HS3152

PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH – I
(Course Material for Unit - III)

1
 HS3152- PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH- I

LT P C

3003

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
 To improve the communicative competence of learners.
 To learn to use basic grammatical structures in suitable contexts.
 To acquire lexical competence and use them appropriately in a sentence and understand
their meaning in a text.
 To help learners use language effectively in professional contexts.
 To develop learners’ ability to read and write complex texts, summaries, articles, blogs,
Definitions , essays and user manuals.

UNIT I- INTRODUCTION TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION 1

What is effective communication? (Explain using activities) Why is communication critical for
excellence during study, research and work? What are the seven C’s of effective communication?
What are key language skills? What is effective listening? What does it involve? What is effective
speaking? What does it mean to be an excellent reader? What should you be able to do? What is
effective writing? How does one develop language and communication skills? What does the course
focus on? How are communication and language skills going to be enhanced during this course?
What do you as a learner need to do to enhance your English language and communication skills to
get the best out of this course?

INTRODUCTION TO FUNDAMENTALS OF COMMUNICATION 8

Reading - Reading brochures (technical context), telephone messages / social media messages
relevant to technical contexts and emails. Writing - Writing emails / letters introducing oneself.
Grammar - Present Tense ( simple and progressive); Question types: Wh/ Yes or No/ and Tags.
Vocabulary - Synonyms; One word substitution; Abbreviations & Acronyms (as used in technical
contexts).

UNIT-II-NARRATION AND SUMMATION 9

Reading - Reading biographies, travelogues, newspaper reports, Excerpts from literature, and travel
& technical blogs. Writing - Guided writing-- Paragraph writing Short Report on an event (field trip
etc.) Grammar –Past tense (simple); Subject-Verb Agreement; and Prepositions. Vocabulary - Word
forms (prefixes& suffixes); Synonyms and Antonyms. Phrasal verbs.

2
UNIT III- DESCRIPTION OF A PROCESS / PRODUCT 9
Reading – Reading advertisements, gadget reviews; user manuals. Writing - Writing definitions;
Instructions; and Product /Process description. Grammar - Imperatives; Adjectives; Degrees of
comparison; Present & Past Perfect Tenses. Vocabulary - Compound Nouns, Homonyms; and
Homophones, discourse markers (connectives & sequence words).
UNIT IV - CLASSIFICATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 9
Reading – Newspaper articles; Journal reports –and Non Verbal Communication (tables, pie charts
etc,.). Writing – Note-making / Note-taking (*Study skills to be taught, not tested); Writing
recommendations; Transferring information from nonverbal (chart, graph etc, to verbal mode)
Grammar – Articles; Pronouns - Possessive & Relative pronouns. Vocabulary - Collocations; Fixed /
Semi fixed expressions.

UNIT V - EXPRESSION 9

Reading – Reading editorials; and Opinion Blogs; Writing – Essay Writing (Descriptive or
narrative).Grammar – Future Tenses, Punctuation; Negation (Statements & Questions); and Simple,
Compound & Complex Sentences. Vocabulary - Cause & Effect Expressions – Content vs Function
words.
TOTAL: 45 – PERIODS
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, learners will be able
CO1: To use appropriate words in a professional context
CO2: To gain understanding of basic grammatical structures and use them in right context.
CO3: To read and infer the denotative and connotative meanings of technical texts
CO4: To write definitions, descriptions, narrations and essays on various topics
TEXT BOOKS :
1. English for Engineers & Technologists Orient Blackswan Private Ltd. Department of English,
Anna University, (2020 edition)
2. English for Science & Technology Cambridge University Press, 2021.Authored by Dr. Veena
Selvam, Dr. Sujatha Priyadarshini, Dr. Deepa Mary Francis, Dr.KN. Shoba, and Dr. Lourdes
Joevani, Department of English, Anna University.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Technical Communication – Principles And Practices By Meenakshi Raman & Sangeeta
Sharma, Oxford Univ. Press, 2016, New Delhi.
2. A Course Book On Technical English By Lakshminarayanan, Scitech Publications (India) Pvt.
Ltd.
3. English For Technical Communication (With CD) By Aysha Viswamohan, Mcgraw Hill
Education, ISBN : 0070264244.
4. Effective Communication Skill, Kulbhusan Kumar, RS Salaria, Khanna Publishing House.
5. Learning to Communicate – Dr. V. Chellammal, Allied Publishing House, New Delhi,2003.
ASSESSMENT PATTERN

3
Two internal assessments and an end semester examination to test students’ reading and writing skills
along with their grammatical and lexical competence.

HS3152- PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH- I

LT P C

3003

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
 To improve the communicative competence of learners.
 To learn to use basic grammatical structures in suitable contexts.
 To acquire lexical competence and use them appropriately in a sentence and understand
their meaning in a text.
 To help learners use language effectively in professional contexts.
 To develop learners’ ability to read and write complex texts, summaries, articles, blogs,
Definitions , essays and user

UNIT III- DESCRIPTION OF A PROCESS / PRODUCT 9

Reading – Reading advertisements, gadget reviews; user manuals. Writing - Writing definitions;
Instructions; and Product /Process description. Grammar - Imperatives; Adjectives; Degrees of
comparison; Present & Past Perfect Tenses. Vocabulary - Compound Nouns, Homonyms; and
Homophones, discourse markers (connectives & sequence words).

UNIT IV - CLASSIFICATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 9

Reading – Newspaper articles; Journal reports –and Non Verbal Communication (tables, pie charts
etc,.). Writing – Note-making / Note-taking (*Study skills to be taught, not tested); Writing
recommendations; Transferring information from nonverbal (chart, graph etc, to verbal mode)
Grammar – Articles; Pronouns - Possessive & Relative pronouns. Vocabulary - Collocations; Fixed /
Semi fixed expressions.

UNIT V - EXPRESSION 9

Reading – Reading editorials; and Opinion Blogs; Writing – Essay Writing (Descriptive or
narrative).Grammar – Future Tenses, Punctuation; Negation (Statements & Questions); and Simple,
Compound & Complex Sentences. Vocabulary - Cause & Effect Expressions – Content vs Function
words.

4
 UNIT III READING

DESCRIPTION OF A PROCESS / PRODUCT

Reading Advertisements:

Reading advertisements is an interesting activity which exposes the readers not only
to new products but also to new vocabulary. The creation of advertisements needs
creativity. Reading various advertisements is not a boring activity and it is one of the
reading materials. Advertisements are closely related to culture and tradition.

Advertising, the techniques and practices used to bring products, services, opinions, or
causes to public notice for the purpose of persuading the public to respond in a certain
way toward what is advertised. Most advertising involves promoting a good that is for
sale, often through brand marketing, but similar methods are used to encourage people
to drive safely, to support various charities, or to vote for political candidates, among
many other examples. In many countries advertising is the most important source of
income for the media (e.g., newspapers, magazines, or television stations) through
which it is conducted. In the noncommunist world advertising has become a large and
important service industry.

In the ancient and medieval world such advertising as existed was conducted by word
of mouth. The first step toward modern advertising came with the development
of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. In the 17th century weekly newspapers in
London began to carry advertisements, and by the 18th century such advertising was
flourishing.

The great expansion of business in the 19th century was accompanied by the growth of
an advertising industry; it was that century, primarily in the United States that saw the
establishment of advertising agencies. The first agencies were, in essence, brokers for
space in newspapers. But by the early 20th century agencies became involved in
producing the advertising message itself, including copy and artwork, and by the
1920s agencies had come into being that could plan and execute complete advertising
campaigns, from initial research to copy preparation to placement in various media.

5
 Sample Advertisements

***********************************************************

Gadget Reviews:
A gadget review is an evaluation or assessment of a particular electronic
device, providing an in-depth analysis of its features, performance, design, and overall
value. A gadget is a small machine or device which does something useful. We
sometimes refer to something as a gadget when we are suggesting that it is
complicated and unnecessary. Kitchen gadgets like Food, Snacks, Chips, Kitchen well
Multi-Purpose Strainer or Washer Bowl for Rice Fruits. Be informative and insightful:
Be specific and relevant to the place we are reviewing, and describe what other visitors

6
are likely to experience. Highlight what makes the place special, and try to share
something unique and new.

Key Components of a Gadget Review:

1. Introduction: Brief overview of the device.

2. Design and Build: Physical appearance, materials, and construction.

3. Features: Examination of the device's capabilities, specifications, and

functionalities.

4. Performance: Assessment of the device's speed, efficiency, and responsiveness.

5. User Experience: Evaluation of the device's ease of use, interface, and overall user
satisfaction.

6. Comparison: Comparison with similar devices or industry standards.

7. Pros and Cons: Summary of the device's strengths and weaknesses.

8. Verdict: Overall recommendation or rating.

9. Specifications: Technical details, such as processor, memory, and storage.

Types of Gadget Reviews:

1. Hands-on Review: Personal experience with the device.

2. Comparative Review: Comparison with other similar devices.

3. In-Depth Review: Detailed analysis of specific features or functionalities.

4. Quick Review: Brief overview of the device's key features and impressions.

5. Video Review: Visual demonstration and evaluation.

7
Sample Gadget Reviews:

8
Panasonic Lumix S9

A compact camera that's good for high-quality photos and videos, but might not be the
best for professional photographers
Apple Watch Series 10

A good choice for anyone, whether you're a new or existing Apple Watch user
Vivo T3 Ultra

A mid-range phone with a great display, solid camera, and impressive performance
iPhone 16 and iPhone 16 Plus

A good choice for those upgrading from Android or an older iPhone

HP Elite Book Ultra G1q AI PC

A powerful business laptop

Asus Zen book S14 OLED

A premium laptop with a vibrant display, great battery life, and capable graphics
performance
Google Pixel 9 Pro XL

A phone with a vibrant display, improved thermal performance, and an AI-guided

camera
ESR Geo wallet with Apple Find My

A wallet with built-in location tracking that can emit a loud tone if left somewhere
EXAMPLE
Read the given excerpt from the review of Realm Pad. You can read the full
review using the link given below.
Realm Pad Review: A Budget Tablet That's Built for Entertainment:

9
The realm Pad is a decent first attempt at a tablet, in terms of the hardware it offers
With no accessories (and no keyboard or stylus support), this is a tablet intended solely
for media consumption and simple communication apps, not for any serious
productivity. Starting from Rs. 13,999 in India, the realm Pad offers decent
performance along with a quality display and very impressive sound for its segment.
Everyday performance is not a problem, and the ultra-wide selfie camera works fine
for video calls. With an LTE-enabled variant starting at Re 15,999, there's little to
complain about. This gives the realm Pad enough appeal provided you don't intend to
do any work on it.

