CB431 Sec5

Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport
College of Engineering & Technology

Construction & Building Engineering Department
CB431 – Technical Installations in Buildings
SECTION 5
Airflow in Buildings (2)
Prof. Waël Kamel Eng. Omar El-Senety

Airflow in
Buildings
Ventilation Infiltration
Ventilation
• It is the intentional introduction of outside air into
a building to provide acceptable air quality.
Natural Mechanical
Ventilation Rate
Recommended Ventilation Rates for Residential Spaces
Living Areas 0.3 L/s.m² or 2.5 L/s.person
Corridors 0.3 L/s.m²
Kitchens 25 L/s.unit
Toilets 12.5 L/s.unit
Source: ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013 - Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
Infiltration
• It is the unintentional introduction of outside air
into a building, typically through cracks in the
building envelope and through use of doors for
passage.
Infiltration Rate
• The most accurate way to determine the infiltration
rate is by measurement using a pressurization test
(commonly called a blower door test).
Infiltration Rate
• If measurements are not possible, the infiltration
rate can be estimated using the following equation:
Q i = AL × IDF
Infiltration Building Effective Infiltration
Airflow Rate (L/s) Leakage Area (cm2 ) Driving Force (L/s.cm2 )
Air Changes per Hour (ACH)
• The number of times the interior volume of air
changes over in one hour.
Example:
Q 𝑖 = 36 m3 /h
36
ACH = =2
18
L/s
Q𝑖
ACH =
Volume
m3
Changes/h
m3 /h
3.6 Q 𝑖
ACH =
Volume
m3
Changes/h
Example (1)
For a two-story building which contains two
apartments in each floor,
It is required to calculate the infiltration airflow rate
(𝐐𝒊 ) for Room 2.
Given That:
• Floor Height = 3 m
• The building has a Tight construction with a Unit

Leakage Area of 0.7 𝒄𝒎𝟐 /𝒎𝟐
• 𝐓𝒊𝒏 = 23 ℃
• 𝐓𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 29 ℃
• 𝐈𝒐 = 25
• 𝐈𝟏 = 0.38
Solution:
(1) Building Effective Leakage Area (𝐀𝐋 ):
∵ Area of exterior walls = 46 × 6 = 276 m2

∵ Area of roof = 7 × 16 = 112 m2
∴ 𝐀𝒆𝒔 = 276 + 112 = 388 m2
∵ 𝐀𝒖𝒍 = 0.7 cm2 /m2 (Given)
∵ 𝐀𝐋 = 𝐀 𝒆𝒔 × 𝐀𝒖𝒍
∴ 𝐀𝐋 = 388 × 0.7 = 271.6 cm2
Solution:
(2) Infiltration Driving Force (IDF):
Io +(H.∆T.I1 )
∵ IDF =
1000
25+[6∗ 29−23 ∗0.38]

∴ IDF = = 0.039 L/s. cm2
1000
Solution:
(3) Infiltration Airflow Rate (𝐐𝐢 ):
∵ Qi = AL × IDF
∴ Qi = 271.6 ∗ 0.039 = 10.592 L/s
(4) Air Changes per Hour (ACH):

3.6 Q𝑖
∵ ACH =
Volume
3.6 ∗ 10.592
∴ ACH = = 0.057 changes/h
7 ∗ 16 ∗ 6
Solution:
(5) Infiltration Airflow Rate (𝐐𝒊 ) for Room 2:
3.6 Q𝑖
∵ ACH =
Volume
Volume
∴ Q𝑖 = ACH
3.6
∵ Volume of Room 2 = (4 * 3) * 3 = 36 m3
36
∴ Q𝑖 = 0.057 = 0.57 L/s
3.6
Solution:
(5) Infiltration Airflow Rate (𝐐𝒊 ) for Room 2 (Simpler Way)
672 m3 10.592 L/s
36 m3 X L/s
36 ∗ 10.592
X= = 0.57 L/s
672
Solution:
ACH × Volumebuilding
∵ Qbuilding =
3.6
ACH × Volumeroom
∵ Qroom =
3.6
Qbuilding ACH×Volumebuilding ACH×Volumeroom

∴ = ÷
Qroom 3.6 3.6
ACH×Volumebuilding 3.6
= ×
3.6 ACH×Volumeroom
Qbuilding Volumebuilding
∴ =
Qroom Volumeroom
Heat Transfer Due to Airflow
• The introduction of outside air (ventilation or
infiltration) into the building will result in heat
transfer.
• The rate of heat transfer due to the outside air

(𝐐𝐎.𝐀. ) is estimated using the following equation:
QO.A. = 1.2 × O. A. Rate × ∆T

Heat Transfer Due to Airflow
QO.A. = 1.2 × O. A. Rate × ∆T
Where:
• 𝐐𝐎.𝐀. (W):
Rate of heat transfer due to outside air.
• O.A. Rate (L/s):

