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    Lecture 05

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    Lecture 05

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    safayat
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    2 views18 pages

    Lecture 05

    Uploaded by

    safayat

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 18

    Digital signal Processing

    by
    A. Anand Kumar

    1
    Z-transforms

     The z transform is a mathematical tool commonly used for the


    analysis and synthesis of discrete-time control systems.

     The z transform in discrete-time systems play a similar role as the


    Laplace transform in continuous-time systems.

     The z-transform is the most general concept for the transformation


    of discrete-time series.
    Frequency
    Time Domain Transform Domain

     The Laplace transform is the more general concept for the


    transformation of continuous time processes.

     The Z-transform has the advantage that it is a simple and


    systematic method and the complete solution can be obtained in
    one step and the initial conditions can be introduced in the
    beginning of the process itself.
    2
    Z-transforms

    3
    Region of Convergence (ROC)

    4
    Advantages of Z-transform

     The Z-transform converts the difference equations of a discrete-


    time system into linear algebraic equations so that the analysis
    becomes easy and simple.

     Convolution in time domain is converted into multiplication in z-


    domain.

     Z-transform exists for most of the signals for which Discrete-Time


    Fourier Transform (DTFT) does not exist.

     Also since the Fourier transform is nothing but the Z-transform


    evaluated along the unit circle in the z-plane, the frequency
    response can be determined.

    5
    Relation between Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT) and Z-Transform

    Example 3.1, 3.2

    6
    Relation between Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT) and Z-Transform

    Example 3.1, 3.2

    7
    Poles and zeros

     When X(z) is a rational function i.e. a ration of polynomials in z,


    then:

     The roots of the numerator polynomial are referred to as the zeros


    of X(z), and

     The roots of the denominator polynomial are referred to as the


    poles of X(z)

     Note that no poles of X(z) can occur within the region of


    convergence since the z-transform does not converge at a pole.

     Furthermore, the region of convergence is bounded by poles.

    8
    Properties and Theory of z-transform

    Linearity Property
    Time Shifting Property
    Multiplication by an exponential sequence property
    Time reversal property
    Time expansion property
    Multiplication by n or Differentiation in z domain property
    Convolution property
    Complex convolution property
    Correlation property
    Parseval’s theorem
    Initial value theorem
    Final value theorem

    9
    Linearity Property

    10
    Inverse Z-transform

    11
    Inverse Z-transform

    12
    Inverse Z-transform

    13
    Inverse Z-transform Methods

    Basically, there are four methods that are often used to find the
    inverse Z-transform.
    They are:
    (a) Power series method or long division method
    (b) Partial fraction expansion method
    (c) Complex inversion integral method (also known as the residue
    method)
    (d) Convolution integral method

    14
    Long Division Method

    15
    Long Division Method

    Example: 3.29, 3.30

    16
    Relation between s-plane and z-plane

    17
    Relation between s-plane and z-plane

    18

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