10
 User Manuals:

User Manuals:
A user manual is a document that provides instructions for using a product or service,
and is also known as an instruction manual or user guide. It's intended to help users
understand how to operate a product effectively and efficiently, and to troubleshoot
any issues that may arise.
User manuals can be delivered in print, online, or both. They typically include the
following sections:

 Title page: Often includes copyright information

 Preface: Describes how to navigate the guide

 Table of contents: Helps users find the relevant section

 Purpose overview: An overview of the document's purpose

 Audience section: Defines the intended audience for the manual

 Scope section: Serves as a disclaimer, stating what is and is not covered

 Main features: An overview of the product's main features and how to use them

 Troubleshooting section: Details possible errors and how to fix them

 FAQ section: Frequently asked questions and where to find more help

 Glossary and/or index: For larger documents

 User manuals can help improve customer satisfaction by providing clear instructions
that help users understand the product's features and benefits. They can also help
reduce the risk of accidents, injuries, and legal issues by providing safety instructions
and warnings.

 Read the following from the user manual and do the task given below:

11
 To save power and achieve longer battery life

 Features like Bluetooth and Wi-Fi consume more power, please disable these features
when you phone is not in use.

 The brighter the screen is set, more energy will be consumed, you can dim the screen
brightness and shorten the sleep time in the settings

 Make sure only using outlets with the correct voltages (as labelled on the adapter) for
charging. Using the sockets with incorrect voltage can damage your phone and/or
battery and lead to injury

 Do not use unsafe plugs or outlets.

 Do not use a short-circuit charger.

 Do not disassemble or modify the charger, as this may lead to personal injury, electric
shock or fire.

 Do not use the charger in humid environment.

 Do not touch the charger, cable or power socket with wet hands, as this may cause
electric shock.

 Do not place heavy objects on the power cord or attempt to modify any cables.

 Make sure to grasp the charger firmly while unplugging it. Do not pull the power cord
as this may lead to damage and cause electric shock or fire.

 Before cleaning the device, unplug the power plug from the socket.

 Do not charge the battery under the following conditions: in direct sunlight, in
temperatures below 5°C or above 40°C; in the environment with humidity, dust or
strong vibrations, in areas near a TV, radio or other electrical appliances.

12
 The maximum ambient charging temperature of the equipment declared by
manufacturer

 is 25°C.

 The charger is intended for indoor use only.

TASK

Note how the manual gives instructions in a simple and a clear language. Write at
least five instructions for keeping your mobile phone in a good condition. Use
imperative form.

13
 UNIT III WRITING

Writing Definitions:

A definition is a statement that explains the meaning of a word, phrase, symbol, or

sign:
Definition is defining an object or process briefly and clearly. A definition is a
statement of the meaning of a term (a word, phrase, or other set of ymbols). It is a
statement of the exact meaning of a word, especially in a dictionary and it cludes the degree of
distinctness in outline of an object, image, or sound,

Definitions can be classified into two large categories, intentional definitions (which
may give the sense of a term) and extensional definitions (which try to list the objects
that term describes).
 Explanation: A definition explains the fundamental meaning or state of something.

 Formal: A definition can be formal, such as those written by legislators or

lexicographers.

 Concise: A good definition explains what something means in a concise way.

There are different types of definitions, including:

 Intentional: Defines the sense of a term

 Extensional: Lists the objects that a term describes

 Ostensive: Uses examples to convey the meaning of a term

 Contextual: Embeds the term in a larger expression that explains it

 Dictionary: Reports the standard uses of a term

 Explicit: Gives an exact equivalent of the term

14
 Recursive: A definition in mathematics that allows for the calculation of function
values in a finite number of steps

 Stipulate: A definition that is not a standard usage, but is stipulated by someone

Definitions can also refer to the act of defining something, or the state of being clearly
defined.

In mathematics, definitions are used to give a precise meaning to a new

term. Definitions and axioms are the basis for modern mathematics.

POINTS TO REMEMBER:

 Single Line Definitions.

 Should be up to the point.

 Should clarify the meaning clearly to the reader.

 Should be brief and unambiguous.

 Should be mistake free.

 Should not have spelling errors.

EXAMPLES:

1. Wristwatch - A wristwatch is a watch worn on the wrist with a strap.

2. Stapler - A stapler is a device for fastening together sheets of paper with stable
pins.
3. Calculator - A Calculator is a small electronic device with a keyboard and a
visual display used for making mathematical calculations.

15
4. Scooter- A Scooter is a light two-wheeled open motor vehicle on which the
drivers ride sitting over an enclosed engine with their legs together and on a
floorboard. their feet resting.
5. Robot - A Robot is a machine capable of carrying out a complex automatically,
especially one programmable by a computer.
6. Water heater - A Water heater is a device for heating water.
7. Wrench - A wrench is a tool used for turning objects.
8. Rheostat- Rheostat is an electrical instrument used to control a current by
varying the resistance.
9. Chip - A chip is a small piece of something removed in the course of chopping,
cutting, or breaking a hard material such as wood or stone.
10.Coolant -A coolant is a liquid or gas that is used to remove heat from
something.
11.Clock-A clock is a mechanical or electrical device for measuring time,
indicating hours, minutes, and sometimes seconds by hands on around dial or by
displayed figures.
12.Triangle- A triangle is a shape or plane figure that has three straight bounding
sides.
13.Quadrilateral - A quadrilateral is a shape or plane figure that has four straight
bounding sides.
14.Square -Square is a shape with four equal straight sides and four right angles.
15.Transformer – A transformer is an apparatus for reducing or increasing the
voltage of an alternating current.
16.NACC- The National Assessment and Accreditation council is government
organization in India that assess and accredits Higher Educational Institutions.
17. Rhombus - A rhombus is a shape with four sides of same length.

16
18. Homonym -A homonym is one of a group of words that share the same
spelling and pronunciation but have different meanings.
19.Polysemy - Polysemy is the capacity form word or phrase to have multiple
related meanings.
20.An axiom- Postulate o or assumption is a statement that is taken to be true, to
serve as a as a premise or starting point for further reasoning and arguments.
21. Anti-biotic - An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against
bacteria.
22.Anti-septic - An antiseptic is a substance that stops or slows down the growth of
microorganisms.
23. Anti-allergie - Anti-allergy is a kind of medicine which relieves, controls or
prevent allergic symptoms.
24. Palliative care - Palliative care is an interdisciplinary medical care giving
approach aimed at optimizing quality of life and mitigating suffering or pain.
25. Medical transcription - Also known as MT, is an allied health profession
dealing
With the process of transcribing voice-recorded medical reports that are dictated
by physicians, nurses and other healthcare practitioners.
26. Typewriter - A typewriter is a mechanical or electromechanical machine for
typing characters or alphabets, numbers or some symbols by pressing keys.
27. Word Processor - A word processor (WP) is a device or computer program
that provides for input, editing, formatting, and output of text, often with some
additional features.
28. Database - A Database is an organized collection of data stored and accessed
electronically from a computer system.
29. Certification- Certification is the formal attestation or confirmation of certain
characteristics of an object, person, or organization.
17
 30. ISO -The International Organization for Standardization is an international
standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national
standards organizations.
31.NBA - The National Board of Accreditation is one of the two major bodies
responsible for accreditation of higher education institutions in India, along with
the National Assessment and Accreditation Council.
32.Thermometer - A Thermometer is an instrument for measuring and indicating
temperature, typically one consisting of a narrow, hermetically sealed glass tube
marked with graduations and having at one end a bulb containing mercury or
alcohol which extends along the tube as it expands.
33.Scientist - A scientist is a person who is studying or has expert knowledge of
one or more of the natural or physical sciences.
34.Battery - Battery is a container consisting of one of mare cells, in which
chemical is energy is converted into electricity and used as a source of power.

EXERCISES:

Define the following terms in a single line:

1. Adobe Acrobat Reader

2. Analogue

3. Assistive Technology

4. Bandwidth

5. Bluetooth

6. Cache
18
7. Cyber crime

8. Domain

9. Encryption

10. Firewall

11. Accelerometer

12. Aerodynamics

13. Bearing

14. Flange

15. Gas Compressor

16. Battery car

17. Solar Energy

18. Wind-mill.

*******************************************************

Instructions

Instruction is an advice or information about how to use something and what to

do in specific places. It is actually an order which should be obeyed. It is compulsory
to follow instructions. While buying products, users manuals are given with full of

19
instructions on how to use. It is found on various products like tablet strips, syrup
bottles, ointments, food products, electronic items and so on.
Rules for writing instructions:
1. Instructions should always start with an action verb.

2. Do not give multiple instructions in a sentence.

3. Use simple and direct language to avoid errors.

4. Leave enough space between steps.

5. Write imperative sentences.

6. Instructions are orders to be obeyed and write like an order.

1. Write a set of eight instructions to preserve the environment and keep it free

from pollution (or) Write a set of eight instructions to protect the ozone layer.
1. Create awareness among the public to maintain a clean and healthy environment.

