AP Biology – Session 2

• Skill Focus: Free-Response Strategy

• Targeted Content Review

• Unit 2: Cell Structure and Function

We focus on what you
• Exam-like Practice need to know and do
to succeed on Test Day!
• Key Takeaways

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AP Biology – Session 2

• Cell Structure and Function

• Cell Compartmentalization

• Cell Membranes and Transport

• Diffusion and Osmosis

4
AP Biology – Session 2

• Online Resources

• PDF of the session’s slides

• Summary Notes
• Session recordings

• Book Resources

•
• Practice questions and answers
• Online practice tests
• Register your book: online.barronsbooks.com

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AP Biology – Session 2

• The answer must be in essay form, not an outline.

• Label the parts of the question that you are answering

in each section of your response (e. g., 1a, 1b, 1c, and 1d).

• Do not leave out basic material.

• Do not contradict yourself.

state what information is

being asked on the topic
be specific about the details similar to Explain;
using evidence and reasoning,
make a statement provide a case to prove or
regarding the findings support the claim
talk about the importance :
or accuracy of information describe what you expect to
use evidence or reasoning happen based on the evidence
to support results of a situation or provided
experiment

8
AP Biology – Session 2

enclosed by plasma membrane ✓ ✓

have cell diameters between 10 and 100 µm

contain no nuclei or other internal membranes

contain genetic material in the form of DNA ✓ ✓

contain ribosomes ✓ ✓

mainly multicellular

bacteria

contain a semifluid substance called cytosol ✓ ✓

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AP Biology – Session 2

Theory of endosymbiosis

11

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AP Biology – Session 2

1. A pharmaceutical company is evaluating new types of drugs to treat

bacterial infections. They have several candidates with different
mechanisms of action. Which of these candidates would most likely be
the safest for use in humans?

(A) A molecule that prevents the formation of pores in the nuclear

membrane
(B) A molecule that inhibits the crosslinking of subunits in the biosynthesis
of cell walls
(C) A molecule that prevents the modification of proteins in the Golgi
apparatus
(D) A molecule that inhibits biosynthesis of the phospholipids in the
plasma membrane

13

2. Which of the following is NOT evidence that supports the

endosymbiosis hypothesis?

(A) Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular DNA.

(B) Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own ribosomes.
(C) Mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce by binary fission.
(D) Mitochondria and chloroplasts are found in all eukaryotic cells.

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AP Biology – Session 2

15

Organelles GOLGI BODY

CENTROSOME
RIBOSOME

NUCLEOLUS

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

NUCLEUS VACUOLE

MITOCHONDRIA

LYSOZYME

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AP Biology – Session 2

17

3. One hormone that is involved in the regulation of hunger is leptin.

Released by fat cells in adipose tissue, leptin binds to receptors in the
hypothalamus to inhibit the feeling of hunger. What organelle
will leptin pass through before it is secreted?

(A) Centrosome
(B) Golgi apparatus
(C) Smooth ER
(D) Lysosome

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AP Biology – Session 2

4. Which of the following is an advantage that eukaryotic organisms have

over prokaryotic organisms?

(A) Eukaryotes have specialized organelles that increase the efficiency

of their specific processes.
(B) Eukaryotes possess flagella that allow them to propel themselves
toward specific stimuli.
(C) Eukaryotes do not possess a cell wall and so can better control what
enters and exits the cell.
(D) Eukaryotes do not possess a nuclear envelope around their DNA,
decreasing the likelihood of harmful mutations.

19

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AP Biology – Session 2

Plasma Membrane
○ selectively permeable
membrane
○ regulates the steady traffic
that enters and leaves the
cell
○ fluid mosaic model

○ the hydrophobic interior

impedes the flow of
hydrophilic substances

21

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AP Biology – Session 2

Surface-area-to-volume ratio

1 cm cube 3 cm cube
Surface area (SA) 6× 12 =6 cm2 6 × 32 = 54 cm2
Volume (V) 13 = 1 cm3 33 = 27 cm3
SA to V ratio 6:1 2:1

23

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AP Biology – Session 2

5. Which of the following statements conflicts with the fluid mosaic model?

(A) The cell membrane is static in structure.

