Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 83 views

    9 Lec9 DSP Z Transform

    Uploaded by

    Ahmed Khalf
    The z-transform plays the same role in analyzing discrete-time signals and linear time-invariant systems as the Laplace transform does for continuous-time signals. The z-transform of a sequence x[n] is the sum of x[n] multiplied by z^-n from n=-infinity to infinity. An example calculates the z-transform of a finite sequence x[n]=(1,2,5,7,0,1). The region of convergence defines the values of z where the z-transform converges. For a right-sided exponential sequence anu[n], the ROC is outside a circle of radius a, while a left-sided sequence -anu[-n-1] has a ROC inside

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    9 Lec9 DSP Z Transform

    Uploaded by

    Ahmed Khalf
    83 views31 pages
    The z-transform plays the same role in analyzing discrete-time signals and linear time-invariant systems as the Laplace transform does for continuous-time signals. The z-transform of a sequence x[n] is the sum of x[n] multiplied by z^-n from n=-infinity to infinity. An example calculates the z-transform of a finite sequence x[n]=(1,2,5,7,0,1). The region of convergence defines the values of z where the z-transform converges. For a right-sided exponential sequence anu[n], the ROC is outside a circle of radius a, while a left-sided sequence -anu[-n-1] has a ROC inside

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The z-transform plays the same role in analyzing discrete-time signals and linear time-invariant systems as the Laplace transform does for continuous-time signals. The z-transform of a sequence x[n] is the sum of x[n] multiplied by z^-n from n=-infinity to infinity. An example calculates the z-transform of a finite sequence x[n]=(1,2,5,7,0,1). The region of convergence defines the values of z where the z-transform converges. For a right-sided exponential sequence anu[n], the ROC is outside a circle of radius a, while a left-sided sequence -anu[-n-1] has a ROC inside

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    83 views31 pages

    9 Lec9 DSP Z Transform

    Uploaded by

    Ahmed Khalf
    The z-transform plays the same role in analyzing discrete-time signals and linear time-invariant systems as the Laplace transform does for continuous-time signals. The z-transform of a sequence x[n] is the sum of x[n] multiplied by z^-n from n=-infinity to infinity. An example calculates the z-transform of a finite sequence x[n]=(1,2,5,7,0,1). The region of convergence defines the values of z where the z-transform converges. For a right-sided exponential sequence anu[n], the ROC is outside a circle of radius a, while a left-sided sequence -anu[-n-1] has a ROC inside

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 31

    1

    DIGITAL SIGNAL
    PROCESSING
    (DSP)

    Z-TRANSFORM
    Lecture 9

    Z-transform
    2

    Transform techniques are an important tool


    in the analysis of signals and Linear timeinvariant (LTI) systems.
    The z-transform plays the same role in the
    analysis of discrete-time signals and LTI
    systems as
    The Laplace transform does in the analysis
    of continuous-time signals and LTI systems.

    Z-transform
    3

    The z-transform of a sequence x[n


    ] is

    X [ z] x[n]z n
    n

    In both cases z is a continuous complex


    variable.
    Z
    X[z]
    x[n]

    Z-transform
    4

    Example: Determine the z-transforms


    following finite-duration signal.
    x1[n]=(1, 2, 5, 7, 0, 1)

    of

    the

    X 1[ z] x[n]z n
    n
    5

    X 1[ z] x[n]z n
    n 0

    X 1[ z] 1z 0 2 z 1 5z 2 7 z 3 0 z 4 1z 5
    X 1[ z] 1 2 z 1 5z 2 7 z 3 z 5

    Z-transform
    5

    Example: Determine the z-transforms of the


    following finite-duration signal x[n]= [1, 2, 5, 7, 0, 1]

    X 1[ z] x[n]z n
    n
    3

    X 1[ z] x[n]z n
    n 2

    X 1[ z] 1z 2 2 z1 5z 0 7 z 1 0 z 2 1z 3
    X 1[ z] z 2 2 z 5 7 z 1 1z 3

    Z-transform & Fourier transform


    6

    In general

    We may obtain the Fourier transform from


    the z-transform by making the substitution

    Z-transform & Fourier transform


    7

    For r=1 this becomes the Fourier transform of


    x[n
    ]
    The Fourier transform therefore corresponds to
    the z-transform evaluated on the unit circle:

    Region of Convergence (ROC)


    8

    The Fourier transform does not converge for


    all sequences.
    Similarly, the z-transform does not converge
    for all sequences or for all values of z.
    The set of values of z for which the z-transform
    converges is called

    the region of convergence (ROC).

    Region of Convergence (ROC)


    9

    The z-transform therefore exists (or converges)


    if

    This leads to the condition for the existence of


    the z-transform.

    Region of Convergence (ROC)


    10

    If the ROC includes the unit circle


    Then the Fourier transform will converge.

    Region of Convergence (ROC)


    11

    Most useful z-transforms can be expressed in the form

    where

    P(z) and Q(z) are polynomials in z.


    The values of z for which P(z) = 0 are called the
    zeros of X(z).
    The values of z for which Q(z) = 0 are called the
    poles of X(z).

    Right-sided exponential sequence


    12

    x[n] = anu[n]
    This
    sequence is
    right-sided
    because it
    is nonzero
    only for
    n0

    0<a<1

    Right-sided exponential sequence


    13

    x[n] = anu[n]

    ROC

    ROC

    0<a<1

    Right-sided exponential sequence


    14

    x[n] = anu[n]

    ROC

    0<a<1

    Right-sided exponential sequence


    15

    x[n] = anu[n]

    ROC

    ROC
    outside
    a circle of
    radius (a)

    0<a<1

    Right-sided exponential sequence


    16

    x[n] = anu[n]

    ROC
    ROC includes the unit circle
    The Fourier transform of x[n]
    exists

    Right-sided exponential sequence


    17

    x[n] = anu[n]

    If

    ROC doesnt include the unit circle


    The Fourier transform of x[n]
    doesnt exist
    x[n] is exponentially growing, and the sum
    therefore does not converge.

    Left-sided exponential sequence


    18

    x[n] = -anu[-n-1]

    0<a<1
    This sequence is left-sided because it is
    nonzero only for n -1

    Left-sided exponential sequence


    19

    x[n] = -anu[-n-1]

    ROC

    Left-sided exponential sequence


    20

    x[n] = -anu[-n-1]

    ROC
    ROC
    inside
    a circle of
    radius (a)

    Left-sided exponential sequence


    21

    x[n] = -anu[-n-1]

    Left-sided exponential sequence


    22

    x[n] = -anu[-n-1]

    ROC

    Region of Convergence (ROC)


    23

    left-sided sequence & right-sided sequence


    Left-sided sequence
    x[n] = -anu[-n-1]

    Right-sided sequence
    x[n] = anu[n]

    Sum of two Exponentials


    24

    x[n] = (1/2)nu[n]+(-1/3)nu[n]

    Sum of two Exponentials


    25

    x[n] = (1/2)nu[n]+(-1/3)nu[n]

    ROC

    ROC

    Sum of two Exponentials


    26

    x[n] = (1/2)nu[n]+(-1/3)nu[n]

    Sum of two Exponentials


    27

    ROC
    Z> 1/2

    Poles
    O Zeros

    Region of Convergence (ROC)


    28

    Left-sided sequence

    Right-sided sequence

    ROC Z<a

    ROC Z>a

    x[n] = -anu[-n-1]

    x[n] = anu[n]

    Z-transform Pairs
    29

    Z-transform Pairs
    30

    Z-transform Pairs
    31

    You might also like