2. Avoid deforestation to prevent soil erosion.

3. Encourage afforestation.
4. Encourage rain water harvesting.
5. Avoid using products made of plastics.
6. Try to make all the areas litter free zones.
7. Use renewable energy sources.
8. Check the vehicles frequently for pollution level.
9. Recycle the used water in proper way
2. Write a set of eight instructions that should be followed to preserve our water
resources.
1 . Create awareness among the public to save water.

2. Encourage afforestation.
3. Encourage rain water harvesting.

20
4. Recycle the used water in proper way.
5. Employ drip water irrigation.
6. Avoid deforestation to prevent soil erosion.
7. Excavate the dams and lakes.
8. Construct rain water storage tanks.
3. Write a set of eight instructions followed which you could maintain your
computer (or) laptops in good working condition.
1 . Create an emergency start up diskette.

2.Protect the computer from viruses.

3. Scan the hard drive for errors.
4. Manage the hard drive space.
5. Use a Ups to avoid loss of data.
6. Shut down the system when not in use.
7. Do not open unwanted sites from the internet.
8. Clean the key board, screen and mouse.
4.As a Class representative you are organizing an industrial visit to a chemical
factory. Write a set of eight instructions that has to be followed by students for
this industrial visit.

i) Carry your ID card along with you for getting entry inside the
chemical factory.
ii) Bring a protective gear that can be worn inside the chemical factory.
iii) All must wear face masks compulsorily to protect yourself from
Covid-19 as well as from
iv) inhaling toxic gases.
v) All must wear shoes before entering the factory.
vi) You should follow the basic safety procedures laid down by the
company.

21
 vii) Never touch or taste or smell any chemicals in the factory.
viii) Strictly avoid eating any food items and drinking any beverages
inside the chemical factory.
ix) Some chemicals are highly hazardous, so you should always get the
help of the workers or
x) guide to get to know the chemicals.

5. Write a set of eight instructions for the students who are going to move into
the hostel for the first time.

(i) Avoid having fear of seniors because most of them just tease but later
become very friendly and helpful.
(ii) Smile at the security guard at the entrance of the hostel. He may be of help
at times in the future.
(iii) Be friendly with your roommates and neighbors .Maintaining a cordial
relationship is essential to have a comfortable stay in the room.
(iv) Try to be organized from the first day by keeping things and books
organized in a particular place, maintaining a time to sleep and wake up etc,
(v) Try to keep your place clean and presentable. Avoid littering with clothes
or paper or food.
(vi) Take extra caution about your valuables like watch, mobile, laptop,
wallet .etc, Avoid showing off your luxuries. Be observant of those entering

your room.
(vii) Say ‘no ‘to any activity that is illegal or you don’t like in the initial days
itself. Don’t succumb to pressure from your peers or seniors.
(viii) Do not hesitate to inform your authorities in case of any issues.

22
6.Write a set of eight instructions for your younger brother/sister who is going to
write his/her board exams this year.
(i) Study your books with focus and concentration. Have short breaks after every
30-40 minutes.
(ii) Start your studies with already well-versed subjects and gradually proceed to
subjects that you think are a little tough.
(iii) Do not stay awake for the whole night and study. Sleep at least for seven
hours to keep yourself agile and healthy.
(iv) Avoid distractions like watching movies filled with horror or negative actions.
Try to fill yourself with positive thoughts.
(v) Avoid using gadgets. Instead short physical activity will help to enhance the
brain’s ability to read, retain and recall.
(vi) Eat nutritious food and keep yourself hydrated by drinking enough water. It
keeps your brain relaxed and concentrated
(vii) Practice writing the answers. Take as many mock tests as possible.
(viii) If you any fear, do not hesitate to share with your favorite or motivating
teacher, parent or a friend.
Your friend is going to take part in an intercollegiate sports tournament.
7.
Write Eight instructions that has to be given to your friend when he/she leaves.

1. Maintain good diet and avoid taking food from outside.

2. Concentrate on the healthy body constitutes.
3. Do a lot of workouts.
4. Work out sufficient warm up exercises.
5. Do regular exercises and yoga properly for physical and mental wellbeing.
6. Maintain good rapport with the fellow participants.
7. Respect the rule and regulation of the sports.

23
 8. be always cautious of the taking drugs for physical ailments with the
prescription of the doctors, as it may lead to sports litigation.

8. Writea set of eight instructions to be followed by people to manage the heat

during summer.

1) Wear cotton clothes as much as possible to keep your body cool.

2) Drink at least three liters of water daily to protect yourself from dehydration.
3) Take fresh juice frequently.
4) Avoid taking too much of spicy foods. Take foods that best suits body.
5) Avoid wandering or roaming in mid-days.
6) Take oil baths regularly.
7) Take fresh vegetables and fruits as much as possible.
8) Use sunscreen lotions if you need to go out to protect your skin from sun
tarns and other ailments.
9. Write a set of eight Instructions that will help the public follow traffic rules.
1. Encourage Battery-operated vehicles.
2. Avoid wastage of petrol by proper maintenance of vehicles.
3. Substitute Gas-operated vehicles for petrol operated vehicles.
4. Proper pollution control of vehicles.
5. Switch off your vehicle engines at traffic signals.
6. Strong public transportation network.
7. Encourage use of car pools instead of private vehicles.
8. Encourage local railway network.
10.Write a set of Instructions for civil engineers to follow in order to ensure
success in their profession.
1) Must be socially aware and interested in helping people live better.
2) Should be interested in improving the environment.
3) Should be good communicator, using speaking writing and listening skills.

24
 4) Should choose the right institution to study with. The institution should be
affiliated to a recognized society.
5) Must have a well-rounded education, including courses in English, algebra
plane geometry, trigonometry, advanced mathematics, chemistry, physics
and a foundation in history and social studies.
6) Should get involved in student activities in order to develop professionally,
outside the scope of classroom education. Some of these activities could be
community-service projects, guest lectures, and leadership workshops.
7) Should develop good problem-solving and public-relation skills as well as
self-confidence.
8) Should keep abreast of the latest technological developments in the field of
civil engineering.

10 (a) Write a set of eight instructions to save petrol.

1) For fuel economy, keep the engine in good condition.

2) Fit the vehicle with an engine that gives high mileage.
3) Don’t keep the engine running while the vehicle is not in motion.
4) Inflate the tyres at an optimum level of air pressure.
5) Use the correct engine oil for the proper functioning of the engine.
6) Service the vehicle regularly: an ill-maintained vehicle consumes more
petrol.
7) Avoid clutch driving. Resting one’s foot on the clutch pedal leads to more
fuel consumption.
8) Avoid frequent change of gear to save petrol.

25
11. Write a set of eight instructions that are to be followed by the students in the
college library.

1) Maintain silence
2) Don’t tear pages of the book
3) Switch off your mobile phones
4) Don’t write anything on the book
5) Replace the books properly in their allotted places
6) Properly enter the particulars in office register
7) Don’t smoke inside the library
8) Return the books before or on the due date
9) Don’t disturb others

12. Writea set of eight instructions to be followed to maintain laptops in good

condition.

1) Avoid touching the monitors.

2) Always shutdown the laptop properly.
3) Keep the laptop inside the cover.
4) Plug and unplug the laptop carefully.
5) Clean the plug cord properly before connecting as it damages the circuit.
6) Always shutdown the system when it is not in use.
7) Install antivirus software.
8) Service the laptop regularly.

13. Your younger brother/sister wants to open an account I n Facebook. Write a

set of eight instructions to avoid the problems and dangers of Facebook and to
use it effectively.

1) Facebook helps us to make relationship with people all over the world.
2) Group chat on face book can establish a good rapport with each other.

26
 3) Girls are instructed for limited chats.
4) Avoid uploading any photos.
5) Many girls are harassed or webbed by their unwanted acts.
6) Avoid accepting unwanted friend requests.
7) Using the face book is a good pastime for teens.
8) Avoid uploading any dicey photos or racy prose on social networking sites.

14. You have bought a new mobile phone. What are the instructions that will be
given in the user manual? Write any eight of the instructions.

1) Before you start using the phone, remove the cover to insert the SIM cards.
2) Hold your phone by the top corners in one hand and with the thumb of your
other hand, press the cover, and remove it.
3) If the battery is in, lift it out.
4) Open the SIM holder, and put the SIM in the place with the metal contact
area down. Close the holder.
5) If you have a memory card, slide the card into the memory card slot.
6) Line up the battery contacts, and put the battery in.
7) Press the bottom edge of the back cover against the bottom edge of your
phone, and snap the cover into place.
8) To switch your phone on, press and hold the power key, and follow the
instructions shown on your phone.

15. Write a set of eight instructions to control air pollution.

1) Keep the factories and mills away from the residential areas.
2) Educate the people about the importance of the preservation of our health
and protection of plant and animal life.
3) Plant a lot of trees to keep the air clean.

27
 4) Control the pollution from the industry and power generation by electrostatic
precipitators which reduce smoke and dust.
5) Remove the gaseous pollutants by differential solubility of gases in water.
6) Adopt technology for control and emission needs for all type of vehicles
using petrol or diesel.
7) Find a suitable alternative to fossil fuels.
8) Enforce emission standards.
16.Write a set of eight instructions that are to be followed in a computer
laboratory

1 . Remove the footwear outside the laboratory.

2. Observe silence inside the laboratory.

3. Operate the systems gently.

4. Follow the regular procedures for log in and log out.

5. Save the programs often.

6. Keep the mouse on the mouse pad.

7. Avoid exploiting the systems by playing games.

8. Protect the computer from viruses.

17. You have bought a new mobile phone. What are the instructions that will be
given in the user manual? Write any eight of the instructions:

1. Examine the phone by reading the user manual.

2. Keep the mobile device and its accessories away from small children.

28
 3 Avoid continuous use of mobile phones for long hours as it may cause
physical discomfort.

