. Tan and Lim (2023) examine the role of social media in

influencing voter behavior in the Philippines, highlighting the unique ways in which digital

platforms have transformed political engagement. The study reveals that social media

campaigns, when executed effectively, can significantly enhance voter turnout and influence
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political preferences, particularly among younger demographics who are more active online.

This shift represents a major change in how political actors engage with the electorate and

underscores the growing importance of digital strategies in contemporary elections.

The findings by Tan and Lim (2023) show that social media has moved beyond being a

supplementary tool for political campaigns; it is now a central component of political

communication and voter outreach strategies. Candidates and political parties use platforms like

Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram to engage directly with voters, share campaign messages, and

respond to public concerns. This direct engagement has created a more interactive and

participatory form of political discourse, where voters can communicate with candidates in real

time and contribute to the shaping of political narratives.

One of the most notable aspects of social media in political mobilization is its ability to

reach and resonate with younger voters. Tan and Lim (2023) note that younger generations, who

are often disengaged from traditional political processes, are more likely to be politically active

on social media. This demographic shift has created new opportunities for political actors to

engage with an audience that may otherwise be difficult to reach through conventional means.

The study emphasizes that campaigns that utilize visual content, interactive features, and

relatable messaging are more likely to succeed in capturing the attention of young voters, thereby

increasing their likelihood of participating in elections.

However, the use of social media in political mobilization is not without its challenges.

Tan and Lim (2023) caution against the potential for these platforms to be used for negative

campaigning, misinformation, and political polarization. While social media can facilitate greater

political engagement, it can also deepen divisions and create echo chambers where voters are

only exposed to information that reinforces their pre-existing beliefs. This can hinder productive
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political discourse and make it more difficult for voters to engage with differing perspectives. To

address these concerns, Tan and Lim (2023) advocate for the responsible use of social media in

political campaigns, encouraging candidates and political actors to prioritize accuracy,

transparency, and inclusivity in their digital strategies.

2.7 Election Monitoring and Accountability

Election monitoring plays a crucial role in ensuring the transparency and accountability

of electoral processes. Santos (2021) explores the significance of independent election

monitoring bodies and their impact on public trust in election outcomes. According to the study,

the presence of credible election observers—whether from local civil society organizations,

international bodies, or non-governmental organizations (NGOs)—helps to ensure that elections

are conducted fairly and transparently. By providing an unbiased assessment of the electoral

process, election monitors help to deter electoral fraud, corruption, and other forms of

misconduct.

Santos (2021) notes that the involvement of civil society organizations in election

monitoring has been particularly effective in the Philippines, where concerns over electoral fraud

and manipulation have persisted for decades. The work of these organizations serves as a check

on the actions of political actors and electoral authorities, ensuring that elections are conducted

in accordance with legal and ethical standards. The study emphasizes that public confidence in

election outcomes is significantly higher when credible monitoring organizations are involved, as

their presence provides assurance that any irregularities will be reported and addressed.

The study also highlights the need for stronger legal frameworks to support election

monitoring efforts. Santos (2021) argues that while election monitors can play a key role in
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enhancing transparency, their effectiveness is often limited by the legal and institutional

environment in which they operate. In many cases, election monitors lack the formal authority to

intervene in cases of electoral misconduct, and their findings may not always lead to corrective

action. To address this issue, Santos (2021) advocates for the strengthening of legal provisions

that support the work of election monitors, including ensuring that their reports are given due

consideration by electoral authorities and that any identified irregularities are promptly

addressed.

Furthermore, Santos (2021) discusses the potential for election monitoring to serve as a

broader tool for democratic accountability. Beyond the immediate goal of ensuring fair elections,

monitoring efforts can help to strengthen democratic practices by promoting greater transparency

and accountability in governance. The presence of election monitors sends a strong message that

electoral processes are being closely scrutinized, which can deter political actors from engaging

in unethical behavior and encourage greater adherence to democratic principles. This, in turn,

contributes to the overall legitimacy of electoral outcomes and the long-term sustainability of

democratic governance.

