AN ASSESSMENT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CURFEW HOURS

ORDINANCE IN POBLACION, TUBOD, LANAO DEL NORTE

TUBOD COLLEGE
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

MELCHOR BATION MAYONADO

EARL BAREÑAN ESPINA
ASNAWI ANGNI MARCABAN

DECEMBER 2023
AN ASSESSMENT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CURFEW HOURS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented to

The faculty of the

Department of Criminology
Tubod College
San Antonio, Tubod, Lanao del Norte

In partial Fulfillment
Of the requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Earl B. Espina
Asnawi A. Marcaban
Melchor B. Mayonado

December 2023
APPROVAL SHEET
 1

CHAPTER 1

PROBLEMS AND ITS SCOPE

Background of the Study
Juvenile curfew laws are local curfew ordinances that prohibit young
people of a certain age (usually under 18 years of age) from being in a public
place or business establishment during certain night-time hours. The legislative
purposes behind juvenile curfew laws include the prevention of criminal
behaviour involving juveniles (juvenile crime), the protection of minors from
predators, and the maintenance of general peace and quiet during the hours when
most adults are sleeping. These laws help prevent loitering and promote public
safety. (Evan Fisher. sq., 2023). This ordinance has a reasonable relevance: peace
of mind for parents, staying at home late at night and preventing them from
committing a crime or becoming a victim of a crime.
Several lawmakers are concerned about crime and have implemented
curfews in the hope of reducing it. Since then, research on the effectiveness of
curfew hours legislation has been undertaken in a variety of jurisdictions around
the world, with some studies finding that curfew regulations can assist reduce
juvenile crime. In the study of (Grossman R. et al., 2015) Every year, automobile
accidents injure or kill around 800,000 children. Other young people face the
penalties of becoming a perpetrator or victim of a crime. Curfews are necessary in
order to keep teenagers off the streets and to decrease loitering and criminality.
Several towns and governments implement these rules to prevent criminal activity.
Juvenile curfew regulations are one sort of law that has an impact on teenage
behaviour. Juvenile curfew regulations were found to be beneficial in minimizing
negative youth health outcomes in the research (Miller A. et al., 2015). Minors
must be indoors or escorted by an adult or legal guardians during curfew.
Mandatory curfew can keep young people off the streets after specified hours.
However, within a society, there are often disagreements about the
necessity and efficiency of such restrictions. Some claim that establishing curfew
hours is a needless restriction on human liberties, while others argue that curfews
 2

have been beneficial in guaranteeing our young people’s safety from behaviours
such as drinking, drugs, violence, etc. In the study of (Wilson B. et al., 2016)
according to the data, juvenile curfews are ineffective at reducing crime and
victimization. The average effect on juvenile crime during curfew hours was
marginally positive, indicating a small rise in crime, whereas crime during other
hours was near to zero. Both effects were not statistically significant. Similarly,
the introduction of a curfew rule appeared to have little effect on juvenile
victimization (Gill C. Et al., 2016). Some believe that there should be no curfew
for teenagers because freedom is a good thing. Teenagers need freedom in their
lives because it provides them with experience for their future lives. Teenagers
will be tempted to do things before they go back home. This frequently leads to
teenagers rebelling against their parents because they feel suffocated and
restricted, and they are unable to do their activities outside at night because the
curfew is consistently imposed. Others argue that even if it is legal, it does not
guarantee that those who are subject to it are going to be safe because crimes may
occur in their neighbourhood.
As a result, imposing curfew can affect people in different perspectives. It
is important to understand the community’s perceptions of curfew hours
ordinances and how it can affect their decisions on whether to support or oppose
such measures. We will be able to determine such disagreements of a community
about the necessity and efficiency of such regulations.

Statement of the Problem

An Assessment of Curfew Hours Ordinances in Poblacion Tubod Lanao

del Norte. This study aimed to assess the implementation of curfew hours
ordinance in Poblacion, Tubod, Lanao del Norte. Specifically, it sought to answer
the following questions;

1. What is the profile of respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age;
 3

1.2 Gender;
1.3 Civil Status;
1.4 Educational Attainment;

Objectives of the Study

To assess the curfew hours ordinance in Poblacion Tubod Lanao del Norte,
the researcher provides a specific objective:
i. To determine the socio-demographic of the respondents.
ii. To determine the benefits of implementing curfew hours.
Significance of the Study

The results of the findings about the implementation of curfew hours

ordinance in Poblacion, Tubod, Lanao del Norte. This study is to be beneficial to
the following group of individuals.
To the residents. This research will educate the residents about the curfew.
Students. The study would also offer students with a better understanding and
awareness of the implementation of curfew on minors, its consequences,
importance or significance, and potential challenges, as well as the general
public's acceptance of it. Because of the study, students could comprehend not just
the importance of law, but also how the law creates order and peace; thus,
avoiding victimization and protecting children from potential harms since the state
has a moral duty to build a better future for children.
Future Researchers. It is expected that the study would be used as a reference
material by other researchers undertaking similar and related studies.
Parents. Parents can feel at ease knowing that their child is safe. They give parents
peace of mind.

Scope and Limitations

This research focused on An Assessment on The Implementation of
Curfew Hours Ordinance in Poblacion, Tubod, Lanao del Norte. The subject of
this study is the residents in Barangay Poblacion to gather data.
 4

Theoretical Framework
To show the theoretical foundations of this study, theories were presented
in this chapter. The theories that supported the idea of an assessment of curfew
hours ordinances served as the researchers' foundation. The study will be anchored
on the following theories:
The first theory is the Deterrence Theory correlation with the theory in the
study of street crime by Lundman (2012), Research on deterrence has shown a lot
of interest in street crime. There is a significant relation between loss and
reduction of deflection of deviant criminal activities. In other words, “strict
curfew enforcement follows deterrence theory, which argues that certain, swift,
and severe punishments will cause juveniles to rationally weigh consequences and
commit fewer criminal acts".
In relation to the premise, the researcher asks respondents if the policy has
a direct impact on enforcing a safe environment free of hazards and destruction.
Proponents will examine the efficacy of various interventions offered by the
government or law enforcement. Curfew laws are a general deterrence strategy
aimed at the reduction of criminal acts as well as the victimization in the overall
population. That is, reduced opportunity to commit crimes should translate into
committing fewer crimes (Wilson et al.,2016)
The second theory is the Social Control Theory. According to Reckless, the
behaviour of the individual is determined by what he or she wants or desires the
most at any given time. The inner and outer controls discourage him from deviant
tendencies. This indicates that one must follow the rules and conventions and
avoid breaking them. There is conformity as well as compliance. What the
authorities have implemented must be followed or else a punishment is imposed.
Curfew laws are general deterrence strategies aimed at reducing criminal acts as
well as victimization in the general population.
 5

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Implementation of curfew ordinance

In recent years, mayors and municipal leaders throughout the United States
have confronted increasing problems of community safety more prominently
affected are the youth. These problems have affected not only urban centres but
also small towns and rural municipalities. Curfews are ordering that certain people
leave the streets or return to their homes at specific times. (Levesque et al., 2018).
Modern curfews typically concentrate on preventing young people from leaving
their homes after dark unless they are engaged in authorized activities like school
or work. (Hazen et al.,2017). Juvenile curfews are local rules that prohibit minors,
often under a certain age range, from inhabiting public areas and roadways during
certain times. (Kline, P. 2011).
Curfew rules aim to provide general protection to youth and adults by
limiting the times when children of specific ages are permitted to be in public
venues or on the streets. These regulations often involve exemptions for minors
traveling with an adult, reacting to an emergency, or traveling to or from school,
business, or a religious service, among other things. (Grossman, ER. 2014). A
juvenile curfew makes sense: keep children at home during the late night and
early morning hours, and you will keep them from committing or being a victim
of a crime. Furthermore, the possibility of fines or other consequences discourages
youth from being out in public during curfew hours. (Wilson, et al., 2016).
In the study of (Neu, H. 2021), A juvenile curfew limits the amount of
time that adolescents under the age of 18 are allowed to be outside of their homes
and in public locations. Furthermore, most juvenile curfew rules are developed in
response to community concerns about perceived increases in youth criminal
conduct. He went on to say that the major purpose of these juvenile curfews,
according to police organizations, is to prevent and reduce youth crime and
victimization. The policies are founded on the notion that limiting an adolescent's
 6

