OUTLINE • Time Lines and Notations • Future Value of a Single Amount • Present Value of a Single Amount • Future Value of an Annuity • Present Value of an Annuity • Present Value of a Perpetuity • Intra-year Compounding and Discounting WHY TIME VALUE A rupee today is more valuable than a rupee a year hence. Why ? • Preference for current consumption over future consumption • earns a rate of return • Inflation Many financial problems involve cash flows occurring at different points of time. For evaluating such cash flows, an explicit consideration of time value of money is required TIME LINE Part A
0 1 2 3 4 5 12% 12% 12% 12% 12%
10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000
Part B
0 1 2 3 4 5 12% 12% 12% 12% 12%
10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000
TIME LINE Part A
0 1 2 3 4 5 %
0 1 2 3 4 5 NOTATION PV : Present value FVn : Future value n years hence Ct : Cash flow occurring at the end of year t A : A stream of constant periodic cash flow over a given time r : Interest rate or discount rate g : Expected growth rate in cash flows n : Number of periods over which the cash flows occur. FUTURE VALUE OF A SINGLE AMOUNT Rs First year: Principal at the beginning 1,000 Interest for the year (Rs.1,000 x 0.10) 100 Principal at the end 1,100 [1000(1+0.10)]
Second year: Principal at the beginning 1,100
Interest for the year (Rs.1,100 x 0.10) 110 Principal at the end 1,210 [1000(1+0.10) 2]
Third year: Principal at the beginning 1,210
Interest for the year (Rs.1,210 x 0.10) 121 Principal at the end 1,331 [1000(1+0.10) 3]
FORMULA FUTURE VALUE = PRESENT VALUE (1+r)n VALUE OF FVIFr,n FOR VARIOUS COMBINATIONS OF r AND n
FUTURE VALUE OF AN ANNUITY • An annuity is a series of periodic cash flows (payments and receipts ) of equal amounts. 1 2 3 4 5 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 Eg. You + deposit 1000 1,100 Rs. annually in a bank for 5 years at + 10% 1,210 + 1,331 + 1,464 Rs.6,105 • Future value of an annuity = A [(1+r)n-1] r WHAT LIES IN STORE FOR YOU Suppose you have decided to deposit Rs.30,000 per year in your Public Provident Fund Account for 30 years. What will be the accumulated amount in your Public Provident Fund Account at the end of 30 years if the interest rate is 11 percent ? The accumulated sum will be : Rs.30,000 (FVIFA11%,30yrs) = Rs.30,000 (1.11)30 - 1 .11 = Rs.30,000 [ 199.02] = Rs.5,970,600 HOW MUCH SHOULD YOU SAVE ANNUALLY You want to buy a house after 5 years when it is expected to cost Rs.2 million. How much should you save annually if your savings earn a compound return of 12 percent ?
The future value interest factor for a 5 year annuity, given
an interest rate of 12 percent, is : (1+0.12)5 - 1 FVIFA n=5, r =12% = = 6.353 0.12 The annual savings should be : Rs.2000,000 = Rs.314,812 6.353 ANNUAL DEPOSIT IN A SINKING FUND Futura Limited has an obligation to redeem Rs.500 million bonds 6 years hence. How much should the company deposit annually in a sinking fund account wherein it earns 14 percent interest to cumulate Rs.500 million in 6 years time ? The future value interest factor for a 5 year annuity, given an interest rate of 14 percent is : FVIFAn=6, r=14% = (1+0.14)6 – 1 = 8.536 0.14 The annual sinking fund deposit should be : Rs.500 million = Rs.58.575 million 8.536 FINDING THE INTEREST RATE A finance company advertises that it will pay a lump sum of Rs.8,000 at the end of 6 years to investors who deposit annually Rs.1,000 for 6 years. What interest rate is implicit in this offer? The interest rate may be calculated in two steps : 1. Find the FVIFAr,6 for this contract as follows : Rs.8,000 = Rs.1,000 x FVIFAr,6 FVIFAr,6 = Rs.8,000 = 8.000 Rs.1,000 2. Look at the FVIFAr,n table and read the row corresponding to 6 years until you find a value close to 8.000. Doing so, we find that FVIFA12%,6 is 8.115 . So, we conclude that the interest rate is slightly below 12 percent. HOW LONG SHOULD YOU WAIT You want to take up a trip to the moon which costs Rs.1,000,000 the cost is expected to remain unchanged in nominal terms. You can save annually Rs.50,000 to fulfill your desire. How long will you have to wait if your savings earn an interest of 12 percent ? The future value of an annuity of Rs.50,000 that earns 12 percent is equated to Rs.1,000,000. 50,000 x FVIFAn=?,12% = 1,000,000 50,000 x 1.12n – 1 = 1,000,000 0.12 1.12n - 1 = 1,000,000 x 0.12 = 2.4 50,000 1.12n = 2.4 + 1 = 3.4 n log 1.12 = log 3.4 n x 0.0492 = 0.5315 n = 0.5315 = 10.8 years 0.0492 You will have to wait for about 11 years. PRESENT VALUE OF AN ANNUITY 1- 1 Present value of an annuity = A (1+r)n r Value of PVIFAr,n for Various Combinations of r and n n/r 6 % 8% 10 % 12 % 14 % 2 1.833 1.783 1.737 1.690 1.647 4 3.465 3.312 3.170 3.037 2.914 6 4.917 4.623 4.355 4.111 3.889 8 6.210 5.747 5.335 4.968 4.639 10 7.360 6.710 6.145 5.650 5.216 12 8.384 7.536 6.814 6.194 5.660 LOAN AMORTISATION SCHEDULE Loan : 1,000,000 r = 15%, n = 5 years A firm borrows 10 lakh rs. at 15% to be repaid in 5 equal 1,000,000 = A x PVAn =5, r =15% instalments payable at the end of the year = A x 3.3522 A = 298,312