2.8 Summary

The literature reviewed in this chapter highlights the complex interplay of factors that

influence electoral integrity, cybersecurity, and voter engagement in the Philippines. Across the

studies examined, a clear theme emerges: the need for comprehensive strategies to address the

evolving challenges facing the Philippine electoral system. Alonzo and Reyes (2023), Cruz et al.

(2022), and Bautista (2023) emphasize the importance of maintaining high standards of election

integrity and implementing robust cybersecurity measures to protect digital voting systems.
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These elements are crucial for ensuring that elections remain transparent, fair, and secure,

thereby fostering public trust and enhancing voter participation.

In parallel, Mendoza and Villanueva (2022), Mendez (2023), and Tan and Lim (2023)

focus on the factors that influence voter engagement, from socioeconomic barriers to the role of

media and social networks. Their findings underscore the importance of addressing both

structural and informational barriers to participation, particularly for marginalized groups. The

role of the media, both traditional and digital, is particularly significant in shaping voter behavior

and ensuring that citizens have access to accurate and balanced information during elections.

Finally, Santos (2021) underscores the critical role of election monitoring in enhancing

transparency and accountability. By promoting an environment where electoral integrity is

prioritized, election monitors contribute to broader democratic practices and foster greater public

confidence in electoral outcomes. This, in turn, encourages higher levels of political engagement

and participation, helping to strengthen the overall democratic system in the Philippines.

Together, these studies provide a comprehensive view of the challenges and opportunities

facing the Philippine electoral landscape. The insights from this literature underscore the need

for ongoing research and policy development to ensure that the electoral system remains robust,

inclusive, and capable of adapting to the evolving political environment. Continued exploration

of these themes is essential as the Philippines navigates a rapidly changing electoral landscape

shaped by technological advancements, shifting voter dynamics, and the ongoing pursuit of

democratic governance.
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Chapter 3: Methodology

3.1 Research Method

This research employs a quantitative methodology to systematically examine the

relationship between election integrity, cybersecurity, and public trust in the electoral process

within the Philippines. Quantitative research is particularly suited for this study as it facilitates

the collection of numerical data, enabling the identification of patterns, trends, and correlations

among the variables under investigation. By utilizing structured surveys, the research aims to

produce statistically significant findings that can contribute to a deeper understanding of the

factors influencing voter trust in elections.

The quantitative approach will allow for hypothesis testing, providing a robust

framework for analyzing how perceptions of election integrity and cybersecurity measures affect

public confidence in electoral outcomes. The research will employ a cross-sectional design,

collecting data at a single point in time to capture the current state of voter perceptions.

3.2 Research Participants

3.2.1 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Participants will be carefully selected based on specific criteria to ensure the relevance and

quality of the data collected. The inclusion criteria are as follows:

1. Age: Participants must be at least 18 years old to ensure they are eligible voters.

2. Registration: All respondents must be registered voters in the Philippines, as only those

individuals have a vested interest in the electoral process.

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3. Voting History: Participants should have voted in at least one national or local election

within the past five years. This criterion ensures that respondents have recent and relevant

experiences regarding electoral integrity and cybersecurity.

Conversely, individuals who do not meet these criteria will be excluded from participation.

This includes those under the age of 18, individuals who are not registered voters, and those who

have not participated in elections within the specified timeframe.

3.2.2 Number of Respondents

The research aims to survey a total of 200 participants. This sample size is deemed

appropriate for statistical analysis and will allow for sufficient power to detect meaningful

differences and relationships among the variables being studied. The choice of 200 respondents

strikes a balance between being manageable for online data collection and being representative

enough to generalize the findings to a broader population of registered voters in the Philippines.

3.2.3 Sampling Method

To enhance the representativeness of the sample, this study will employ a stratified

random sampling technique. This method involves dividing the population into distinct

subgroups, or strata, based on key demographic characteristics, such as age, gender,

socioeconomic status, and geographic location. Each stratum will be proportionately represented

in the final sample, reducing sampling bias and ensuring that diverse perspectives are

quantitatively represented.