exposure to the public will reduce the number of opportunities for them to commit
crimes or become victims themselves.
Many cities have established curfews, both to protect youngsters from the
dangers of the streets at night and to keep teens out of trouble if they go out
unattended (Fisher, E. 2021). Teen curfew laws restrict the hours that juveniles
may be on the streets or in public places at night. A teen curfew is justified in
many cities or municipalities as a simple method to not only reduce opportunities
for teens to commit crimes but also to protect them from becoming crime victims.
However, In the study of (Reynoldset et al., 2016). Based on the data, juvenile
curfews are unsuccessful at reducing crime and victimization. The average effect
on juvenile crime during curfew hours was marginally positive (a tiny rise in
crime), while crime during all hours was close to zero. Both effects were not
statistically significant. Similarly, the introduction of a curfew rule appeared to
have little effect on juvenile victimization. However, all of the research in the
evaluation has limitations that make drawing clear conclusions problematic.
Nonetheless, the lack of solid research suggests that any effect is likely to be
minor at most, and curfews are unlikely to be a serious solution to adolescent
crime and disturbance. Curfews may be ineffectual, according to other studies.

Importance of implementing curfew hours

A curfew serves the same purpose: it ensures the protection and control of
the people as well as those in authority. (Andres et al., 2021). The curfew helps to
ensure people's safety. When a curfew is implemented, it is safer during risky
periods, particularly at night. Furthermore, anyone who is authorized or forced to
go out during the implementation should avoid going to situations where they are
uncomfortable. This can keep kids out of an undesirable scenario. It also protects
people from danger and harmful activities such as drinking alcohol, using drugs,
promiscuity, and violence. In times when a person may suffer violence and
threats, we must use curfew as a tool at our disposal. It is obviously critical to
ensure that the curfew is reasonable, controllable, and, above all, acceptable and
valid. It is not to be utilized as part of an autocratic parenting style, but rather as a
 7

tool that benefits all members of the family. (Andres et al., 2021). Although there
are many variations among the various family types around the world, they all
have some characteristics. As an illustration, families play several crucial roles in
society, including socialization, economic support, nurturing, the protection of
weaker members, and the maintenance of the family unit. In general, families
fulfil the three fundamental aims of achieving economic self-sufficiency,
enhancing family circumstances, and sustaining their existence, not with standing
cultural differences. (Mwangangi et al., 2019). The conventional definition of a
family involves obligations and duties including closeness and love, security,
childbearing, and raising children. Assigning roles, ensuring social interaction
between family members, providing physical care, allocating resources,
preserving morale and motivation, and relating to external society and its
institutions are all examples of traditional family responsibilities. Often
negotiation between parent and child will allow for some interesting discussions.
Negotiating a curfew will also allow the child to feel his/her opinion is taken into
consideration. Ultimately, of course, the decision needs to be that of the parent.

Benefits of implementation of curfew hours

The purpose of implementation curfew hours is to maintain specified
social order goals. Officials think that by making it unlawful for teenagers under
the age of 18 to be out during this time, they would be able to reduce the number
of crimes involving juveniles, safeguard children from possible threats, and ensure
general peace during hours when people need to rest. (Regoli, N. 2019).

Parent’s peace of mind

In the article review of (Mehta, N. 2023), A teen curfew not only
safeguards your children, but also provides parents or guardians with enormous
peace of mind. It is easier to relax when your teenager arrives home at a
reasonable hour each evening. Also, parents are secure enough to visit their
children at home rather than somewhere late at night and when children under the
 8

age of 18, it must be supervised by an adult as much as feasible. They are less
prone to get into problems in this way.
In the study of (Regoli, N. 2019), When a juvenile curfew is regularly
implemented in a community, the parents or guardians of that child can be
confident that their youngster will have access to a safe environment. Adult
supervision is now required for anyone under the age of 18 under this legislation,
which reduces the danger of something awful happening when response times
may be slow.

Safety for teenagers

The study of (Regoli, N. 2019), We all set boundaries in our lives in
different ways. The juvenile curfew rules assist to demonstrate why there are
certain systems in place that keep all of us safe by limiting the time that an
adolescent can come outside late at night. Teenagers are prone to crime late at
night. Teenagers driving or staying out late are exceedingly unsafe. In reality, late-
night driving should be significantly more risky than daytime driving. They are
also kept away from drug usage, child exploitation, criminality, and other forms of
abuse. Children, particularly teenagers, are more likely to commit crimes late at
night. Teen curfews ensure that children and teenagers are safe at home. (Mehta,
N. 2023).

Control of parents
Restricting kids from staying out late helps set boundaries in their lives
while they remain under their parents’ care. There’s a reason why kids under 18
are called minors and dependents – because they basically need fully grown,
mature people overseeing them. With a curfew, parents can trust their children to
be home at a specific time, making it easier to manage the household. (Brandon
Miller, 2015).

Prevention against juvenile delinquency

 9

Sneaking out of the house very late at night generally puts teenagers in a
position because they no longer have the protection and security outside the
family environment. Teenagers become more vulnerable to participating or falling
victim to juvenile crimes and other criminal acts done during the night. (Brandon
Miller,2015). In this case, they will be a lot more vulnerable to crime and other
criminal acts that involve teenagers below 18. Predators often come out at night,
and their primary targets are girls between the ages of 12-17. Boys are becoming
more of a target for human traffickers as well.
He also further stated that, Residents in the cities and counties across the
United States look at curfew laws to keep kids safe. The evening is the time that
gangs typically choose to commit violent acts under cover of darkness. Some
groups even visit adjoining communities that do not have curfew laws to fight
their rivals, often resulting in intensified destruction and mortality. When local
governments impose teenage curfews, the goal is to defend the innocent and round
up the guilty.

Legal Challenges in the Implementation of Curfew Hours

In the study of (Fisher, E. 2021), Juvenile curfew laws are state or local
regulations that prohibit people of a certain age (generally under 18) from being in
public or at public businesses between specific hours, usually at night.
Communities explain these regulations as a means of combatting teenage
criminality and maintaining social order. He also claimed that juvenile curfew
regulations had been challenged in court. Such as a juvenile curfew law, for
example, violates a person's right to privacy. Furthermore, the enforcement of a
youth curfew is illegal due to its disproportionate effect on minority communities
by restricting their freedom of movement or other individual liberties. Fisher, E.
(2021), further states that under a juvenile curfew law's "exceptions," (which
identify the circumstances under which a minor would not be subject to the
curfew law), it is too difficult to tell whether certain activities are permitted or
prohibited. As a matter of due process, citizens are entitled to know what specific
 10

laws mean and, therefore, how they can obey or violate such laws. Simply put,
some courts have found curfew laws are too broad and vague to uphold.
Day after day, with the passing of time, policing in various nations
experienced several adjustments and reforms to deal with changes in societal
values and structures, the diversity of society, individual preferences and attitudes,
and efforts to combat terrorism and new forms of crime. However, "Community
Policing" has become a regular topic for police departments around the world.
Everyone agrees that the police alone cannot guarantee the protection of the
people or resolve community concerns to the satisfaction of the population
without the community's spontaneous support and cooperation. (Islam, 2018).
When violent crime occurs juvenile victimization increased, communities
learnt to implement curfews, and legislation written in a way that the courts will
accept. Before this time, many legal challenges to curfews in cities have left them
defenceless. Particularly the First, Fourth, and Fourteenth Amendments of the
Constitution are violated by them in terms of civil rights. (Kline, 2011). Penalties
for curfew violations differ but typically include a fine, community work, driver's
license limitations, and jail or juvenile detention. Penalties can be imposed on
both the parents and the juvenile. Exceptions allowing adolescents to participate in
adult-supervised activities, school, religious events, or jobs are widespread. In
most cases, violations that occur because of an emergency are not penalized.
(Fisher, E. 2021).

