MATEC Web of Conferences 392, 01074 (2024) https://doi.org/10.

1051/matecconf/202439201074
ICMED 2024

Automated grass cutter using renewable energy

Lingappa J1*, V. Raghavender1, G. Aparna1 and Ch. Manideep1
1Department of EEE,Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology,Hyderabad, Telangana,
India.

Abstract. Traditional grass cutting relies on manpower, consuming

time and often resulting in an uneven grass height structure. To
circumvent these challenges, it is imperative to develop a system
capable of grass cutting without human intervention. This study
introduces a grass-cutting robot powered by a solar-charged battery.
The operation of this robot is conveniently controlled through an
Android phone. Notably, this system is cost-effective compared to
alternative solutions, boasting a rugged, durable, and maintenance-
free design. Additionally, its reliance on solar energy for battery
charging renders the system environmentally friendly and free from
pollution.

Keywords. Android UNO microcontroller, Bluetooth, Grass Cutter, Solar Energy, DC

Motors.

1 Introduction
In a world increasingly focused on sustainable solutions, the development of an
automated grass cutter utilizing renewable energy sources aligns with the growing demand
for eco-friendly technologies. This project aims to create an efficient and autonomous grass-
cutting system that relies on renewable energy, reducing the environmental impact
associated with traditional gasoline-powered lawn mowers. Automation offers numerous
advantages in various aspects of human life. The visual allure of precisely manicured,
uniformly cut grass plays a pivotal role in enhancing the overall aesthetics of hotels,
residences, parks, meeting halls, and similar environments. Consequently, maintaining a
consistent approach to grass cutting becomes imperative for upholding the prestige of any
establishment or dwelling. Although manual grass cutting can be accomplished through
human labor, it frequently requires substantial time and energy investment.Moreover, the
manual approach tends to be inefficient, frequently resulting in an uneven grass structure.
To overcome these challenges and streamline the process, the adoption of an automated
grass-cutting robot, controllable via an Android phone, emerges as a more effective solution.
This paper introduces an Android-operated grass-cutting robot that seamlessly interfaces
with an Android phone via Bluetooth technology. The robot's movement capabilities include

*
Corresponding author: [email protected]

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
MATEC Web of Conferences 392, 01074 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202439201074
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forward, backward, left turn, right turn, and grass cutter on/off functionalities, all
coordinated through a dedicated Android application. The robot is powered by a 12V, 7.5Ah
battery, conveniently recharged through a solar panel positioned directly above the battery.
Numerous researchers have advocated a comparable solar-based design for a grass-
cutting robot. In their work, Jain. S, et al.[1], introduced a design featuring blades positioned
at the center of the robot's four wheels. Down, M. P, et al. [2], developed a manually operated
handle device designed for grass cutting. Traditionally, grass cutting has been performed
manually using hand tools like scissors, a method demanding substantial human effort and
time, resulting in uneven outcomes. The utilization of engine-powered machines exacerbates
issues related to air pollution, noise, and necessitates regular maintenance [3]. The natural
environment inhabited by modern society is typically characterized by vegetation,
encompassing forests, trees, or grasslands [4]
In the current era, the growing scarcity of fossil fuels has intensified the exploration and
imperative for alternative energy sources. Researchers are actively engaged in assessing
various sources, with particular emphasis on solar-powered projects, which have become
integral in numerous fields [5]. Contrasting conventional petrol-powered grass cutters, the
rotary mowers are propelled by a four-stroke internal combustion engine, ensuring
maximum torque and cleaner combustion [6]. The model is powered by rechargeable
batteries, charged through solar panels. The motor driver circuitry connects DC motors to
the device's wheels, regulating the speed and direction of both motors simultaneously.
Wireless communication between the device and users is facilitated by a Bluetooth module
through the host control interface [7].
The cordless grass cutter relies on rechargeable batteries for power, and the runtime
increases with the number of batteries. However, this approach can be costlier, and the
disposal of depleted batteries poses environmental challenges. In comparison to petrol-
powered grass cutters, cordless ones exhibit lower performance when considering the same
weight parameter. To address these issues, a new technological domain has emerged, giving
rise to innovative grass cutters such as the solar-powered variant integrated with IoT
(Internet of Things) technology for operational and movement control [8]. These robotic
devices come equipped with sensors and intelligent software, enabling them to navigate
diverse terrains, avoid obstacles, and efficiently cut grass [9].
A design was executed wherein the cutter blades were positioned at the centre of the
robot's four wheels. However, this configuration led to disturbances during the grass cutting
process. Particularly, when dealing with larger grass sizes, it resulted in wheel stoppage,
rendering the system inefficient. Ismail, F. B, et al. [10] introduced a comparable grass-
cutting robot system, which, unlike the previous design, cannot be controlled via an Android
smart phone. Instead, it incorporates an ultrasonic sensor designed to detect obstacles during
operation [11].