4. Keep the mobile device and its antenna at least 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) from
the body.

5. Avoid answering the phone or using it at all while engaged in actual driving.

6. Obey all posted signs when using mobile device in public areas such as health
care facilities or blasting areas.

7. Take it to an authorized service center, if the mobile device or battery has

been submerged in water, punctured or subjected to a severe fall.

8. Do not dispose of your battery or mobile device in a fire.

18. Write a set of eight Instructions to be followed by pedestrians when they walk
on busy roads.

1. Walk on the pavement or keep extreme left.

2. Use subways, though long because they are safe.

3. Avoid crossing the road suddenly.

4. Do not walk on the road dividers/medians.

5. FolIow the rules and regulations of traffic signals and road safety.

6. Cross the road only at the zebra crossing.

7. Look on either side before crossing the road.

8. Avoid using cell phone while walking on the road.

29
19. Write a set of eight Instructions that are to be followed in a computer
laboratory.

1. Be respectful towards the staff and your peers.

2. No food or drink is permitted near the computers.

3. Enter the computer lab quietly and work quietly.

4. Surf safely. Only visit assigned websites because some web links may contain
viruses or malware.

5. Clean up your work area before you leave.

6. Do not change computer settings or backgrounds.

7. Ask permission before you print.

8. SAVE all unfinished works to a cloud drive or jump drive.

9. Please power down or shut down all computers and monitors if yours is the
last class.

20. Imagine that you are the controller of examinations. Write a set of eight
instructions for the students in the examination hall.

1. Write the register number of the candidate correctly.

2. Write the name of the subject, subject code and center code correctly.

3. Fill in the required details in the answer scripts correctly.

4. Carry the hall ticket to the exam hall.

5. Sign on the answer script in the space provided.

30
 6. Don't over write.

7. Don't use whitener often.

8. Don't rub and rewrite.

21. Instructions to be followed to maintain safety in temporary structures.

1. Keep the fire extinguishers ready.

2. Do not burn anything inside the shamiana.

3. Check the shamiana frequently.

4. Do not keep any highly inflammable things inside.

5. Do not allow anyone to smoke inside the shamiana.

6. Nominate one or two persons exclusively for checking the safety

arrangements.

7. Check the electrical wires.

8. Do not touch the structure.

22. As a class you are going on an industrial visit to a chemical plant. Write a set
of eight instructions to be followed by students while visiting the plant.

1. Wear lab coats, masks and other protective items.

2. Tie your hair properly.

3. Never touch the chemicals bare handed.

4. Follow the instructions written in the chemical plant.

31
 5. Maintain discipline throughout the industrial visit especially while going
round the plant.

6.Be attentive while the presentation about the company goes on.

7. Be interactive and be polite in your interaction with the staff of the plant.

8. Don't be playful inside the plant.

9. Ask doubts in case you have and get them clarified then and there itself.

10.Thank the staff before leaving the plant.

EXERCISES

1. Write eight instructions on giving first aid to a victim of road accident. (AU
June 2010)

2 Write ten instructions to be followed by pedestrians when they walk on busy

roads (JAU Dec. 2010)

3. Write a set of eight instructions to be observed to avoid road accidents while

driving (AU Dec. 2010)

4. Write eight instructions that are to be followed by the citizens of India to keep
the environment clean and green. (AU June 2012)

5. Write a set of eight instructions to avoid wastage of water in public places. You
may also include instructions on to how to use water carefully. [AU June 2010)

6 Write a set of eight instructions to maintain domestic electrical gadgets like TV

and Refrigerator in good condition. (AU DEC-2012)

32
 Product /Process Description

Product/Process Description:

A product/process description provides detailed information about a product, service,

or process, highlighting its features, benefits, and functionality. A product description
is a form of marketing copy used to describe and explain the benefits of your product.
In other words, it provides all the information and details of your product on your
ecommerce site. These product details can be one sentence, a short paragraph or
bulleted. They can be serious, funny or quirky.

Types of Product/Process Descriptions:

1. Technical Description: Focuses on technical specifications and details.

2. Marketing Description: Emphasizes benefits, features, and value proposition.

3. User Manual: Provides instructions for using the product.

4. Process Documentation: Describes step-by-step procedures.

5. Product Datasheet: Concise summary of product features.

Key Elements:

1. Introduction/Overview

2. Features and Benefits

3. Technical Specifications

4. Functionality and Performance

5. Target Audience and Use Cases

6. Advantages and Unique Selling Points (USPs)

7. Images, Diagrams, or Videos (as applicable)

33
Product Description Structure:

1. Header: Product Name, Category, and Tagline

2. Introduction: Brief overview and context

3. Features and Benefits: Detailed explanation

4. Technical Specifications: Tables, charts, or lists

5. Call-to-Action (CTA): Encourages action or purchase

6. Conclusion: Recap and final thoughts

Process Description Structure:

1. Process Overview: Brief description

2. Step-by-Step Instructions: Numbered or bulleted list

3. Decision Points and Branching: Conditional logic

4. Inputs and Outputs: Data, materials, or resources

5. Timeline and Milestones: Key deadlines and checkpoints

6. Responsible Parties: Roles and responsibilities

Best Practices:

1. Clarity and concision

2. Accuracy and consistency

3. Visual aids and illustrations

4. Target audience consideration

5. Regular updates and revisions

A documented expression of a set of activities performed to achieve a given purpose

the provides an operational definition of the major components of a product/process is

34
called product/process description. The documentation specifies in complete, precise,
and verifiable manner, the requirements, design, behavior, or other characteristics of
process.

Product Description is the marketing copy that explains what a product is and
why it is worth purchasing. The purpose of a product description is to supply
customers with important information about the features and benefits of the product so
they are motivated to buy. Let's have a look at simple ways to persuade visitors to your
store with product descriptions that sell.
How to write product descriptions:
 Focus on your ideal buyer.
 The best product descriptions address your target audience directly.
Entice with benefits
 When we sell our own products, we get excited about individual product
features and specifications. We live and breathe our company, our website,
and our products.
 Don't sell just a product, sell an experience. You need not include too
many technical details in your product descriptions. Be specific.
Justify using superlatives
 Superlatives sound insincere unless you clearly prove why your product is
the best. the easiest, or the most advanced. Amazon explains why the
Kindle Paper white is the world's most advanced e-reader.

Appeal to your readers' imagination

 Scientific research has proven that if people hold a product in their hands,
their desire to own it increases.
When it comes to telling a story about your products, ask yourself:
 Who is making the product?

35
  What inspired creating the product?
 What obstacles did you need to overcome to develop the product?
 How was the product tested?
Seduce with sensory words
 Adjectives are tricky words. However, sensory adjectives are power words
because they make your reader experience your copy while reading.
 Dazzle your readers with vivid product descriptions. Think about words
like velvety smooth, crisp, and bright.

Example-1
Product Description of Himalayan Salt Lamp:

Himalayan Salt Lamps

Himalayan Salt Lamps are decorative lights for home. They are carved out of
pink Himalayan salt and have many health benefits. They clean the air, soothe

36
allergies, boost your morale and enhance sleep. They are made by placing a light bulb
inside large chunks of pink Himalayan salt. They have a distinctive look and emit a
warming, pink glow when lit. They are carved from the mineral-rich, pink salt mined
from the Khewra Salt Mine in Pakistan. They are said to provide health benefits
because they are "natural ionizers," meaning they change the electrical charge of the
circulating air. lons are compounds that carry a charge because they have an
unbalanced number of protons or electrons. They are produced naturally in the air
when alterations occur in the atmosphere. For example, waterfalls, waves, storms.
Natural radioactivity and heat all produce air lons. The lights are said to change
the charge of the surrounding air by producing ions that have health benefits. There are
three main health claims made about Himalayan salt lamps. They improve Air Quality.
More specifically, they are beneficial for people with allergies, asthma or diseases that
affect respiratory function, such as cystic fibrosis. They are good for people with
respiratory conditions may be partly based on the ancient practice of halo therapy.
They are attractive. They create a nice ambiance. They might help limit light in the
evening: Himalayan salt lamps are inviting and create a warm and relaxing ambiance.

Example-2
Describing a multi Surface Disinfectant Spray

Clean BAC is a multi-Surface Disinfectant Spray which is effective against Bacteria

and Viruses. It is an ethanol Spray which gives instant protection from germs. It kills
germs without water and so it protects things from becoming wet and at the same time
it kills bacteria or virus which causes infection. It can be used on car steering, gear,
table, mobiles, laptops, sofa, curtains, door knobs and handles of vehicles, toilet and
sinks. It contains ethanol (95%), excipients and propellants. The can should be shaken
well before use. The surfaces vary in quality and the spray should be tested on a small

37
inconspicuous area prior to use. It is strictly not for personal use. It causes serious eye
irritation and so the users must be careful while using it. It should be kept out of reach
of children. Wash your hands before and after use. The spray should be protected from
sunlight or temperature exceeding 50 degrees Celsius. This product protects people
from infection at all times especially during the pandemic.

Multi Surface Disinfectant Spray

38
Example-3
Motor Car

A motor car known simply as a car is a four-wheeled vehicle. It is powered by a motor

or engine. It is driven by liquid fuel in the form of petrol or diesel. Small cars are
meant for four persons. However, bigger cars can accommodate even five or six
persons. In front of the right hand side is the seat of driver. Another person can sit with
him. The seats are cushioned, convenient and comfortable. At the front is the engine
which is fitted under the bonnet. Every car has at least four doors. There are two
headlights, one on the either side. Two headlights fitted at the rear. A car has two
separate compartments. The back part has a long seat which can accommodate three
persons. Brakes, clutches and the accelerator are situated on the right hand side near
the driver's seat. The dash-board having all the necessary equipment and signs is just in
front of the driver to control the car. It contains the speedometer and the ignition
switch. Generally, a motor car can run comfortably at 70/80 kms or more per hour on
highways Speed beyond this limit becomes unmanageable. A motor car is no more a
luxury for the middle classes. But for the crores of poor people it is beyond their reach
and a distant dream. However, middle class people have these due to the rise in their
income levels.

