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    Week 2-Theoretical Foundations

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    Mustafa Kamal

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    Week 2-Theoretical Foundations

    Uploaded by

    Mustafa Kamal
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    6 views2 pages

    Week 2-Theoretical Foundations

    Uploaded by

    Mustafa Kamal

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 2

    Arms Control and Disarmament

    Week Two: Lecture Notes


    (Theoretical Foundations)

    Dr. Tauqeer Hussain Sargana

    A. Realism, Liberalism, and Constructivism Perspectives on Arms Control:

    Realism emphasizes power politics, national interest, and the security dilemma as central
    concepts in international relations. Realist perspectives on arms control argue that states pursue
    their self-interest, viewing agreements as tools to enhance their security or relative power.
    Liberalism, on the other hand, emphasizes cooperation, international institutions, and collective
    security. Liberals contend that arms control agreements can contribute to a more stable
    international system by fostering trust and cooperation. Constructivism, as a theoretical
    perspective, focuses on the role of ideas, norms, and identities in shaping state behavior. In the
    context of arms control, constructivists argue that shared norms and beliefs can influence state
    actions and contribute to the development of cooperative agreements.

    B. Deterrence Theory and its Role in Arms Control:

    Deterrence theory posits that the threat of punishment or retaliation can prevent an
    adversary from taking a particular action. In the context of arms control, deterrence plays a
    crucial role in shaping the negotiation and implementation of agreements. The concept of
    mutually assured destruction (MAD), often associated with nuclear deterrence, underscores the
    idea that the possession of powerful weapons can dissuade states from aggressive actions.
    Deterrence theory also influences arms control agreements by shaping the calculus of states
    regarding the risks and benefits of non-compliance.

    C. Norms and International Law in Arms Control:

    Norms and international law are essential components of arms control efforts, providing a
    framework for acceptable state behavior and cooperation. Norms in arms control encompass
    shared expectations and standards regarding the possession and use of weapons. International
    law, through treaties and agreements, formalizes these norms and establishes legally binding
    commitments. The Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and the Chemical Weapons Convention
    (CWC) are examples of international legal frameworks that set norms for nuclear and chemical
    weapons. Compliance with these norms and legal obligations is crucial for the effectiveness of
    arms control regimes, as violations can erode trust and stability in the international system.

    Reading Material:

    i. William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (2012)


    ii. Patrick M. Morgan, Deterrence: A Conceptual Analysis (2019)
    iii. Daniel H. Joyner, International Law and the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass
    Destruction (2015)
    iv. Lawrence Freedman, "Arms Control and the New Middle East," Survival, 2017.
    v. Paul Bracken, "The Second Nuclear Age: Strategy, Danger, and the New Power Politics,"
    Survival, 2012.
    vi. Daniel W. Drezner, "Theories of International Politics and Zombies," International
    Studies Quarterly, 2011.

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