2 Material and Methods

2.1 Material

2.1.1 Arduino UNO

This work uses the Arduino platform and the ATmega328P microprocessor, which has 28 pins
and is a more affordable and effective microcontroller than other microcontrollers. New C++
language code is tested on the Arduino-1.6.7-Windows software. A straightforward USB cable
connection between the PC and the Arduino kit allows the code to be uploaded to the Arduino
platform after successful verification. Figure 1 shows the Arduino IDE kit and the
ATmega328P microprocessor together.

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Fig.1. Arduino UNO

2.1.2 Bluetooth Module

This paper utilizes the collaboration between an Arduino Uno and an HC-06 Bluetooth
module to enable seamless command transfer from an Android smart phone to the system.
Integrated alongside relays, the HC-06 Bluetooth module facilitates a smooth connection
with the user's smart phone. Upon successful pairing, the user can issue directional change
commands to the system from a distance of up to 10 meters. Additionally, the user has the
capability to remotely activate or deactivate the grass cutter through a dedicated Android
application on their mobile device.
Specifically crafted for short-range wireless connectivity, the HC-06 Bluetooth module
stands out as a cost-effective and robust solution when compared to other available
Bluetooth modules. For a visual representation of the HC-06 Bluetooth module, please
consult Fig.2 below

Fig. 2. HC-06 Bluetooth module

2.1.3 DC Motor
The system incorporates four 12V-rated DC motors, each connected to one of the four
wheels. These motors efficiently convert electrical input into mechanical energy through the
rotational motion of the shaft. Notably cost-effective, these motors demand lower electrical
voltage for operation compared to their counterparts. Refer to Fig. 3 for a visual
representation of the DC motor used in the system.

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Fig. 3. DC motor

2.1.4 Motor Driver IC

The DC motor in this system is connected to the analog output pin of the ATmega328P
microcontroller. It's important to emphasize that this microcontroller is capable of
generating a maximum DC output voltage of 5V. The DC motor integrated into this system
operates perfectly within this specified voltage limit.

Fig. 4. DC Motor Control with H-Bridge

To operate, the DC motor in this system requires a 12V DC input voltage. Consequently,
the L293D motor driver IC is interposed between the microcontroller's output pin and the

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DC motor input. Functioning as a current amplifier, this IC accepts a low current signal from
the microcontroller, amplifies it, and then supplies a high current signal to the DC motor,
facilitating its operation. The L293D boasts two integrated H-bridge driver circuits,
allowing simultaneous operation of two DC motors in the common mode. The input logic
at pins 2 and 7, as well as 10 and 15, governs the functioning of these two motors. For the
first motor, a logic of 00 is employed to bring it to a stop, whereas a logic of 11 is utilized
to cease the second motor. To induce clockwise and anticlockwise rotations, logic 01 and
10 are applied, respectively. Pins 1 and 9 act as enable pins for the connected motors,
requiring a high enable pin to initiate their operation. For a visual representation of the motor
driver IC L293D, please refer to Fig.4.

2.1.5 Solar Panel

The system integrates a 12V, 10W solar panel characterized by an aluminium frame and a
surface crafted from tempered glass material. Constructed with mono crystalline silicon, this
solar panel stands out for its compactness, lightweight design, and cost-effectiveness when
compared to other panels with a similar rating. For a visual representation of the solar panel,
please consult Fig.5.

Fig. 5. 12V, 10W solar panel

2.2 Methods
Incorporate high-efficiency solar panels to harness energy from the sun. Ensure an optimal
surface area for solar absorption on the grass cutter. Integrate a robust battery system to store
the solar energy efficiently. Use lithium-ion or other advanced batteries for long-lasting and
lightweight energy storage. Utilize electric motors for propulsion and cutting mechanisms.
Implement energy-efficient brushless DC motors to minimize power consumption. Design a
versatile cutting system that adjusts to different grass heights. Explore blade designs for
efficiency and minimal energy consumption. Integrate sensors for obstacle detection and
avoidance. Implement GPS or other navigation systems for precise and efficient grass-cutting
patterns. This paper relies on a DC 12V 7.5Ah battery as the power source for the entire
system. The battery is linked to a solar panel, enabling the utilization of solar energy for
charging. The system features four DC motors, each connected to a wheel, and the grass-
cutting blades are positioned at the front of the unit. Operation of the system requires the
establishment of a Bluetooth connection between the system and an Android smart phone.
Once successfully connected, users can control the system through an Android application
installed on their smart phone. Functionality includes the ability to toggle the grass cutter on
and off, as well as move the cutter both vertically and horizontally. For a comprehensive view,
refer to Fig.6 depicting the entire system.