Synthesis of Related the Literature and Studies

Laws are in existence to keep people safe and out of harm's way. Ideally,
people will not be injured physically, financially, or emotionally if people
followed all the laws. Realistically, not all laws are followed. It's your brain's
reaction when you feel a threat to your freedom or think your choices are being
limited. This response can make you feel annoyed, panicked or angry when rules
or guidelines are put in place. As a result, imposing curfew can affect people in
different perspectives. It is important to understand the community’s perceptions
of curfew hours ordinances and how it can affect their decisions on whether to
 11

support or oppose such measures. We will be able to determine such

disagreements of a community about the necessity and effectiveness of such
regulations.

CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter captures the research methods and procedures that will be
used to examine the effectiveness of curfew hours ordinance in Poblacion, Tubod,
Lanao del Norte. It includes Research Design, Research Setting, Research
Subjects, Sampling Design, Research instruments, Data Gathering Procedures,
Ethical consideration, Data Analysis and Coding of Data.

Research Design
In this study, the quantitative-descriptive research method will be applied.
It is used to determine and describe the level of acceptance in implementation of
curfew hours ordinance in Poblacion, Tubod, Lanao del Norte, as well as the
benefits and the effects of mandatory curfew on teenagers. A quantitative-
descriptive research method aims to acquire quantitative information from a
population sample for statistical analysis. It is a common data analysis tool that
allows us to collect and characterize the signature of a demographic category
(Alonzo, 2017).

Research Setting
This Study will be conducted at Poblacion, Tubod, Lanao del Norte. The
researchers choose this as the locale of the study because of its homogeneous
population and suitable location in conducting the study. In addition, it is
accessible and convenient to access information. Tubod, the capital town of Lanao
 12

del Norte share a colourful history with the adjacent municipalities around lake
Lanao derived from the Maranao word “Ranao” meaning body of water.
According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 60,182 people.
Tubod is located along the south-eastern shores of Panguil Bay and is
about 60 kilometres (37 mi) southwest of Iligan City, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) south
of Ozamiz City and about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) west of Tangub City. Tubod has
24 barangays and occupies a land area of 24,000 hectares (59,000 acres). It is
bounded by Panguil Bay and the Municipality of Kolambugan on the North, and
Magsaysay on the Northeast, the municipality of Munai on the East, and the
municipalities of Salvador and Nunungan on the South, and the municipality of
Baroy on the Southwest. It has a regular terrain with low planes in the interior and
undulating hills to rugged mountains along the Northern portion down to the
Southeastern portion of the municipality.

Research Subjects
The respondents of this study are 100 individuals residing from Poblacion,
Tubod, Lanao del Norte. The researcher will use a stratified random sampling, a
method that divides a population into smaller groupings known as strata. In this
study our respondents will be 50 teenagers and 50 adults.

Sampling Design
To select respondents, the researchers will utilize stratified random
sampling. Stratified random sampling is a sampling method that divides a
population into smaller groupings known as strata. The members of the groups or
strata are sorted into groups or strata based on shared traits or characteristics.
Stratification is the process of categorizing a population into groups (Nickolas,
2020).

Research instruments
The researchers will employ a data collection tool to collect information. A
survey questionnaire is developed to evaluate the state of curfew implementation
 13

in Barangay Poblacion, Tubod, Lanao del Norte. The survey questionnaire was
divided into four (4) sections. The first section sought for the respondents' socio-
demographic profile, such as their name, age, gender, civil status and educational
attainment. Second part discusses benefits of implementing curfew hours
ordinance. Third part is the effects of mandatory curfew on teenagers and the last
part of the questionnaire is determining the levels of acceptance in the
implementation of curfew hours ordinance.
Data Gathering Procedures
The researcher will follow a step-by-step process in the gathering of data.
The researcher prepares the documents and paper works for the approval to
conduct the study appropriately. After the preparation, the researcher finalizes the
survey questionnaire, and the survey questionnaire will be subjected for approval
and validation of the adviser. The researcher will make a letter addressed to the
Barangay Captains for approval of the conduct of the study. The researcher uses a
stratified random sampling, stratified random sampling is a sampling method that
divides a population into smaller groupings known as strata. The members of the
groups or strata are sorted into groups or strata based on shared traits or
characteristics. In this study since the researcher goal is to assess the
implementation of curfew hours ordinance, the researcher believes that this
method is the most appropriate in choosing the sample for the research. After the
letter will be approved, the researcher will then be selecting respondents with the
consideration of the criteria and the utilization of stratified random sampling. The
stratified random sampling technique will be used to select the respondents for the
study to ensure that only respondents who fall under the target population become
part of the study. After the stratified random sampling selection of respondents,
the researcher will provide assent and parental consent for the respondents. and
the researcher will distribute the survey form questionnaire for the respondents to
answer. Before answering the questionnaire, the researcher explains the
importance of their response to the study. The researcher will clarify some terms
to the respondents so that the respondents can answer the questionnaire with full
knowledge of their responsibility as the subject of this study. The researcher
 14

requests the respondents to answer with all honesty. After the respondents answer
the questionnaire, the researcher will collect and tally the data for interpretation.
The researcher asks a statistician to help in determining the appropriate statistical
tools to be used and in interpreting the data. Based on the data the researcher
comes up with conclusions and recommendations for this study. Furthermore, the
collected data would remain confidential between the researchers, researcher
adviser and to the respondents of the study and it is for educational purposes only.
Ethical Consideration
The respondents of this study will be informed about confidentiality. The
data will treat trustworthy. The researchers will express no conflict of interests on
this research. Personal presence during the completion of questionnaires is made
to explain every aspect of the instrument for clarity. The response Anonymity
Assurance is strongly observed to protect privacy and confidentiality. The
researcher acquired official authorization from the Barangay officials before
conducting the study.

Data Analysis
Researchers will use survey questionnaires in gathering the data on
assessment of curfew hours ordinance in Tubod, Lanao del Norte. To analyse the
gathered data, weighted means will be used by the researchers. In interpreting the
weighted mean, the following table will be used:

SCALE VERBAL HYPOTHETICAL IMPLICATIONS

INTERPRETATION RANGE

1 Disagree 1.00 – 1.79 Very Low

2 Slightly Disagree 1.80 – 2.59 Low
3 Slightly Agree 2.60 – 3.39 Average
4 Agree 3.40 – 4.19 High
5 Strongly Agree 4.20 – 5.00 Very High
 15

A Pilot Study was Administered to Test the Reliability of the Questionnaire

Cronbach’s Alpha (α) Internal Consistency

0.90 and above Excellent

0.80 - 0.89 Good
0.70 - 0.79 Acceptable
0.60 - 0.69 Questionable
0.50 - 0.59 Poor
0.50 and below Unacceptable

A pilot study with 10 respondents was administered to test the reliability of

the questionnaire. There were 4 parts, Demographic Profile, Benefits of
Implementing Curfew Hours, Effects of Mandatory Training, and levels of
Acceptance towards the implementation of curfew hours. The second part with
two variables Parents’ peace of mind which consists of 5 items (α = 0.880,
GOOD), Prevention of Juvenile delinquency which consists of 6 items (α = 0.959,
EXCELLENT), and Robbery Prevention which also consists of 5 items (α =
0.891, GOOD). The third part with two variables Safety for the Minors consists of
5 items (α = 0.945, EXCELLENT), and Potential problems of curfew law to
minors consists of 6 items (α = 0.956, EXCELLENT). The last part which consists
of 9 items (α = 0.954, EXCELLENT)

This questionnaire, which used a 5-point Likert scale with four parts to
assess the implementation of curfew hours ordinance in Poblacion, Tubod, Lanao
 16

del Norte, passed the reliability test with an alpha of 0.985 and an internal
consistency of excellent.

Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Cronbach's N of
Alpha Alpha Based Items
on
Standardized
Items
.985 .989 36

Part II. Benefits of Implementing Curfew Hours

A. Parents peace of mind - Reliability

Statistics
Cronbach's Cronbach's N of
Alpha Alpha Based Items
on
Standardized
Items
.880 .887 5
 17

B. Prevention of Juvenile
Delinquency - Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Cronbach's N of
Alpha Alpha Based Items
on
Standardized
Items
.959 .970 6

C. Robbery Prevention - Reliability

Statistics
Cronbach's Cronbach's N of
Alpha Alpha Based Items
on
Standardized
Items
.891 .888 5

Part III. Effects of Mandatory Curfew on Teenagers

A. Safety for the minors - Reliability

Statistics
Cronbach's Cronbach's N of
Alpha Alpha Based Items
on
Standardized
Items
.945 .961 5
 18

B. Potential problems of curfew law

to minors - Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Cronbach's N of
Alpha Alpha Based Items
on
Standardized
Items
.956 .964 6
Part IV. Levels of Acceptance towards the implementation of curfew hours
ordinance

Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Cronbach's N of
Alpha Alpha Based Items
on
Standardized
Items
.954 .964 9
 19

CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRTATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the data gathered, their analyses and interpretation
leading to the answer of the research problem.
The local government have imposed its authority to mandate barangay
Población, Tubod, Lanao del Norte to have their curfew hours on minors and into
the young generation. The following figures and tables present the assessment on
the implementation of curfew hours ordinance.

Part 1. What is the profile of respondents in terms of:

Table 1.
Categories Type/Group No. of Respondents Percentage (%)
13-17 yrs. old 50 50%
Age
18 and above 50 50%
Male 55 55%
Gender
Female 45 45%
Single 76 76%
Civil Status
Married 24 24%
Elementary 13 13%
Educational
Secondary 72 72%
Attainment
College 15 15%
 20

This table presents the profile of the respondents in terms of the Age of
the Respondents, the Gender Profile of the respondents, the Civil Status of the
respondents, and the educational attainment of the respondents.
As seen 50% were teenagers aged 13-17 years old, 50% were adults
aged 18 and above. The findings showed an interesting age distribution among
the respondents. The sample appears to have an equal proportion of minors
(aged 13-17) and adults (aged 18 and up). This balanced representation implies
that the survey included a wide range of age groups, providing a broader
perspective. Given the differences in life experience between different age
groups, as well as people’s changing tastes and behaviour as they get older, it
can be very useful to include a survey age question. Well, the reason why they
are so useful is that a person’s knowledge and experience about a topic or
subject will often be determined by his or her age. (Smart Surveys, 2023)

It shows majority of the surveyed respondents were male with 55%. It is a

way of looking at how social norms and power structures impact on the lives and
opportunities available to different groups of men and women (World
Development Report, 2012). However, it is important to note that this gender
distribution may not fully represent the range of gender identities present in
society.

It shows that majority of the respondents were single with 76%. The civil
status of the respondents shows an interesting distribution. This breakdown
provides insights into the marital status of the surveyed population and its
potential implications. One of key current social trends is the increasing number
of single people. It has multiple implications as single individuals often live and
behave differently than those living in relationships. Marital status and
socioeconomic status may also be significant quality of life factors for single
persons (Puciato D. Et al., 2022).
 21

The findings indicate that the educational attainment of the respondents is

primarily focused on secondary education, with 72% of the sample falling into
this category. Research strongly supports this and has demonstrated that education
as a proxy for ‘human capital’ not only provided individuals with the knowledge
and skills to enhance their performance and promote growth, but also contributed
to socialisation in modern societies by improving values, attitudes and beliefs that
govern interactions among people and institutions and predispose them to
cooperation, mutual assistance, and trust (Vera-Toscano E. Et al., 2017).

Part 2. Benefits of implementing curfew hours

Responses to the statements in Table 2 were rated on a five-point Likert

scale on which 1= Disagree, 2 = Slightly Disagree, 3 = Slightly Agree, 4 = Agree
and 5 = Strongly Agree. Mean was computed using Excel with its corresponding
scales and interpretation as shown in Table 1.

Table 2.

Benefits of implementing curfew hours in terms of Parents Peace of Mind

Indicators Mean SD Verbal Describing
Score Interpretation Rating

1. The curfew hour

ordinance has made us feel 3.61 3.15 Agree Beneficial
much more at ease.

2. The curfew hour

ordinance calmed whatever 3.75 3.29 Agree Beneficial
concerns you had about the
safety of your children after
dark.
 22

3. I am confident in our
community’s curfew hour 4.07 3.61 Agree Beneficial
enforcement.
4. My worries regarding my
child’s safety after hours 3.57 3.10 Agree Beneficial
have been much lessened by
the curfew hour ordinance.
5. The curfew hour law has
effectively minimized the Moderately
risks and dangers faced by 2.68 2.24 Slightly Agree Beneficial
our community’s children
and teenagers.
Overall 3.54 3.08 Agree Beneficial

The study findings were interpreted by responses with a mean close to 1 as

Not Beneficial, 2 as Fairly Beneficial, 3 as Moderately Beneficial, and 4 as
Beneficial, 5 as Highly Beneficial. The study findings in Table 2 show that the
majority of the respondents rated the implementation of curfew hours Beneficial
because the curfew hour ordinance has made them feel much more at ease
(M=3.61, SD=3.15), it calmed whatever concerns they had about the safety of
their children in the dark (M = 3.75, SD = 3.29), they are confident in their
community’s curfew hour enforcement (M = 4.07, SD = 3.61), and their worries
regarding their child’s safety after hours have been much lessened by the curfew
hour ordinance (M = 3.57, SD = 3.10). Moreover, the respondents rated it
moderately beneficial because curfew hour law has effectively minimized the
risks and dangers faced by the community’s children and teenagers (M = 2.68, SD
= 2.24). Thus, the benefits of implementing curfew hours in terms of Parents
Peace of Mind is Beneficial with an overall mean score (M = 3.54, SD = 3.08)
according to the respondents.
 23

Based on the interpretation above, most of the respondent’s expressed

confidence in their community's curfew hour enforcement. The obvious benefits
were credited to the curfew’s effective implementation and enforcement, which
gave people a sense that authorities were strongly enforcing safety and
compliance. In the study of (Fisher, E. 2021) many cities have established
curfews, both to protect youngsters from the dangers of the streets at night and to
keep teens out of trouble if they go out unattended. It is important for anybody
most especially for the parents the safety of their family and their kids. In the
article review of (Mehta, N. 2023), A teen curfew not only safeguards your
children, but also provides parents or guardians with enormous peace of mind.

However, Table 1 presents that the respondents rated the curfew hour law
has effectively minimized the risks and dangers faced by our community’s
children and teenagers as moderately beneficial even though this rating was lower
than the others, it still implies that respondents were aware of the curfew’s ability
to lessen potential harm. When a juvenile curfew is regularly implemented in a
community, the parents or guardians of that child can be confident that their
youngster will have access to a safe environment (Regoli, N. 2019).

Table 2.1
Benefits of implementing curfew hours in terms of Prevention of Juvenile
Delinquency
Indicators Mean SD Verbal Describing
Score Interpretation Rating
1. It keeps minors from 3.83 3.36 Agree Beneficial
committing crimes.
2. It discourages minors from 3.82 3.36 Agree Beneficial
engaging in criminal activity.
3. Prevent children from 3.88 3.42 Agree Beneficial
hanging out with loiters late at
night.
4. It acts as a barrier for 3.74 3.29 Agree Beneficial
 24

minors
to engage in unlawful
conduct.
5. It keeps minors from being 3.61 3.14 Agree Beneficial
influenced by their peers.
6. It prevents minor to engage 3.24 2.80 Slightly Agree Moderately
vices. Beneficial
Overall 3.69 3.23 Agree Beneficial

From the study findings in Table 2.1, the majority of the respondents rated
the implementation of curfew hours Beneficial because the curfew hour ordinance
keeps minors from committing crimes (M=3.83, SD=3.36), It discourages minors
from engaging in criminal activity (M = 3.82, SD = 3.36), prevent children from
hanging out with loiters late at night (M = 3.88, SD = 3.42), it acts as a barrier for
minors to engage in unlawful conduct (M = 3.74, SD = 3.29), and it keeps minors
from being influenced by their peers (M = 3.61, SD = 3.14). Moreover, the
respondents rated it moderately beneficial because it prevents minor to engage
vices (M = 3.24, SD = 2.80). Thus, the benefits of implementing curfew hours in
terms of Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency is Beneficial with an overall mean
score (M = 3.69, SD = 3.23) according to the respondents.
This table implies that majority of the respondents believe that curfew seen
as a measure to prevent children from hanging out with loiters late at night. The
curfew was implemented with the intention of reducing the likelihood that minors
would associate with individuals who engage in criminal or antisocial behaviour
by restricting their presence outside during certain hours. Curfews are necessary to
keep teenagers off the streets and to decrease loitering and criminality (Grossman
R. Et al., 2015). Because predators often come out at night, and their primary
targets are girls between the ages of 12-17. In this case, they will be a lot more
vulnerable to crime and other criminal acts that involve teenagers. He also further
stated that, Residents in the cities and counties across the United States look at
curfew laws to keep kids safe (Brandon Miller, 2015).
 25

Furthermore, the respondents considered as moderately beneficial in

preventing minors from engaging in vices. Because vices may occur at any time of
day or night, not just at night. While it is true that certain vices, such as excessive
drinking or excessive partying, are frequently associated with night-time
activities. However, Curfews have been beneficial in guaranteeing our young
people’s safety from behaviours such as drinking, drugs, violence, etc. In the
study of (Wilson B. Et al., 2016).

