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Comparison between Education system of Germany and Pakistan
Introduction
The system of education includes all institutions that are involved
in delivering formal education (public and private, for-profit and
nonprofit, onsite or virtual instruction) and their faculties,
students, physical infrastructure, resources and rules.
The education system of Pakistan is comprised of 260,903
institutions and is facilitating 41,018,384 students with the help of
1,535,461 teachers. The system includes 180,846 public
institutions and 80,057 private institutions. Hence 31%
educational institutes are run by private sector while 69% are
public institutes.
It is mandated in the Constitution of Pakistan to provide free and
compulsory education to all children between the ages of 5-16
years and enhance adult literacy.
The education system in Germany is globally recognized for its
high standards. Germany already draws international students in
large numbers because of its globally ranked institutions, quality
of life, and a plethora of professional opportunities. Germany has
always been a premier global hub of research and innovation,
with its education system divided into schools, colleges of music
and art, and universities.
Germany’s approximately 314 higher learning institutions (where
average student numbers are around 6,000) include 81 academic
and technical universities, 7 comprehensive universities, 8
teacher training colleges, 17 theological training seminaries, 126
profession-specific colleges, and a variety of creative academies.
Education system of Pakistan

Academic structure of Pakistan
Primary
Formal schooling in Pakistan starts at the age of 5 plus in the

first grade of primary schools. The curriculum for primary
classes is practically same throughout the country. Instruction
is given in local/regional language and in some areas, Urdu
is the medium of Instruction.
. Curriculum of Primary Schools: The following type of
curriculum is offered in primary schools. A. Languages • First
language • Second language b. Mathematics c. Science d.
Pak/ social studies e. Health at Physical Education f. Islamiyat
g. Arts h. Manual work, (Practically arts are not taught
Secondary school
The secondary education consists of VI – X classes. Higher

Secondary classes XI-XII are gradually linked with selected
secondary schools and are ‘converted into Higher Secondary
Schools both for male and female. These Higher Secondary
Schools are run by Principals and Higher Secondary classes (XI,-
XII) are taught by “Specialists” a new cadre created for this
purpose. Anomaly still exists in the system. Intermediate classes
(XI-XII) are still part and parcel of degree colleges.Subjects like
Urdu, English, Pakistan Studies and Islamiyat are taught as
compulsory subjects. Other subjects are grouped as Science
and Humanities and are opted by students according to their
interest. Attempts are being made to diversify’ secondary
education curriculum through inclusion of such options as
agriculture, industrial arts, commerce, and domestic sciences for
those who want to study them.
Higher education (colleges)
Higher education consists of two stages. Intermediate (grades XI-

XII) and Degree (grades) (XIII-XIV) and for BS Degree (grades
XIII-XVI). English had been the medium of instruction at
graduate level. In most of colleges particularly, at intermediate
level Urdu has been adopted as medium of instruction.
Higher education (universities)
In a developing country like Pakistan, universities are the

institutions of higher learning, have a key role to play. Higher
level expertise of the country is located in these institutions.
Therefore, they are expected to develop, design, and implement
development programs in the country. At the time of
independence, there was one established university. In 1984 the
number raised to 20 universities. Now there, are 36 universities
(22 in ‘public ‘sector’ and 12 in private sector). Universities in
private sector are gradually increasing. The thrust of these
universities is on Instructional Technology (IT) and Business
Education. Moreover agricultural colleges and medical colleges
are up-graded to the status of universities.
Education system of Germany
Early childhood education

German called kindergarten as “thinking workshop”. The
preschool education system (elementarbereich) cover children
from 3 to 6 years. Kindergarten play an important role in
developing the ability to express themselves, communicate with
peers and adults and preparation for primary education in
children who have not yet mastered their minds.
Primary system (Grandschule)

From grades 1 through 4 children attend elementary/primary
school (Grundschule), where the subjects taught are the same for
all. After the 4th grade there are two years of an orientation or
testing phase in which students are separated according to their
academic ability and the wishes of their families, and then go on
to attend one of three different kinds of secondary schools:
Hauptschule, Realschule or Gymnasium. Grundschule teachers
recommend their students to a particular school based on such
things as academic achievement, self-confidence and ability to
work independently.
Secondary system
Secondary education proceeds according to the tracks in which
individual students are placed
Hauptschule
The hauptschule emphasize a practical, skill based, non academic
education for those children who show less promise in the
academic sphere.
Often called short-course secondary school takes between 5 – 6
years to complete. The emphasis is on preparation for a vocation,
although geography, German, history, maths and one foreign
language are also taught. On completion students either become
apprentices, or enroll at vocational school through to age 18.
Realschule
The Realschule is a compromise between the hauptschule and