(B) Membrane components can be derived from multiple
biomolecules.
(C) Hydrophobic interactions stabilize the lipid bilayer.
(D) Proteins are asymmetrically distributed within the cell
membrane.

25

6. Saturated fats have a high melting point and remain solid at room
temperature. Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature and
solidify at much lower temperatures than saturated fats. In order for the
membrane to function properly, membrane fluidity must stay within a
certain physiological range. Chemical analysis of membrane lipids in
bacteria adapted to different temperature ranges is shown in the table
below.

Which of the following conclusions can be reasonably drawn from

the data provided in the table?

26
AP Biology – Session 2

6. Which of the following conclusions can be reasonably drawn from

the data provided in the table?

(A) The composition of phospholipids in the membrane is not

correlated to ambient temperature.
(B) Bacteria that thrive in cold environments adapt by increasing
membrane rigidity.
(C) The membranes of G. stearothermophilus are adapted to
increase fluidity at high temperatures.
(D) Fatty acids in B. psychrophilus allow the membrane to
maintain its fluidity at low temperatures.

27

7. A plant cell with a solute potential of –4.0 bars and a pressure potential
of 0.5 bars is placed into a solution with a water potential of –5.0 bars.
What will happen to the plant cell in this solution?

(A) Water will flow into the plant cell because the plant cell has a total
water potential that is lower than that of the surrounding solution.
(B) Water will flow into the plant cell because the plant cell has a total
water potential that is higher than that of the surrounding solution.
(C) Water will flow out of the plant cell because the plant cell has a total
water potential that is lower than that of the surrounding solution.
(D) Water will flow out of the plant cell because the plant cell has a total
water potential that is higher than that of the surrounding solution.

28
AP Biology – Session 2

8. Which cell in this figure would exchange materials more efficiently

with its environment?

(A) Cell A, because it has a smaller radius than that of Cell B

(B) Cell B, because it has a greater surface area than that of Cell A
(C) Cell B, because longer cells always exchange materials more efficiently than
shorter cells
(D) Cell A, because it has a greater surface area-to-volume ratio than that of Cell B

29

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AP Biology – Session 2

31

Figure 5.14 Figure 5.15

Passive Transport Active Transport

32
AP Biology – Session 2

33

34
AP Biology – Session 2

35

● nalyze the Prompt 4 minutes

● lan Your Response 3–5 minutes
● ction! Write Your Response 4–10 minutes
● roofread 1–2 minutes Just remember:
AP-AP
Number of Time per
Total Time
Questions Question
2 21 minutes 42 minutes
4 12 minutes 48 minutes
90 minutes

36
AP Biology – Session 2

Try it! Analyze the stimulus.

37

Cholesterol is an integral component of the plasma membrane. It has an

important role in determining membrane fluidity even during temperature
fluctuations. Its tetracyclic structure modulates the packing of the fatty-acid
chains of the phospholipids that compose the bulk of the plasma membrane.
It is also known to serve other functions, as it is a major constituent of the
myelin sheath that covers the axons of nerve cells and that speeds conduction
of action potentials.

38
AP Biology – Session 2

New research has explored the effect of cholesterol on membrane proteins as

well. The amount of cholesterol present might be linked to the types of
membrane transports that are located in that region of the membrane.
ATPases seem to prefer an area of plasma membrane that is low in
cholesterol, while the functions of other proteins are seemingly enhanced by
local cholesterol richness, such as the rate at which transport proteins move
solute through the membrane. At the molecular level, any type of change in
the surrounding area might affect the operation of a protein and cause
modulation in its action.

39

A student decides to study the effect of cholesterol on membrane

permeability. He creates vesicles by exposing dehydrated lipids to Solution
A, as described in Table 1, creating vesicles that each have a different
amount of cholesterol and an unknown protein. Next, the student exposes the
vesicles to Solution B for a set period, then he measures the concentration of
Na+, K+, and glucose in the artificial vesicle. Both Solution A and B contain
Na+ ions, K+ ions, and hydrophilic glucose monomers. His results are
summarized in Table 2.