Table 2.2
Benefits of implementing curfew hours in terms of Robbery Prevention
Indicators Mea SD Verbal Describing
n Interpretation Rating
Score
1. The presence of a police 3.90 3.44 Agree Beneficial
patrol can reduce the
likelihood of robbery.
2. Those who work the night 3.81 3.36 Agree Beneficial
shift may benefit from a
curfew.
3. Protection of commercial 3.64 3.17 Agree Beneficial
facilities during the night
shift.
4. Reduce the likelihood of 3.37 2.93 Agree Beneficial
minors committing robbery.
5. Reduce the possibility of 3.30 2.86 Agree Beneficial
minors snatching.
Overall 3.60 3.15 Agree Beneficial

The study findings in Table 2.2 reveal that the respondents rated the
implementation of curfew hours Beneficial because the presence of a police patrol
can reduce the likelihood of robbery (M =3.90, SD =3.44), those who work the
 26

night shift may benefit from a curfew (M = 3.81, SD = 3.36), protection of

commercial facilities during the night shift (M = 3.64, SD = 3.17), reduce the
likelihood of minors committing robbery (M = 3.37, SD = 2.93), and reduce the
possibility of minors snatching (M = 3.30, SD = 2.86). According to the
respondents, the Benefits of implementing curfew hours in terms of Robbery
Prevention is therefore Beneficial in terms of foot patrol, with an overall mean (M
= 3.60, SD = 3.15).
The study findings indicates that majority of the respondents believed that
the presence of a police patrol can reduce the likelihood of robbery. Curfews serve
as a barrier to potential robbers and contribute to a safer environment by having
law enforcement personnel actively patrol during designated times. Researchers
claim that if law enforcement officials concentrated their efforts on these out-of-
control locations, a lot of crime issues could be resolved more successfully
(Anthony A. Et al., 2019). This action was to ensure that the minors were really
protected by the state against possible forms of violence and to promote social
order.
In the study conducted by (Johnson Et al., 2018), curfew hours have been
found to be effective in reducing the incidence of robberies. The study analysed
crime data from several cities that implemented curfew hours and compared them
with cities that did not have curfews. The results showed a significant decrease in
robbery rates in the cities with curfew hours. Curfew hours can act as a deterrent
for potential robbers by restricting their movement during specific hours when the
curfew is in effect. This limitation on their freedom of movement makes it more
difficult for criminals to carry out robberies, as they are more likely to be noticed
and apprehended by law enforcement.

Part 3. Effects of mandatory curfew on teenagers

Table 3
Effects of Mandatory Curfew on Teenagers in terms of Safety for the Minors
Indicators Mean SD Verbal Describin
Score Interpretatio g Rating
 27

n
1. It keeps kids away from Effective
temptations like drug usage and 3.58 3.14 Agree
violent behavior.
2. Prevent minors from traveling at 4.03 3.57 Agree Effective
night.
3.Reduces sexual risk, partying,
and alcohol consumption. 3.64 3.18 Agree Effective
4. Prevents conflict between drunk 3.66 3.20 Agree Effective
and sober minors.
5. It keeps minors out of car 3.56 3.08 Agree Effective
accidents.
Overall 3.69 3.2 Agree Effective
3

The study findings were interpreted by responses with a mean close to 1 as

Not Effective, 2 as Slightly Effective, 3 as Moderately Effective, and 4 as
Effective, 5 as Highly Effective. Majority of the respondents indicated that the
mandatory curfew on teenagers was effective because It keeps kids away from
temptations like drug usage and violent behaviour (M = 3.58, SD = 3.14), Prevent
minors from traveling at night (M =4.03, SD = 3.57), Reduces sexual risk,
partying, and alcohol consumption (M = 3.64, SD = 3.18), Prevents conflict
between drunk and sober minors (M = 3.66, SD = 3.20), and It keeps minors out
of car accidents (M = 3.56, SD = 3.08). With an overall mean score of (M = 3.69,
SD = 3.23), respondents find Mandatory Curfew on Teenagers in terms of Safety
for the Minors Effective.
This table implies that majority of the respondents agreed that mandatory
curfew on teenagers prevent minors from traveling at night. This is an important
factor to consider because travelling at night can put adolescents at risk for
encountering risky situations or becoming victims of crimes that are more
common during that time. Curfews ensure that children and teenagers are safe at
 28

home. They are also kept away from drug usage, child exploitation, criminality,
and other forms of abuse. (Mehta, N. 2023).
In the study of (Grossman R. Et al.,2015) Every year, automobile
accidents injure or kill around 800,000 children. Curfews are necessary in order to
keep teenagers off the streets and to decrease loitering and criminality. Juvenile
curfew regulations are one sort of law that has an impact on teenage behaviour.
Juvenile curfew regulations were found to be beneficial in minimizing negative
youth health outcomes in the research (Miller A. et al., 2015). Curfew has been
enforced where the primary goal of its implementation was to prevent juvenile
crime and to protect the youth from victimization (Jasmin N. Et al.,2023). Curfew
hour ordinance has reduced the opportunity to commit crimes should translate into
committing fewer crimes (Wilson et al.,2016).

Table 3.1
Effects of Mandatory Curfew on Teenagers in terms of Potential Problems of
Curfew Law to Minors
Indicators Mean SD Verbal Describing
Score Interpretatio Rating
n
1. Encourage minors to rebel 2.70 2.29 Slightly Moderately
against their parents. Agree Effective
2. Minors’ inability to mature. 2.33 1.89 Slightly Slightly
Disagree Effective
3. It is possible that the child will Slightly
prioritize their pals over their 2.41 2.01 Slightly Effective
family. Disagree
4. Minors feel deprived of their 3.60 3.13 Agree Effective
freedom and liberty.
5.Minors experience a false 2.45 2.05 Slightly Slightly
sense of security. Disagree Effective
6.The curfew hour is seen as a 2.67 2.35 Slightly Moderately
 29

punishment. Agree Effective

Overall 2.69 2.29 Slightly Moderatel
Agree y
Effective

From the study findings in Table 4.1, most of the respondents indicated
that the mandatory curfew on teenagers was effective because Minors feel
deprived of their freedom and liberty (M = 3.60, SD = 3.13). Moreover, the
respondents rated moderately effective because it Encourage minors to rebel
against their parents (M =2.70, SD = 2.29), and the curfew hour is seen as a
punishment (M = 2.67, SD = 2.35). However, it slightly effective because of
Minors’ inability to mature (M = 2.33, SD = 1.89), and it is possible that the child
will prioritize their pals over their family (M = 2.41, SD = 2.01). With an overall
mean score of (M = 2.69, SD = 2.29), respondents find Mandatory Curfew on
Teenagers in terms of Potential Problems of Curfew Law to Minors, moderately
Effective.