Year Beginning Annual Interest Principal Remaining
a Interest is calculated by multiplying the beginning loan balance by the interest rate. b. Principal repayment is equal to annual instalment minus interest. * Due to rounding off error a small balance is shown EQUATED MONTHLY INSTALMENT
Loan = 1,000,000, Interest = 1% p.m, Repayment period =
180 months Loan of 10 lakh to be repaid in 15 A x [1-1/(0.01)180] years at 12% p.a. 1,000,000 = 0.01 A = Rs.12,002 PRESENT VALUE OF A GROWING ANNUITY A cash flow that grows at a constant rate for a specified period of time is a growing annuity. The time line of a growing annuity is shown below: A(1 + g) A(1 + g)2 A(1 + g)n 0 1 2 3 n The present value of a growing annuity can be determined using the following formula : (1 + g)n 1– (1 + r)n PV of a Growing Annuity = A (1 + g) r–g
The above formula can be used when the growth rate is less than the discount rate (g < r) as well as when the growth rate is more than the discount rate (g > r). However, it does not work when the growth rate is equal to the discount rate (g = r) – in this case, the present value is simply equal to n A. PRESENT VALUE OF A GROWING ANNUITY For example, suppose you have the right to harvest a teak plantation for the next 20 years over which you expect to get 100,000 cubic feet of teak per year. The current price per cubic foot of teak is Rs 500, but it is expected to increase at a rate of 8 percent per year. The discount rate is 15 percent. The present value of the teak that you can harvest from the teak forest can be determined as follows:
1.0820 1– 1.1520 PV of teak = Rs 500 x 100,000 (1.08) 0.15 – 0.08
= Rs.551,736,683 ANNUITY DUE
A A … A A Ordinary annuity 0 1 2 n–1 n
A A A … A Annuity due 0 1 2 n–1 n
Thus, Annuity due value = Ordinary annuity value (1 + r) This applies to both present and future values PRESENT VALUE OF PERPETUITY
A Present value of perpetuity = r
Present value of a growing perpetuity= A1/ (r-g)
SHORTER COMPOUNDING PERIOD
Future value = Present value 1+ r mn
m Where r = nominal annual interest rate m = number of times compounding is done in a year n = number of years over which compounding is done Example : Rs.5000, 12 percent, 4 times a year, 6 years 5000(1+ 0.12/4)4x6 = 5000 (1.03)24 = Rs.10,164 12% compounded annually:
Ct = PV × (1 + r)t
C1 = $1 × 1.121 = $1.1200
12% compounded semi-annually:
Ct = PV × (1 + r / m)mt
C1 = $1 × [1 + (.12 / 2)2 × 1 = $1.1236
12% compounded quarterly:
Ct = PV × (1 + r / m)mt
C1 = $1 × [1 + (.12 / 4)4 × 1 = $1.1255
EFFECTIVE VERSUS NOMINAL RATE
1+EAR = (1+r/m)m EAR = (1+r/m)m –1 EAR = effective rate of interest r = nominal rate of interest/APR m = frequency of compounding per year Example : r = 8 percent, m=4 EAR = (1+.08/4)4 – 1 = 0.0824 = 8.24 percent Nominal and Effective Rates of Interest Effective Rate % Nominal Annual Semi-annual Quarterly Monthly Rate % Compounding Compounding Compounding Compounding 8 8.00 8.16 8.24 8.30 12 12.00 12.36 12.55 12.68 Continuous Compounding The general formula for the future value of an investment compounded continuously over many periods can be written as: FV = PV × ert Where PV is the initial investment, r is the APR or nominal rate, t is the number of years, and e is a transcendental number approximately equal to 2.718. Use of Excel Spreadsheet Time value calculations can be easily done using a spreadsheet. In Excel, there are customised notations and functions for the various time value parameters as shown below: Parameter Notation/ Built in Formula in Excel Symbol Present value PV =PV(rate,nper,pmt,[fv],[type]) Future value FV =FV(rate,nper,pmt,[pv],[type]) No. of continuous NPER =NPER(rate,pmt,pv,[fv],[type]) successive periods
Payment per period PMT =PMT(rate,nper,pv,[fv],[type])
Interest rate RATE =RATE(nper,pmt,pv,[fv],[type]) SUMMING UP • Money has time value. A rupee today is more valuable than a rupee a year hence. • The general formula for the future value of a single amount is : Future value = Present value (1+r)n • The value of the compounding factor, (1+r)n, depends on the interest rate (r) and the life of the investment (n). • According to the rule of 72, the doubling period is obtained by dividing 72 by the interest rate. • The general formula for the future value of a single cash amount when compounding is done more frequently than annually is: Future value = Present value [1+r/m]m*n • An annuity is a series of periodic cash flows (payments and receipts) of equal amounts. The future value of an annuity is: Future value of an annuity = Constant periodic flow [(1+r)n – 1)/r] • The process of discounting, used for calculating the present value, is simply the inverse of compounding. The present value of a single amount is: Present value = Future value x 1/(1+r)n • The present value of an annuity is: Present value of an annuity = Constant periodic flow [1 – 1/ (1+r)n] /r • A perpetuity is an annuity of infinite duration. In general terms: Present value of a perpetuity = Constant periodic flow [1/r]