Example-4
A Wrist Watch
Almost a majority of people wear a watch these days. Worn round the wrist,
mostly x the left hand, it measures time in minutes, hours etc. A wrist watch is easily
available in differs shapes and sizes. Some like round while others prefer flat wrist
watches. Like all watches, a wrist watch too has a dial with numerals or dots. There are
twelve numbers from 1 to 12 each representing an hour time. The small marks between
39
the numbers denote minutes. A wrist watch has two hands. The bigger one denotes
minutes while the shorter one hours. Some of the watches have a third hand too. It a
long thin hand indicating seconds. A wrist watch may be wound or automatic one.
These days’ technology has revolutionized the very concept of a wrist watch. They
have days and dates indicating systems. The day is not far when we shall have a little
TV fitted into a wrist watch. One may have a choice of leather or metal or even of gold
or silver while choosing a strap for the wrist watch. Wrist watches have become an
integral part of human beings, due to their utilities. They vary in price.

Example-5
A Computer
A Computer is simply a non-human but a mechanical mind. It is a machine which can
process, store and preserve information. It has a wonderful memory and stores a lot of
information. A human mind can err but a computer can't. Speed and accuracy are the
hallmarks of a computer. A computer can execute millions of instructions within
seconds. A computer can perform multifarious tasks. It can serve for calculations,
billing and accounting. The greatest use of computers is its storage value. E-mailing
and Internet facilities have revolutionized our life-styles. Now the whole world is
connected with a network of computers. In fact, no work is done without computers
these days. If you know how to use the mouse, you can gather any information on the
screen. The world of knowledge is before one on the computer screen. We can store
knowledge in small circular discs. The use of the Internet can bring the world of sports
and games, literature, world events, films and other records in front of our eyes on the
screen.

40
Example-6

A Tractor

A tractor is basically a big motorized agricultural or farming machine. It is a big

machine used for various other purposes also. It is very useful for heavy duty work
like digging, ploughing. sowing seeds and transporting agricultural produce. It has a
very powerful engine. It has two small wheels at the front and big wheels in the rear.
The driver sits in the seat which is usually behind the open engine mounted on these
wheels. The rear big wheels have big grooves to enable the tractor to move even and
steady in muddy areas. The tractor polls farming instruments like ploughs and sowing
machines. It also drives the pulley of tube wells for irrigation purposes. Today tractors
are used in carrying heavy weights like bricks; sand, agricultural produce etc, to
different destinations. The tractors vary in sizes-small and big and very heavy and very
big.

Example-7
A Refrigerator

A refrigerator is now -a-days an essential item of domestic use in every house. It is

used for keeping eatables fresh because of its capacity to cool its inside. So it is a big
box with ability to form ice. It has a certain height and depth. Its inside has a few
compartments. There is a big door on one side of it, that is, its front. The backside of
the front door has provisions for keeping eggs etc. or medicines. The electric motor
called compressor is mounted at the rear of it. The refrigerator has a network of wiring
at its back. These actually are thin tubes through which flows the refrigerating gas.

41
When the refrigerator works, it forms ice in the upper compartment called freezer. The
inside has wired shelves on which are kept various food. The refrigerator keeps the
inside cool at a certain temperature. The thermostat switches off and on the electric
current. Refrigerators are available in different sizes and colours.

Practice Exercises:

Write short notes on the following.

1. Bicycle operated domestic pump.

2. Washing machine.
3. Toy robots.
4. Distribution of pure water to the consumers.
5. Manufacture of paint.
6. Describe very briefly the process involved in the extraction of sugarcane juice.
7. Process involved in the purification of gold.
8. Process of extracting silver.
9. Describe the process of planting a sapling in your college.
10. Describe the process of opening a Savings Bank Account in a bank.
11. Describe very briefly the process of recording a song in a cassette. 12
12. Describe briefly the method of giving first aid to a person who has received an elm
shock.
13. Describe very briefly the process of making a cup of tea.
14. Describe a solar power generator for home purpose
15. Describe an LCD projector for home
16. Describe a water purifier for domestic purpose
17. Describe the process of mending the punctured tube of your two-wheeler.
18. Describe very briefly the process involved in washing clothes.

42
 PROCESS DESCRIPTION
Describing process needs knowledge of the process. It can be done with words or
flowchart or any other diagram. If a process is described verbally, it should be done
technically, briefly and clearly. Sequence should not be compromised. Step by step
process should be explanted with appropriate sequence words or linkers or
connectives. The sentences can be imperatives or instructions or it can be explained in
declarative sentences.
Example-1
The different stages in making cement
The flow chart depicts the sequential progression of making home-made cement. First,
limestone is taken, crushed, sized and is dried. Similarly, clay is crushed, sized and
dried. Both these raw materials are mixed in correct proportion. Then the mixture is
fired in a furnace. The fired mixture is taken out and clinker and gypsum are mixed
thoroughly. This mixture is finally powdered in a machine. This is cement. It is stored
in bags where water cannot penetrate. The cement bags are transported in vehicles
where it is used for various purposes. The cement, thus produced, is mixed with sand
and gravel to make concrete which makes buildings bridges, etc. strong and long
lasting.

Raw materials

Lime stone
 crushed-sized dried
 Mixed in correct proportions >

Clay

43
  Crushed - sized - dried
Clinker & Gypsum
 Added
 All things
 Mixed
 Powdered
 Stored
 Cement
Example-2
The process of recycling e-waste
The following passage explains the electronic recycling process of e-waste.
Old computers are not deleted. The electronic recycling process

The recycling process for Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs) begins on a disassembly line. Workers
remove the recyclable plastic or wooden case, metal chassis, and yoke, PC board, wire

and metal strap from the CRT. These materials are all sorted for individual commodity
sales. The resulting CICT is whole glass tube (spread with lead) with an internal metal
frame.

The CRTs are then loaded onto a conveyor system that leads into the CRT crusher.
This self-contained unit allows for easy transportation, total weather protection, dust
containment and complete air filtration. The crusher can process 100-150 CRTs per
hour. or over 15 tons per day
Once the CICTs enter the crusher, they drop into a rotating hammer mall. The
hammers hit the glass causing the CRT to implode into pieces of glass and metal. A
magnet pulls metal from the mix, and a screen is used to sift the glass to produce the
desired size. Metals and crushed glass are separated discharged from the bottom of the
system into commodity containers for shipment. The lead contaminated glass is

44
shipped to a primary lead smelter. The smelter uses the glass as a fluxing agent in the
processing of raw lead ore. The lead from the glass becomes part of the end product,
which is then sold to be used in the manufacturer of products such as new CRT X-ray
shielding, bullets and batteries

Circuit boards are eventually ground up and smelted. The gases form this process are
captured and the resulting metals, lead, tin, gold and palladium are sold as
commodities. Plastics are grouped by and baled by colour and sold to plastics
recyclers. Steel is sold to a local metal recycler, and wood from older television
cabinets is chipped for use as bio-fuel.

Example-3
Describing the process of opening an account
Decide the type of Bank account to be opened. Approach any bank of choice & meet
its bank officer. Fill up bank account form -opening Proposal farm. Give references for
opening your bank account. Submit the bank account opening form and documents to
the officer concerned. The officer will verify the bank account opening form. Deposit
initial amount in newly opened bank account.

45
Example-3

The Glass Making Process

Glass can be made from three ingredients. Silica, the most prevalent ingredient in
the Earth's crust, is found as quartz and sand. Soda ash, or sodium carbonate, is also
used to make glass. This material can be obtained from the ashes of certain plants and
from processing salt. Calcium oxide, also known as lime, is another key ingredient of
glass and is found in limestone. Silica, soda ash and lime are the main ingredients in
glass, but many other chemicals can be added to the mixture to create certain
properties. For example, barium is sometimes used to increase glass' brilliance, and
boron can be added to increase heat resistance. Chemicals that reduce the melting point
of the silica are also frequently used. Sometimes recycled glass, called cullet, is also
added. The desired ingredients are mixed and then melted into liquid in large furnaces.

Once glass has been melted, it can be shaped and used in various ways. When blowing
glass, a ball of melted glass is placed on the end of a hollow iron tube. Air is then

46
blown into the tube to shape the glass on the other end. Air can be blown in manually
or by machine. The glass is reheated often during this process so that it stays pliable.
When the glass blower is finished with the piece, it is allowed to cool and is then
broken free from the blowing tube. In the pressing method of glass making, the liquid
glass is poured into a mold and then pressed into shape by either a machine or a special
tool. This is how bowls and ashtrays are made. Glass drawing is used to make flat and
tubular pieces, such as glass for windows and test tubes. To make the glass flat, it is
placed into a tank along with melted tin. The glass floats on top of the tin. Because the
tin has a very smooth surface, the glass floats on top and forms sheets. Tube-shaped
glass is poured into a spinning mold. Air is blown through the mold as it spins to keep
the cooling glass on the outside edge of the tube. Once the glass is finished, it goes
through an annealing or tempering process to increase its strength. The annealing
process involves making the glass hot again and then allowing it to cool slowly. When
glass is tempered it is also reheated, but tempered glass is cooled very quickly with air.
Depending on the desired properties, the finished glass can be coated with different
materials to further increase strength, reduce glare or add other desired traits.

Exercises
1. Describe the process of getting a license for driving a vehicle.
2 Describe the process of getting a passport.
3. Describe the process of making a cup of tea.

*************************************************************************

47
 GRAMMAR: IMPERATIVES

WHAT ARE "IMPERATIVE SENTENCES"?