Stratified random sampling is particularly effective for this study as it allows for the

comparison of perceptions across different demographic groups. For instance, the perceptions of

young voters regarding election integrity and cybersecurity may differ significantly from those of
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older voters. This stratification facilitates a comprehensive analysis of how these demographic

factors quantitatively influence public trust in the electoral process.

3.3 Research Instrument

3.3.1 Online Survey Questionnaire

The primary instrument for data collection in this study will be an online survey

questionnaire, developed using platforms such as Google Forms or SurveyMonkey to ensure

accessibility and ease of use. These platforms offer a user-friendly interface and mobile

compatibility, which will encourage higher participation across a geographically diverse sample.

The questionnaire is designed to capture quantitative perceptions of election integrity,

cybersecurity measures, and public trust in the electoral process.

The survey will consist exclusively of closed-ended questions, primarily using a Likert

scale format to measure participants’ levels of agreement or disagreement with specific

statements. The Likert scale will range from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree), providing

a standardized metric for assessing public perceptions. Additionally, multiple-choice and

demographic questions will categorize respondents by age, gender, geographic location, and

voting history, allowing for comparative analysis across demographic subgroups. The closed-

ended structure ensures consistent responses that are quantifiable and suitable for statistical

analysis.

To ensure clarity and ease of completion, the questionnaire will undergo a pilot test with

a small group of participants prior to full distribution. Feedback from this pilot will help refine

the final version of the survey, ensuring that all questions are clear and effective. Once finalized,
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the data gathered from the survey will be processed using statistical software such as SPSS or R,

facilitating a rigorous analysis of the relationships between the variables in the study.

3.3.2 Accessibility and Distribution

The online survey format offers broad and efficient distribution, allowing the study to

reach a diverse range of participants across various demographic backgrounds. The survey will

be disseminated through multiple online platforms such as social media (Facebook, Twitter,

Instagram), email invitations, and community forums, ensuring a wide outreach. This multi-

channel approach engages both younger, tech-savvy individuals and older participants familiar

with community networks, helping secure a representative sample for valid research findings.

Anonymity is a key strength, encouraging honest responses on sensitive topics like election

security and public trust while mitigating social desirability bias. To enhance accessibility, the

survey will also be designed for mobile compatibility, ensuring participants can complete it on

smartphones, tablets, or computers.

To ensure a sufficient sample size and high response rates, periodic reminders will be

sent to participants who have not completed the survey. These reminders will be spaced

throughout the survey period, which will remain open for two to four weeks, giving participants

ample time to respond at their convenience. This structured approach balances reminders with

flexibility, addressing potential low response rates and ensuring that robust, reliable data is

gathered for analysis.

3.4 Interpretation of Data

The interpretation of data collected from the closed-ended survey will be carried out

using a structured and rigorous quantitative analysis approach. The first stage will involve the
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application of descriptive statistics, which will provide a comprehensive summary of the key

demographic characteristics of the respondents, such as age, gender, socioeconomic status,

geographic location, and voting history. These statistics will help in understanding the

composition of the sample population, which is essential for interpreting the survey results in

context and identifying potential patterns in how different demographic groups respond to issues

related to election integrity and cybersecurity.

After the descriptive analysis, the study will proceed to more advanced inferential

statistical methods to explore relationships between key variables. Regression analysis will be

employed to examine how participants' perceptions of election integrity and cybersecurity

measures affect their overall trust in the electoral process. Additionally, correlation analysis will

be conducted to determine the strength and direction of the relationships between variables such

as age, socioeconomic status, and perceptions of election security. This will offer insights into

how different demographic groups perceive the integrity of the election process and the

adequacy of cybersecurity measures.

To further refine the analysis, tests of significance such as t-tests and ANOVA (Analysis

of Variance) may be employed to determine whether differences in perceptions between

demographic subgroups (e.g., younger versus older voters, urban versus rural respondents) are

statistically significant. The use of quantitative analysis tools such as SPSS or R software will

ensure that the data is processed efficiently, and the results are accurate and reliable. Ultimately,

the exclusive focus on quantitative methods will allow for a data-driven analysis that can be

generalized to the broader population, providing clear and objective insights into public trust in

elections and cybersecurity measures.

 23

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