gymnasium and offers a mix of practical (skill based ) and
theoretical (liberal ) instructions.
Gymnasium
The Gymnasium leads to a diploma called the Abitur and prepares
students for university study or for a dual academic and
vocational credential. Curricula differ from school to school, but
generally include German, mathematics, computer science,
physics, chemistry, biology, geography, art (as well as crafts and
design), music, history, philosophy, civics, social studies, and
several foreign languages. In recent years many States have
changed the curriculum so students can get the “Abi” at the end
of the 12th grade. Other States are making the transition but may
still require a 13th grade.
Gesamtschule
The Gesamtschule, or comprehensive school, is only found in
some of the states. It takes the place of both the Hauptschule and
Realschule. It enrolls students of all ability levels in the 5th
through the 10th grades. Students who satisfactorily complete the
Gesamtschule through the 9th grade receive the Hauptschule
certificate, while those who satisfactorily complete schooling
through the 10th grade receive the Realschule certificate.
Berufsschule
Beyond the Hauptschule and Realschule lies the Berufsschule,
combining part-time academic study and apprenticeship. The
successful completion of an apprenticeship program leads to
certification in a particular trade or field of work. These schools
differ from the other ones mentioned in that control rests not with
the local and regional school authorities, but with the federal
government, industry and the trade unions.
Tertiary education
The classical universities, in the tradition of Alexander von Humboldt,

provide a broad general education and students usually attend them for
up to six years. However, in recent years there have been changes to
the curriculum allowing a university student (in a normal or technical
university) to normally acquire a Bachelor Degree in either 6 or 7
semesters. A Masters Degree will normally require an additional 3 or 4
semesters.
The amount of time to acquire a degree depends on the university and

not the state. Curricula may vary slightly from school to school.
Historical Context
Pakistan Germany
Pakistan’s education Germany’s
system has education system is
undergone various renowned for its
reforms since it’s rigorous structure,
independence in shaped by the
1947, influenced by Humboldtian model
both British and in the early 19th
islamic educational century.
traditions
Structure of education
I briefly explained academic structure of both countries earlier.
Let’s summarize it.
Pakistan Germany
Pakistan’s system Germany boasts a
comprises primary, highly structured
secondary, and and efficient
higher secondary education system. It
education levels, begins with
leading to university kindergarten and
education. then primary
education, followed
by secondary
education, and
culminates in
tertiary education,
which includes
universities and
vocational
institutions
Teaching method and pedagogy

Pakistan Germany
Pakistani education, German education
while evolving, may places a strong
still exhibit more emphasis on
traditional teaching student
methods, with participation, critical
teachers holding a thinking, and
central role in inquiry-based
knowledge learning. Teachers
dissemination. are seen as
facilitators,
nurturing
independent
thinking
Standardised testing and assessment

Pakistan Germany
Pakistan uses Germany employs
various examination rigorous
boards, each with standardised
its grading system testing, such as the
and assessment Abitur, for university
methods, often entrance. The
relying heavily on maturity certificate
rote memorisation. (abitur) on
graduation from
gymnasium gives
the right to enter
university without
an exam.
Assess to education
Pakistan Germany
Pakistan is making Germany is known
strides, faces for its high level of
challenges in accessibility to
achieving universal education, including
education, free higher
particularly in education for many
remote areas. students.
Philosophical aspect
Pakistan Germany
According to According to studies
studies, teachers on their educational
are highly in favour system, it has
of idealism and ascertained that
existentialism. pragmatism
(experimentalism) is
the most prevalent
school of philosophy
in germany.
Pragmatists View on
epistemology are
 Knowledge
based on
experience is
true.
 They
emphasize on
functional
knowledge and
understanding

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Comparison between Education system of Germany and Pakistan

Education system of Pakistan

Formal schooling in Pakistan starts at the age of 5 plus in the

The secondary education consists of VI – X classes. Higher

Higher education (colleges)

Higher education consists of two stages. Intermediate (grades XI-

In a developing country like Pakistan, universities are the

Education system of Germany

Early childhood education

Primary system (Grandschule)

The Realschule is a compromise between the hauptschule and

The classical universities, in the tradition of Alexander von Humboldt,

The amount of time to acquire a degree depends on the university and

Teaching method and pedagogy

Standardised testing and assessment

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