The word "imperative" is derived from the term "emperor. Imperative sentences are used to
give commands (orders). Imperative sentences are also used to make a request. You should use
'please' for other polite word) in the beginning or at the end of the sentence to make a request. An
imperative sentence is also used to give instruction/advice/suggestion/warning etc.
An imperative sentence begins with the base (first) form of a verb which is also called verb
word. In imperative sentence, subject you' is understood. However, for first and third person
imperative, imperative sentence begins with let Imperative sentences are sentences which start with a
main verb. It is mostly an order or an instruction. It can be converted into request or an ordinary
statement.

Bare Infinitives can be used as imperatives such as

Do, Hurry, Rush up. Stop, Go, Get, ready. Light off, Lights on, turn off, turn on, Run, Make fast
Negative imperatives start with Don't
 Don't compare two people and their life stories are different.
 Don't compare yourself with others; it is just like comparing two different fruits.
 Don't feel inferior or superior and treat everyone with respect.
 Don't forget to give importance to human soul or life.
 Never give up your hope.
 Don't be lavish because you have enough money.
 Don't lose your temper.

POSITIVE IMPERATIVES:
 Treat everyone with courtesy.
 Don't argue with elders. Accept their views. Follow your decision.
 Be cool.

48
  Shut the door.
 Close the book.
 Observe people.
 Save resources.

EXAMPLES OF IMPERATIVE SENTENCES:

(1) DIRECT ORDER

 Attend the meeting.
 Discharge your duty.
 Enforce the law.
 Quash the previous order.
 Return to work.
(2) INSTRUCTION
 Go on foot.
 Hang a painting.
 Light a candle.
 Open up the cage.
 Push a trolley.
(3) INFORMAL ADVICE
 Behave well in the interview.
 Improve your appearance.
 Mend your ways.
 Walk elegantly.
 Talk politely
(4) SUGGESTION
 Follow your dreams
 Keep up your English.
 Avoid telling lies.
 Don't take things for granted.
 Don't misuse freedom.

49
(5) WARNING
 Don't Jump that gate
 Watch out for traffic signal Follow the rules
 Mind the dress code.
 Mind your language.
(6) INVITATION
 Come to the temple with me.
 Have a meal with us.
 Let's stay in my house.
 Welcome home.
 Join the tour.
(7) APPEAL
 Be Silent.
 Let's curb the menace of mosquitoes.
 Be calm and composed.
 Don’t stress yourself.
 Don't burn candles at both ends.
 Limit your expenditure within the income.
 Avoid loan other than for investment.
(8) REQUEST
 Give me five hundred dollars, please,
 Come soon, please.
 Take care of your health.
 Complete it fast.
 Join as soon as possible.
(9) Other Uses of Imperative Sentences:
 Wish - Have a safe journey.
 Apology Pardon me.
 Permission Join us if you want.
 Public Notice - Stick no bills.
(10) Imperatives are used on signboards or notice board:

50
  Keep off the grass.
 Insert your ATM card:
 Pull the door.
 Push inside.
****************************************************************

ADJECTIVES

An adjective is a word that describes the traits, qualities, or number of a noun.

Descriptive words like “beautiful,” “smooth,” or “heavy” are all adjectives, as are
numbers ( “twelve eggs”). Adjectives describe or modify nouns and pronouns.

They may name qualities of all kinds: huge, red, angry, tremendous, unique, rare, etc.
An adjective usually comes right before a noun: "a red dress," "fifteen people."

Some adjectives describe qualities that can exist in different amounts or degrees. To do
this, the adjective will either change in form (usually by adding -er or -est) or will be
used with words like more, most, very, slightly, etc.: "the older girls," "the longest day
of the year," "a very strong feeling," "more expensive than that one." Other adjectives
describe qualities that do not vary— "nuclear energy," "a medical doctor"—and do not
change form.

A. The four demonstrative adjectives—this, that, these, and those—are identical to the
demonstrative pronouns. They are used to distinguish the person or thing being
described from others of the same category or class. This and these describe people or
things that are nearby, or in the present. That and those are used to describe people or
things that are not here, not nearby, or in the past or future.

B. An indefinite adjective describes a whole group or class of people or things, or a

person or thing that is not identified or familiar. The most common indefinite
adjectives are: all, another, any, both, each, either, enough, every, few, half, least, less,
little, many, more, most, much, neither, one (and two, three, etc.), other, several, some,
such, whole.

51
C. The interrogative adjectives—primarily which, what, and whose—are used to begin
questions. They can also be used as interrogative pronouns. Which horse did you bet
on? = Which did you bet on? What songs did they sing? = What did they sing?

D. The possessive adjectives—my, your, his, her, its, our, their—tell you who has,
owns, or has experienced something, as in "I admired her candor, "Our cat is 14 years
old," and "They said their trip was wonderful."

52
Identify the adjectives in the following sentences:
1. He bought a white dress for the wedding.
2. She has five apples.

53
3. The food is delicious.
4. My brother is naughty.
5. The movie we watched last night was boring.
6. Pablo Picasso is a fine artist.
7. The weather in Chennai is sultry all-round the year.
8. Now is a great time to visit the United States.
9. It was a fabulous drive.
10. The Marina Beach is the longest beach in India.
ANS:
You should have definitely got it all right. Check them out.
1. I bought a white dress for the wedding.
2. I have eight apples.
3. The food is delicious.
4. My brother is naughty.
5. The movie we watched last night was boring.
6. Pablo Picasso is a fine artist.
7. The weather in Chennai is sultry all round the year.
8. Now is a great time to visit the United States.
9. It was a fabulous drive.
10. The Marina Beach is the longest beach in India.

DEGREES OF COMPARISION

54
Degrees of Comparison:
Degrees of comparison are used to describe the quality, quantity, or degree
of a characteristic or attribute. Degrees of comparison allow us to make sense of the
order of things according to what adverb or adjective is used. For example, if someone
is the fastest runner, we know that they beat everyone else. But if someone is a faster
runner, this might mean that they are faster than some, but not the fastest.

55
Three Degrees of Comparison:
1. Positive Degree: States a quality or attribute (e.g., big, happy, fast)
2. Comparative Degree: Compares two things (e.g., bigger, happier, faster)
3. Superlative Degree: Compares three or more things (e.g., biggest, happiest, fastest)
Formation of Degrees of Comparison:
1. Regular Adjectives:
- Positive: big
- Comparative: bigger
- Superlative: biggest
2. Irregular Adjectives:
- Positive: good
- Comparative: better
56
 - Superlative: best
3. Adverbs:
- Positive: quickly
- Comparative: more quickly
- Superlative: most quickly
Examples:
1. Size:
- Positive: This house is big.
- Comparative: This house is bigger than yours.
- Superlative: This is the biggest house on the block.
2. Quality:
- Positive: She is happy.
- Comparative: She is happier than yesterday.
- Superlative: She is the happiest person I know.
3. Quantity:
- Positive: I have many books.
- Comparative: I have more books than you.
- Superlative: I have the most books in the class.
Change the following into positive degree.

1.Ram is the most talented boy in the class.

2.Mr. Varma is the wisest man in the company.

3.Ram is stronger than Majid.

4.Lucknow is one of the most beautiful cities in India.

5. Mohan is the fattest boy in the family.

57
Answers.

1.No other boy in the class is as talented as Ram.

2.No other man in the company is as wise as Mr. Verma.

3.Majid is not so strong as Ram.

4.Very few cities in India are as beautiful as Lucknow.

5. No other boy in the family is as fat as Mohan.

EXERCISE:

1. He is richer than his neighbors.

2. The brides were much younger than the grooms.

3. He is too intelligent to be taught.

4. He is cleverer than I thought him to be.

5. When the old woman became stronger, she began to move about.

6. He is much better now.

7. The offer was too good to be true.

8. He fishes with greater success than I do.

9. Shakespeare is the greatest playwright in English.

10. The worst thing of all was that his son was rude to him.

*****************************************

58
 COMPOUND NOUNS

What is a Compound Noun?

A compound noun is a noun that is formed by a combination of more than one part of
speech. Compound nouns are of three main types: Open or spaced compound nouns,
hyphenated compound nouns and closed or solid compound nouns.

59
60
Types of Compound Nouns with Examples

As mentioned above, there are three main types of compound nouns.

Spaced or Open Compound Noun

A spaced or open compound noun is one in which there is a space between the two
words which form the compound noun.

For example:

Cricket bat

Fast food

Flower shop

61
Hyphenated Compound Nouns

A hyphenated compound noun is one in which the two words are separated with the
use of a hyphen.

For example:

By-product

Mother-in-law

Passer-by

Closed or Solid Compound Nouns

A closed or solid compound noun is one in which the two words do not have any
spaces or hyphens separating them. They are usually considered as a single word.

For example:

Sunflower

Classroom

Rainfall

Forming Compound Nouns

You can form compound nouns by combining different parts of speech. All compound
nouns, though belonging to different parts of speech, perform the same function as a
noun. Let us see how different compound nouns are formed.

Noun + Noun

Check out the following examples of compound nouns formed using two separate
nouns.

62
Noun + Verb

Have a look at the following compound nouns formed using a noun and a verb.

Compound Noun Noun Verb

Haircut Hair Cut

Sunrise Sun Rise

Sunset Sun Set

Rainfall Rain Fall

Snowfall Snow Fall

Footprint Foot Print

Roleplay Role Play

Healthcare Health Care

Gunfight Gun Fight

63
Noun + Gerund

Take a look at the following compound nouns formed using a combination of a noun
and a gerund (verb+ing).

Compound Noun Noun Gerund

Sightseeing Sight Seeing
Birdwatching Bird Watching
Handwriting Hand Writing
Mountain climbing Mountain Climbing
River rafting River Rafting
Copy-editing Copy Editing
Ballet dancing Ballet Dancing
Bookkeeping Book Keeping
Cat walking Cat Walking
Time consuming Time Consuming
Gerund + Noun

Check out the following examples of compound nouns by combining a gerund and a
noun.

