Matriz, 12 English

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Matriz, 12ª classe, Inglês 2023.
1. Used to
We use used to + infinitive to talk about a past situation that is no longer true. It tells us that there
was a repeated action or state in the past which has now changed.
Examples: She used to be a long-distance runner when she was younger.
I didn't use to sleep very well, but then I started doing yoga and it really helps.
Did you use to come here as a child?
2. Conditional Sentence
A conditional sentence is based on the word „if‟. There are always two parts to a conditional
sentence one part beginning with „if‟ to describe a possible situation, and the second part which
describes the consequence. For example: If it rains, we‟ll get wet.
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We can also invert the two parts of a conditional sentence so that the „if‟ part comes second, and
this is especially common in questions. For example: What will you do if you miss the train?
Types of conditional sentence
There are four types of conditional sentences:
0 – The zero conditional
1 – The first conditional
2 – The second conditional
3 – The third conditional.
The Zero Conditional
We use the zero conditional to talk about permanent truths, such as scientific facts, and general
habits. The structure is simple: if + present simple - Present simple.
Example: If you heat water to 100°, it boils.
If it doesn’t rain for a long time, the earth gets very dry.
The First Conditional
We use the first conditional to talk about a realistic situation in the present or future. The
structure of the first conditional is as follows: If + present simple - will/must/can + verb
(imperative/infinitive form).
Here are some examples:
If you‟ re free later, we can go for a walk.
If they‟ re hungry, I‟ ll make some sandwiches.
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Another way to make first conditional sentences is to use „unless‟ which means „only if‟ or
„except‟. As with „if‟, the word „unless‟ can never be followed by „will‟ but only by the present
simple. For example:
Unless you hurry up, you won‟t catch the bus.
I‟ll carry on doing this work, unless my boss tells me to do something else.
The Second Conditional
We use the second conditional to talk about improbable or impossible situations in the present or
future. Here is the structure: If + past simple - would/could + verb.
For example:
If I had more time, I‟d exercise more. (But I don‟t have more time so I don‟t.)
If I were rich, I‟d spend all my time travelling. (But I‟m not rich so I can‟t.)
A common expression used to give advice has the second conditional structure. The expression
is „If I were you, I‟d..‟, meaning „in your situation, this is what I would do‟. For example:
If I were you, I’d take an aspirin.
If I were you, I’d ask your teacher for help.
The Third Conditional
We use the third conditional to talk about impossible situations, as in the second conditional, in
the past. We often use the third conditional to describe regrets. The structure is: If + past perfect -
would have/could have + past participle.
Here are some examples:
If we had left earlier, we would have arrived on time.
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If you hadn’t forgotten her birthday, she wouldn’t have been upset.
3. Reflexive pronouns
Reflexive pronouns are words like myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves
and themselves. They refer back to a person or thing. We often use reflexive pronouns when the
subject and the object of a verb are the same. Example:
I cut myself when I was making dinner last night.
I hope you enjoy yourselves at the party tonight!
We can add a reflexive pronoun for emphasis when it's unusual or different: She broke
her arm, so she couldn't wash herself very easily.
We can use reflexive pronouns to emphasise that someone does it personally, not
anybody else: Are you redecorating your flat yourselves?
We can also use a reflexive pronoun together with the noun it refers to in order to
emphasise it: Parents themselves need to take more responsibility for their children's
learning.
We can use by + reflexive pronoun to mean alone: He usually goes on holiday by
himself.
4. Reciprocal pronouns
Notice the difference between plural reflexive pronouns and reciprocal pronouns (each other, one
another):
They're buying themselves a new television.
They're buying each other small gifts.
We looked at ourselves in the mirror.
We looked at each other in surprise.
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With reciprocal pronouns (e.g. each other), each person does the action to the other
person/people but not to themselves.
5. Past simple
With most verbs, the past tense is formed by adding –ed in the main verb: called, danced,
walked.
But there are a lot of irregular past tense forms in English. Here are the most common irregular
verbs in English, with their past tense forms: be - was/were, begin - began, buy - bought, build -
built, cut - cut.
We use the past tense to talk about:
Something that happened once in the past: I met my wife in 1983.

Something that happened several times in the past: When I was a boy, I walked a mile to
school every day.
Something that was true for some time in the past: I lived abroad for ten years.
We often use expressions with ago with the past simple: I met my wife a long time ago.
We use did to make questions with the past simple: Did she play tennis when she was
younger?
We use didn't (did not ) to make negatives with the past simple: They didn't go to Spain
this year.
6. Tag questions
A tag question is a special construction in English. It is a statement followed by a mini-question.