Based on the findings above, the respondents had various views on the
efficiency of the mandatory curfew on teenagers in terms of potential problems to
minors were assessed. The respondents recognized that minors’ inability to
mature, possible that the child will prioritize their pals over their family, and
Minors experience a false security as slightly agree. This implies that curfew has
been enforced where the primary goal of its implementation was to prevent
juvenile crime and to protect the youth from victimization. (Jasmin N. Et al.,2023)

Furthermore, most of the respondents rated the mandatory curfew may

make minors feel deprived of their freedom and liberty. Some may believe that
there should be no curfew for teenagers because freedom is a good thing.
Teenagers need freedom in their lives because it provides them with experience
for their future lives. Teenagers will be tempted to do things before they go back
home. This frequently leads to teenagers rebelling against their parents because
 30

they feel suffocated and restricted, and they are unable to do their activities
outside at night (Gill C. Et al., 2016).
Table 4
Levels of acceptance towards the implementation of curfew hours ordinance
Indicators Mea SD Verbal Describing
n Interpretatio Rating
Score n
1. Do you agree with the state
and municipal governments’ 3.79 3.31 Agree High
choice to adopt the Curfew
Hours Ordinance?

2. Do you agree with the state

and municipal governments’ 3.80 3.33 Agree High
choice to establish a curfew
hours ordinance?
3. Do you believe the curfew
hours ordinance is reasonable? 3.52 3.03 Agree High
4. Do you believe the curfew 3.80 3.34 Agree High
hours ordinance is fair?
5. Do you believe the curfew
hours ordinance violates your 2.73 2.33 Slightly Average
freedom? Agree
6. Do you believe an ordinance
like this will assist to reduce 2.80 2.38 Slightly Average
crime rates in the long run? Agree
7. How serious are you about
implementing the curfew hours 3.88 3.41 Agree High
ordinance?
 31

8. Do you believe the curfew

hours ordinance will seriously 2.65 2.25 Slightly Average
harm you? Agree
9. Do you have faith in the
government that decided to pass 4.07 3.61 Agree High
this ordinance?
Overall 3.45 3.00 Agree High

The study findings were interpreted by responses with a mean close to 1 as

Very Low, 2 as Low, 3 as Average, and 4 as High, 5 as Very High.
From the study findings in Table 6, the majority of the respondents indicate that
their level of acceptance towards the implementation of Curfew Hours Ordinance
is high because they agree with the state and municipal governments’ choice to
adopt the Curfew Hours Ordinance (M=3.79, SD = 3.31), they agree with the state
and municipal governments’ choice to establish a curfew hours ordinance
(M=3.80, SD = 3.33), they believe the curfew hours ordinance is reasonable
(M=3.52, SD = 3.03), they believe that the curfew hours ordinance is fair (M =
3.80, SD = 3.54), they are serious about implementing the curfew hours
ordinance(M = 3.88, SD = 3.41), and they have faith in the government that
decided to pass this ordinance (M = 4.07, SD = 3.61). Moreover, they rated
Average that the curfew hours ordinance violates your freedom (M=2.73, SD =
2.33), an ordinance like this will assist to reduce crime rates in the long run
(M=2.80, SD = 2.38), and the curfew hours ordinance will seriously harm them
(M=2.65, SD = 2.25). Therefore, the Level of Acceptance of the respondents
towards the implementation of the Curfew Hours Ordinance is Average (M=3.45,
SD =3.00)
This implies that respondents trusted the government’s judgement and
decision-making regarding the curfew. Most of the respondents had faith in the
government that decided to pass the curfew hours ordinance. The purpose of
implementation curfew hours is to maintain specified social order goals. Officials
think that by making it unlawful for teenagers under the age of 18 to be out during
 32

this time, they would be able to reduce the number of crimes involving juveniles,
safeguard children from possible threats, and ensure general peace during hours
when people need to rest. (Regoli, N. 2019).
However, respondents rated as average in terms of the belief that the
curfew hours ordinance violates their freedom, the belief that the ordinance will
assist in reducing crime rates in the long run, and the belief that the ordinance will
seriously harm them. This indicates that respondents had mixed opinions and
uncertainties. Some believe that there should be no curfew for teenagers because
freedom is a good thing. Teenagers need freedom in their lives because it provides
them with experience for their future lives (Gill C. Et al., 2016). These findings
highlight the complexity and varied perspectives surrounding the implementation
of curfew ordinances and the balancing act between public safety and individual
liberties.
In General, the study findings indicate that the level of acceptance of the
respondents towards the implementation of the Curfew Hours Ordinance is
average.
And expressed some concerns about potential violations of freedom and the
potential harm or effectiveness of the ordinance. But it is obviously critical to
ensure that the curfew is reasonable, controllable, and, above all, acceptable and
valid. It is not to be utilized as part of an autocratic parenting style, but rather as a
tool that benefits all members of the family. (Andres et al., 2021).
 33

CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary, findings, conclusion, and

recommendations of the study.

Summary
The main purpose of this study was to assess the implementation of
curfew hours ordinance in Poblacion, Tubod, Lanao del Norte. The present
researchers would also want to determine the socio-demographic profile of the
respondent, the benefits of implementing curfew hours, the effects of
mandatory curfew on teenager and the levels of acceptance towards the
implementation of curfew hours ordinance.
 34

Moreover, in this study, the quantitative-descriptive research method

was applied. It was used to determined and described the level of acceptance in
implementation of curfew hours ordinance in Poblacion, Tubod, Lanao del
Norte, as well as the benefits and the effects of mandatory curfew. A
quantitative-descriptive research method aims to acquire quantitative
information from a population sample for statistical analysis.
Henceforth, the respondents of this study were 50 teenagers and 50
adults with a total 100 individuals residing from Poblacion, Tubod, Lanao del
Norte. The said respondents were surveyed using stratified random sampling, a
method that divides a population into smaller groupings known as strata.
Hence, the said respondents were answered the indicators according to their
availability and convenient time.

Findings
The following are the findings of the study based on the data
gathered by the researchers.
1. What is the profile of the Respondents?
The respondents of the studies were from Poblacion, Tubod Lanao
del Norte. Majority of the respondents were male (55%) while the
remaining respondents were female (45%). The sample consisted of an
equal proportion of minors (aged 13-17) and adults (aged 18 and above).
Additionally, most of the respondents were single (76%) compared to those
who were married (24%). In terms of educational Attainment, the majority
had a secondary level of education (72%), followed by those with a college
level (15%), and a smaller percentage had an elementary level of education
(13%).
2. Benefits of Implementing Curfew Hours
 35

The study findings show that majority of the respondents rated the
Benefits of Implementing Curfew Hours in term of Parents Peace of Mind
as “Beneficial” (M=3.54). In terms of Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency,
respondents rated as “Beneficial” (M=3.69). And Robbery Prevention
which received a rating of “Beneficial” (M=3.60).
3. Effects of Mandatory Curfew on Teenagers
Majority of the respondents indicated that the Effects of Mandatory
Curfew on Teenagers in terms of Safety for the Minors as “effective”
(M=3.69). Potential Problems of Curfew Law to Minors received a rating
of “Moderately Effective” (M=2.69).
4. Levels of acceptance towards the implementation of curfew hours
ordinance.
From the study findings, majority of the respondents indicate that
their level of acceptance towards the implementation of Curfew Hours
Ordinance is “high” (M=3.45).

Conclusion
Based on the findings and results of the survey it can be concluded that
curfew hours ordinance was beneficial for parents, as they provide a sense of
security and safety for their children. Respondents believed that curfews deter
criminal activities and reduce delinquency-related factors. They also believed
that curfews, along with police patrols, reduced robberies and ensure safer
conditions during nighttime hours. However, they also recognize negative
implications for minors, such as their freedom, relationships with parents, and
personal development. Despite a moderately positive attitude towards the
ordinance, respondents expressed concerns about potential violations of
freedom and the effectiveness of the ordinance.
Furthermore, this implies that the curfew ordinance of Tubod, Lanao
del Norte is effective. The positive impact it has had on the community can be
 36

seen through improved security, promoting public safety, reducing crime rates
and the overall well-being of residents.