➢ Outside air rate.
➢ It is the LARGER of: ventilation & infiltration rates.
• ∆𝐓 (°C):
Difference between indoor & outdoor temperatures.
Example (2)
For a four-story building with two apartments in
each floor, It is required to calculate the rate of heat
transfer due to the outside air (𝐐𝐎.𝐀. ) for Room 1.
Given That:
• Floor Height = 3 m
• The building has an Average construction with a Unit Leakage

Area of 2.8 𝐜𝐦𝟐 /𝐦𝟐
• Ventilation Rate = 0.3 L/s. m2
• 𝐓𝒊𝒏 = 24 ℃
• 𝐓𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 32 ℃
• 𝐈𝒐 = 25
• 𝐈𝟏 = 0.38
Solution:
(1) Building Effective Leakage Area (𝐀𝐋 ):
∵ Area of exterior walls = 46 × 12 = 552 m2

∵ Area of roof = 7 × 16 = 112 m2
∴ 𝐀𝒆𝒔 = 552 + 112 = 664 m2
∵ 𝐀𝒖𝒍 = 2.8 cm2 /m2 (Given)
∵ 𝐀𝐋 = 𝐀 𝒆𝒔 × 𝐀𝒖𝒍
∴ 𝐀𝐋 = 664 × 2.8 = 1859.2 cm2
Solution:
(2) Infiltration Driving Force (IDF):

Io +(H.∆T.I1 )
∵ IDF =
1000
25+[12∗ 32−24 ∗0.38]

∴ IDF = = 0.061 L/s. cm2
1000
Solution:
(3) Infiltration Airflow Rate (𝐐𝐢 ):
∵ Qi = AL × IDF
∴ Qi = 1859.2 ∗ 0.061 = 113.41 L/s
(4) Air Changes per Hour (ACH):

3.6 Q𝑖
∵ ACH =
Volume
3.6 ∗113.41
∴ ACH = = 0.304 changes/h
7 ∗ 16 ∗12
Solution:
(5) Infiltration Airflow Rate (𝐐𝒊 ) for Room 1:

3.6 Q𝑖
∵ ACH =
Volume
Volume
∴ Q𝑖 = ACH
3.6
∵ Volume of Room 1 = (4 * 4) * 3 = 48 m3
48
∴ Q𝑖 = 0.304 = 4.05 L/s
3.6
Solution:
1344 m3 113.41 L/s
48 m3 X L/s
48 ∗ 113.41
X= = 4.05 L/s
1344
Solution:
(6) Rate of heat transfer due to outside air (𝐐𝐎.𝐀. )
for Room 1:
∵ Q O.A. = 1.2 × O. A. Rate × ∆T
O.A. Rate:
∵ Ventilation Rate = 0.3 * (4 * 4) = 4.8 L/s
∵ Infiltration Rate = 4.05 L/s
∴ O.A. Rate = 4.8 L/s
∆T :
∵ 𝐓𝒊𝒏 = 24 ℃ / 𝐓𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 32 ℃
∴ ∆T = 32 – 24 = 8 °C
∴ Q O.A. = 1.2 ∗ 4.8 ∗ 8 = 46.08 𝐖

Thank You!

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Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport

College of Engineering & Technology

Airflow in Buildings (2)

Prof. Waël Kamel Eng. Omar El-Senety

• The building has a Tight construction with a Unit

∵ Area of exterior walls = 46 × 6 = 276 m2

∵ 𝐀𝒖𝒍 = 0.7 cm2 /m2 (Given)

25+[6∗ 29−23 ∗0.38]

(4) Air Changes per Hour (ACH):

672 m3 10.592 L/s

Qbuilding ACH×Volumebuilding ACH×Volumeroom

• The rate of heat transfer due to the outside air

QO.A. = 1.2 × O. A. Rate × ∆T

QO.A. = 1.2 × O. A. Rate × ∆T

• O.A. Rate (L/s):

• The building has an Average construction with a Unit Leakage

• Ventilation Rate = 0.3 L/s. m2

(1) Building Effective Leakage Area (𝐀𝐋 ):

∵ Area of exterior walls = 46 × 12 = 552 m2

∵ 𝐀𝒖𝒍 = 2.8 cm2 /m2 (Given)

(2) Infiltration Driving Force (IDF):

25+[12∗ 32−24 ∗0.38]

(3) Infiltration Airflow Rate (𝐐𝐢 ):

(4) Air Changes per Hour (ACH):

(5) Infiltration Airflow Rate (𝐐𝒊 ) for Room 1:

(5) Infiltration Airflow Rate (𝐐𝒊 ) for Room 1 (Simpler Way)

1344 m3 113.41 L/s

∵ Q O.A. = 1.2 × O. A. Rate × ∆T

∴ Q O.A. = 1.2 ∗ 4.8 ∗ 8 = 46.08 𝐖

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