40
AP Biology – Session 2

Table 1. Composition of Solutions A and B

NaCl KCl Na2HPO4 KH2PO4 Glucose
(mmol/L) (mmol/L) (mmol/L) (mmol/L) (mmol/L)
Solution A 137 103 10 1.8 15
Solution B 200 50 10 1.8 5
Table 2. Sodium and glucose concentrations for each vesicle after
exposure to Solution B
[Na+] [K+] [Glucose]
% Cholesterol Protein
(mmol/L) (mmol/L) (mmol/L)
Vesicle 1 15 X 185.8 102.2 15.4
Vesicle 2 15 Y 136.8 103.1 9.4
Vesicle 3 25 X 188.9 103.4 15.1
Vesicle 4 25 Y 137.4 101.8 7.8
Vesicle 5 35 X 192.6 102.4 14.8
Vesicle 6 35 Y 136.2 104.3 7.2
Vesicle 7 45 X 195.7 103.5 15.0
Vesicle 8 45 Y 136.9 102.9 6.8

41

Try it! Outline your response.

42
AP Biology – Session 2

(a) Describe the characteristics of a vesicle that allow for the selective
transport of molecules through the membrane. Explain ONE factor that
can drive sodium to move across a membrane.

(b) Identify the independent variables in this experiment. Explain why

the vesicles are moved from Solution A to Solution B.

(c) Identify a function for Protein X and Y. Use the data in Table 2 to justify
your answer.

(d) Predict the final concentrations of sodium and glucose for a vesicle
created with 45% cholesterol, protein X, and protein Y after being
exposed to Solution B until equilibrium is reached. Justify your prediction.

43

(a) Describe the characteristics of a vesicle that allow for the

selective transport of molecules through the membrane. Explain
ONE factor that can drive sodium to move across a membrane.

44
AP Biology – Session 2

(b) Identify the independent variables in this experiment. Explain why

the vesicles are moved from Solution A to Solution B.

NaCl KCl Na2HPO4 KH2PO4 Glucose

(mmol/L) (mmol/L) (mmol/L) (mmol/L) (mmol/L)
Solution A 137 103 10 1.8 15
Solution B 200 50 10 1.8 5

[Na+] [K+] [Glucose]

% Cholesterol Protein
(mmol/L) (mmol/L) (mmol/L)
Vesicle 1 15 X 185.8 102.2 15.4
Vesicle 2 15 Y 136.8 103.1 9.4
Vesicle 3 25 X 188.9 103.4 15.1
Vesicle 4 25 Y 137.4 101.8 7.8
Vesicle 5 35 X 192.6 102.4 14.8
Vesicle 6 35 Y 136.2 104.3 7.2
Vesicle 7 45 X 195.7 103.5 15.0
Vesicle 8 45 Y 136.9 102.9 6.8

45

(c) Identify a function for Protein X and Y. Use the data in Table 2
to justify your answer.

NaCl KCl Na2HPO4 KH2PO4 Glucose

(mmol/L) (mmol/L) (mmol/L) (mmol/L) (mmol/L)
Solution A 137 103 10 1.8 15
Solution B 200 50 10 1.8 5

[Na+] [K+] [Glucose]

% Cholesterol Protein
(mmol/L) (mmol/L) (mmol/L)
Vesicle 1 15 X 185.8 102.2 15.4
Vesicle 2 15 Y 136.8 103.1 9.4
Vesicle 3 25 X 188.9 103.4 15.1
Vesicle 4 25 Y 137.4 101.8 7.8
Vesicle 5 35 X 192.6 102.4 14.8
Vesicle 6 35 Y 136.2 104.3 7.2
Vesicle 7 45 X 195.7 103.5 15.0
Vesicle 8 45 Y 136.9 102.9 6.8

46
AP Biology – Session 2

(d) Predict the final concentrations of sodium and glucose for a vesicle
created with 45% cholesterol, protein X, and protein Y after being
exposed to Solution B until equilibrium is reached. Justify your prediction.
NaCl KCl Na2HPO4 KH2PO4 Glucose
(mmol/L) (mmol/L) (mmol/L) (mmol/L) (mmol/L)
Solution A 137 103 10 1.8 15
Solution B 200 50 10 1.8 5

[Na+] [K+] [Glucose]

% Cholesterol Protein
(mmol/L) (mmol/L) (mmol/L)
Vesicle 1 15 X 185.8 102.2 15.4
Vesicle 2 15 Y 136.8 103.1 9.4
Vesicle 3 25 X 188.9 103.4 15.1
Vesicle 4 25 Y 137.4 101.8 7.8
Vesicle 5 35 X 192.6 102.4 14.8
Vesicle 6 35 Y 136.2 104.3 7.2
Vesicle 7 45 X 195.7 103.5 15.0
Vesicle 8 45 Y 136.9 102.9 6.8

47

→
Try it! Write your response.