Compound Noun Gerund Noun

Washing machine Washing Machine
Dressing table Dressing Table
Magnifying lens Magnifying Lens
Visiting card Visiting Card
Fishing net Fishing Net
Driving licence Driving Licence
Sewing machine Sewing Machine
Cooking gas Cooking Gas
Waiting room Waiting Room
Helping hand Helping Hand

64
Noun + Preposition + Noun/Noun + Prepositional Phrase

Given below are compound nouns formed by combining a noun and a preposition
phrase.

Compound Noun Noun Prepositional Phrase

Mother-in-law Mother In-law
Father-in-law Father In-law
Sister-in-law Sister In-law
Brother-in-law Brother In-law
Son-in-law Son In-law
Daughter-in-law Daughter In-law
Lady-in-waiting Lady In-waiting
Jack-of-all-trades Jack Of-all-trades
Preposition + Verb

Have a look at the compound nouns given below formed by combining a preposition
and a verb.

Compound Noun Preposition Verb

Output Out Put
Input In Put
Outlet Out Let
Understand Under Stand
Overthrow Over Throw
Undercut Under Cut
Underpass Under Pass
Intake In Take
Uproar Up Roar
Outburst Out Burst

65
Verb + Preposition

Given below are examples of compound nouns formed by a combination of a verb and
a preposition.

Compound Noun Verb Preposition

Check-in Check In
Check-out Check Out
Check-up Check Up
Lookout Look Out
Breakdown Break Down
Shutdown Shut Down
Makeup Make Up
Take-out Take Out
Buildup Build Up
Sign-off Sign Off
Preposition + Noun

Here are a few examples of compound nouns formed by the combination of a

preposition and a noun.

Compound Noun Preposition Noun

Underground Under Ground
Afterlife After Life
Underworld Under World
Background Back Ground
Offshore Off Shore
Outpatient Out Patient
Upstairs Up Stairs
Offspring Off Spring
Overnight Over Night
Underline Under Line
Adjective + Noun
66
Check out the following compound nouns formed by combining an adjective and a
noun.

Compound Noun Adjective Noun

Blackboard Black Board
Greenroom Green Room
Granddaughter Grand Daughter
Hardware Hard Ware
Hot dog Hot Dog
Smartphone Smart Phone
Bluebird Blue Bird
Small talk Small Talk
Blueberry Blue Berry
Hotspot Hot Spot
Adjective + Verb

Have a look at the following compound nouns formed by combining an adjective and a
verb.

Compound Noun Adjective Verb

Drycleaning Dry Cleaning

Underfed Under Fed

Long awaited Long Awaited

Public speaking Public Speaking

Long lasting Long Lasting

Everlasting Ever Lasting

Highlight High Light

67
Repetitive Words / Rhyming Words

Take a look at the following compound nouns formed by a combination of two

rhyming words or repetitive words. Places, Nationalities and Titles

Identify the compound nouns in the following sentences:

 He is such a showoff.
 What do you know about Native Americans?
 The teacher wrote down all the sentences on the blackboard.
 The Prime Minister will be meeting the US President tomorrow.
 That is the silver lining I was talking to you about.
 The security guard got into trouble as he misplaced the walkie-talkie.
 My uncle had a heart attack.
 Sunsets are always a pleasant sight.
 My father asked my brother to get a haircut before the wedding.
 I heard that Sandra has a swimming pool inside her house.
ANS

 Now, let us find out if you got it right.

 He is such a showoff.
 What do you know about Native Americans?
 The teacher wrote down all the sentences on the blackboard.
 The Prime Minister will be meeting the US President tomorrow.

68
  That is the silver lining I was talking to you about.
 The security guard got into trouble as he misplaced the walkie-talkie.
 My uncle had a heart attack.
 Sunsets are always a pleasant sight.
 My father asked my brother to get a haircut before the wedding.
 I heard that Sandra has a swimming pool inside her house.

*****************************************************

HOMONYMS

What Are Homonyms? – Meaning and Definition

The word ‘homonym’ was derived from the Greek word “homonymos”, which means
having the same name. In simple terms, homonyms are those words that have the same
spelling or pronunciation but completely different meanings and functions.
Homonyms, therefore, can be said to include both homophones and homographs.

According to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, a homonym is defined as “a word that

is spelt like another word (or pronounced like it), but that has a different meaning.” For
example, “The children played with a bat.” Here, ‘bat’ refers to the sports equipment
used to play cricket. Whereas “The bats feast on the nectar of flowers.” Here, ‘bats’
refers to a type of animal that generally comes out at night.

To help you understand better and to avoid any sort of confusion, you can go through
the list of commonly used homonyms along with their meanings, the part of speech
they belong to and sentence examples so that you can use them correctly in the right
context. Take a look at them.

List of Homonyms with Their Functions, Meanings and Examples

Here is a list of homonyms for your reference.

69
Exercises on Homonyms

Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate homonym in the following sentences.

 The Queen honoured the brave ______. (knight/night)

 This dress ____ to be the perfect fit for Mary. (seems/seam)
 This _____ of the brave Queen goes back to a thousand ages. (tale/tail)
 There was a ____ in my shoe. (whole/hole)
 I can come to your house _____. (later/latter)
 This perfume has a strong _______ (cent/scent)
 Will she be able to _______ the pain? (bear)
 ___ your work, you should do it on your own. (its/it’s)
 Tina will ____ the prize tomorrow. (except/accept)
 The dog has been _____ (bark)

Answers
 The Queen honoured the brave knight. (knight/night)
 This dress seems to be the perfect fit for Mary. (seems/seam)
 This tale of the brave Queen goes back to a thousand ages. (tale/tail)
 There was a hole in my shoe. (whole/hole)
 I can come to your house later. (later/latter)
70
 This perfume has a strong scent. (cent/scent)
 Will she be able to bear the pain? (bear)
 It’s your work; you should do it on your own. (its/it’s)
 Tina will accept the prize tomorrow. (except/accept)
 The dog has been barking. (bark)

******************************

71
 HOMOPHONE

What Are Homophones? – Meaning and Definition

Homophones are words that sound similar to another word but have different spellings
and meanings. Understanding homophones can help you in building your vocabulary.
Only if you learn the spellings and meanings of the homophones will you be able to
use them correctly.

Now, let us look at some of the definitions given by different dictionaries to

understand what homophones are. According to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, a
homophone is defined as “ a word that is pronounced like another word but has a
different spelling or meaning.” The Cambridge Dictionary gives a similar definition.
According to them, a homophone is “a word that is pronounced the same as another
word but has a different meaning or spelling, or both.”

A homophone, according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, is “one of two or more

words pronounced alike but different in meaning or derivation or spelling.” The
Collins Dictionary defines homophones as “words with different meanings which are
pronounced in the same way but are spelled differently.”

Usage of Homophones in Sentences – Points to Remember

Homophones, as already mentioned, have similar sounds but different spellings and
meanings. So it is necessary that you understand and learn the difference between the
homophone pairs. One way to remember them is by associating them with their
functions and analysing which part of speech a particular word in the pair belongs to.
However you choose to remember it, only continuous usage of these words in
sentences will help you understand how they work.

Difference between Homophones, Homographs and Homonyms

Let us take a look at the differences between homophones, homographs and

homonyms.

72
Homophones Homographs Homonyms

Words that Words that have the same Words that

have the same spelling but have have the same
sounds but different meanings and spelling or
different sometimes different pronunciation
meanings and pronunciations as well. but have
spellings. different
functions and
meanings.

Examples: Examples: Examples:

Bear/Bare Tear(noun)/Tear(verb) Dye/Die

See/Sea Bear(noun)/Bear(Verb) New/Knew

Board/Bored Bank(noun)/Bank(verb) Fare/Fair

List of Homophone Pairs with Their Meanings – Examples

To help you analyse and understand homophones and their use, here is a table with the
homophone pairs, their meanings and sentence examples to help you out.

Homophones Part of Speech Examples

Bear Noun/Verb Have you seen a bear?

Bare Adjective I am not able to bear the

pain.

We don’t suggest you

walk barefoot on the hike.

Break Noun/Verb I need a break.

73
Brake Noun/Verb Did you break the glass?

Please apply the brakes.

It is not good that

you brake abruptly in the
middle of the road.

Blew Verb The wind blew swiftly.

Blue Adjective I have a blue skirt.

Wine Noun Have you ever

tasted wine?
Whine Verb
Angela
keeps whining about
everything all the time.

Sole Noun/Adjective My shoes’ sole tore after

the game.
Soul Noun
His sole aim of appearing
in competitive
examinations was to get
into a government job.

She hoped his soul would

rest in peace.

Heir Noun Who is the next heir to the

British throne?
Hair Noun
She has really long hair.

Maze Noun This route is such a maze.

Maize Noun Maize is one of the chief

agricultural crops.

74
Heal Verb Sitting near a water
source heals my soul.
Heel Noun
My heel is paining badly
since we had been walking
all day.

Ate Verb They ate rice and curry for

lunch.
Eight Adjective
We have eight rabbits at
home.

Dear Adjective This is my dear brother.

Deer Noun We saw a deer on the way

to the Nilgiris.

Jeans Noun Salviya bought a new pair

of jeans.
Genes Noun
You have my genes.

Serial Noun Do you like to

watch serials?
Cereal Noun
We have cereal for
breakfast when we are in
the hostel.

Brayed Verb The donkey brayed at the

sight of his master.
Braid Noun
Each one of them was
admiring her braid.

Browse Verb It is easier nowadays to

find content on any topic.
All you have to do is

75
Brows Noun just browse.

Your brows are really

thick.

Days Noun I still remember

the days we spent together.
Daze Verb
Thomas dazed as the
teacher raised questions
about the signup sheets.

