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    LapT 180

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    LapT 180

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    LapT-180

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    LapT 180

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    of 1

    166 4 Applications of the Laplace Transform

    displacement is shown for a time of 0.075 seconds. At that time, the sine-
    wave disturbance of the string has propagated a distance x = vt = (100
    m/sec)(0.075 sec) = 7.5 m; portions of the string at larger values of x remain at
    the equilibrium position of y = 0.
    And what happens if the string has some initial displacement – that is, the
    initial condition is not y(x,0) = 0? You can work through that case in one of
    the chapter-end problems and online solutions.

    4.6 Transmission Lines


    The transmission of electrical power and signals between locations using
    transmissions lines is an important topic in physics and engineering, and the
    resulting coupled differential equations for voltage and current can be solved
    using the Laplace transform. There are many different kinds of transmission
    lines such as coaxial cable, twisted-pair, and waveguide, but a common
    characteristic of all types is that the properties of the transmission line are
    distributed along the line, rather than in the “lumped elements” that are the
    traditional devices such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors that make up an
    electrical circuit.
    The properties of a transmission line include resistance, capacitance, induc-
    tance, and conductance, usually represented by the symbols R,C,L, and G,
    with one very important difference: in this case, the values of these parameters
    are typically specified as the amount per unit length rather than the total
    quantity. So when you’re analyzing a transmission line, the SI units of R are not
    simply ohms, but ohms per meter. Likewise, C represents the capacitance
    per unit length (farads per meter in the SI system), L represents the inductance
    per unit length (SI units of henries per meter), and G represents the conduc-
    tance per unit length (SI units of inverse ohms or siemens (sometimes called
    “mhos”) per meter). The authors of some texts use slightly modified symbols
    to represent these “per unit length” quantities, such as R ,C ,L , and G , but
    most just use the same letters and expect you to remember the units. Why is
    this worth mentioning? One reason is that an important way to check your
    work and the expressions you derive when working a problem is to make sure
    that your equations and answers have the proper dimensions, and that means
    that you must include the inverse meters in the units of R,C,L, and G when
    working transmission-line problems.
    So how do these properties of a transmission line affect the response of the
    line to an applied voltage? To understand that, take a look at the sketch of a
    transmission line in Fig. 4.16.

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