48
AP Biology – Session 2

(a) Describe the characteristics of a vesicle that allow for the

selective transport of molecules through the membrane. Explain
ONE factor that can drive sodium to move across a membrane.

49

(b) Identify the independent variables in this experiment. Explain why

the vesicles are moved from Solution A to Solution B.

50
AP Biology – Session 2

(c) Identify a function for Protein X and Y. Use the data in Table 2
to justify your answer.

51

(d) Predict the final concentrations of sodium and glucose for a vesicle
created with 45% cholesterol, protein X, and protein Y after being
exposed to Solution B until equilibrium is reached. Justify your prediction.

52
AP Biology – Session 2

SCORING CRITERIA POINTS

Part (a) Describe vesicle 1

One plausible explanation how Na+ can move 1

Part (b) Correct identification IV 1

Explain why solution A → B 1

Part (c) Correct identification of X for Na+, Y for glucose 1

Reasonable justification for identify of protein X 1

and Y

Part (d) Correct prediction [Na+] = 200 mmol/L, 1

[glucose] = 5 mmol/L

Reasonable justification for concentrations 1

53

54
AP Biology – Session 2

• All cells share some characteristics because they

all arise from a common ancestral cell.
• Eukaryotic cells are particularly efficient because
they are compartmentalized by a selectively
permeable endomembrane system.
• A sufficiently high ratio of surface area (cell
membrane) to volume (cytosol) is necessary for
the exchange of materials into and out of the cell.
• Selectively permeable plasma membranes
regulate the movement of molecules across them
and maintain internal environments.

55

• Study the task verbs to see exactly what the

graders are looking for.
• Make sure to complete the full write-up for all
question parts and compare your responses to
those in the scoring guidelines.
• Continue to work on organizing your notes for
easy reference!

56
AP Biology – Session 2

57

• Read the Session 2 Summary Notes document

• Complete the following practice questions at the end of chapter 5
• #1–8, 10–13
• Complete the following practice questions at the end of chapter 6
• #1–4, 6–13

58
AP Biology – Session 2

Closing Slide

59

Title: Sample Responses

60
AP Biology – Session 2

Cholesterol is an integral component of the plasma membrane. It has an

important role in determining membrane fluidity even during temperature
fluctuations. Its tetracyclic structure modulates the packing of the fatty-acid
chains of the phospholipids that compose the bulk of the plasma membrane.
Lots of information
It is also known to serve other functions, as it is a major constituent of the
myelin sheath that covers the axons of nerve cells and that speeds conduction here that we
of action potentials. should already
know about
cholesterol.

61

New research has explored the effect of cholesterol on membrane proteins as

well. The amount of cholesterol present might be linked to the types of
membrane transports that are located in that region of the membrane.
ATPases seem to prefer an area of plasma membrane that is low in
Amount of
cholesterol, while the functions of other proteins are seemingly enhanced by
local cholesterol richness, such as the rate at which transport proteins move cholesterol affects
solute through the membrane. At the molecular level, any type of change in membrane
the surrounding area might affect the operation of a protein and cause transport
modulation in its action.

62
AP Biology – Session 2

A student decides to study the effect of cholesterol on membrane

permeability. He creates vesicles by exposing dehydrated lipids to Solution
A, as described in Table 1, creating vesicles that each have a different
amount of cholesterol and an unknown protein. Next, the student exposes the Purpose: study effect
vesicles to Solution B for a set period, then he measures the concentration of of cholesterol on
Na+, K+, and glucose in the artificial vesicle. Both Solution A and B contain
membrane
Na+ ions, K+ ions, and hydrophilic glucose monomers. His results are
permeability
summarized in Table 2.
Setup: vesicles w/
varied cholesterol,
unknown protein,
Solution A →
Solution B