Recommendation
Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, the following are
the researcher's recommendation.
1. To the Community
- Curfew hour ordinances should be designed and implemented
with community participation and cooperation to ensure that the
needs and concerns of the community are addressed.
- Encourage community to cooperate to curfew ordinance for
improving on the implementation of Curfew.
2. To the Local Government Unit (LGU)
- To conduct regular public awareness campaigns to educate
residents about the importance of the curfew and its impact on
community safety. Use various communication channels, such
as social media, community meetings, and local outreach
programs, to engage with the public and address any concerns or
misconceptions.
- To regularly evaluate the curfew’s impact on the public safety
and community well-being. Analysed data on crime rates,
curfew violations, and community feedback to identify areas for
improvement. Make necessary adjustments strategies, and
exceptions based on the evaluation results.
3. To the Law Enforcement
- To strengthen on coordination with community organizations,
schools, and social service organisations to develop broad
strategies that address the root causes of youth crime and
provide options to enforcement.
- Provides law enforcement officers including training and
resources to effectively engage with young people during
 37

curfew hours, with a focus on interaction, guidance, and

techniques for de-escalation.
- Curfew hours should be evaluated and reviewed on a regular
basis to make the necessary changes and improvements.

REFERENCES

Andres, James, Estrada, Ramos, Sotelo, Umayas, & Paraggua. (2021, May).
Curfew hour in ilocos norte. International Journal of Innovative Science
and Research Technology, 6(5).
https://www.ijisrt.com/assets/upload/files/IJISRT21MAY272.pdf

Braga A. A., Turchan B., Papachristos V. A., Hureau M. D. (2019, September)

Hot spots policing of small geographic areas effects on crime
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/cl2.1046

Dr. Neha Mehta. Jan 20, 2023. Setting Curfew For Teenagers: Its Reasons,
TipsBenefits.https://www.momjunction.com/articles/teen-curfew-benefits-
disadvantages-tips_00751760/#benefits-of-teen-curfews
 38

Daniel P. Michał R. Marek B. & Barbara M. 02 April 2022 “Socio-economic

correlates of quality of life in single and married urban individuals: a
Polish case
study”https://hqlo.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12955-022-01966-
2

Esperanza V.T. Margarida R. Patricia C. 11 April 2017, Beyond educational

attainment: The importance of skills and lifelong learning for social
outcomes. Evidence for Europe from
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ejed.12211

Elyse R. G., Are Teen Curfew Laws Effective? A Review of the Literature (Aug.
2014) (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Maryland, Baltimore
County) (on file
withauthor).https://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cg
i?article=2551&context=fac_pubs
Fisher, E. (2021). Legal Challenges to Juvenile Curfew Laws.
https://www.findlaw.com/criminal/criminal-charges/legal-challenges-to-
juvenile-curfew-laws.html#:~:text=There%20have%2C%20however%2C
%20been%20some,as%20well%20as%20the%20juvenile

Grossman, E. R.,Miller, N. A. (2015). A systematic review of the impact of

juvenile curfew laws on public health and justice outcomes: American
journal of preventive medicine
945-951https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S074937971
5004110

Hannah Neu.April 21, 2021.Juvenile Curfews: Enforcement and

Effectiveness.https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/041459a5f7984b2f8888
9ff43a4021f1
 39

Hazen, K.P. and Brank, E.M. (2017). Juvenile Curfews. In The Encyclopedia of
Juvenile Delinquency and Justice (eds C.J. Schreck, M.J. Leiber, H.V.
Miller and K. Welch). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118524275.ejdj0112

Islam S (2018) Community Policing (CP): Challenges on Preventing Crime and

Human Security in Bangladesh. Review Pub Administration Manag 6: 253.
doi:10.4172/23157844.1000253
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331477273

Pia J. N., Moises H. A., Dimacuta N. D., Malang B. P., Vigonte F. G., (2023,
January) Effectiveness on the Implementation of Curfew in the
Municipality of Di-lasag, Aurora
http://www.ijmaberjournal.org/index.php/ijmaber/article/view/687

Levesque, R.J.R. (2018). Curfews. In: Levesque, R.J.R. (eds) Encyclopedia of

Adolescence. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33228-
4_472
Mwangangi, R. (2019) The Role of Family in Dealing with Juvenile Delinquency.
Open Journal of Social Sciences, 7, 52-
63.https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=90991

Natalie Regoli May 9, 2019. 14 Teenage Curfew Advantages and

Disadvantages.https://connectusfund.org/14-teenage-curfew-advantages-
and-disadvantages

Patrick Kline, The Impact of Juvenile Curfew Laws on Arrests of Youth and
Adults, 14 AM. L. ECON. REV. 44, 59 (2011).
https://eml.berkeley.edu/~pkline/papers/ALER_curfews.pd
 40

SmartSurveys, 2023. Age Groups for Surveys

https://www.smartsurvey.co.uk/survey-questions/demographics/age-
groups
Wilson, D., Fried J, Reynoldset T., (2016).” Juvenile curfew effects on criminal
behavior and Campbell Collaboration systematic review. “Journal of
ExperimentalCriminology”.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/
10.4073/csr.2016.3

Wilson, D. B., Olaghere, A., & Gill, C. (2016). Juvenile curfew effects on
criminal behavior and victimization: A Campbell Collaboration
systematic review. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 1–20.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-016-9258-y

World Development Report (WDR), 2012 About the importance of gender

https://gsdrc.org/topicguides/gender/understanding-gender/
 41

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
42
43
44
45
 46

Part I. Demographic Profile of the Respondents

Name of the Respondent:
(Optional)
Age:
Gender:
Civil Status:
Educational Attainment:

Direction: Kindly select one (1) from the column of each row that corresponds to
your choice. Use the following as your guide:
Point Values Descriptive Interpretation
5 Strongly Agree
4 Agree
3 Slightly Agree
2 Slightly Disagree
1 Disagree

Part II. Benefits of Implementing Curfew Hours

A. Parents peace of mind

Variable 5 4 3 2 1
1. The curfew hour ordinance has made us feel much more at
ease.
(Ang ordinansa sa curfew hour nakadugang sa atong kalinaw
sa hunahuna.)
2. The curfew hour ordinance calmed whatever concerns you
had about the safety of your children after dark.
(Ang ordinansa sa oras sa curfew nagpagaan sa bisan unsang
mga kabalaka nga naa nimo bahin sa kaluwasan sa mga bata
sa ulahing oras.)
3. I am confident in our community’s curfew hour
enforcement.
(Masaligon ko sa pagpatuman sa curfew hour ordinance sa
atong komunidad.)
 47

4. My worries regarding my child’s safety after hours

have been much lessened by the curfew hour ordinance.
(Ang ordinansa sa oras sa curfew nakamenos pag-ayo sa
akong mga kabalaka bahin sa kaluwasan sa akong anak
panahon sa ulahing mga oras.)

5. The curfew hour law has effectively minimized the risks

and dangers faced by our community’s children and teenagers.
(Ang ordinansa sa oras sa curfew epektibo nga nakunhuran
ang mga potensyal nga peligro ug peligro nga giatubang sa
mga bata ug mga tin-edyer sa atong komunidad.)

B. Prevention of juvenile delinquency

Variables 5 4 3 2 1
1. It keeps minors from committing crimes.
(Gipugngan niini ang menor de edad nga makahimo og
delingkwente o krimen)
2. It discourages minors from engaging in criminal activity.
(Gipugngan niini ang mga menor de edad sa bisan unsang
kriminalidad.)
3. Prevent children from hanging out with loiters late at night.
(Gipugngan ang mga menor de edad nga makig-uban sa mga
laag sa gabii.)
4. It acts as a barrier for minors to engage in unlawful conduct.
(Nagsilbi kini nga babag sa pag-apil sa ilegal nga kalihokan sa
mga menor de edad)

5. It keeps minors from being influenced by their peers.

(Gipugngan niini ang mga menor de edad gikan sa dili maayo
nga pag -impluwensya sa mga kaedad.)
6. It prevents minors to engage vices.
(Gipugngan niini ang mga menor de edad nga ma engkwentro
og mga bisyo. )

C. Robbery Prevention
Variables 5 4 3 2 1
 48

1. The presence of a police patrol can reduce the likelihood of

robbery.
(Malikayan ang kahigayonan sa pagpanulis pinaagi sa
presensya sa police patrol.)
2. Those who work the night shift may benefit from a curfew.
(Ang curfew makahatag og kaluwasan sa mga nagtrabaho sa
night shift.)
3. Protection of commercial facilities during the night shift.
(Proteksyon sa mga establisemento sa negosyo sa night shift.)
4. Reduce the likelihood of minors committing robbery.
(Bawasan ang posibilidad sa pagpanulis nga gipadayon sa mga
menor de edad.)
5. Reduce the possibility of minors snatching.
(Bawasan ang posibilidad sa pagpangawat nga gihimo sa mga
menor de edad.)