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Fig. 6. Solar Grass cutter

Designing an automated grass cutter that utilizes renewable energy involves combining various
technologies to create an efficient and sustainable solution. Here's a detailed explanation of the key
components and operations: Use photovoltaic (PV) panels to harness solar energy. These panels
convert sunlight into electricity and can be mounted on the grass cutter. Store the harvested energy in
rechargeable batteries. Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used due to their high energy density and
efficiency. Equip the grass cutter with an electric motor that is efficient and can be powered directly
by the stored energy. A brushless DC motor is preferred for its durability and energy efficiency.
Implement a docking station where the grass cutter can autonomously return to recharge its batteries
when needed. The docking station can be equipped with connectors that interface with the cutter for
efficient charging .Install a control system that manages the operation of the grass cutter. This system
can be programmed to control the cutting pattern, navigation, and charging behaviour. Sensors like
GPS, ultrasonic sensors, or cameras can be used for navigation and obstacle avoidance. Attach a cutting
mechanism to the grass cutter, which can be rotary blades or a trimming system. Ensure it is
lightweight, efficient, and capable of handling various grass heights. Use sensors like ultrasonic
sensors, infrared sensors, or cameras for obstacle detection and navigation. Implement algorithms for
path planning and obstacle avoidance to ensure the grass cutter can operate autonomously. Include a
safety mechanism that stops the cutter immediately in case of an obstacle or other safety concerns. This
can be implemented through sensors or manual remote control. Integrate a communication module
(e.g., Wi-Fi or Bluetooth) to enable remote monitoring and control. This allows users to check the
status of the grass cutter and adjust settings as needed.

Design the grass cutter to be weather-resistant, ensuring it can operate in various environmental
conditions without compromising its functionality. Include features for self-diagnostics to identify
issues and notify users for maintenance. Design components to be easily replaceable or upgradable
.Implement a data logging system to collect information on energy usage, cutting patterns, and
operational parameters. This data can be analyzed for performance optimization and future
enhancements. By integrating these components, an automated grass cutter powered by renewable
energy can operate efficiently, reduce environmental impact, and provide a sustainable solution for
lawn maintenance.

3 Proposed System
Refer to Fig.7 below for the block diagram illustrating the proposed framework.

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Fig. 7. Block Diagram

As depicted in the above Figure 7, the Solar Panel is connected to the battery, which
provides a 12 V DC supply to the system. This voltage can be regulated down to 5V DC
using a voltage regulator. The Arduino functions on a 5V DC voltage, and its output pins
are linked to various components in the system, including the LCD module, Bluetooth
module, DC motors, and buzzer.
Fig. 8 show the flowchart of the system. Develop an intelligent control system for autonomous
operation. Incorporate machine learning algorithms for adaptive navigation and obstacle
avoidance. Zero emissions during operation, reducing the carbon footprint. Decreases
dependence on fossil fuels. Lower operating costs compared to traditional gasoline-powered
alternatives.
As shown in the above Fig.8, the initial step involves activating the 12 V battery supply,
which is then converted into a 5V DC supply through a voltage regulator. This regulated 5V
supply is subsequently directed to power the microcontroller. Following this, the Bluetooth
module is initiated and establishes a connection with the Android smart phone. Once the smart
phone establishes a connection with the system, users can control the system's movement in
both vertical and horizontal directions using a dedicated Android application. The grass cutter
is then activated to trim the grass at the desired location. Upon completion of the grass-cutting
task, users can deactivate the grass cutter through the Android smart phone. Finally, the main
system is turned off by disconnecting the 12V battery supply.

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Fig. 8. Flowchart of the system

4 Merits, Demerits and Applications

Merits:
a) Compact and Portable Design.
b) User-Friendly Operation
c) Cost-Effective
d) Achieves uniform grass cutting
e) Minimizes human efforts
Demerits:
This system is not operational in rainy conditions.
Application:
Ideal for cutting grass in areas such as cricket grounds, football field’s gardens and
similar spaces.
Table1. Components of Solar Grass Cutter
S.no Name of the components Rating Quantity
1 Relay 7A/250V 1
2 Battery 4V,1.0AH 6
3 Toggle switch 3A,250V 1
4 Ultrasonic sensor 23-400KHZ 1
5 Solar Panel 10W,12V 1
6 Micro-controller 8051 1
7 Dc motors 12V/180W 3

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5 Conclusion
This paper showcases the development of a smart phone-operated grass cutter,
seamlessly controllable through an Android device within a 10-meter range. Users can
command both horizontal and vertical movements of the grass cutter via a dedicated Android
application. The system is powered by a 12V 7.5Ah lead-acid battery, rechargeable through
solar energy harvested by a connected 12V, 10W solar panel. Noteworthy for its cost-
effectiveness, robust design, and durability, the system offers a reliable and efficient solution
for grass-cutting needs. This system significantly reduces human effort in grass cutting,
eliminating the potential for non-uniform grass size that manual cutting may produce. The
automated nature of this system ensures consistent grass cutting, making it suitable for
maintaining the grass in any play ground.

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