63

Table 1. Composition of Solutions A and B

NaCl KCl Na2HPO4 KH2PO4 Glucose
(mmol/L) (mmol/L) (mmol/L) (mmol/L) (mmol/L)
Solution A 137 103 10 1.8 15
Solution B 200 50 10 1.8 5
Solution AB: ↑NaCl,
Table 2. Sodium and glucose concentrations for each vesicle after
↓KCl, ↓glucose
exposure to Solution B
[Na+] [K+] [Glucose] IVs: cholesterol, protein
% Cholesterol Protein
(mmol/L) (mmol/L) (mmol/L)
DVs: [Na+], [K+], [glucose]
Vesicle 1 15 X 185.8 102.2 15.4
trends:
Vesicle 2 15 Y 136.8 103.1 9.4
● ↑ cholesterol, ↑ Na+
Vesicle 3 25 X 188.9 103.4 15.1
● ↑ cholesterol, ↓ glucose
Vesicle 4 25 Y 137.4 101.8 7.8 ● X for Na+, Y for glucose
Vesicle 5 35 X 192.6 102.4 14.8 ● K+ same for all vesicles
Vesicle 6 35 Y 136.2 104.3 7.2
Vesicle 7 45 X 195.7 103.5 15.0
Vesicle 8 45 Y 136.9 102.9 6.8

64
AP Biology – Session 2

(a) Describe the characteristics of a vesicle that allow for the

selective transport of molecules through the membrane. Explain
ONE factor that can drive sodium to move across a membrane.

Lipid bilayer: hydrophobic; channel for polar

Active transport

65

(b) Identify the independent variables in this experiment. Explain why

the vesicles are moved from Solution A to Solution B.

NaCl KCl Na2HPO4 KH2PO4 Glucose

(mmol/L) (mmol/L) (mmol/L) (mmol/L) (mmol/L)
Solution A 137 103 10 1.8 15
Solution B 200 50 10 1.8 5
IV: % cholesterol, X/Y
[Na+] [K+] [Glucose]
% Cholesterol Protein
(mmol/L) (mmol/L) (mmol/L)
A → B have diff levels
Vesicle 1 15 X 185.8 102.2 15.4
of salt/glucose;
Vesicle 2 15 Y 136.8 103.1 9.4
establish concentration
Vesicle 3 25 X 188.9 103.4 15.1
gradient
Vesicle 4 25 Y 137.4 101.8 7.8
Vesicle 5 35 X 192.6 102.4 14.8
Vesicle 6 35 Y 136.2 104.3 7.2
Vesicle 7 45 X 195.7 103.5 15.0
Vesicle 8 45 Y 136.9 102.9 6.8

66
AP Biology – Session 2

(c) Identify a function for Protein X and Y. Use the data in Table 2
to justify your answer.

NaCl KCl Na2HPO4 KH2PO4 Glucose

(mmol/L) (mmol/L) (mmol/L) (mmol/L) (mmol/L)
Solution A 137 103 10 1.8 15
Solution B 200 50 10 1.8 5

[Na+] [K+] [Glucose]

% Cholesterol Protein
(mmol/L) (mmol/L) (mmol/L) X → sodium channel
Vesicle 1 15 X 185.8 102.2 15.4 Y → glucose channel
Vesicle 2 15 Y 136.8 103.1 9.4
Vesicle 3 25 X 188.9 103.4 15.1
Vesicle 4 25 Y 137.4 101.8 7.8
Vesicle 5 35 X 192.6 102.4 14.8
Vesicle 6 35 Y 136.2 104.3 7.2
Vesicle 7 45 X 195.7 103.5 15.0
Vesicle 8 45 Y 136.9 102.9 6.8

67

(d) Predict the final concentrations of sodium and glucose for a vesicle
created with 45% cholesterol, protein X, and protein Y after being
exposed to Solution B until equilibrium is reached. Justify your prediction.
NaCl KCl Na2HPO4 KH2PO4 Glucose
(mmol/L) (mmol/L) (mmol/L) (mmol/L) (mmol/L)
Solution A 137 103 10 1.8 15
Solution B 200 50 10 1.8 5

[Na+] [K+] [Glucose]

% Cholesterol Protein
(mmol/L) (mmol/L) (mmol/L) [Na+]= 200 mmol/L
Vesicle 1 15 X 185.8 102.2 15.4 [glucose] = 5 mmol/L
Vesicle 2 15 Y 136.8 103.1 9.4
Vesicle 3 25 X 188.9 103.4 15.1
Vesicle 4 25 Y 137.4 101.8 7.8
Vesicle 5 35 X 192.6 102.4 14.8
Vesicle 6 35 Y 136.2 104.3 7.2
Vesicle 7 45 X 195.7 103.5 15.0
Vesicle 8 45 Y 136.9 102.9 6.8

68
AP Biology – Session 2

(a) Describe the characteristics of a vesicle that allow for the

selective transport of molecules through the membrane. Explain
ONE factor that can drive sodium to move across a membrane.