We use tag questions to ask for confirmation. They mean something like: "Is that right?" or "Do
you agree?" They are very common in English. Positive statement requires negative tag and vice
versa: Snow is white, isn't it? / You don't like me, do you?
7. Adjectives
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An adjective is a word that modifies or describes a noun or pronoun. Adjectives can be used to
describe the qualities of someone or something independently or in comparison to something
else.
Example: The boy is tall and skinny.
I like old houses.
Comparative and superlative adjectives
Comparative adjectives are used to compare two things. They‟re usually formed by adding the
suffix “-er” (or “-r” if the word ends in the letter “e”). For two-syllable words that end in “y,” the
“y” is replaced with “-ier.” Comparative adjectives can also be formed by adding “more” or
“less” before an adjective that has not been modified. The “more” form is typically used for
words with two or more syllables, while the “less” form is used for all adjectives.
Examples:
I have never met a more honorable person.
Simon‟s essay is longer than Claire‟s.
Superlative adjectives are used to indicate that something has the most or least of a specific
quality. They‟re typically preceded by the definite article “the” and usually formed by adding the
suffix “-est” (or “-st” if the word ends in the letter “e”). For two-syllable words that end in “y,”
the “y” is replaced with “-iest.” Superlative adjectives can also be formed by adding “most” or
“least” before an adjective that has not been modified. The “most” form is typically used for
words with two or more syllables, while the “least” form is used for all adjectives.
Examples:
Even the greatest athletes need adequate rest.
All the courses were delicious, but the dessert was the tastiest.
8. Conectors
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Connectors are words or short phrases that link ideas or statements together across different
sentences or paragraphs. The statements can exist without a connector, but using one helps
define the relationship between them and can add a rich layer of meaning.
Example: Sonja went to all her lessons. Consequently, she did well in her exams.
Different types of connectors
Adding - These are used to show that the second sentence supports the idea(s) in the first one.
Examples are „moreover‟, „in addition‟, „furthermore‟ and „on top of that‟.
Comparing - These show similarity between ideas. Examples are „equally‟, „likewise‟, „in the
same way‟ and „similarly‟.
Contrasting - Used to show a contradiction between ideas. Examples are „alternatively‟, „on the
other hand‟, „conversely‟ and „nevertheless‟.
Illustrating - These can help illustrate a point. Examples are „for example‟, „for instance‟, „one
example is‟ and „in the case of‟.
Sequencing - These are used to express ideas or actions in a set order, or in order of importance.
Examples are „first‟, „next‟, „then‟, „now‟ and „finally‟.
9. Passive voice
The passive voice is used to show interest in the person or object that experiences an action
rather than the person or object that performs the action. In other words, the most important thing
or person becomes the subject of the sentence. Sometimes we use the passive voice because we
don't know or do not want to express who performed the action.
Examples:
I noticed that a window had been left open.
Every year thousands of people are killed on our roads.
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The road is being repaired . (= we are interested in the road, not in the people who are doing the
repairs.)
The passive voice in English is composed of two elements: the appropriate form of the verb 'to
be' + past participle.
10. Reported Speech
Reported speech puts the speaker's words or ideas into a sentence without quotation marks. Noun
clauses are usually used. In reported speech, the reader does not assume that the words are the
speaker's exact words; often, they are a paraphrase of the speaker's words.
Examples:
Hai asked Manny where he was going.
Manny said he was going home.
Note: use of the word "that" is optional in reported speech. Both of the following sentences are
correct:
The child said that they were lost.
The child said they were lost.
When you report what someone said in the past, you usually shift back a verb tense from the
tense the speaker used. These are some examples of verb shifts: simple present to simple past,
past to past perfect, present perfect to past perfect.
11. Modal verbs
The modal verbs are: can, may, must, shall, will, could, might, should, would.
We use modals to show if we believe something is certain, possible or impossible:
My keys must be in the car.
It might rain tomorrow.

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That can't be Peter's coat. It's too small.
We also use them to do things like talk about ability, ask permission, and make requests and
offers:
I can't swim.
May I ask a question?
Could I have some tea, please?
Would you like some help?
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Bibliography
Palmer, F. R., Mood and Modality, Cambridge University Presents, 2012.
Sakoda, Kent, and Jeff Siegel, The Grammar, Bess Press, 2013.
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Bem-vindo(a) à nossa aplicação de preparação para exames!

Aqui, encontrará uma vasta coleção de exames anteriores cuidadosamente selecionados e

Matriz, 12ª classe, Inglês 2023.

Examples: She used to be a long-distance runner when she was younger.

Did you use to come here as a child?

Types of conditional sentence

There are four types of conditional sentences:

0 – The zero conditional

1 – The first conditional

2 – The second conditional

3 – The third conditional.

The Zero Conditional

Example: If you heat water to 100°, it boils.

The First Conditional

Here are some examples:

If you‟ re free later, we can go for a walk.

If they‟ re hungry, I‟ ll make some sandwiches.

Unless you hurry up, you won‟t catch the bus.

The Second Conditional

If I were you, I’d take an aspirin.

If I were you, I’d ask your teacher for help.

The Third Conditional

Here are some examples:

If we had left earlier, we would have arrived on time.

I cut myself when I was making dinner last night.

I hope you enjoy yourselves at the party tonight!

They're buying themselves a new television.

They're buying each other small gifts.

We looked at ourselves in the mirror.

We looked at each other in surprise.

We use the past tense to talk about:

Something that happened once in the past: I met my wife in 1983.

A tag question is a special construction in English. It is a statement followed by a mini-question.

Example: The boy is tall and skinny.

I like old houses.

Comparative and superlative adjectives

I have never met a more honorable person.

Simon‟s essay is longer than Claire‟s.

Even the greatest athletes need adequate rest.

Different types of connectors

I noticed that a window had been left open.

Every year thousands of people are killed on our roads.

10. Reported Speech

Hai asked Manny where he was going.

Manny said he was going home.

The child said that they were lost.

The child said they were lost.

11. Modal verbs

We use modals to show if we believe something is certain, possible or impossible:

My keys must be in the car.

It might rain tomorrow.

May I ask a question?

Could I have some tea, please?

Would you like some help?

Palmer, F. R., Mood and Modality, Cambridge University Presents, 2012.

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