Part III. Effects of Mandatory Curfew on Teenagers

A. Safety for the minors.

Variables 5 4 3 2 1
1.It keeps kids away from temptations like drug usage and
violent behavior.
(Kini nagpalayo kanila sa mga tentasyon sama sa paggamit sa
droga ug bayolenteng mga buhat.)
2. Prevent minors from traveling at night.
(Gipugngan ang mga menor de edad sa pagbiyahe panahon
sa kagabhion.)
3. Reduces sexual risk, partying, and alcohol consumption.
(Gipamenos ang risgo sa pakighilawas, pag-party ug paginom
og alkohol.)
4. Prevents conflict between drunk and sober minors.
(Gipugngan ang kasamok tali sa hubog ug dili hubog nga mga
menor de edad.)
5. It keeps minors out of car accidents.
(Gipugngan niini ang aksidente sa sakyanan alang sa mga
menor de edad.

B. Potential problems of curfew law to minors

 49

Variables 5 4 3 2 1
1.Encourage minors to rebel against their parents.
(Tungod ani ang mga menor de edad nga nagmugna og
rebelyon sa ilang mga ginikanan.)
2.Minors’ inability to mature.
(Babag sa pagkahamtong sa mga menor de edad.)
3. It is possible that the child will prioritize their pals over their
family.
(Adunay posibilidad nga mas pilion sa menor de edad ang
ilang mga higala kaysa ilang pamilya.)
4.Minors feel deprived of their freedom and liberty.
(Gibati sa mga menor de edad nga gihikawan ang ilang
kagawasan.)
5.Minors experience a false sense of security.
(Ang mga menor de edad mobati og pag duha-duha nga
seguridad.)
6. Curfew hour is seen as a punishment.
(Ang oras sa curfew gilantaw isip usa ka silot.)

Part IV. Levels of acceptance towards the implementation of curfew hours

ordinance

Variables 5 4 3 2 1
1. Do you agree with the state and municipal governments’
choice to adopt the Curfew Hours Ordinance?
(Andam ka ba nga modawat niini nga desisyon sa estado ug
lokal nga gobyerno alang sa pagpatuman sa Curfew Hours
Ordinance?)

2. Do you agree with the state and municipal governments’

choice to establish a curfew hours ordinance?
(Gisuportahan ba nimo kini nga desisyon sa estado ug lokal
nga gobyerno alang sa pagpatuman sa ordinansa sa oras sa
curfew?)
3. Do you believe the curfew hours ordinance is reasonable?
(Sa imong hunahuna patas ba kini nga ordinansa sa oras sa
curfew?)
 50

4. Do you believe the curfew hours ordinance is fair? (Sa

imong hunahuna kini ba nga ordinansa sa curfew hours
walay gidapigan?)
5. Do you believe the curfew hours ordinance violates your
freedom?
(Sa imong hunahuna kini bang curfew hours nga ordinansa
nakalapas sa imong kagawasan?)
6. Do you believe an ordinance like this will assist in reducing
crime rates in the long run?
(Sa imong hunahuna ang usa ka ordinansa nga sama niini
makatabang aron sa katapusan makunhuran ang mga rate sa
krimen?)
7. How serious are you about implementing the curfew hours
ordinance?
(Unsa ka seryoso ang imong gibati sa pagpatuman sa curfew
hours ordinance?)
8. Do you believe the curfew hours ordinance will seriously
harm you?
(Sa imong hunahuna ang mga oras sa curfew nga ordinansa
makadaot sa imong kaugalingon?)
9. Do you have faith in the government that decided to pass
this ordinance?
(Misalig ka ba sa gobyerno nga mihimo og desisyon sa
pagpaila niini nga ordinansa?)
 51

Research Ethics Committee

LETTER OF
APPROVAL

Date: NOVEMBER 10, 2023

Proposed Research Title:

"AN ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CURFEW HOURS ORDINANCE IN POBLACION TUBOD,
LANAO DEL NORTE"

Dear Researcher(s): ESPINA, EARL B

MARCABAN, ASNAWI A.
MAYONADO, MELCHOR B.

Good day!
We are delighted to inform you that your proposed research has
been carefully evaluated by the members of the Research Ethics
Committee of Tubod College and has been approved for its conduct.
We congratulate you on your commitment to upholding ethical
principles in your research, and we appreciate your efforts to ensure
compliance with all relevant regulations and guidelines set by the
institution.
Our committee has reviewed your research proposal with great care,
and we are pleased to certify that it meets the highest ethical
standards. We are confident that your research will significantly
contribute to advancing knowledge in your field of study, and we
wish you every success in your endeavors.
Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any questions or
concerns, and we look forward to hearing about your research
progress.

Sincerely,

LADY MAY S. EREDIANO, LPT

Research Ethics Committee Chair
 52

STATISTICIAN CERTIFICATION
53
54
 55

CURRICULUM VITAE

MAYONADO, MELCHOR BATION

BS CRIMINOLOGY
P-3, Pigcarangan, Tubod, Lanao del Norte
Phone: +639074933633
E-mail: [email protected]

About Me:
Sex: Male
Age: 21
Birthday: February 23, 2002
Place of Birth: Pigcarangan, Tubod, Lanao del Norte
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Nationality: Filipino
Height: 5’6
weight: 55 kg

Education Attainment:

Elementary Level:
Pigcarangan Elementary School, Pigcarangan, Tubod, Lanao del Norte
(S.Y. 2009 – 2015)

Secondary Level:
Lanao Norte National Comprehensive High School, Baroy Lanao del Norte
(S. Y. 2015 – 2019)

Senior High school:

Lanao School of Science Technology ENC. Baroy, Lanao del Norte
(S. Y. 2019 – 2020)

College Level: (Present)

Tubod College, San Antonio, Tubod, Lanao del Norte

Skills:

 Problem Solving
 Time management
 Critical Thinking
 Marketing
 56

ESPINA, EARL BARENA

BS CRIMINOLOGY
P-3, Patudan, Tubod, Lanao del Norte
Phone: +639264170429
E-mail: [email protected]

About Me:
Sex: Male
Age: 21
Birthday: November 11 2001
Place of Birth: Baroy, Lanao del Norte
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Nationality: Filipino
Height: 5’8
Weight: 54 kg

Educational Attainment:

Elementary Level:
Patudan, Elementary School, Patudan, Tubod, Lanao del Norte
( S.Y. 2009 – 2015 )

Secondary Level:
Teofila C. Quibranza National Highschool, Pualas, Tubod, Lanao Del Norte
( S. Y. 2015 – 2019 )

Senior High school:

Mercy Junior College
( S. Y. 2019 – 2020 )

College Level: (Present)

Tubod College, San Antonio, Tubod, Lanao del Norte

Skills:

• Problem Solving
• Self Motivated
• Creative
• Public Speaking
• Confidence
 57

MARCABAN, ASNAWI ANGNI

BS CRIMINOLOGY
Poblacion, Tangcal, Lanao del Norte
Phone: +639309882048
E-mail: [email protected]

About Me:
Sex: Male
Age: 22
Birthday: November 07, 2001
Place of Birth: Big, Banisilon, Tangcal Lanao del Norte
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Islam
Nationality: Filipino
Height: 5’6
Weight: 52 kg.

Educational Attainment:

Elementary Level:
Big Banisilon Elementary School Tangcal, Lanao del Norte
( S.Y. 2009 – 2015 )

Secondary Level:
Tamgcal National Highschool Tangcal, Lanao Del Norte
( S. Y. 2015 – 2019 )

Senior High school:

Tangcal National Highschool
( S. Y. 2019 – 2020 )

College Level: (Present)

Tubod College, San Antonio, Tubod, Lanao del Norte

Skills:
• Negotiation
• Flexibility
• Analytical Thinking
• Business Analysis
• Creative Writing
58