Vesicles are enclosed by a lipid bilayer that is Description (1 point)

hydrophobic and only allows for free movement of hydrophobic, free
nonpolar molecules. Polar molecules require protein movement of nonpolar
channels to pass through the lipid bilayer. molecules

Explanation (1 point)
One way for Na+ to move through lipid bilayer would
transporter that uses
be using a transporter that uses ATP to drive Na+
ATP to drive against
movement against the concentration gradient.
concentration gradient

69

(b) Identify the independent variables in this experiment. Explain why

the vesicles are moved from Solution A to Solution B.

The independent variables are varying percentages of Identification (1 point)

cholesterol, and the presence of protein X or Y. IVs: % of cholesterol
and presence of
Vesicles were moved from Solution A to Solution B to protein X or Y
induce the movement of glucose and Na+ ions into the
Explanation (1 point)
vesicle, down their concentration gradient.
glucose and Na+ ions
move down
concentration gradient

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AP Biology – Session 2

(c) Identify a function for Protein X and Y. Use the data in Table 2
to justify your answer.

Table 2 shows that having protein X (vesicles 1, 3, 5, 7) Identification (1 point)

will cause movement of Na+ into the vesicle, which is X: Na+ moves into
evidenced by the decreasing concentration of Na+ with vesicle; Y: glucose out
increasing cholesterol, while glucose concentrations
remain constant. Protein X is likely a Na+ channel. Justification (1 point)
glucose conc in 2, 4, 6,
Vesicles 2, 4, 6, 8 have changing concentrations of 8 decreases as
glucose in the vesicle, so that it decreases cholesterol increases
concentration of glucose with increasing cholesterol, and Na+ constant
while Na+ concentrations remain constant. Protein Y
is likely a glucose channel.

71

(d) Predict the final concentrations of sodium and glucose for a vesicle
created with 45% cholesterol, protein X, and protein Y after being
exposed to Solution B until equilibrium is reached. Justify your prediction.

According to Table 2 , since the presence of protein X allows for Prediction (1 point)
movement of Na+, the concentrations of Na+ should change approach Soln B conc
compared to Solution A. Since the presence of protein Y allows (glucose, 200 mmol/L
for movement of glucose, the concentrations of glucose should
and Na+ 5 mmol/L)
change compared to Solution A. Also according to Table 2, 45%
cholesterol had the most amount of both the glucose and Na+. The Justification (1 point)
passage mentions that cholesterol enhances the rate of movement protein X allows
of solutes, so after equilibrium is reached, it would be plausible for
movement of Na+ and
the concentrations of both glucose and Na+ to approach Solution
B concentrations.
protein Y, glucose
Glucose concentration should be close or at 200 mmol/L, and
Na+ concentrations should be close or at 5 mmol/L inside the
vesicle.

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AP Biology – Session 2

Title: Answer Key

73

enclosed by plasma membrane ✓ ✓

have cell diameters between 10 and 100 µm ✓

contain no nuclei or other internal membranes ✓

contain genetic material in the form of DNA ✓ ✓

contain ribosomes ✓ ✓

mainly multicellular ✓

bacteria ✓

contain a semifluid substance called cytosol ✓ ✓

74
AP Biology – Session 2

Organelles GOLGI BODY

processes & packages material

organize CENTROSOME
spindle fibers RIBOSOME
protein factories
assists in lipid or NUCLEOLUS
protein production where rRNA is synthesized
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
vesicle used for storage
contains NUCLEUS VACUOLE

chromosomes
MITOCHONDRIA
site of cellular respiration

sac of hydrolytic enzymes LYSOZYME

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AP Biology – Session 2

77

1. B
2. D
3. B
4. A
5. A
6. D
7. D
8. D

78