Haul Verb The vehicles in the

accident were hauled to the
Hall Noun
police station.

The hall for the reception

was bigger than we had
expected.

Sell Verb Do you know the man

who sells ice cream?
Cell Noun
He told me that he felt like
every single cell in his
body was in pain.

Board Noun Children like it when you

let them write on
Bored Adjective
the board. They feel
special.

Danny felt so bored that he

started irritating his sister.

Bred Adjective All the pets in this store are

domestically bred.
Bread Noun

76
 The bread my mom bought
was stale.

Guilt Noun He was filled

with guilt and regret.
Gilt Noun
The gilt from the dress has
been sticking to my hands;
I do not know how to wash
it off.

Be Verb They will be reaching

Dindigul around 11:30
Bee Noun
p.m.

A bee stung my father

when he opened the
letterbox.

Stationary Adjective We did not realise that the

picture was stationary as it
Stationery Noun
had an illusionary effect.

The stationery shop has

been closed for a month
now.

Principal Noun/Adjective The Principal announced

that tomorrow will be a
Principle Noun
holiday on account of
centum results.

The principal aim of this

induction programme is to
introduce the nature of the
course and the discipline
you have chosen.

77
 My father lives by
certain principles.

Kernel Noun Did you know what

the kernel of the argument
Colonel Noun
was?

Have you tasted

the kernel of a badam?

My brother is a colonel.

Council Noun It was decided in

the council that all
Counsel Noun
members have to go
through the screening
process.

With proper counsel, you

will be able to decide with
no doubt which discipline
you should take up for
your higher studies.

Hole Noun He did not notice that there

was a hole in the shirt he
Whole Adjective
purchased yesterday.

The whole gang was

staying at our house
tonight.

Write Verb The teacher asked the

students to write an essay
Right Adjective
on friendship.

She sat on my right side.

78
Seen Verb Have you seen the newly
built underwater museum?
Scene Noun
Nobody could tell
which scene in the movie
was the most touching.

Check Verb Can you please check if

you have taken my
Cheque Noun
notebook by mistake?

Nive made the payment

by cheque.

Bore Verb Even though he was way

too young, he bore all the
Boar Noun
burdens to help his family
stay strong.

Sunny spotted a wild boar.

No Adjective There was no way we

would reach the hall in
Know Verb
time.

I know who you are.

New Adjective Harsha bought a new car.

Knew Verb Nobody knew anything

about the red car parked in
front of the apartments.

Raise Verb All of them were asked

to raise their glasses for a
Rays Noun
toast.

The rays of the morning

79
 sun hit my window.

Peace Noun We have had no peace at

all after we heard the news
Piece Noun
of the accident.

Do you want
another piece of cake?

Buy Verb They are planning to buy a

dinner set to gift them.
By Preposition
My friends were
sitting by the see-saw.

Baron Noun Do you know who the first

railway baron was?
Barren Adjective
The agricultural land has
become completely barren.

Wise Adjective Aaron’s father is

a wise man.
Vice Noun
Man has to bear the
consequences of his vices.

Fir Noun The little girl was excited

to travel through a road
Fur Noun
with tall fir trees on either
side.

The dog’s fur was all over

the bed.

Bow Verb All of us bowed before the

Queen.
Bough Noun
We saw a squirrel running

80
 up the bough of the tree in
front of our house.

Pray Verb All of us are praying for

you.
Prey Noun
The eagle found its prey in
between the bushes.

Residence Noun It is not easy to find a good

place of residence.
Residents Noun
The residents of NSN
Palayam have written a
letter to the area
councillor.

Him Pronoun I think I know him.

Hymn Noun We sing hymns after our

family prayer.

Sea Noun The sea was filled with

plastic waste.
See Verb
Did you see my new dress?

Ad Noun The newest ad on dog food

is very funny.
Add Verb
I will add a few nuts and
raisins to the payasam
before serving.

Allowed Verb We have been allowed to

take one dress of our
Aloud Adverb
choice as a complimentary
gift for our service.

81
 My mom asked me to
read aloud.

Altar Noun The altar was decorated

with flowers.
Alter Verb
I had to alter the dress a
little to fit me perfectly.

Flea Noun There were too

many fleas on the horses in
Flee Verb
the stable.

I am planning to flee the

country.

Bean Noun I added boiled beans and

potatoes to make the
Been Verb
Russian salad.

She has been waiting to

talk to you.

Meat Noun Do you eat meat?

Meet Verb I will meet my friends

tomorrow.

Berry Noun What are the berries you

like?
Bury Verb
They buried their pet dog
in their backyard.

Flew Verb The cocktail that my

cousin had flew away.
Flu Noun
The flu affected cattle and

82
 poultry.

Band Noun We exchange

friendship bands with our
Banned Verb
dearest friends.

The
government banned the use
of plastic bags in Ooty.

Main Adjective What is the main purpose

of your visit?
Mane Noun
She wished she had silky
and soft hair, just like her
horse’s mane.

Loan Noun/Verb I have applied for a

house loan.
Lone Adjective
Can you loan me some
amount?

I am a lone traveller.

Medal Noun My sister received

a medal for her excellent
Meddle Verb
contribution to the research
and development
department.

Danny asked Hari not

to meddle with his project.

Fort Noun We visited the Tipu

Sultan Fort yesterday.
Fought Verb
My brother and

83
 I fought over something so
stupid.

Ceiling Noun All the classes here have

false ceilings.
Sealing Verb
My mom told me not to
send the letter
without sealing it.

Sensor Noun We stopped by the

workshop as we had to
Censor Verb
change the reverse sensor.

The accreditation
board censored some of the
dialogues in the movie as it
was not age-appropriate.

Steal Verb The little girl was trying

to steal food as she was too
Steel Noun
hungry and had not eaten
anything for days.

My cupboard is made
of steel.

Throne Noun Elsa was the next heir to

the throne.
Thrown Verb
The ball was thrown across
the road.

Cite Verb You have to cite the quotes

if you want to use them in
Sight Noun
your writing in order to
Site Noun avoid plagiarism.

84
 Nobody could bear to see
the sight.

They felt that the site was

big enough for them to
build their dream house.

Desert Noun/Verb We were in the middle of

the desert and did not
Dessert Noun
know where to go.

She was deserted by her

friends.

We love to have
some dessert after every
meal.

Fill in the blanks by choosing the right homophone from the homophone pairs
given in brackets in the following sentences.

1. We saw a _______ (bear/bare) on our way to Ooty.

2. This cupboard is made of _________. (steal/steel)

3. The ________ (soul/sole) purpose of this visit was to resolve the issues between us.

4. I ________ (sell/cell) second-hand cars for a living.

5. We booked the upper ________ (berth/birth) for our trip.

6. Did you ________ (caste/cast) your votes?

7. Can you please give us a _______ (brake/break)?

8. Does the class have a smart _________ (bored/board)?

9. Do you have the ________ (flour/flower) to make cookies?

10. Everyday, my sister wakes up at ________ (eight/ate) in the morning.

85
ANS

1. We saw a bear on our way to Ooty.

2. This cupboard is made of steel.

3. The sole purpose of this visit was to resolve the issues between us.

4. I sell second-hand cars for a living.

5. We booked the upper berth for our trip.

6. Did you cast your votes?

7. Can you please give us a break?

8. Does the class have a smart board?

9. Do you have the flour to make cookies?

10. Everyday, my sister wakes up at eight in the morning.

***********************************

DISCOURSE MAKERS(CONNECTIVES& SEQUENCE WORDS)

INTRODUCTION

Sentence coherence is integral to sentence effectiveness. Appropriate connectives

should be used to connect words, phrases, and clauses in a sentence. In order to
achieve coherence, technical writers and speakers use several linking devices or
connectives. There are two types of linking devices, overt and covert. Overt devices
are direct and explicitly stated while Covert devices are indirect and implicit. Covert
devices include techniques such as repetition of the key word, the use of articles (a, an,
the), pronominal forms (he/she/it/they, and so on), and the use of synonyms. However,
technical communication largely uses overt linking devices or connectives to indicate
the logical progression of ideas in oral discourse or writing.

86
Following are some examples, in which connectives (bolded) have been used:
1. When an object is placed on one side or the other of a converging lens and beyond
the focal plane, an image is formed on the opposite side.

2. If the object is moved closer to the primary focal plane, the image will be formed
farther away from the secondary focal plane and will be larger.
3. Land pollution is due to solid wastes.

4. Fresh water is a renewable source, but its distribution is uneven.

5. Asbestosis is caused by asbestos, which is used in making ceilings.

These connectives include subordinators and coordinators. They can also be classified
according to their functions. The following is the list of the most common connectives
and their functions:

87
III. Complete the sentences using these linking words: although, because, but, so.

Examples

I like dancing but I don't like singing.

1. I bought a car ______ I need it for my job.

2. They offered him the job ______ he turned it down.

3. ______ Norway is a beautiful country, it is very cold in winter.

4. It is warm and sunny today ______ we are going to the beach.

5. The car is very old ______ it is reliable.

6. We decided to go on holiday ______ we didn't have a lot of money.

7. Today is my daughter's birthday, ______ I need to buy her a present.

8. You'd better take an umbrella ______ it is going to rain.

9. The camera is expensive _______it is very good.

10. I didn't like the concert ______ the band didn't play well.

11. I love fish and chips ______ it is not healthy.

12. His mother is not feeling well, ______ he needs to take care of her.

13. Your marks in English are low ______ you don't study hard enough.
14. _______ he is a good ski instructor, I don't like him very much.

15. I'd like to go with you _______I'm too busy right now.

16. There are no buses this hour, ______ we need to catch a taxi.

17. They didn't offer him the job ______ he didn't have any experience.
18. We invited them to the party ______they don't want to come.

19. He didn't pass his driving test, ______ he needs to do it again.

20. _______ it rains a lot in winter, I like walking the dog in the park.

88
89